013729   Maity B;Guru P Y (Laboratory Animal Div, Genetic and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, Email: bmaity2000@yahoo.com) : Genetic diversity and molecular characterization of pathogenic Eschericha coli from different species of laboratory rodents. Indian J Biotechnol 2007, 6(2), 210-15.

Escherichia coli has been intensively studied under various aspects in general bacteriology. In this study, 10 RAPD primers were examined in pathogenic E. coli isolated from laboratory rodents like Swiss, PS, BALB/c, C₃H/J and SMA mice; SD, CF, DR, Wistar and Lew rats; Cotton rats, Mastomys and Mongolian gerbils suffering from diarrhoea to establish genetic diversity and molecular characterization in different rodent species. It has been found that the largest amplified products were 2000 bp and lowest 200 bp and the number of scorable bands for responding primers ranging from 1 to 8 with an average of four bands. A total of 6,724 bands were scored against 10 RAPD primers for E. coli in different rodent species. RBM 1 (RAPD primer) was amplified with 1000 bp bands in all rodent species. The dendogram revealed three groups among pathogenic E. coli strains of 13 rodent species which were almost similar except Wistar and SD rats due to their genetic diversity. The linkage distance between Wistar vs. SD was 0.06, and CF vs. Mastomys was 0.01. It is concluded that the pathogenic E. coli that may cause watery, non-bloody diarrhoea to watery-bloody diarrhoea and dysentery could be easily identifed using RBM 1 primer in laboratory rodents.

8 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

013728   Mahadev Amurthy S;Prakash H S;Shetty H S (Microbiology Dep, Yuvaraja's College, Mysore 570 005) : Survival of Claviceps fusiformis sclerotia in antagonist-amended field soil. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(2), 389-92.

Sclerotia of Claviceps fusiformis, the casual agent of ergot of pearl millet(Pennisetum glaucum), were placed in soil amended with antagonists - Aspergillus niger, Epicoccum andropogonis, Fusarium chlamydosporum, F. heterosporum, Trichoderma harzianum, T. uiride and Bacillus subtilis. The sclerotia placed in antagonist-amended soil lost their viability faster than those placed in unamended soil. The loss in viability was faster at a depth of 15 cm than at 2 cm. Bacillus subtilis, F. chlamydosporum and F. heterosporum were found most effective in reducing the viability of sclerotia. The sclerotia unamended soil survived up to 12 months, whereas in amended soil up to only four months. The selected antagonists also significantly enhanced the percentage seed germination and seedling vigour of pearl millet.

3 tables, 14 ref

013727   Lingappa K;Siddalingeshwar K G (Department of Study in Microbiology, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, Karnatka-585 106) : Rapid sceering and confirmation of Aspergillus terreus strains for l-asparaginase production. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(3), 581-4.

Studies were under taken on Aspergillus terreus to evaluate their ability to produce L-asparaginase-an antitumor agent through plate assay method. A Terreus KLS2 exhibited maximum zone. The isolates which exhibited max zones were employed for solid state fermentation for L-asparaginase production. The values obtained by plate assay method indicated positive correlation between zone of diameter and L-asparaginase production and reveals that plate assay method can be used for rapid screening of L-asparaginase producers.

2 illus, 12 ref

013726   Lal R B;Saxena K D (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, , Email: rblal@iitk.ac) : Isolation and physicochemical characterization of a phytolectin from Pisum sativum L. var Sikha. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(1), 51-5.

Phytolectin was isolated from the seeds of Pisum sativum by ammonium sulphate precipitation at 70% saturation which are dialyzed and purified against distilled water. The heterogeneity of lectin studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.2 and 9.2 and was separated in two fractions. The PSL strongly agglutinate blood group A & B, weakly agglutinate AB and not with O blood group. Hem-agglutination activity was inhibited by mannose and glucose even in very low concentration, indicating that they possess at least two binding sites. Quantitative carbohydrate analysis showed, PSL contained less than 0.5 % carbohydrate and chomatographic analysis reveals that glucose is the main sugar and xylose in traces. Mn and Ca were found to 0.12 % and 0.19 % respectively and trace amount of iron. The agglutination activity depends on the pH, more acidic or basic pH decreases the activity and stability, it was maximum between pH 6.2 to 9.1 for PSL. The hem-agglutination activity of PSL is also dependent to the temperature and it was maximum between 20°C to 30°C and almost zero at 70°C and above temperature.

2 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

013725   Kushwaha R K S;Itisha Singh (Department of Boatny, christ Church college, Kanpur-208 001, Email: kushwaharks@vsn.net ) : Infulence of some soaps, detergents and shampoos on hair perforation by dermatophytes. Proc Natn Acad Sci India-Sect B 2006, 76(4), 358-60.

Fourteen detergents including soaps, shampoos, synthetic and natural detergents were tested to find out their efficacy to inhibit hair perforation by Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton vanbreuseghemii. All the detergents used here inhibited hair perforation and protein release by two dermatophytes.

1 table, 10 ref

013724   Kundu S;Sahu M K;Shiv Kumar K;Kannan L (Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608 502) : Occurence of Antagonisitically active extra cellular enzyme producing actinomycetes in the alimentary canal of estuarine fishes. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(3), 707-10.

Fishes were collected from the Vellar estuary (Lat.11°29'N, Long. 79° 46E), lying along the southeast coast of India for qualitative and quantitative study of actinomycetes isolated from different parts viz. foregut, midgut and hindgut of the alimentary canal. Among the three parts, the foregut and midgut harboured maximum population density of actinomycetes. A total of 40 strains isolated from the fishes were tested for their antagonistic activity against the potential human pathogens, among them, 10 isolates (25%) showed little antagonistic activity. Some of the isolates also possessed extracellular enzymatic activities. Such potential strains were identified based on the morphological, micromorphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics.

28 ref

013723   Kumutha K;Sundaram S P;Sempavalan J (Centre of advanced studies in Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore-641 003) : Enzymes of N metabolism as influenced by AM fungi and Azospirillum inoculation in mulberry. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(2), 183-9.

Study examined the impact of inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) and Azospirillum on the enzyme activities in relation to nitrogen metabolism of mulberry cultivar MR 2 under pot culture with the application of 3 levels of nitrogen (0,45,60 Kg ha-1). The enzyme assays and mycorrhizal colonization were studied at 30 and 45 days after transplanting. N application causes no reduction in arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and the inoculation of A. brasilense MAZ 5 had expressed their stimulatory effect on AM fungi colonization as evidenced by the increase in (native) mycorrhizal colonization. Inoculation resulted significant increase in nitrate reductase (NR) activities of plants at all levels of N and it was relatively higher in N₂ level. Combined inoculation almost doubled the NR activity and recorded 9.2-49.9 % increase over A. brasilense alone. AM fungi or Azospirillum inoculation either alone or in combination significantly increased the GS, GOG AT and GDH activities. GS and GOGAT activities were found higher in N, level and the degree of response was decreased with higher level of N application (N₂) GS activity was higher than GOGAT. Higher GDH was recorded with N application as well as increase in age of the crop and it was lower than GS and GOGAT. The enhanced P status in mycorrhizal plants might have increased these enzyme activities and also the increased enzyme activities are due to the contribution of functional GS-GOGAT system in mycorrhizal plants. Also it indicates that coupled enzyme complex of GS-GOGAT system is the route of ammonia assimilation in mulberry. This study further indicated the role of AM fungi in increasing the assimilation of nitrogen.

2 illus, 33 ref

013722   Kumutha K;Sundaram S P;Sempavalam J (Agriculture Microbiology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore-3) : Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and PGPR inoculation on growth and biochemical parameters of mulberry. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(2), 355-60.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are an integral part of the root system of most plants and constitute an important group of organisms in the soil microbiol community. Pseudomonas fluorescence is a common bacterium in the rhizosphere. The interaction effects of these inoculants on biochemical constituents of the leaves and the enzyme activities of the roots are studied. It is concluded that inoculation of AM fungi with a PGPR organism Pseudomonas may very well contribute for increased leaf biomass which will result in improved economic value of the silkworm.

3 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

013721   Kulanthaivei S;Kirutheeswari R;Revathi V;Asha N K;Nagendran N A (Post Graduate and Research Unit of Microbiology, Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625009) : Production of auxin by wild and mutant strains of Azospirillum. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(2), 239-41.

Auxotrophic mutants of Azospirillum were generated by treating the Azospirillum sp. isolated from paddy field with UV, acridine orange and ethidium bromide. The mutants were tested for the production of auxin under Trp- and Trp+ condition and compared-with wild strains. The results revealed that most mutants produced more auxin than the wild type.The study also indicated that, auxin production by mutants was independent of tryptopharn.

illus, tables, ref

013720   Koul A;Binepal G;Gangar S C (Biophysics Dep, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: ashwanki@pu.ac.in) : Impediment of diethyinitrosamine induced hepatotoxicity in male balb/c mice by pretreatment with aqueous Azadirachta indica leaf extract. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(4), 359-66.

Considering the hepatoprotective properties of Azadirachta indica, the study was designed to evaluate its preventive effects against diethylnitrosamine (NDEA) induced hepatotoxicity in male Balb/c mice. Exposure of NDEA caused a significant increase in micronucleated cell score, lipid peroxidation levels (LPO) and activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). A significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) contents and activity of glutathione-S transferase (GST) was also observed upon NDEA treatment, whereas their activities of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b₅ showed non-significant alterations. Aqueous A. indica leaf extract (AAILE) pretreatment showed protective effects against NDEA Induced toxicity by decreasing the frequency of micronucleated cell, levels of LPO and LDH activity. Also, a decreased activity of GST, cytochrome P450 and an increased activity of cytochrome b₅, GSH contents was observed when AAILE pretreated mice were injected with NDEA. Only AAILE treatment caused a noticeable decrease in the frequency of micronuclei, activity of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b₅, but a significant increase in the activity of GST and GSH contents, whereas, non significant alterations were observed in the activity of LDH and levels of LPO. Significance of these observations with respect to hepatoprotective efficacy of A. indica has been discussed.

1 illus, 1 table, 52 ref

013719   Kondawar M S;Bhise S B;Untwal L S (NO, Appasaheb Birnale College of Pharmacy, Sangli-Miraj Road, South Shivaji-Nagar, Sangli-416416) : Antiviral activity of some medicinal plants against selected viruses. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(2), 349-53.

Paper reviews antiviral activity of some medicinal plants against selected viruses. The important areas covered are the effect of synergetic combination of medicinal plants against selected viruses and with orthodox drugs for treating viral infections etc.

^iia38 ref

013718   Kavyashree R;Gayatri M C;Revanasiddaiah H M (Tissue Culture and Cytogenetics Laboratory, Botany Dep, Bangalore Univ, Bangalore-560 056) : Electrophoretic studies in vitro diploid and gynogenic haploid of mulberry variety-S54. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(2), 315-7.

Soluble leaf protein patterns in in vitro derived diploid and haploid plants of mulberry variety -S54 of Morus indica L. - have been comparatively analysed through SDS-PAGE. The protein bands decreased in the haploid clones as compared to those of in vitro diploid plants confirming the ploidy status of the gynogenic haploid obtained from unpollinated ovules cultured on half strength LSBM fortified with BAP (2 mgl^-1) and sucrose (8%) in in vitro condition.

1 illus, 14 ref

013717   Kaur S;Ghosh M;Ganguli A (Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences Dep, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology (Deemed Univ), Patiala-147004) : Microbiological safety of street vended fresh squeezed carrot and kinnow-mandarin juices in Patiala city, India. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(1), 23-5.

One hundred samples each of two freshly squeezed Kinnow-mandarin (Citrus nobilis x Citrus delicosa) and carrot juice, 20 water samples were collected from street vendors in Patiala city and investigated for their microbiological qualities. Mean aerobic plate counts (APC), Staphylococcal counts (SC) and fecal coliforms (FC), of carrot juices and kinnow-mandarin juices were 6.3, 6.0 and 6.2 log cfu/mL, and 5,5.2 log and 5.05 log cfu/mL, respectively. The mean APC, SC and FC of water samples were 5.7,4.7 and 8.06 log cfu/mL, respectively. Salmonella enteritidis was detected in five samples of carrot juices and in 3 water samples; Staphylococcus aureus occurred in 35 samples of carrot juices and 15 samples of kinnow-mandarin juices. Of 12 coagulase-positive strains of S. aureus isolates, 9 produced enterotoxins B and C. Our study revealed poor microbiological quality of both citrus and carrot juice samples.

2 tables, 9 ref

013716   Kaul D;Khanna A;Suman (Molecular Biology Unit, Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology Dep, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160 012) : Evidence and nature of a novel miRNA encoded by HIV-1. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2006, 72(2), 91-5.

Evidence is provided for the existence of a novel viral miRNA precursor that is exclusively and conspicuously present in HIV-1 genome. This miRNA precursor was found to exploit cellular machinery to generate matured miRNA that interferes with apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor (AATF) mRNA-stability leading to its defective expression which in turn facilitates cell death as well as down-regulation of Dicer gene that is known to play crucial role in providing cellular immunity against any viral invasion. Expression of this HTV-1 specific matured miRNA, observed in the blood mononuclear cells derived from untreated full blown AIDS patients, was accompanied by similar defect in AATF mRNA stability as well as Dicer gene expression within these cells. Based upon these results authors propose that HIV-1 encoded miRNA, reported here, may be responsible for the depletion of CD4⁺ T cells through its inherent capacity to downregulate AATF gene expression within these cells.

6 illus, 20 ref

013715   Katna G;Singh H B;Sharma J K;Mittal R K (Dept. of Plant Breeding & Genetics, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062) : Components of variation in maize (Zea mays L.). Ann Biol 2005, 21(2), 133-6.

Components of variation for yield and its related traits were studied in maize involving 12 x 12 half diallel set and three checks (commercial hybrids) at two locations i.e. Palampur and Bajaura. Both additive and dominance components were important with the predominance of dominance effects for majority of the traits. Non-allelic interactions were observed to be important for grain yield, harvest index, days to 75% silking, leaf area/plant, ear length, ear circumference, kernels/row/ear, kernels/row and 100-seed weight at both the locations; for plant height at Palampur; and for ear height at Bajaura. Characters viz., kernel rows/ear, kernels/row and 100-seed weight at Palampur; and ear height at Bajaura exhibiting significant regression coefficient values (b) coupled with significant values of (1-b), indicated the presence of probably complementary type of interactions. further, majority of the traits under study exhibited unequal distribution of positive and negative genes and low heritability values,suggesting the importance of heterosis breeding in the present material.

2 tables, 7 ref

013714   Kannan P;Ignacimuthu S;Paulraj M G (NO, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai-600 034, Email: eri_lc@hotmail.com) : Facultative alkalophilic bacteria form mangrove soil varying buffering capacity and H conductance. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2006, 43(6), 382-5.

Facultative alkalophilic bacteria Planococcus sp.'(EMGA-26), Bacillus sp. (EMGA-29) and Corynebacterium spp. (EMGA-33 and 130) were isolated from mangrove, soil samples. Neutrophiles were predominant than alkalophiles. Buffering capacity and membrane H⁺ conductance were investigated for the strains grown in PPYG medium at pH 10.5 using acid pulse technique. Bacillus sp. showed higher buffering capacity than Planococcus sp. and Corynebacterium spp. Buffering capacity was two-fold higher in Corynebacterium sp. EMGA-33 than in EMGA-130. The membrane H⁺ conductance was high in Bacillus sp. and was directly proportional to the buffering capacity values. The Bacillus sp. (EMGA-29) had higher cell membrane adaptability in high pH environment than the Planococcus sp. and Corynebacterium spp.

2 illus, 22 ref

013713   Jha B N;Sharma G D;Shukla A K (Botany Dep, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022) : Growth behaviour of ectomycorrhizal fungi with different physical factors in vitro conditions. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(2), 339-43.

Impact of physical factors namely, temperature, relative humidity, light intensity and pH were investigated on the growth of mycorrhizal fungi, Collybia radicata, Laccaria laccata Pisolithus tinctorius and Rhizopogon luteolus. Most of the fungi grew well at 25 °C but growth of R. luteolus and P. tinctorius was found better at 20 °C and 30 °C temperature respectively. High humidity level enhanced the growth of fungi on solid medium however; the growth of P. tinctorius was favoured by low level of humidity. Fungi grew well between 5 to 6 pH ranges. Acid phosphatase activity of ectomycorrhizal fungi was higher at 30 °C, low humidity, pH 3 and under light condition. Acid phosphatase activity was always higher than alkaline phosphatase activity.

4 tables, 9 ref

013712   Jaya Kumari;Sahoo P K;Giri S S (NO, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar-751 002, Email: pksahool@hotmail.com) : Effects of polyhebal formulation "ImmuPlus" on immunity and disease resistance of India major carp Labeo rohita at different stages of growth. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(3), 291-8.

Series of experiments were performed to determine the impact of polyherbal immunomodulatory formulation. Immu Plus (Aqualmmu) on growth, immunity and disease resistance of rohu (Labeo rohita), one of the Indian major carp at different stages of growth. Rohu larvae were fed on plankton, ImmuPlus-mixed compound feed, and plankton plus ImmuPlus-mixed compound feed (ImmuPlus added at three dose levels of 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 g/kg feed) from 4th day of hatching to 14th day. ImmuPlus-mixed diets enhanced growth of larvae, survival and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila challenge, compared to only plankton-fed group. In two other experiments, advanced rohu larvae and fingerlings we're fed with ImmuPlus-mixed compound feed (at 0,0.5,1.0 and 2.0 g/kg) for 15, 30 and 45 days. At the end of 45 days for advanced larvae and 30 days for fingerlings, the fish fed with ImmuPlus at 1.0 g/kg level showed significantly higher growth and disease resistance against A. hydrophila challenge. In a separate experiment, juveniles of rohu were fed with 1 g/kg of ImmuPlus incorporated feed for 15 and 30 days. At the end of the trial, the ImmuPlus fed fish showed enhanced non-specific immunity (as measured through nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay, serum lysozyme activity, serum -haemolysin titre and resistance against A. hydrophila challenge in non-vaccinated fish as well as specific immunity levels (as measured through bacterial agglutination titre against A. hydrophila in vaccinated fish). Incorporation of ImmuPlus at 1 g/kg level in the diet of rohu may be beneficial for enhancing disease resistance.

1 illus, 5 tables, 32 ref

013711   Jain P K;Jain P C (Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar-470 003, Email: micjain@hotmail.com) : Isolation, charactersation and antifungal activity of Steptomyces sampsonii GS 1322. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(2), 203-6.

For new antifungal antibiotics from actinomycetes, a strain of Streptomyces GS 1322 was isolated from a sample of garden soil. The strain was found to possess antagonistic activity against four fungi i.e., Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton sp. The strain was identified as Streptomyces sampsonii and the antifungal compound produced by it was found to be the heptaene group of polyene antibiotics.

1 illus, 2 tables, 2 ref

013710   Jadhav S S;Gundile M G (Department of Zoology, (P.G.) Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Udgir, Mahrasthra) : Effect of lead nitrate on the oxygen consumption of fresh water crab Barytelphusa guerini. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(3), 541-2.

Rate of oxygen consumption of the crab, Barytelphusa guerinl is increased initially when exposed to lethal concentration of lead nitrate. However, prolongation of the exposure period with sublethal concentration decreased their metabolic rate and exposed animal were also in hypoactive condition.

1 table, 12 ref

013709   Ikram-ul-Haq;Mukhta R H (NO, Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, G.C. Univ, Lahore 54000, Pakistan, Email: hamidwaseer@yahoo.com) : Biosynthesis of protease from Lactobacillus paracasei: kinetic analysis of fermentation parameters. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2006, 43(6), 377-81.

Fifteen strains of Lactobacillus species, isolated from different samples of curd were screened for their ability to produce more extracellular protease. The proteolytic activities of these strains based on casein hydrolysis showed a variation of 1.26-5.80 U ml^-1, with Lactobacillus IH₈ showing the maximum activity and was identified as L. paracasei. Different cultural conditions for enhanced production of protease by L paracasei were optimized. The optimal conditions for production of the enzyme were an incubation temperature of 35°C and a medium pH of 6.0. The maximum proteolytic activity of L paracasei (7.28 Uml^-1) was achieved after 48 h of cultivation. The kinetic parameters such as product yield (Y_p/x), growth yield (Y_x/s), specific product yield-(qp) and specific growth yield (qs) coefficients also revealed that the values of experimental results were kinetically significant.

2 illus, 27 ref

013708   Husaini M A;Srivastava D K (Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horiculture and foresty, Solan 173 230) : Plant regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer studied in strawberry tissues Fragaria x ananassa Duch. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(3), 671-8.

Plant regeneration and genetic transformation studies were conducted to standardize a protocol for high frequency plant regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer in strawberry tissues. Two types of explants viz. leaf and petiole were used. While using leaf as an explant, high frequency direct shoot regeneration was obtained on modified MS medium containing B₅ vitamins, 2 % glucose and supplemented with 1.0 mg/1 TDZ, 0.5 mg/1 IBA and 1.0 mg/I BA. High frequency direct shoot regeneration from petiole explant was obtained on modified MS medium containing B₅ vitamins, 2% glucose and supplemented with 1.5 mg/1 BA and 0.5 mg/1 IBA. High percentage root regeneration in in vitro developed shoots was obtained on MS half strength medium when supplemented with 1.0 mg/1 IBA. Regenerated plantlets of strawberry were transferred to the pots and acclimatized. Disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA 4404 strain containing β-glucuronidase (gus) gene in binary vector pBI 121 along with a kanamycin resistance gene (npt-II) for selection in both bacteria and plant was used for cocultivation experiment to transfer gus and npt-II genes in strawberry cells. After cocultivation, the tissues selected on kanamycin (50 mg/1) containing medium gave rise to transformed calli that were resistant to the antibiotic. Control explants were unable to grow on the selective medium. Transformation experiment could be scored as early as 4 weeks after selection. The presence of foreign gene was demonstrated in the transformed calli by expression of a chimeric bacterial gene that encodes β-glucuronidase.

4 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

013707   Hire R S;Vijayalakshmi N;Dongre T K (Newclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai- 400 085) : Development of low cost media by using agro based by-product for the production of an indigenous isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kenyae. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(1), 101-5.

Media based on agro-based by-products in different combinations were investigated for their ability to support the growth, sporulation and larvicidal activity of the indigenous isolate, Bacillus thuringiensis var Kenyae. Media based on molasses, com steep liquor and mushroom extract supported the growth and sporulation of B. thuringiensis var kenyae. The corn steep liquor based medium was found to be the most suitable one amongst the various media tried. The yield in terms of lyophilized powder in standard nutrient broth medium was 2.08 gm/liter with total viable count of 1.95 x 10¹¹ spores/gm, whereas yield in medium based on com steep liquor was 6.90 gm/liter with a total viable count of 1.5 x 10¹¹ spores/gm. The scale up studies were carried out in 20-liter capacity fermentor. Fermentor batches using nutrient broth medium as well as corn steep liquor based medium exhibited comparable toxicity to the larvae of test insects, Earias vittella and Spodoptera litura. The total cost of the medium required for the production of Bt based biopesticide can be reduced significantly by replacing nutrient broth with the corn steep liquor or mushroom extract.

2 tables, 12 ref

013706   Harichandan N (NO, Institute of Environmental Research & Toxicology, Nachuni-752028) : Effect of cadmium chloride on the ATPase activity of Tilapia mossambica, Peters. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(2), 179-82.

Effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) on Brain, liver and muscle tissue of Tilnpia mossambica was studied. At low concentration (1.20 ppm) of CdCl₂ the,total ATPase (Mg⁺⁺ Na⁺K^+- dependent ATPase) activity decreased in all tissues significantly during 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day of exposure. However when fish is transferred to toxicant free medium in 14th day of recovery of Brain tissue shows further depletion and in 28th day of recovery partial recovery was noticed. In liver and muscle tissue insignificant recovery was noticed during 14th day of recovery. During 28th day of recovery further recovery was seen. ATPase activity is also dependent upon Na⁺, K⁺, Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺ ionic level in fish tissue. A significant decrease in ion level was also noted in 28th day of exposure.

4 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

013705   Gupta P;Kaushal R K;Chimni S S;Gupta R;Kanwar S S (Biotechnology Dep, Himachal Pradesh Univ, Summer Hill, Shimla-171 005, Email: kanwars2000@yahoo.com) : Purification and biochemical characterization of lipases of thermophilic Pseudomonas aeruginosa BTS-2. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(2), 361-6.

Lipases (E.G. 3.1.1.3.) that are capable of catalyzing hydrolysis, esterification and transesterification reactions both in aqueous and organic phases are finding increasing application in a number of industries. Two extra-cellular lipases (Lipases A and B) thermophilic Pseudomonas aeruginosa BTS-2 were purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation and successive chromatographies on DEAE cellulose and hydrophobic (Phenyl sepharose) column. The lipase A and B were found to be homogenous electophoretically with Mr of 30 and 42 kDa, respectively. The lipase A and B constituted approximately 56 and 44% of the total lipase activity and both prossessed optima at pH 7.5 and temperature 55° C. Both lipases were highly specific towards longer C-length p-nitro phenyl esters; however, they differed in their reaction kinetics.

8 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

013704   Gupta A (Life Science Dep, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal) : Matrix population model for Portulaca oleraceae linn. Ecol Envir Conserv 2006, 12(4), 637-42.

Age structure and dynamics of a herbaceous species Portulaca oleracea L. was studied in permanent plot with natural populations over a period of two years. Future population structure were projected by Leslie matrix model based on 4 stage classes viz., seedling. juvenile, young and mature. Seedling emergence was regress on soil parameters. Based on the survival matrices critical stage in the life of species was estimated.

17 ref

013703   Gunasekaran S;Thilak Kumar R;Periyanayagasamy V (P.G. & Research Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai-600 030) : Bound blood - drug interaction study of Dopamine hydrochloride using UV - visible spectral analysis. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(3), 567-70.

Study is made on interaction of Dopamine Hydrochloride a drug belonging to the neurotransmitters with blood (pharmacokinetics) in terms of UV-Visible spectroscopy. Blood-drug interaction is a method of analysis to understand how an administered drug is handled by the body. The pharmacokinetic properties of a particular drug basically related to its absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. An understanding of these drug properties is essential for proper usage. In the investigation, Dopamine Hydrochloride was administered to the living system (non-human) and blood samples were collected at different- time intervals. The blood was diluted and the spectral measurements have been made using UV-Visible spectrophotometer.

4 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

013702   Elizabeth K M;Chaitanya C V;Suribabu P (Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, Vishakapatnam-530 045) : Isolation, identification and characterization of amylase productive microorganisms from bay of Bengla, Vishakhapatanam, Andhra Pradesh. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(3), 601-4.

Bacterial amylases are very important with several commercial uses. Two bacteria were isolated, identified as Bacillus species (SI & Ml) from marine waters of "Bay of Bengal", Visakhapatnam. The amylase production by these two microorganisms was studied at various pH, temperatures and in different media. The effect of different temperatures on enzyme activity of these two bacterial isolates was also carried out. There was highest production of amylase ( 3066 μg/mL) by Bacillus species - SI when cultured in Luria Bertain broth for 24 h at pH. 8, indicating that the ingredients of this medium can induce amylase production than the other two media used such as amylase production medium and nutrient broth. The enzyme activity was highest at 45 °C and 35 °C in SI & Ml strains respectively. These results indicate that these two marine microorganisms can be used for commercial extraction of amylase enzyme for industrial purpose.

4 table, 6 ref

013701   Dongre P M;Khole V (Physiology Dep, MIMSR Medical College, Latur- 412 531) : Radiosensitizing effect of paracetamol with biological metals in Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(1), 165-6.

Effect of paracetamol with biological metal ions viz. calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc was studied on Thiobacillus ferrooxidans cellular membrane system Concentration dependent radiosensitization was exhibited by paracetamol. However, reduction in radiosensitization was observed combination of all biological ions. DMF in paracetamol (0.075 mM), (0.10 mM), (0.125 mM) was 1.111,1.666,3.888 respectively. Paracetamol (0.125 mM) with calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc was 2.000, 1.428, 2.222, 1.818 respectively. The nature of interaction of paracetamol with biological metal ions is discussed at cellular membrane level of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.

1 table, 14 ref

013700   Dhevagi P;Bharath Kumar V;Shibu M A;Rabeeth M (Environmental Sciences Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore 641 029) : Isolation of bacteriophages specific to Pseudomonas aeuroginosa. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(2), 229-33.

Bacteriophages specific to Pseudomonas aeuroginosa have been demonstrated in albino mice under invitro condition. Pseudomonas aeuroginosa was isolated from infected person and characterised. After characterization bacteriophages specific to Pseudomonas aeuroginosa was isolated from phage enriched sewage sample. Minimal lethal dose of Pseudomonas aeuroginosa was found to be 3 x 10³ CFU/ml. Phages specific to Pseudomonas aeuroginosa were injected to mice after injecting with the pathogen. Results showed that mice treated with lower concentration of lysate showed the symptoms of lethargy. As the phage dose increased from 200 to 800 x 10⁴ PFU/ml complete recovery of the animal same as control was observed.

3 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

013699   Dhake A B;Patil M B (University Department of Biochemistry, L.I.T Premises, Nagpur University, Nagpur-440 033) : Chemical and physical mutagenisis of Purpurogenum for induced production of invertase. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(3), 465-8.

P. purpurogenum isolated in the laboratory was found to produce intracellular and extracellular invertase after 5 and 4 days of incubation, respectively. Conidia of fungus P. purpurogenum were subjected to physical mutagenesis by UV light and for chemical mutagenesis using NTG (3 nitro, 5 methyl guanidine). The colonies were screened after mutagenesis for invertase production. The chemical and physical mutagenesis of P. purpurogenum resulted in evolution of fungal strain with more invertase prpduction.

2 tables, 14 ref

013698   Dhake A B;Patil M B (Post Graduate Teaching Biochemistry Dep, L.I.T. Premises, Nagpur Univ, Nagpur-440 033) : Effect of incubation time and substrate feeding on Beta-glucosidase production by Penicillium purpurogenum. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(1), 65-8.

P. purpurogenum produced intracellular and extracellular β-glucosidase in a medium containing sucrose as the carbon source. The intracellular activity was found in the mycelium within 24 hours and reached to the peak on 4th day of cultivation with similar rise in mycelial mass. The extracellular β-glucosidase was observed in the growth medium on 8th day which continued to increase till 14 days. Induction in intracellular β-glucosidase activity was observed when fresh sucrose was provided during incubation period when it was completely exhausted. Appearance of extracellular β-glucosidase activity was, however, found to be delayed in the sucrose fed cultures.

6 illus, 20 ref

013697   Dhake A B;Patil M B (Univ Biochemistry Dep, L.I.T. Premises, Nagpur Univ, Nagpur-440033) : Stimulation of invertase production by P. purpurogenum in presence of zeolites. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(2), 213-6.

P. purpurogenum was found to produces extracellular, intracellular and cell wall bound invertases. The influence of different zeolites was studied on production of invertase by P. purpurogenum. Amongst the three different cation containing zeolites only sodium-containing zeolite at 0.5% stimulated the enzyme production to significant level, whereas potassium and ZSM zeolites were completely ineffective.

3 illus, 15 ref

013696   Deka S (Resource Mangement and environment Division, Institute of Advance Study in Science and Technology Pachim Barogaon, Guwahati- 781 035) : Pseudomonas aeruginosa - a potantial hydrocarbon degrading bacterial strain isolated from petrolium contaminated soil of Assam. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(1), 87-90.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa - a bacterial species of different strains has isolated from petroleum-polluted soil of oil field situated at Moran (Assam). The Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, identified the species of the bacteria. In a laboratory-conducted experiment it was found that the bacterial strains has a great potentiality to degrade hydrocarbons of tank bottom sludge of Guwahati refinery. The experiment was carried out for four weeks in laboratory condition. It was revealed from the experiment that the degradation of hydrocarbons was increased gradually with increasing the incubation time of the bacteria. Degradation was found rapid after 7 days in all the strains and was found maximum at 28 days of incubation. However, after 21 days of incubation the rate of degradation was not rapid. It may be concluded that rate of degradation was found to be rapid up to a certain time period. After that, the rate of degradation was minimum. The Lowest degradation was occurred in strain no.l (18.5%) and highest in strain no 3 (40.96%) at 28-day of inoculation.

1 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

013695   De Souza A;Mehta D;Leavitt R W (Viridis Biopharma Pvt Ltd, , 6/312, Jogani Industrial Complex, V.N. Purav Marg, Chunabhatti, Mumbai-400 022) : Bactericidal activity of combinations of silver-water dispersion<. Curr Sci 2006, 91(7), 926-7.

Recent increase in the incidence of infections due to bacterial resistance to antibiotics has been recognized as an alarming problem, especially in the hospital environment with probability of cross-infection. Silver-Water Dispersion<202><220> solution as an antibacterial is claimed to have no bacterial resistance. Nineteen antibiotics were checked in combination with Silver-Water Dispersion<220> solution against seven microbial organisms for synergism. First, minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined for the individual antibiotics and Silver-Water Dispersion<220> solution individually. Those combinations of individual antibiotics with Silver-Water Dispersion<220> that displayed synergism were further evaluated through the checkerboard method. Synergistic activity of Silver-Water Dispersion<220> solution in combination with nineteen antibiotics was tested against seven bacterial strains, except where an organism was known to be resistant to the antibiotic. Out of 96 tests, five were synergistic, 89 additive, and two antagonistic.

2 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

013694   Dalli A K;Saha G;Chakraborty U (Botany Dep, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Univ of North Bengal, Siliguri-734 013, Email: chakrabortyusha@hotmail.com) : Characterization of antimicrobial compounds from a common fern pteris biaurita. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(3), 285-9.

Methanol extract was prepared from the fronds of Pteris biaurita and partial purification was done by solvent partioning with diethyl ether and ethyl acetate, followed by hydrolysis and further partitioning with ethyl acetate. The three fractions, thus obtained were bioassayed separately against five test fungi- Curvularia lunata, Fomes lamaoensis, Poria hypobrumea, Fuasrium oxysporum and a bacterium- Bacillus pumilus, by spore germination, radial growth and agar cup techniques. Results revealed that ethyl acetate fraction (IIIl) contained the active principle. TLC plate bioassay of the active fraction revealed inhibition zone at an R_f of 0.5-0.65. Silica gel from this region was scraped, eluted in methanol and subjected to UV-spectrophotometric analysis. An absorption maxima of 278 nm was recorded. HPLC analysis of TLC-eluate revealed a single peak with retention time of 8.1 min. GC-MS analysis revealed six major peaks in the retention time range of 7.2-10.9 min. Comparison with GC-MS libraries revealed that the extracts may contain a mixture of eicosenes and heptadecanes.

3 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

013693   D'Souza J S;Dharmadhikari J A;Dharmadhikari A K;Navadgi V;Mathur D;Rao B J (NO, Tata institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai-400 005, Email: bjaro@tifr.res.in) : Human Rad52 binding renders ssDNA unfolded: image and contour length analysises by atomic force microscopy. Curr Sci 2006, 91(12), 1641-8.

Atomic force microscopy imaging has been used to study the changes associated with human Rad52 (HsRad52) protein in solution, in dried state as well as following ssDNA (linear and circular) binding. In the dried state, the free protein exists predominantly as a characteristic panoply of novel trifoliate forms. However, in solution, the level of trifoliates diminishes signiflcantly. Height analyses of either form reveal two categories: smaller (<126> 3-5 nm) and larger (<126> 10-12 nm) particles, perhaps related to sub-heptameric and heptameric forms respectively. Interestingly, binding of the protein to linear ssDNA smoothly extends and unfolds the naked DNA. Contour length measurements performed on several individual circular ssDNA/nucleo-protein complexes reveal marked (about threefold) extension of naked ssDNA, following HsRad52 binding. It has been speculated that the alignment of HsRad52 on ssDNA into a smoothly extended and unfolded strand from that of highly compact morphology of naked ssDNA, may have bearing on the recombination function of HsRad52 protein.

4 illus, 40 ref

013692   Choudhury M D;Shil S (Dept. of Life Science, Assam University, Silchar-788 011) : Antibacterial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants. Ann Biol 2005, 21(2), 187-92.

Antibacterial activity of Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt., Curculigo capitulata L., Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. and Tournefortia montana Lour, var. griffithi (CI) Johnston was tested against Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. It was found that Curculigo capitulata L. is active against Streptococcus sp. only, whereas other three plants were active against both the test organisms. Antibiotic sensitivity of the test organisms was tested using some known antibiotic discs to have a comparative conclusion.

2 tables, 46 ref

013691   Chen Y;Periasamy A (Biology and Biomedical Engineering Dep, W M Keck Center for Cellular Imaging, Gilmer Hall, Virginia Univ, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA, Email: ap3t@virginia.edu) : Localization of protein-protein interactions in live cells using confocal and spectral imagine FRET microscopy. Indian J expl Biol 2006, 45(1), 48-57.

Microscopy has become an essential tool for cellular protein investigations. The development of new fluorescent markers such as green fluorescent proteins generated substantial opportunities to monitor protein-protein interactions qualitatively and quantitatively using advanced fluorescence microscope techniques including wide-field, confocal, multiphoton, spectral imaging, lifetime, and correlation spectroscopy. The specific aims of the investigation of protein dynamics in live specimens dictate the selection of the microscope methodology. In this article confocal and spectral imaging methods to monitor the dimerization of alpha enhancer binding protein (C/EBPα) in the pituitary GHFT1-5 living cell nucleus have been described. Also outline are issues involved in protein imaging using light microscopy techniques and the advantages of lifetime imaging of protein-protein interactions.

4 illus, 47 ref

013690   Chauhan A;Gupta S;Mahmood A (Biochemistry Dep, Panjab Unive, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: akhtarmah@yahoo.com) : Effect of tannic acid on brush border disaccharidases in mammalian intestine. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(4), 353-8.

Tannic acid is a glucoside (penta-m-digallolyl-glucose), which exhibits a wide variety of physiological functions. Around neutral pH, 0.4 mM tannic acid produced 84% inhibition of rat brush border sucrase activity, but 35-40% enzyme inhibition was observed in the rabbit intestine at 0.08 mM /concentration. In the mice, 74-77% enzyme inhibition was observed at 0.05 mM concentration of tannic acid. The observed inhibition was reversible in rat intestine. Tannic acid (0.2 mM) also inhibited lactase (18% in adult and 71% in suckling animals), maltase (76%) and trehalase (88%) activities in rat intestine. pH versus activity curves showed that 0.2 mM tannic acid inhibited enzyme activity in rat by 91% at pH 5.5 which was reduced to 14% at pH 8.5 compared to the respective controls. In the rabbit 18-60% enzyme inhibition was noticed below pH 7.0, however at pH 8.5, it was of the order of 38%. Kinetic analysis revealed that tannic acid is a competitive inhibitor of rat brush border sucrase at pH 6.8. Effect of tannic acid together with various -SH group reacting reagents revealed that the enzyme inhibition is additive in nature, suggesting the distinct nature of binding sites on the enzyme for these compounds. The results suggest that tannic acid is a potent inhibitor of intestinal brush border disaccharidases, and could modulate the intestinal

4 illus, 20 ref

013689   Cao C;Wu X;Zhao N;Yao H;Lu X;Tan Y (Lab of Biotechnology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Huajiachi Campus, Hangzhou-310 029, China, Email: wuxiaofeng@zju.edu.cn) : Development of a rapid and efficient BmNPV baculovirus expression system for application in mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori. Curr Sci 2006, 91(12), 1692-7.

Silkworm-baculovirus gene expression system is one of the most powerful eukaryotic expression systems. However, due to very low recombination frequency, the traditional method to construct and obtain pure re-combinant baculovirus requires plaque assay that is time-consuming and also utilizes skillful techniques. In order to overcome this disadvantage, a rapid BmNPV expression system applicable to silkworm was constructed based on the working principle of AcMNPV Bac-to-Bac system. A large 8.6 kb fragment containing the low-copy-number mini-F replicon, a kanamycin resistance marker and a segment of DNA encoding the lac Zα peptide from the AcMNPV bacmid, was cloned into polyhedrin locus of BmNPV genome to replace the polyhedrin gene. This recombinant, designated as BmBacmid, was transformed into Escherichia coli DH10β strain, in which a helper plasmid encoding the transposase was already transofrmed. The authors designated the DH10β strain containing BmBacmid and helper as DH10BmBac. With this bacterium, the recombinant baculovirus can be rapidly and easily generated through gene transposition. This system has an advantage of high recombination frequency, simple manipulation, high-efficiency and is time-saving. This approach permits large potential value in recombinant protein production using silkworm as a 'biofactory' in the future biotechnological industry and can become a powerful tool for structural and functional analysis of protein in post-genomic era.

3 illus, 13 ref

013688   Budambula N L M;Mwachiro E C;Gitonga N M (Botany Dep, Jomo Kenyatta Univ of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000, Email: nbudambula@yahoo.com) : Antiobiotic resistance of bacteria isolated form Nairobi river. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(1), 9-12.

Study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from six sites along the pollution gradient of Nairobi River. Bacteria were isolated by standard methods and grouped into 3 categories; enterie gram negative bacteria, non enteric Gram negative bacteria and Gram positive bacteria. They were identified using standard biochemical techniques and API Kits. The bacteria were tested against 16 antibiotics using the disc agar diffusion technique. The highest incidence of antibiotic resistance was recorded with nystatin (80.0%), followed by trimethoprim (63.3%) and cephalothin (55.8%). The enteric Gram negative bacteria recorded the highest incidence of antibiotic resistance while Gram positive bacteria showed the least antibiotic resistance. Pollution by animal and human waste contributes to the bacterial load of aquatic ecosystems. Pollution enhances the incidence of antibiotic resistance, which is of medical concern.

2 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

013687   Budambula N L M;Mwachiro E C (Botany Dep, Jomo Kenyatta Univ of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000, Postal Code 00200, Nairobi, Kenya, Email: nbudambula@yahoo.com) : Isolation and characterization of naphthalene utilising bacteria from Nairobi river. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(1), 1-8.

Bacteria that utilise naphthalene were isolated on minimal mediumfrom three sides along the Nairobi river. Sixteen isolates were obtained, characrerised and identified as Listeria sp. Aerococcous viridans, Sterptocccus adjacens, Bacillus sp. Staphlococcus homionis, Serratia liquefaciens, Kluyvera sp. Klebsiella, pneumoniae, pneumonae, Pseuduomonas pupida, Pseudomonas mendocina and Listonenna damsella. Microbial growth was used as an indicator of naphthalene degredation steria sp. A. viridans, S adjacenns, Bacillus sp., S Homones ,S liauefacines and P. mendocina showed heavier growth at 80 mg/l of naphthanene as compated to no naphththalene .The 16 isolates were generally resistant at ampicillian and lincomycin but sensitive to nalidixic acid, norfloxacin and minocycline. Bacillus sp.(NR34) showed the highest level of resistance to antibiotices. Plasmids ranging between 1kb and 3.5 kb were isolated from Pseudomonas putida . The Kluyvera sp. was shown at to carry plasmid thar ranged from 2kb to 55 kb.

2 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

013686   Bora L;Kar A;Gogoi H K (Defence Research Laboratory, , Tezpur-784001) : Isolation and screening of bacterial strains for extracellular enzymatic potential from hot springs of Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(2), 267-70.

Extra cellular enzymatic activities of mesophilic and thermophilic bacterial strains of hot springs of Dong area of Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh have been studied. Bacterial strains of the spring water and sediments were assessed on Nutrient agar medium. Sediment samples consist of more thermophiles than mesophiles. About 66% of the isolates tested showed extra cellular enzyme activity. Out of 18 isolates screened, 9,10,12 and 4 isolates exhibited lipase, protease, amylase and cellulase activities respectively. The study showed that the bacterial strains of the thermal springs needs further investigations in view of their bioactive compounds and enzymes.

2 tables, 27 ref

013685   Bhuvaneswari V;Kathiravan G;Gangadev V; Muthumary J (Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, Madars Univ, A.C. College Campus, Chennai-600 025) : Extraction and estimation of indo, E-3-acetic acid IAA from some endophytic and pathogenic coelomycetes. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(2), 243-48.

Most of the physiological activities and growth in plants are regulated by the action and interaction of some growth regulators like Auxins. Chemically it is Indole - 3 - acetic acid (IAA). Soon after the discovery of Indole - 3 - acetic acid (IAA) in higher plants, Auxin activity was also detected in fungi. However, IAA biosynthetic pathways were identified in only a few fungi. Indole - 3 - acetic acid (IAA) was extracted and estimated from three species of Camarosporium (Endophytic) and Colletotrichum falcatum (pathogenic). Auxin generally occurs bound with an aminoacid or sugar. Over six different precursor molecules for Auxins have been reported. Many workers reported that the aminoacid, Tryptophan, figures prominently in the Auxin formation. Auxin production was Tryptophan dependent. No IAA or any other in doles were detected in the absence of Tryptophan, while in the presence of Tryptophan IAA production was high. IAA production was more in culture filtrates when compared to the mycelium of the test fungi. Out of the two different species of Coelomycetes tested, the pathogenic non-endophytic fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum produced more amount of IAA when compared to the endophytic fungi.

6 illus, 12 ref

013684   Bhojwani J (NO, , E33, HIG Colony, Indore-452 008, Email: jbhojwani2005@gmail.com) : Stem cells derived without destruction of embryos. Curr Sci 2006, 91(12), 1597.

5 ref

013683   Bhatt S A;Pandya S M (Bioscience Dep, Saurashtra Univ, Rajkot-360 005) : Seasonal changes in microbial biomass and enzyme activities in some soils of Western India. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2006, 8(1), 69-73.

Seasonal variation in microbial biomass-carbon and nitrogen and soil enzyme activities (urease and amidase) were measured in soils of different parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, West Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh in Western India. Considering the eco-climate conditions, lithology and soil types, the entire study area was divided into five zones, viz. arid to semi-arid, semi-arid and arid-sandy, arid-saline and dry sub-humid zone comprising a total of eleven sites. Maximum biomass-carbon (596 μg g^-1 soil) and nitrogen (25.44 μg g^-1 soil) were recorded in dry sub-humid zone during summer season. While minimum values (7.9 μg g^-1 soil and 1.76 μg g^-1 soil) were recorded respectively in arid-sandy zone during monsoon or post monsoon season. The activities of soil urease and amidase were recorded higher during the monsoon season while in the arid-sandy zone no enzyme activities could be recorded.

7 tables, 17 ref

013682   Behari J;Paulraj R (School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi-110 067) : Biomarkers of induced electromagnetic field and cancer. Indian J expl Biol 2006, 45(1), 77-85.

Article delineates the epidemiological and experimental studies of electromagnetic field which affects various tissues of human body. These affects lead to cell proliferation, which may lead to cancer formation. Certain bio-markers have been identified which are one way or the other responsible for tumor promotion or co-promotion. These are melatonin, a hormone secreted by pineal gland, Ca²⁺, which is essential" in the regulation of the resting membrane potential and in the sequence of events in synaptic excitation and neurotransmitter, release are affected by electromagnetic field, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines, considered as a useful biological marker; over expression of ODC can cause cell transformation and enhancement of tumor promotion, (iv) protein kinase is an enzyme, which transfers phosphate groups from ATP to hydroxyl groups in the amino acid chains of acceptor proteins, and (v) Na^+-K⁺ ATPase, which transports sodium and potassium ions across the membrane has a critical role in living cells. The various possible mechanisms depending upon non equilibrium thermodynamics, co-operativism, stochastic and resonance are discussed as possible models of signal transduction in cytosol, thereby controlling the transcription phenomena. Finally a mechanism comprising the extremely low frequency and radio frequency (RF)/ microwave (MW) modulated field is compared.

3 illus, 59 ref

013681   Bawa K S (Department of Biology, University of Massachuselts 100 morrissey Blvd. BOSTON, MA 02125 USA a, Hebbal Bengalore-560 024, Email: kamal bawa@umb.edu) : Hurdles for conservation science in India. Curr Sci 2006, 91(8), 1005.

6 ref

013680   Baskurt O K;Meiselman H J (Physiology Dep, Akdeniz Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey) : Hemodynamic effect of red blood cell aggregation. Indian J expl Biol 2006, 45(1), 25-31.

Influence of red blood cell (RBC) aggregation on blood flow in vivo has been under debate since early 1900's, yet a full understanding has still has not been reached. Enhanced RBC aggregation is well known to increase blood viscosity measured in rotational viscometers. However, it has been demonstrated that RBC aggregation may decrease flow resistance in cylindrical tubes, due to the formation of a cell-poor zone near the tube wall which results from the enhanced central accumulation of RBC. There is also extensive discussion regarding the effects of RBC aggregation on in vivo blood flow resistance. Several groups have reported increased microcirculatory flow resistance with enhanced RBC aggregation in experiments that utilized intravital microscopy. Alternatively, whole organ studies revealed that flow resistance may be significantly decreased if RBC aggregation is enhanced. Recently, new techniques have been developed to achieve well-controlled, graded alterations in RBC aggregation without influencing suspending phase properties. Studies using this technique revealed that the effects of RBC aggregation are deterrnined by the degree of aggregation changes, and that this relationship can be explained by different hemodynamic mechanisms.

1 illus, 49 ref