ISA

Nematicidal metabolites of Lecanicillium saksenae (Kushwaha) Kurihara, Sukarno and bioefficacy against Meloidogyne incognita

SREEJA P, RANI O P R, CHELLAPPAN M

Physicochemical properties of stingless Bee Honey in Comparison with Apis Honey

ANUSHA V C, SARAVANAN P A, KUMAR B V, RAJENDRAN L, RAJA P

Spices boosting immunity in COVID - 19

PALAI S, DEHURI M, PATRA R

047494 PALAI S, DEHURI M, PATRA R (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Coll of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Bhubaneswar - 751 003, Odisha, Email: palaisantwana@gmail.com) : Spices boosting immunity in COVID - 19. Ann. Phytomed 2020, 9 (2), 80 - 96.

COVID - 19 caused by the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS - CoV2) is likely to cause oxidative stress like other RNA viruses. The cytokine storm mechanism includes pulmonary alveolar membranes hyalinization, hyper - inflammation and lethal respiratory distress. Persons with diabetes, asthma and heart problems already have oxidative stress; viral infection increases stress and, thus contribute to COVID - 19 severity. Traditional Indian spices will serve as boosters of energy and immunity and prepare the body for the prevention of infection and immunization. The spices which were included in this article are: Ginger (Zingiber officinale L.), Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.), Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), Bay leaves (Cinnamomum tamala (Buch. - Ham.) T. Nees and C. H. Eberm., Laurus nobilis L.), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum - graecum L.), Asafoetida (Ferulaassa - foetida L.), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), Nutmeg and Mace (Myristica fragrans Houtt.), Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), Garlic (Allium Sativum L.), Allspice (Pimenta officinalis (L.) Merr.), Peppermint (Mentha ? piperita L./Mentha balsamea Wild), Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L., Capsicum baccatum L., Capsicum annuum L.), Star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.), Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill), Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J.S. Presl.), Cardamom (Alpinia cardamomum (L.) Roxb.; Amomum cardamomum L.), Mustard (Brassica nigra (L.) Koch) and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill). The use of spices can help in decreasing the severity and help in the prevention of coronavirus infection. These spices contain polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids. The antioxidant, antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of spices can potentiate health functionality by acting on various pathological processes. The risks of coronavirus (COVID - 19) can be mitigated with a special reference the respiratory health by the use of these spices every day, which strengthens the natural protection mechanism (immunity) of the body. Spices acting as immunity boosters not only helps to stay healthy from seasonal flu, but also possesses anti - viral properties to combat coronavirus. The Ministry of Ayush, Government of India also endorses these immunity boosting spices and their proper use. In this study, numerous conventional spices and their bioactive components and effects have been compiled and discussed to help improve our immune system and also play a key role in the battle against microbial infections, like COVID - 19. This paper will help researchers and industries to recognize and analyze possible spices that can satisfy their interests for various applications, including the development of herbal/Ayurvedic antiviral drugs.

1 table, 96 ref

Importance of vegetables as healthier diet in the management of COVID - 19 pandemic

INDHULEKA A, SANJANA R, JANET J, RAGAVI V

Benefits of dietary sesame seed and flaxseed to strengthen immune system during COVID - 19 pandemic and prevent associated comorbidities related health risks

AHMAD S R, GHOSH P

047492 AHMAD S R, GHOSH P (Zoology Dep, H M M Coll for Women, Kolkata - 700 035, West Bengal, Email: zoologist.rehan@gmail.com) : Benefits of dietary sesame seed and flaxseed to strengthen immune system during COVID - 19 pandemic and prevent associated comorbidities related health risks. Ann. Phytomed 2020, 9 (2), 50 - 61.

COVID - 19 pandemic situation has created massive social and economic crisis globally and poses huge risks to survival of vulnerable, economically weaker groups, mainly in low - income and middle - income countries. Mortality appears to be high among persons with low immunity, poor nutritional status (malnourished) and associated comorbidities. Improve immune functions through nutrition is the most effective strategy to combat COVID - 19 and other related viral infections. It is a long term process to improve immune power through a diverse and well balanced diet, but most significant during this unpredictable time when appropriate drug or vaccine is not available to prevent this viral infection. As strong immune system helps to recover any infectious disease conditions within a short period of time. This content is related to the link between nutrition, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID - 19), and the immune system. Main purpose of this content is to support the principle that diet rich in antioxidant and biologically active functional ingredients could be an effective nutritional intervention to restore the immune response, reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. Importance of flaxseed and sesame seed in the nutrition sector is because of their functional and highly active food ingredient. Those active food compounds have also health benefits against comorbidities in the COVID - 19 patients including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer and various respiratory diseases. However, it is well established that due to influence of various nutritious components and bioactive molecules flaxseed and sesame seed playing critical roles in immune system. Daily dietary consumption of these foodstuffs helps to build up immunity against infectious disease and prevents COVID - 19 related mild to chronic inflammations.

119 ref

Medicinal plants, aromatic herbs and spices as potent immunity defenders: Antiviral (COVID - 19) perspectives

MEHROTRA N

047491 MEHROTRA N (Biochemistry Dep, SVKM's Mithibai Coll of Arts, Vile Parle West, Mumbai - 400 056, Email: nupur.mehrotra@mithibai.ac.in) : Medicinal plants, aromatic herbs and spices as potent immunity defenders: Antiviral (COVID - 19) perspectives. Ann. Phytomed 2020, 9 (2), 30 - 49.

Global health is at risk due to the current SARS - CoV - 2 pandemic which has posed a huge challenge. The virus has several protein spikes termed peplomers, on its surface, and is a positive - sense single - stranded RNA enveloped virus. The number of infected people across the globe is in an exponential phase in many of the 220 countries infected by the pandemic, and currently is in its second phase of infection at many places. Scientists and researchers have set in a global race, the winning stride being successful discovery of a preventive vaccine and a specific treatment for COVID - 19. Till such time, centers for ancient civilizations as India and China have intensified their search towards alternative medicine using herbal products, which hold immense pharmacological properties. In case of COVID - 19, aromatic plants and herbs downregulate the pre - inflammatory mediators as IL - 1, 6, 10 and 18, TNF - ? and NF - ?B associated with the cytokine storm, which has proved to be fatal. Simultaneously, enhancement of expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, production of IgG, IFN - ? and IL - 4 and activation of T helper cells, and NK cells, promises to provide protection along with therapeutic potential. These can be instrumental in enhancing the body?s immune system along with strengthening and maintaining the health of the respiratory tract, the preferred host for the SARS - CoV - 2. Such a modality can reach help to people who are immune compromised due to comorbidities as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and other related disorders. The present review focuses on reporting aromatic herbs, medicinal plants and spices with potential antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. To cater to the global health till such time that targeted drugs for the viral infection are made publicly available, these herbal remedies can surely be our best defenders.

1 illus, 1 table, 147 ref

Micronutrients and phytochemicals against COVID - 19: Mechanism and molecular targets

BELLIK Y, BACHIR - BEY M, FATMI W, KOUIDRI M, SOUAGUI Y, SELLES S M A

Diversity of heteropteran bugs in rice fields of east vidarbha, Maharashtra

SALWE A A, BARSAGADE D D

Diversity of carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in rice fields

JADHAO M J

Nutritional efficacy of zeepromin and fishmin forte feed additives on amino acid metabolism of Indian major carps

SUBHASHINI P, NAIK M J

Ameliorating potentials of N-acetyl-l-cysteine against methoxychlor instigated modulation in structural characteristics of granulosa cells of caprine antral follicles

BHARDWAJ J K, SARAF P

Prevalence of amphistome gastrothylax crumenifer in Chittorgarh District of Southern Rajasthan, India

SWARNAKAR G, JOGPAL B, CHOUHAN H S

A ptychobothridaen cestode Senga killedharurensis sp. Nov. of fresh water fish from Kille Dhadur, Dist., Beed, M.S., India

DEVIDASRAO L A

Acute toxicity of mercuric chloride on the survival and behavioural response of Indian fresh water stinging cat fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) at 48 and 96 hours

PARRAY M A, DIXIT R, RATHER A A

A review on role of molluscan shells in the removal of pollutants from aquatic water bodies

SHARMA A, DEVI I, SINGH R

Seasonal incidence and damage potentiality of litchi fruit borer (Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley, 1986) in relation to major abiotic environmental factors

DALUI T, SARKAR S K

001251 DALUI T, SARKAR S K (Zoology Dep, Barasat Coll, Kolkata- 700 126, West Bengal) : Seasonal incidence and damage potentiality of litchi fruit borer (Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley, 1986) in relation to major abiotic environmental factors. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27-S1, 302-7.

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) has been one of the major subtropical fruits, native of China. It belongs to the family Sapindaceae and was first introduced to India in the late 17th century. After its introduction, the fruit received considerable attention from the Indian farmers and agro based agencies and eventually became an important producer of Indian agriculture. Though India is the second largest producer of Litchi after China, net productivity still falls behind the optimum mark. Chiefly, the diseases associated with litchi and the related problems account for this low productivity. Pest complexes which damage fruits, flowers, stems, and leaves are one of the major issues faced by the litchi industry. Among insect pests, the litchi fruit borer Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley, 1986 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is one of the biggest threats to litchi farmers causing severe loss in fruit production. The fruit borer larva bores into the fruit by making tunnels inside the cotyledon and then feeds on the inner soft tissue. To determine the pattern and degree of infestation and its relationship to major environmental abiotic factors, a study was conducted on selected uniform plants (cv. Bombai) at a private orchard in Barasat, West Bengal, India. The study was conducted in three replications, with one tree served as one replication. 100 fruits were randomly selected from each replication to examine the degree of infestation by the fruit borers. Fruits having the symptom of infestation by the fruit borer were counted and transformed into percentage value. Various meteorological parameters were also recorded simultaneously to study the relationship of major abiotic environmental factors with fruit borer infestation. The association between these factors and fruit infestation was revealed through two methods: 1. descriptive and linear multiple regressions; 2. analysis of variance. As evident from the study, the infestation (3.3%) was first observed at 21days (26th March 2018), and attack by the borer gradually increased and reached its peak (42.66 %) after 60 days of fruit set (4th May 2018). After that, a considerable decrease was observed. According to our statistical analysis, it was found that rainfall has little influence on the activity of the pest species, while temperature has a significant impact on the pest, particularly on their larval activity.

3 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

Spatial variation of the soil and water qualities in the mountain lakes at different altitude of Arunachal Pradesh, India

ABUJAM S, BUSHI D, JONGKEY K, NIMASOW O D, NIMASOW G, DAS D N

001238 ABUJAM S, BUSHI D, JONGKEY K, NIMASOW O D, NIMASOW G, DAS D N (Zoology Dep, Rajiv Gandhi Univ, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh) : Spatial variation of the soil and water qualities in the mountain lakes at different altitude of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27-S1, 219-25.

A rapid assessment of certain water and soil quality parameters were undertaken in different lakes covering 4 districts of Arunachal Pradesh from the month of May, 2019 to March, 2020. The sampling and analysis were performed following the standard methods and recommended protocols for each of the parameters. The results indicate maximum pH value of 7.9 in the high altitude Kyalem Lake in Tawang and minimum of 7.0 in the low altitude Bone Lake in Upper Siang. The value of highest dissolved oxygen (11.55 mg/L) was found in Hireng Lake of Upper Siang and lowest (1.15 mg/L) in PTsho Lake of Tawang whereas the highest value of free carbon dioxide (1.3 mg/L) was recorded in Nagula Lake of Tawang and lowest (0.2mg/ L) in Pegu Lake of Upper Siang. The highest alkalinity (7.8 mg/L) was found in Bone and lowest (1.4 mg/ L) in Kyalem; the highest hardness (19 mg/L) was found in Pegu and lowest (3.5 mg/L) in Mehao. Among the soil parameters, the highest moisture of 69% was recorded in Pegu and the lowest of 61% in Shungatser (Tawang); the highest water retention capacity (0.92 mg/L) was found in Ganga and the lowest (0.8 mg/L) in Mehao and the higher soil pH around 6.9 was recorded in lakes of Sela, Nagula and Shungaster (Tawang) while the lowest value of 5.0 was found in Kyalem. The values for available soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon showed fluctuations in accordance with the altitudinal variations of lakes. Further, the soil texture was also observed to be mostly sandy loam and clay loam in majority of the lakes. The results obtained from the water quality and soils of studied lakes revealed that there was distinct slight variation among the lakes due to the altitudinal variation.

1 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

Contraceptive capability of herbs and plants: A review

Shubhangi S

A philosophical appraisal of the rights theory to the killing and modifying of animals

Edor E J, Bassey S A

Macrozoobenthos diversity of bhagda taal, a wetland of Balrampur, U.P. (India)

Singh V, Prakash S

Perception and awareness of noise pollution in general population

Dewan M

Toxicity and ethological responses of Mystus vittatus (bloch) exposed to distillery wastewater

Tiwari S K , Prakash S

Effect of sublethal concentrations of commercial detergents on the protein content of selective freshwater fishes

Logeswari D, Kaliyammal K, Facika A M, Pandian M R, Banu G S

Antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potential of luffa acutangula fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Thatchinamoorthi R, Ganesan K, Pandian M R

Impact of paper mill effluent on protein metabolism of snake headed fish, Channa punctatus

Verma A K, Prakash S

Phytochemical profiling and mosquitocidal properties of grape fruit pedicel extract against malarial, dengue and filarial vectors

Madhiyazhagan P, Villavan R, Gomathi P, Nandhini S

000880 Madhiyazhagan P, Villavan R, Gomathi P, Nandhini S (Zoology Dep, J.K.K. Nataraja Arts and Science Coll, Tamilnadu, Email: madhiyazhaganpari@yahoo.com) : Phytochemical profiling and mosquitocidal properties of grape fruit pedicel extract against malarial, dengue and filarial vectors. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Sect A 2021, 40A(1), 92-110.

The dengue, malaria and filariasis are serious global disease which caused by the mosquitoes, Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. These species cause high morbidity and mortality to the human population and the development of resistance to chemical insecticides resulting in rebounding vectorial capacity. Plants may be alternative sources of mosquito control agents. The GC-MS analysis of grape fruit pedicel was done and five major compounds were identified in the methanolic grape pedicel extract namely, NHexadecanoic Acid, 1,E-11,Z-13-Octadecatriene, 9,12- Octadecadienoic Acid, 9-Octadecynoic Acid and 6,8- Dodecadien-1-OL (6Z,8E). The mosquitocidals activity of methanol extracts from grape fruit pedicel against immature and adult of An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus (L.) were studied. After 24 hrs the mortality was noted and Lethal Concentration (LC50) was calculated against An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The LC50 of An. stephensi were 133.263ppm, 178.275ppm, 235.619ppm, 284.472ppm and 380.630ppm for I, II, III, IV Instar and pupae, respectively. Similarly, LC50 for Ae. aegypti were 89.093ppm (I Instar), 196.560ppm (II Instar), 241.043ppm (III Instar), 323.565ppm (IV Instar) and 363.515ppm (pupae) and for Cx. quinquefasciatus were 190.073ppm, 261.693ppm, 295.404ppm, 289.067ppm and 348.430ppm for I Instar, II Instar, III Instar, IV instar and Pupae, respectively. After the treatment of grape pedicel extract the percentage of egg hatchability (Ovicidal activity) was observed. No eggs were hatched out after 400ppm of three mosquito species. In ovipositional deterrent study the number of eggs laid in control and treatment water was observed and based on this the Effective Repellency (ER) was calculated. The ER ranging from 69.83% to 88.43 % for An. stephensi; 72.18% to 89.14% for Ae. aegypti; 69.66% to 88.81% for Cx. quinquefasciatus, was investigated. It is thus concluded that the grape fruit pedicel extract has an effective toxicity against An. stephensi, Ae. Aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Hence, this pedicel extract can be used as an insecticide.

2 illus, 6 tables, 60 ref

Detection of melamine in milk using nanotechnology

Sharma S, Goyal S

A new species of the genus dicauda, Dicauda manipurensis sp. nov. (cnidaria: myxosporea: myxozoa) from fresh water fish Esomus danrica (Hamilton, 1822) from Manipur, India

Hemananda T, Soni T, Sharatkumar S

Stress and parental perceived stress: Paramount agents of obesity among young children

Dewan M

Diversity of aquatic insects in lake Pichhola of Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

Naz F, Nalwaya S, Yadav R, Saxena K

Histo-pathological alterations associated metabolic alterations in STZ induced diabetic rats with leaves extract of Sapindus saponaria

Naik M J, Naik R N R

Eco-Biology, threats and conservation problems of indian vulture in southern Rajasthan, India

Choudhary N L, Chishty N, Bano H

The effect of additional feeding on the processes of digestion and natural resistance of the sheep body in pasture conditions

Rajamuradov Z T, Bazarov B M, Rajamuradova N Z

000873 Rajamuradov Z T, Bazarov B M, Rajamuradova N Z (Samarkand State Univ, Uzbekistan, Email: bozorov-b@samdu.uz) : The effect of additional feeding on the processes of digestion and natural resistance of the sheep body in pasture conditions. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Sect A 2021, 40A(1), 39-44.

The article presents the materials obtained in the study of the effect of additional fertilizing on the digestive processes and the natural resistance of the body of Karakul sheep with year-round pasture content. We found that sheep and goats that grazed on the pasture for a quarter of a year, regardless of their physiological state, are on half-starved rations, especially in the second half of suyagnost and at the beginning of the spring period. During these periods, the sheep of both groups compared in the winter period daily received from 0.70 to 0.78 energy feed units and from 20 to 28 g of digested protein, and at the beginning of the lactation period, these indicators were 86% of the norm, i.e., they received from 13 to 17% of nutrients. In this regard, we conducted experiments to study the effect of a household diet consisting of coarse feed: 130 g of mixed feed, 50-50% of barley and straw cutting and pasture feed. The sheep of the experimental group received an almost balanced diet for all nutrients. According to the data obtained, the composition and nutritional value of the diet consumed by sheep of the experimental group of feed practically meets their need completely, and in animals of the control group-only 82-85% of the nutritional needs. The highest concentration of total nitrogen was in the rumen of the experimental group – 123.33 mg%, while in the Queens of the control group, its concentration averaged 110.0 mg % or was 12.1% less. In the control group of Queens with a higher consumption of pasture feed, the digestibility of the main nutrients was lower compared to the animals of the experimental group. Inadequate feeding negatively affects the severity of the level of natural resistance

4 tables, 11 ref

Analysis of heavy metals and physico-chemical parameters of water in feeding habitats of Ardeola grayii

Dwivedi A, Elangovan V, Verma M

Studies on changes in plasma and muscle protein in xylachlor induced in teleostean fish, channa marulius (HAM.)

Kumar R, Gupta M L

Effect of temperature on the hatching of fairy shrimp Branchinella thailandensis sanoamuang, Saengphan & Murugan, 2002 (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) from Thailand

ALEJOS M S, SERRANO, JR A E, NUDALO A G, DELA CALZADA R J, B RANARA C T

Foraging behaviour and host selection of cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) among different host species in Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)

Verma M, Elangovan V, Dwivedi A, Kumar M

Mayfly nymphs as Water pollution bioindicator

Kamble R, Nanware S S

Comparative optimization studies (ISP 4 Vs ISP 3 Vs ISP 2 Media) of mangrovian Streptomyces pluripotens ANUKCJV1 for its α- Amylase production and geographical correlation of Mangrovian Actinomycetes strains

BASHA S K C, RAO K R S S, VENKATANAGARAJU E

001211 BASHA S K C, RAO K R S S, VENKATANAGARAJU E (Zoology and Aquaculture Dep, Acharya Nagarjuna Univ, Guntur- 522 510, Andhra Pradesh) : Comparative optimization studies (ISP 4 Vs ISP 3 Vs ISP 2 Media) of mangrovian Streptomyces pluripotens ANUKCJV1 for its α- Amylase production and geographical correlation of Mangrovian Actinomycetes strains. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27-S1, 48-57.

Streptomyces pluripotens ANUKCJV1 was isolated from Coringa Mangroves which was located along the South Indian Delta. The Current work which was in continuation to our previously reported work which suggests that Streptomyces pluripotens ANUKCJV1 was the potential strain and the same has been subjected to comparative optimization studies in the current work by employing three media: ISP 4; ISP 3; ISP 2 media for enhanced α - Amylase Production. Physico - Chemical variables viz… Incubation period, PH, Temperature, Carbon and Nitrogen sources with respect to three different media (ISP 4, ISP 3 and ISP 2) were tested and cumulative analysis of three different media for differential bioactivity of α - Amylase was done. Results suggest that ISP 4 found to be the best medium with cumulative value of 24.2 U/mL, where as the cumulative value of ISP 3 and ISP 2 were 19.3 U/mL and 19.4 U/mL respectively. Peptone as Nitrogen source of ISP 4 found to be the favourite Individual variable among all with production value of 8.0 U/mL. Geographical correlation with respect to number of Actinomycetes strains and - Amylase Bioactivity depicts that Distant geographical soil samples from the shore found to be favourable for higher number of Actinomycetes strains: A1 soil samples (~ 500 m) - 33 %; A2 samples (~ 400 m) - 22 %. With regard to α - Amylase Bioactivity, A5 samples (~ 100 m) analysed to be the potential geographical bioactive zone for α- Amylase Production. From the study it can be concluded that since ISP 4 found to be the favourite medium of the potential strain, by employing the same large scale exploration of the Streptomyces pluripotens ANUKCJV1 of the Coringa Mangroves may be done to tap the industrial benefits of α - Amylase.

20 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

Impact of selected crop rotation practices on the incidence of insect pests in Paddy Fields at Dinhata, West Bengal, India

ROY G C, CHAKRABORTY K, BANERJEE S

001210 ROY G C, CHAKRABORTY K, BANERJEE S (Zoology Dep, Dinhata Coll, Coochbehar- 736 135, West Bengal) : Impact of selected crop rotation practices on the incidence of insect pests in Paddy Fields at Dinhata, West Bengal, India. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27-S1, 40-7.

To evaluate the influence of crop rotation practices on the prevalence of four significant paddy insect pests, studies for three consecutive years (2012-2014) were conducted at Dinhata, Coochbehar, and West Bengal, India. Grossly 26 types of crop rotation practice and four major insect pests were distinguished in this area. The pests are yellow stem borer (YSB), brown plant hopper (BPH), gall midge (GM) and paddy bug (PB) correspondingly. Paddy-green manure, maize-paddy, jute-paddy, vegetable-paddy and pulses-paddy are more commonly practiced out of the all renowned crop rotational practices. Incidence of pest number (individuals/hill) and the extent of crop damage viz., dead heart (DH) + white head (WH) for YSB, damaged leaf area (DAL%) for BPH, silver shoot (SS%) for GM and unfilled grains (UG%) for PB under five selected crop rotation practices were compared with that of the result of monoculture field having two or three paddy crops in a year. Side by side incidence of pest population was also noted in fallow-paddy circumstance. Damage due to pest infestation was determined after assessing the number of infested hills (for YSB and GM), infested leaf (for BPH) and shockingly filled grains (for PB). Maximum number of pest individuals (7.14 YSB/5 hills, 19.68 BPH/hill, 14.81 GM/10 hills and 3.12 PB/hill) and the level of damage (7.16% DH +4.18% WH, 29.04% DAL, 40.1% SS and 40.31% UG) were noted in field having three consecutive paddy crops in a year. The least pest incidence (1.80 YSB/5 hills, 4.68 BPH/hill, 2.15 GM/10 hills and 0.98 PB/hill) with lowest level of damage (2.18% DH +2.50 WH, 10.14% DAL, 5.01% SS and 16.12% UG) was registered in field where paddy was grown after green manure production. Maximum yield (q/ha) with highest cost: benefit value (C: B) was registered in green manure-paddy (33-35q/ha) as the least was scored from the field with three successive paddy crop in a year (23-25q/ha).

1 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

A study on the Guild Interaction of predator natural Enemies in a rice field

ROY G C, CHAKRABORTY K, BANERJEE S