RURIANI E, SALIM N, MANGUNWIDJAJA D, RICHANA N, SUNARTI T C
047718 RURIANI E, SALIM N, MANGUNWIDJAJA D, RICHANA N, SUNARTI T C (Agroindustrial Technology Dep, Bogor Agricultural Univ, Bogor 16002, Indonesia, Email: rurianiftp@yahoo.com ) : Properties of carboxymethylated - cassava and sago starches prepared by using sodium monochloroacetate. Asian J. Chem 2020, 32 (3), 678 - 82.
In the present study, carboxymethyl starch (CMC) were produced from different sources of starch and their physico - chemical properties were evaluated. Carboxymethylation was performed using different concentrations of sodium monochloroacetate (1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 mol/mol of anhydrous glucose units) in a three - necked round - bottom flask (250 mL) for approximately 3 h (250 rpm and 40?C) in a two - stage reaction comprising alkalization and etherification. The introduction of carboxymethyl groups was confirmed in the results by the appearance of a new peak in the FTIR spectrum in 1650.10 - 1649.76 cm - 1 region. In addition, degree of substitution (DS) of produced CMS was ranged from 0.53 - 0.60. An increase in the concentration of sodium monochloroacetate (1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 mol/mol of anhydrous glucose unit) resulted in greater paste clarity, higher solubility and greater swelling than native starch. Furthermore, cassava starch (tapioca) produced a CMS exhibited greater swelling than sago starch, however by contrast, CMS - sago was more soluble and clearer than CMS - cassava.
2 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref
KAMRA A, KUMAR D
047574 KAMRA A, KUMAR D (ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi ? 110 012, Email: anjukamra@yahoo.com) : Effect of vermicompost, FYM, crop residue and crop rotation on soil nematode densities in Rice ecosystem. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (3), 256 - 9.
A field trial was conducted in rice (Pusa Basmati 1121) ecosystem to evaluate the effect of vermicompost (VC), FYM, phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB) and crop residue (CR) and crop rotation with mungbean (Vigna radiata) on plant - parasitic and bacterivorous nematodes. The rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella oryzae was the predominant plant - parasitic nematode (0 - 750/250cc soil), followed by Heterodera cajani juveniles (0 - 625/250cc soil) in mung plots, stunt nematode, Tylenchorhynchus sp. (0 - 150/250cc soil) and dorylaimids (0 - 540/250cc soil). The bacterial feeders varied from 50 - 1800/250cc soil. The population densities of the nematode were low in treatments with VC (T3 ), VC + CR (T5 ) and VC + CR + PSB (T7 ), indicating an antagonistic effect of vermicompost on the nematode. The highest densities of bacterivorous nematodes were observed in plots with vermicompost + crop residue (T5 ). The population densities of H. oryzae were significantly high (50 - 1110/250cc soil) in treatments with FYM (T2 ), or treatments with FYM + CR (T4 ) and treatments with FYM + CR + PSB (T6 ), indicating that both FYM and crop residue did not have an antagonistic effect on the rice root nematode. The plant parasitic index was low in all treatments that had a high saprozoic nematode index.
4 tables, 12 ref
JAYAKUMAR J, SEENIVASAN N
047573 JAYAKUMAR J, SEENIVASAN N (Plant Protection Dep, (Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Trichirapalli ? 620 027 (Tamil Nadu), Email: jayakumarpandiyan@yahoo.co.in, seeni_nema@yahoo.com) : Eco - friendly management of Sugarcane nematode in Field. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (3), 251 - 5.
The results indicated that the application of Pseudomonas fluorescens was better that minimized lesion nematode population by 73.2% and enhanced germination %, number of tillers, commercial cane sugar %, cane yield and sugar yield by 87.2, 161.5, 12.7, 121.4 and 16.4%, respectively. This field experiment was repeated once during 2016 - 2017 and obtained 74.0% control of lesion nematode with higher yield of 124.4 t/ha in P. fluorescens @ 2.5 kg/ha sett treatment. Simultaneously another field experiment with fungal antagonists Purpureocillium lilacinum and Trichoderma viride @ 2.5 kg/ha were conducted during 2015 - 2016 and 2016 - 2017. The P. lilacinum was better than T. viride. During 2016 - 2017, similar results recorded 70.5% nematode control with cane yield 124.8 t/ha. The results demonstrated that P. fluorescens in combination of neem cake was better that caused the highest reduction in lesion nematode population (74.8%) with the cane yield of 115.8 t/ha.
4 tables, 15 ref
SHARMA R L, AHIR R R, SHARMA P, YADAV P
047572 SHARMA R L, AHIR R R, SHARMA P, YADAV P (Plant Pathology Dep, S.K.N. Coll of Agriculture, Jaipur ? 303 329 (Raj.), Email: sharmaratanlal851@gmail.com) : Survey, identification and pathogenicity of alternaria blight of Tomato. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (3), 247 - 50.
The study aimed to assess survey, isolation, identification and pathogenicity of the Alternaria alternata. Disease intensity varied from 46.6 to 55.7% in four surveyed districts of Rajasthan during summer 2017 - 18. The disease severity of Alternaria blight of tomato was more in Jaipur (55.75) district followed by Alwar (49.56), Dausa (48.45) and Tonk (46.63) district, Alternaria alternata isolated from infected samples of tomato leaves, purified and its pathogenicity was proved. The pathogen produced dark brown to black colony with septate mycelium and acro petal chain of ellipsoidal brown or muriform conidia.
2 tables, 10 ref
GUPTA J, SINGH U N
047571 GUPTA J, SINGH U N (Plant Pathology Dep, R.B.S. Coll, Agra ? 283 105 (U.P.), Email: gupta_jhilmil@rediffmail.com) : Phylloplane Microflora of Potato as influenced by Fungicides. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (3), 243 - 6.
Phylloplane microflora ? that included pathogenic fungi as well - changes with the age, variety and location of the crop. Application of fungicides affected the quantity and type of leaf exudates. Besides, fungicides also selectively eliminate the non - target microflora which might resulted in the disease pattern. Effect of fungicides viz., Ridomil MZ, Blitox - 50 and Dithane M - 45 on the phylloplane microflora of potato was studied. An initial drop of microflora population was observed in most fungicides? treated plants. However, in all cases microbial population increased subsequently. The three fungicides affected microflora differently. Some of the resident fungal species were displaced.
2 illus, 1 table, 9 ref
RAJYALAKSHMI B, NAGAMANI P, SUDHAN P M
047570 RAJYALAKSHMI B, NAGAMANI P, SUDHAN P M (Plant Pathology Dep, S.V. Agricultural Coll, Tirupati ? 517 501, Email: manipath28@gmail.com) : Efficacy of Bacterial endophytes against Rice pathogens under in vitro conditions. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (3), 240 - 2.
In an attempt to develop effective biocontrol system for management of sheath blight and stem rot diseases in rice, seven bacterial endophytes were isolated from the rice leaves and evaluated for their antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium oryzae. Among seven isolates, two isolates viz., CEY3 and CES7 showed highest pathogen suppression of sheath blight and stem rot as (60.0% & 56.5%) and (52.2%, 58.0%), respectively.
1 illus, 1 table, 9 ref
SANGEETHA A
047569 SANGEETHA A (Regional Research Station, ,Vridhachalam ? 606 001 (Tamil Nadu), Email: sangeepat@gmail.com) : In vitro efficacy of bio - control agents and developing Integrated management strategies for Fusarial wilt disease of Marigold. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (3), 235 - 9.
Marigold is an annual flowering plant which is mainly affected by Fusarium wilt incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. callistephi. In this study, use of saprophtically competitive bioagents like Trichoderma, Pseudomonas and Bacillus isolated from the rhizosphere were explored as an alternative to chemical fungicides. The efficacy of oil cake extracts and the combined effect of various management measures were explored. Among the 10 isolates, the suppression was higher with Trichoderma viride (Tv1 ), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf3 ) and Bacillus subtilis (Bs10) which effectively inhibited the growth of causal organism to an extent of 78.3, 56.0, 50.3%, respectively over control. Neem cake at 10% concentration recorded 50.6% reductions in mycelial growth. Among the systemic fungicides tested, the combination product carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 64% inhibited the fungal growth completely above 1000 ppm concentrations.
5 tables, 12 ref
MUTHUKUMAR M, SRIDHARAN S, KENNEDY J S
047568 MUTHUKUMAR M, SRIDHARAN S, KENNEDY J S (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore ? 641 003 (T.N.), Email: muthukumar.tnau@gmail.com) : Incidence of Bitter Gourd gall midge and assessment of Farmers management practices . Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (3), 232 - 4.
Two gall midge species viz., Lasioptera falcata and L. bryoniae are found to infest the bitter gourd causing galls in shoots and leaf petiole arresting further growth of the plant. The infestation of the gall midge was high in Coimbatore (78.6%) and Tiruppur district (72.0%) as compared to other seven districts which showed an infestation of 15.3 - 18.0%. The natural enemies associated with the immature stages of gall midge are identified as Aprostocetus diplosidis, Bracon sp. and unidentified Platygastrinae. The natural parasitization of gall midge was also high in Coimbatore (43.5%) and Tiruppur (39.6%) districts of Tamil Nadu. The farmers growing bitter gourd ranked gall midge pest as second next to fruit fly and are using more than nine insecticides for controlling the pest including one combination insecticide and two synthetic pyrethroids. The other insecticides used belong to organophosphate, neonicotinoid and pyridincarboxamide groups.
1 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref
SREEDHAR U
047567 SREEDHAR U (ICAR - Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry ? 533 105 (A.P.), Email: usreedharctri@yahoo.com) : Field efficacy of insecticides against Spodoptera litura in Virginia Tobacco. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (3), 228 - 31.
Results showed that emamectin benzoate 0.0025% and chlorfenapyr 10 SC @ 0.01% gave cent per cent protection to Virginia tobacco against Spodoptera litura infestation followed by metaflumizone 22 SC @ 0.04%. The mean number of leaves damaged, the leaf area damaged and mean number of plants infested in the treatments of emamectin benzoate and chlorfenapyr were on at par with each other and significantly less than all other treatments followed by metaflumizone. These treatments also recorded higer yield parameters in terms of cured leaf, bright leaf and grade index. Chlorfenapyr 10 SC @ 0.01% and metaflumizone 22 SC @ 0.04% can be used for management of S.litura in Virginia tobacco along with emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.0025%.
3 tables, 13 ref
GHURAIYA S S, VAISHAMPAYAN S, GUPTA P K
047566 GHURAIYA S S, VAISHAMPAYAN S, GUPTA P K (Entomology Dep, J.N.K.V.V, Jabalpur ? 482 004 (M.P.)) : Evaluation of antifeedant, growth inhibitory and toxic action of plant extracts against Spodoptera litura (fab.) larvae. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (3), 224 - 7.
Investigations were carried out to assess the effect of water extracts of seven plant species namely Neem, Gulabas, Forest jasmine, Chinese arborvitae, Spreading hogweed, Tridex and Parthenium leaves on feeding growth and development of Spodoptera litura larvae under laboratory condition. Among the seven plant species, promising results were obtained only with two plant extracts namely Neem and Forest Jasmine. Antifeedant action, growth inhibition and larval mortality were significantly highest in these two extracts indicating their potential use in the management of Spodoptera litura population under field condition.
1 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref
SRIVASTAVA K, PATEL R K, KUMAR A, PANDEY S D, NATH V
047565 SRIVASTAVA K, PATEL R K, KUMAR A, PANDEY S D, NATH V (ICAR - Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi ? 221 305 (UP), Email: kuldeep.ipm@gmail.com) : Management of Litchi mite, Acerya litchi keifer using optimal IPM modules under subtropics of Bihar. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (3), 220 - 3.
Experiment was laid out in RBD design with seven treatments comprised of pruning of affected twigs (July & October) and miticides (chlorfenapyr & spiromesifen) sprayed twice in July and once in October months to evaluate the efficacy of various integrated approaches. Results revealed that initial mite infestation ranged from 31.9 to 45.9%. During 2017 - 18, no mite infestation was recorded from October to fruiting stage in pruning and removal of affected twigs followed by two spraying of chlorfenapyr 10 EC (0.03%) or spiromesifen 22.9 SC (0.034%) at 15 days interval during July and again pruning in October with one spraying of chlorfenapyr or spiromesifen against 89.0% in control at fruiting stage, followed by no pruning in October along with spraying of chlorfenapyr with 7.6% mite infestation at flowering stage. Similar trend in 2018 - 19 confirmed that pruning in July and October followed spraying of miticides (chlorfenapyr or spiromesifen) twice in July and once in October were highly effective against litchi mite.
2 tables, 10 ref
KANT K, SHARMA Y K, MISHRA B K, SAXENA S N, MEENA N K, MEENA S R
047564 KANT K, SHARMA Y K, MISHRA B K, SAXENA S N, MEENA N K, MEENA S R (ICAR - National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer ? 305 206 (Rajasthan), Email: kknrcss@gmail.com) : Farmers level adoption of eco - friendly plant protection techniques for Seed Spice crop. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (3), 216 - 9.
Three years farmer?s field demonstrations were conducted on seed spice crops using non chemical methods of pests and diseases management. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and fennel (Feniculam valgare) crops were selected for this study in Ajmer, Rajasthan, India. Total 448 demonstrations were laid out over the period of three years on application of bio - agents/botanicals and was compared to local farmer?s practices using chemicals for managing pests and diseases. The demonstrations included application of bioagents Trichoderma viride against Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum), root rot complex and entomopathogen Verticillium lecanii and neem oil for the control of aphids (Myzus persicae, Apis gossypii & Hydaphis coriandri) and thrips (Thrips tabaci). Results of three year?s demonstrations showed that average plant mortality due to wilt in cumin was less than 5% compared to 23.3% in non - demonstration plot. In case of aphids all three crops received lower aphids population of 15.0, 24.0, 16.0 aphids/umbel in demonstration plot as compared to 48.0.74.0, 63.0 aphids/umbel in cumin, coriander and fennel, respectively, under local practices.
2 tables, 8 ref
PAWAR S A, PATIL C S, BHALEKAR M N
047563 PAWAR S A, PATIL C S, BHALEKAR M N (Horticulture Dep, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri ? 413 722, Ahmednagar, Email: pawarsa2007@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of readymix insecticide against sucking pests, shoot and fruit borer in Brinjal. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (3), 213 - 5.
Field trials were carried out during kharif season of 2018 - 19 and 2019 - 20 to evaluate the efficacy of readymix insecticide tetraniliprole 120 g/l + thiacloprid 360 g/l w/v SC with their counter parts tetraniliprole 200 SC; thiacloprid 21.7 SC and chlorpyrifos 20 EC, lambda - cyhalothrin 5 SC with an untreated control plot against jassids, whitefly, shoot and fruit borer in brinjal. Among the treatments tested so far, the readymix insecticide tetraniliprole 120 g/l + thiacloprid 360 g/l w/v SC was found most effective @ 30 + 90 - 45 + 135 g a.i./ha for control of sucking pests, shoot and fruit of brinjal along with marketable fruit yield of brinjal.
1 table, 8 ref
VENNILA S, ZADDA K, CHANDRA P, NISAR S
047562 VENNILA S, ZADDA K, CHANDRA P, NISAR S (ICAR - National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management, I.A.R.I., New Delhi ? 110 012) : Status of pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (H?bner) Pigeonpea and its association with climatic variations at a hot semi - arid eco - region of Southern India. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (3), 207 - 12.
Seasonal dynamics of Helicovera armigera (H?bner) was studied on pigeonpea for eight consecutive seasons (2011 - 18) at Vamban (Tamil Nadu). Onset of H. armigera was at the earliest [44 standard meteorological week (SMW)] and latest (50 SMW) in respect of 2012 and 2015, both coinciding with 16 weeks of crop age (CA). Periods of H. armigera peak varied between 47 (2012) and 5 SMWs with 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2018 seasons having peak during 13, 18, 23 and 20 weeks of CA, respectively. Status of H. armigera analyzed using one way ANOVA both on SMW and CA basis indicated the highest mean population in 2018 and the lowest during 2011. Significant correlations of H. armigera with sunshine hours (r = 0.25**; P<0.01), maximum temperature ( - 0.19*; P<0.05), minimum temperature ( - 0.17*; P<0.05) and rainy days ( - 0.18*; P<0.05) were noted. Increasing population levels of H. armigera with significantly rising MaxT (2.27?C), mean T (1.04?C) and reducing rainfall ( - 4.66?C) in addition to a declining but non - significant. MinT ( - 0.17?C) was the impact of climatic variability at Vamban located in East Coast plain and hills of Tamil Nadu in Southern India. Identified climatic variations of current decade at Vamban (TN) could serve for studies on impact of climate change on population dynamics of other insects and diseases.
2 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref
WALE S D, HOLE U B
047561 WALE S D, HOLE U B (RCSM Coll of Agriculture, Kolhapur, Email: shailendrawale@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of insecticide formulations for management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) infesting Maize. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (3), 203 - 6.
Pooled data revealed that chlorantraniliprole 18.5% w/w SC @ 30 g a.i./ha was found most effective treatment which showed 70.12 - 89.47% reduction in larval population over untreated control during fortnight interval with 0.20 - 0.56 average larvae / plant and 68.25 - 71.46% reduction in damaged plants over untreated control due to larval infestation with 13.18 - 14.49% actual damaged plant in treatment plots. It also recorded the highest of 83.86 q/ha grain yield as against 61.61 q/ha in an untreated control. Flubendiamide 90 g/l + deltamethrin 60 SC @ 36+24 g a.i./ha was the second next best treatment in which 67.55 - 84.46% reduction in larval population with average 0.29 - 0.58 larvae / plant and 66.53 - 70.16% reduction in damaged plants with 13.49 - 15.14% actual damaged plants. 82.92 q/ha grain yield was recorded in this treatment. Flubendiamide 90 g/l + deltamethrin 60 SC @ 31.5+21 g a.i./ha was the third next best treatment with 63.85 - 83.12% reduction in larvae and 59.44 - 64.39% reduction in damaged plants with 81.64 q/ha grain yield. Foliar application of evaluated treatments was found safe to natural enemies of fall armyworm.
2 tables, 8 ref
SWAMY S V S G, RAJA D S, WESLEY B J
047560 SWAMY S V S G, RAJA D S, WESLEY B J (Post Harvest Technology Centre, Guntur District ? 522 101 (Andhra Pradesh), Email: paulgopal2003@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of Herbal Tablets against Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in Brown Rice. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (3), 198 - 202.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of some herbal tablets (1 g each) against red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum in brown rice. Herbal tablets with different combinations i.e., Acorus, Clove, Acorus + Clove, Acorus + Clove oil, Clove + Clove oil, Acorus + Clove + Clove oil; were prepared and evaluated along with Parad tablets and compared with untreated control. Observations on progeny buildup i.e., number of adults emerged at 40, 80 and 120 days after release of insects were taken and total number was worked out. Finally, the % weight loss was also calculated and the data obtained were statistically analyzed for comparison. The number of adult insects emerged during 120 days of storage from Parad tablet treatment was very negligible and recorded only 7.33 adults, while the acorus + clove powder treatment recorded 397.0 adults and the untreated control recorded 552.0 adults. Consequently, there was no weight loss of grain in Parad tablet treatment while in the other treatments the % weight loss varied between 3.19 in untreated and 3.61 in the treatment of acorus tablet. At the doses tested the herbal tablets could not suppress the progeny buildup of red flour beetle.
2 illus, 1 table, 15 ref
ELANGO K, ARAVIND A, NELSON S J
047559 ELANGO K, ARAVIND A, NELSON S J (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore ? 641 003 (Tamil Nadu) , Email: elaento@gmail.com) : Feeding potential of green lacewing, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben - Petersen) on two tailed mealy bug Ferrisia virgata (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) and its bio - safety to insecticides. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (3), 193 - 7.
Green Lacewing, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben - Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is one of the most important natural enemy and has a great role in reducing population of phytophagus insects in field crops and vegetables. Laboratory study was conducted during 2019 - 20 to record foraging potential of different larval stages of C. z. sillemi against two tailed mealybug Ferrisia virgata nymphs. Predator was found feeding on all the nymphal instars of F. virgata. Feeding potential of C. z. sillemi on the nymphs F. virgata revealed that maximum number of F. virgata nymphs (37.30) was consumed by third instar grub during its developmental period of 3.30 days. A total of 66.87 nymphs were consumed by C. z. sillemi during its total larval period of 9.16 days. The insecticide - tolerance and hatchability of eggs of C. z. sillemi was tested against six different insecticides viz., imidacloprid 17.8 SL (0.00712%), thiamethoxam 25% WG (0.005%), chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (0.0037%), fipronil 5% SC (0.01%), spinosad 45% SC (0.0125%) and azadiractin 1% EC (0.02%) having varied formulation used in guava ecosystem to control the pests. Interestingly, the hatchability of the eggs varied from 78.5% recorded in untreated check to 41.0% in imidacloprid 17.8 SL (0.00712%). Treatments were evaluated for their toxicity to C. z. sillemi third instar grubs. After 24 hrs of treatment, maximum grub mortality of 80.0% was encountered in thiamethoxam 25 WG (0.005%) treatment.
1 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref
MAHALIK J K, MAHAPATRA S N
047558 MAHALIK J K, MAHAPATRA S N (Nematology Dep, Coll of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar ? 751 003 (Odisha), Email: jayanta_mahalik@yahoo.co.in) : Assessment of avoidable yield loss of Okra due to Meloidogyne incognita in Odisha, India. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (2), 187 - 9.
A field trial was conducted to assess the avoidable yield loss of okra cv. Utkal Gaurav caused by root - knot nematode in Odisha using paired plot technique. The application of Carbofuran 3G @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha significantly enhanced the plant growth parameters and yield of okra with significant reduction in root knot index and nematode population under field conditions. Data pooled over two years i.e. 2014 and 2015 clearly indicated that carbofuran 3G @ 1.5 kg a.i. ha - 1 significantly increased the fruit yield of okra/ha by 33.9% with simultaneous reduction in root knot nematode population and root knot index by 74.0% and 34.0%, respectively, which resulted an avoidable yield loss to the tune of 25.3%.
2 tables, 9 ref
PRASAD D
047557 PRASAD D (ICAR - N.C.I.P.M, Pusa Campus, New Delhi ? 110 012, Email: dprasad1965@gmail.com) : Integrated management of plant parasitic nematodes in Peanut. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (2), 183 - 6.
Two field trials were conducted at State Govt. Farm, Bilwa, Bareilly (U.P.) during 2015 and 2016 for the management of three nematodes viz. Tylenchorhynus vulgaris, Hoplolaimus indicus and Meloidogyne arenaria in Peanut. Various treatments significantly reduced population of all three plant parasitic nematodes after 30 and 75 days of sampling however, significant control of M. arenaria was recorded in plots receiving all three treatments (summer ploughing, mustard cake & Triazophos). This treatment also recorded highest yield of peanut (77.3/5 plants), followed by Triazophos sprayed @ 500 ppm/plot alone. Thus, integration schedule was found to be effective and farmers were convinced. The avoidable yield loss of peanut was calculated up to 42.2%.
2 illus, 1 table, 10 ref
MAHALIK J K, MAHAPATRA S N
047556 MAHALIK J K, MAHAPATRA S N (Nematology Dep, Coll of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar ? 751 003, Email: jayanta_mahalik@yahoo.co.in) : Pathogenicity and Resistance Reaction of Gladiolus varieties against Meloidogyne incognita (Race - 2). Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (2), 180 - 2.
Out of 15 varieties tested, none was recorded as resistant. However, Precilla and Pink dream were recorded as moderately resistant having gall index range of 2?3 and 3?3, respectively. Rest were classified as susceptible. Pathogenicity of root - knot nematode was studied at 0, 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 J2 of Meloidogyne incognita / kg soil under net house condition. The reduction in plant growth parameters was recorded at all the initial inoculum level, however the pathogenic level of root - knot nematode in Gladiolus was noticed at and above 1,000 J2 inoculum level. At the population density (1000 J2 /plant) there were 24.6, 25.1, 22.3, 8.2, 20.2 and 25.7% reduction in shoot height, shoot dry weight, spike length, root length, corm diameter and corm dry weight, respectively over un inoculated check.
3 tables, 8 ref
MOHANAPRIYA R, JOTHI G, SWARNAKUMARI N, POORNIMA K
047555 MOHANAPRIYA R, JOTHI G, SWARNAKUMARI N, POORNIMA K (Nematology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore ? 610 003(Tamil Nadu), Email: jothipugal@yahoo.co.in) : Compatibility and efficacy of humic acid with antagonistic bio - control agents against Meloidogyne incognita in Cucumber . Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (2), 176 - 9.
A pot study was conducted to evaluate the compatibility and efficacy of Pochonia chlamydosporia, Purpureocillium lilacinus, Trichoderma asperellum and Pseudomonas fluorescens for the management of root knot nematode, infecting cucumber under glasshouse conditions. The growth of fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents were not suppressed by humic acid in all concentrations tested. Humic acid inhibited the growth of the P. lilacinum, due to alkaline pH when the pH was altered from alkaline to acid condition, the growth of P. lilacinum was not inhibited. Among the bicontrol agents with humic acid tested for the management of nematodes, P. chlamydosporia showed best results in terms of plant growth parameters, reduce root knot diseases and nematode multiplication by 53 % compared to control in cucumber.
4 tables, 13 ref
SWAIN S, MAHALIK J K, SAMAL B K
047554 SWAIN S, MAHALIK J K, SAMAL B K (Nematology Dep, Coll of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar ? 751 003 (Odisha), Email: jayanta_mahalik@yahoo.co.in) : Eco - friendly management of Meloidogyne incognita in Betel vine (Piper betle L.). Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (2), 171 - 5.
The effectiveness of oil cakes (neem & mustard oil cakes) and bio agents (Purpureocillium lilacinum & Trichoderma viride) alone and combinations against root knot nematode infecting betel vine. From the result, it was revealed that all the treatments recorded significantly increase in plant growth parameters and decrease in nematode growth over untreated inoculated check. Among all the treatments, the combined effect of organic amendments and bio - agents exhibited higher plant growth than their single application. Soil application of neem oil cake @ 1.0 t/ha and P. lilacinum @ 2.5 kg/ha significantly increased the shoot length (42.1%), fresh shoot weight ( 60.2%) and dry shoot weight (97.3%), root length (97.0%), fresh root weight (93.8%), dry root weight (97.1%) and number of leaves/plant (81.4%) with decreased the root galls per plant (87.4%), number of egg masses per plant (92.9%) and final nematode population (83.8%) in soil, respectively over untreated check with lowest root knot index (2.0) followed by soil application of neem oil cake @ 1.0 t/ha and T. viride @ 2.5 kg/ha.
2 tables, 11 ref
PAWAR S A, PATIL C S, BHALEKAR M N
047545 PAWAR S A, PATIL C S, BHALEKAR M N (Horticulture Dep, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri - 413 722, Ahmednagar, Email: pawarsa2007@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of new insecticidal combination against whitefly Bemesia tabaci (Gennadius) and mites Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Bank) on Chilli. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (2), 135 - 7.
The treatment included of spirotetramat 30 g/l + difenthiuron 120 g/l w/v SC at doses of 45+80; 60+240; 75+300 g a.i./ ha, spirotetramat 15.31% OD @ 75 g a.i./ha, difenthiuron 50% WP @ 300 g a.i./ha, fenpropathrin 30% EC @ 75 g a.i./ha and an untreated control to assess their field efficacy against the whitefly and mites of chilli. All insecticidal treatments significantly reduced the population of chilli whitefly and mites than untreated control. Among the treatments, spirotetramat 30 g/l + difenthiuron 120 g/l w/v SC (readymix insecticide) @ 60+240 and 75+300 g a.i./ha found most effective for the control of chilli whitefly and mites. The impact of these treatments in respect of green chilli yield was also observed higher than untreated control.
2 tables, 7 ref
CHANDI R C
047544 CHANDI R C (Entomology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana ? 141004 (Punjab), Email: rschandi@pau.edu) : Efficacy of insecticides as seed treatment for management of termites in Chick pea. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (2), 131 - 4.
The field studies on bio - efficacy of imidacloprid 600 FS as seed treatment for the control of termites on chick pea and compared with chlorpyriphos 20 EC. Significantly lower plant damage was observed in seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 1.2 and 1.5 g a.i./kg seed and was comparable with chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.0 g a.i./kg. The analysis of two years trials showed that grain yield was significantly higher in imidacloprid 600 FS @ 1.2 and 1.5 g a.i./kg seed (1367.62 and 1381.12 kg/ha) which was at par with chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.0 g a.i./kg seed (1389.50 kg/ ha). Higher % yield increase over control and avoidable yield losses were recorded in upper doses of imidacloprid 600 FS and chlorpyriphos 20EC and net returns over control, these treatments were also better. Thus, it may be concluded that seed treatment with imidacloprid 600FS @ 1.2 g a.i./kg seed can be used effectively for the control of termites in chick pea.
3 tables, 12 ref
MAHALIK J K, MOHAPATRA K, SAHU A
047537 MAHALIK J K, MOHAPATRA K, SAHU A (Nematology Dep, Coll of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar - 751 003, Odisha, Email: jayanta_mahalik@yahoo.co.in) : Efficacy of bacterial antagonists as seed treatment and neem oil cake against Meloidogyne incognita in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 85 - 8.
A pot culture study was carried out in the net house condition to test the effectiveness of neem oil cake and bacterial antagonists (Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens) as seed treatments @ 10 g/kg seed in alone and combinations against root knot nematode infecting cucumber. All the treatments recorded significantly increase in plant growth parameters and decrease in nematode growth over untreated inoculated check. Among all treatments, the combined effect of neem cake and bio - agents exhibited higher plant growth than their single application. The treatment comprising of soil application of neem oil cake @ 1.0 t/ha and seed treatment with P. fluorescens @ 10 g/kg seed significantly increased the shoot length (69.7%), root length (84.5%), fresh shoot weight (35.4%), fresh root weight (98.2%), dry shoot weight (89.5%), dry root weight (94.1%) and decreased the root galls/plant (82.6%), number of egg masses/plant (84.8%) and final nematode population (66.3%) in soil, respectively over untreated check with lowest root knot index (2.67) followed by soil application of neem oil cake @ 1.0 t/ha and seed treatment with B. amyloliquefaciens @ 10 g/kg seed. Therefore, soil application of neem oil cake @ 1.0 t/ha and seed treatment with P. fluorescens @ 10 g/kg seed may be recommended for eco - friendly management of Meloidogyne incognita in cucumber.
2 tables, 7 ref
CHATTERJEE M, RAO U
047536 CHATTERJEE M, RAO U (Nematology Dep, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110 012, Email: umanema@gmail.com, umarao@iari.res.in>) : An economical approach for production of double stranded RNA for RNAi gene silencing in management of Meloidogyne incognita. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 80 - 4.
Meloidogyne incognita, a sedentary and obligate endoparasite is one of the most economically important nematodes globally. Non - chemical based nematode control strategies have gained significant importance due to either nonavailability or restrictions on use of synthetic chemical nematicides in many countries. In this direction, genomics based molecular approaches like RNA interference (RNAi) gene silencing either by in vitro or in planta delivery of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) has been established as a very promising strategy for its management of M. incognita. In vitro RNAi required the synthesis of dsRNA by transcription using expensive commercially available kits. In the present study, it employed a bacterial based approach to synthesize dsRNA of Miflp - 14 gene, as an alternative lowcost method using Escherichia coli strain HT115. This alternate approach is convenient to synthesize large quantities of dsRNA and more economical compared to that of synthesis using commercial kits. For this, it was cloned a 284 bp of Miflp - 14 fragment into RNAi vector L4440, bidirectionally flanked by T7 promoter and transformed into RNaseIII deficient E. coli strain HT115 and synthesized dsRNA of Miflp - 14 using the commercial kit. M. incognita J2s were soaked in the dsRNA synthesized by both methods for inducing RNAi of Miflp - 14. RNAi silencing was confirmed by qRT - PCR analysis. The extent of down regulation of Miflp - 14 expression obtained through soaking of M. incognita J 2s in bacterially expressed dsRNA was comparable to that of in vitro transcription kit - synthesized dsRNA.
4 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref
MOHAPATRA A, MAHALIK J K, DASH B K, SAMAL B K
047535 MOHAPATRA A, MAHALIK J K, DASH B K, SAMAL B K (Nematology Dep, Coll of Agricultur, Bhubaneswar - 751 003, Odisha, Email: jayanta_mahalik@yahoo.co.in) : Eco - friendly management of Meloidogyne incognita in Okra through AM fungus (Glomus fasciculatum) and neem oil cake. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 76 - 9.
Neem oil cake @ 100 g and 200 g/m?, AM fungus (Glomus fasciculatum) @ 5 g and 10 g/m? were applied as single and in combinations. Carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m? was applied as standard chemical check. All the treatments significantly increased the okra growth parameters and reduced root knot nematode population and other infection parameters over check. It was also found that there was a significant rise in the population of AM fungus, its colonization in roots as well as phosphorus content in plants in treatment where AM fungus was inoculated alone and in combination with neem oil cake. Among various treatments, application of AM fungus @ 10 g/m? with neem cake @ 200 g/m? performing better than others, contributing significantly increase in plant growth parameters, phosphorus content with corresponding decrease in root knot nematode infection as compared to inoculated untreated check followed by application of AM fungus @ 10 g/m? with neem cake @ 100 g/m?, which were statistically at par. In view of cost effective and low cost management option, application of AM fungus @ 10 g/m? with neem cake @ 100 g/m? was considered the most promising management option against root knot nematode (M. incognita) affecting okra.
2 tables, 10 ref
JAT S M, BALODA A S, SHARMA P, JAT S L, PINJARA I M
047534 JAT S M, BALODA A S, SHARMA P, JAT S L, PINJARA I M (Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur ? 313 001, Rajasthan, Email: sanwar.1249@gmail.com) : Estimation of residual toxicity of Acephate on Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. under Semi Arid region of Rajasthan. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 72 - 5.
The major insect pests infesting okra were observed viz. leaf hopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula; whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and okra shoot and fruit borer Earias vittella. The crop was treated with Acephate 75 SP at 562g a.i. ha - 1 to control these pests. Dissipation study of Acephate at 562 g. a.i. ha - 1 in okra friut revealed 18.4%, 34.4%, 58.9% and 100% dissipation after 1, 3, 5 and 7 days, respectively.
2 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref
DUHAN M, GUPTA S, BHATTACHARYYA U K, PALCHOUDHURY S, BISWAS K K
047533 DUHAN M, GUPTA S, BHATTACHARYYA U K, PALCHOUDHURY S, BISWAS K K (ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110 012, Email: drkkbiswas@yahoo.co.in) : Appearance of Cotton leaf curl disease begomovirus avirulent strains associated with a lower disease incidence in Delhi. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 67 - 71.
A survey of cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) in cotton fields of ICAR - IARI, New Delhi was made to study the disease incidence and determine the causal agents of CLCuD - begomovirus species or variants. The CLCuD incidence was estimated to 20.7% in the year 2018 and 26.3% in 2019 and it was observed lower than in the previous years. Five CLCuD - begomovirus isolates collected from infected fields were characterized based on sequence analysis of complete CP gene. The present isolates shared 99 - 100% nt identity among them, and 71 - 91% identity among the other CLCuD begomoviruses. Based on phylogenetic analysis, three isolates were members of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus - Rajasthan (CLCuMuV - Ra) and two were Cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus - Burewala (CLCuKoV) strains. Of five CLCuD isolates, four were detected as recombinants showing a common break point at 759 - 52nt (P=1.768 ? 10 - 1). Thus, the occurrence of present lower degree of CLCuD may be due to the appearance of putative recombinant and avirulent CLCuMuV and CLCuKoV stains.
2 illus, 1 table, 13 ref
MEENA R K, MEENA R K, ANOKHE A, SINGH U, MEENA M L, MEENA B L, MEENA M K
047532 MEENA R K, MEENA R K, ANOKHE A, SINGH U, MEENA M L, MEENA B L, MEENA M K (Directorate of Rapeseed Mustard Research, Bharatpur - 321 303, Rajasthan, Email: ramkishorento@gmail.com) : Effect of bio - pesticides against Thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) in Green gram. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 63 - 6.
Study was conducted to evaluate the effect of insecticides namely, Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (0.33 ml/lit.), Acetamaprid 20% SP (0.4 g/lit. of water), Thiamethoxam 25% WG (0.5 g/lit.), Quinalphos % 25 EC (2.0 ml/lit.), Neem oil 2% (20 ml/lit.) and Karanj oil 2% (20 ml/lit.) against the Thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus in Green gram. The most effective insecticide was Imidacloprid > Thiamethoxam > Acetamaprid. The maximum population reduction over control was found after 7 days of 2nd spray at 15 days of interval viz., 80.7, 75.8 and 81.5% due to Imidacloprid during 2015, 2016 and 2017 years of treatment.
1 table, 15 ref
JAIN A K, JOSHI R P
047531 JAIN A K, JOSHI R P (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Coll of Agriculture, Rewa - 486 001 ,M.P., Email: akjagcrewa@gmail.com) : Efficacy of fungicides for management of banded leaf and sheath blight of Kodo millet caused by Rhizoctonia solani K?hn. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 60 - 2.
Five fungicides viz. validamycin, hexaconazole, propiconazole, tricyclazole and carbendazim were evaluated as seed treatment alone and in combination with one foliar spray to manage the banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) incidence of Kodo millet caused by Rhizoctonia solani in susceptible cv. JK 155 under field conditions. Significant differences in relative lesion height (%) and grain yield was recorded in different treatments. Seed treatment with validamycin (2g kg - 1 seed) followed by one foliar spray (0.2%) was found best by reducing the 85.3% disease severity and increasing the grain yield (25.8%) over check. Seed treatment and one foliar spray of hexaconazole (0.2%) and propiconazole (0.2%) were at par and next best treatments after validamycin by decreasing the disease severity 78.2 and 76.8%, respectively
2 tables, 10 ref
PANDEY N, SHARMA O P
047530 PANDEY N, SHARMA O P (Mewar Univ, Chittorgarh - 312 001, Rajasthan, Email: Neetupandey85@gmail.com) : Potential Bacillus strains having plant growth promoting and volatile activity against pathogens of Pea (Pisum sativum L.). Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 52 - 9.
Fifty four bacterial isolates were isolated from rhizosphere of Pea growing in different regions of India and screened for potential plant growth promoting (PGP) and antagonistic activities through volatile compound secretions. Based on morphology and biochemical test, seventeen bacterial isolates were identified as Bacillus sp. and confirmed by HiBacillus Identification Kit (Himedia laboratories). A total of seventeen isolates (43.7%) produced IAA more than 60.0 ?g mL - 1 , 31.2% solubilize phosphate and 100% isolates were produced ammonia. Bacillus isolates were secreted 64.7%, 47%, 58.8% and 5.8% of cellulase, protease, amylase and lipase, respectively. The Bacillus isolates UKMI 19 and UKMI 32 showed maximum growth inhibition against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum. UKMI 32 and UKMI 19 suggest that they may be exploited as a potential bioinoculant agent in pea field.
2 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref
NIWAS R, CHAND G, AZAD C S
047529 NIWAS R, CHAND G, AZAD C S (Plant Pathology Dep, Bihar Agricultural Univ, Sabour - 813 210 , Bihar, Email: ramniwas14011994@gmail.com) : In vitro efficacy of fungicides and bioagents against Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. Cubense. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 47 - 51.
The three fungicides, bavistin, nativo and amistar - top in three different concentrations (100, 150 & 200 ppm) and three biocontrol agent Trichoderma viride, T. asperellum and Pseudomonas fluorescens were evaluated against mycelia growth of the causal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense in vitro by poisoned food and dual culture techniques, respectively. Observations were taken at 2 days intervals up to 9th days for the assessment of their inhibitory effects. Among them, novel fungicide nativo with all concentrations were found to be most effective against the pathogen followed by bavistin and nativo 100, 150 and 200 ppm inhibition 87.5, 87.8 and 93.9%, respectively after 9th days of treatment. The bio - agents Trichoderma viride and T. asperellum in dual culture with pathogen completely inhibited its mycelial growth in comparison to P. fluorescens up to 9th days. The pathogen fungus continued to increase up to 9th days showing a radial growth of 90 mm in control but in dual culture, it showed growth of 17.60, 18.50 and 27.70 mm in Trichoderma viride, T. asperellum and P. fluorescens, respectively.
4 illus, 1 table, 11 ref
JAMIR T, SIMON S, LAL A A
047528 JAMIR T, SIMON S, LAL A A (Plant Pathology Dep, Vali - e - Asr Univ, Rafsanjan, Iran, Email: jemjamir3010@gmail.com) : Efficacy of selected botanicals in cultivation of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus florida) on Wheat straw. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 43 - 6.
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of leaves of botanicals in combination with wheat straw on the inhibition of microbial contaminants, growth and yield parameters as well as the nutritional parameters of Pleurotus florida. Five botanicals were used in this study namely Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus globules, Phyllanthus emblica, Morus alba, Lantana camara and control - wheat straw and each treatment was replicated six times. Minimum time taken for complete mycelia run and minimum time for fruiting bodies formation were recorded in T1 (Neem + wheat straw) 13.67 days, 17.16 days and 20.50 days. While maximum number of fruiting bodies, yield (g/2 kg wet substrates) and biological efficiency (%) were recorded in T1 (Neem + wheat straw) 186.83, 992.32g, 175.22%, respectively. Maximum protein content (%) was recorded in T1 (Neem + wheat straw) 28.2% and maximum carbohydrate content (%) was recorded in T0 (Wheat straw) 40.9%.
3 tables, 11 ref
GUPTA S, THIND S K, PALCHOUDHURY S, MULANI E, BISWAS K K
047527 GUPTA S, THIND S K, PALCHOUDHURY S, MULANI E, BISWAS K K (Plant Pathology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana - 141 004,Punjab, Email: drkkbiswas@yahoo.co.in) : Distribution and incidence of Huanglongbing in Citrus reticulata cv. Kinnow mandarin in Punjab. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 38 - 42.
Huanglongbing (HLB)/citrus greening is destroying millions of citrus trees globally including India. HLB is caused by phloem limited, non - culturable alpha - proteobacteria, under genus Candidatus Liberibacter (Ca. L) which predominantly vectored by psyllid (Diaphorina citri). The PCR - based technique was used for detection of Ca. L asiaticus (Ca. Las) associated with HLB targeting partial 16S rRNA. No recent report on incidence and distribution of HLB in Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata cv. Kinnow) orchards of Punjab of India is available. Based on extensive survey and PCR, incidence and distribution of HLB in Punjab was determined. High HLB incidence of 17.5 - 39.1% in Punjab was observed. Occurrence of psyllids in mandarin orchards of Ludhiana in Punjab was observed. The PCR based diagnostic method used in this study is suitable for a rapid detection of Ca. Las in infected mandarin trees in India.
2 illus, 1 table, 14 ref
MAMTA, SINGH M, PANDEY N
047526 MAMTA, SINGH M, PANDEY N (Biotechnolog Dep, Mewar Institute of Management, Vasundhara, Ghaziabad - 201 012, Email: monika.best86@gmail.com) : Evaluation of antifungal activity of Bacillus spp. against Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani in Chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.). Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 33 - 7.
Bacillus isolates were evaluated for their antagonistic activities against Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani from chick pea rhizosphere and their compatibility with Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. Bacillus B1 isolate showed 53.3% inhibition and Bacillus N2(2) showed 41.7% inhibition against R. solani. Compatibility of fungicides with B1 and N2(2), Bacillus isolates was checked using turbidometric method, disc method and poisoned food method. Both isolates were found compatible with different fungicides concentration. Both isolates when incorporated as seed treatment, increased germination percentage, root/shoot length and vigour index. Out of 5 fungicides, maximum tolerance concentration and maximum inhibition centration was found to be more concentration by Carbendazim.
4 tables, 14 ref
NAGAMANI P, BHAGAT S, VISWANATH K, BISWAS M K
047525 NAGAMANI P, BHAGAT S, VISWANATH K, BISWAS M K (Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati ? 517 502 , Andhra Pradesh, Email: manipath28@gmail.com) : Isolation and identification of Trichoderma spp. through ITSPCR from Chick pea growing areas of Andhra Pradesh. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 29 - 32.
Trichoderma isolates isolated from different chick pea growing areas of Andhra Pradesh region were studied ITSPCR. Collection of 16 isolates was further characterized into two main clades by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. Consequently, a reliable phylogenetic tree was constructed containing isolates belonging to two groups. Group 1, the T. aspergillum, T. longibrachiatum Trichoderma spp. and Group II was outgroup includes T. viride, T. asperillum and T. asperelloides complex. The phylogenetic analysis showed many solitary clades of T. asperellum, which indicates that more diversity among the T. asperellum. Further, this analysis showed less bootstrap values indicates instability of the clade.
1 illus, 1 table, 10 ref
MEENA R K, MEENA R K, ANOKHE A, SINGH U, MEENA M L, MEENA B L, MEENA M K
047524 MEENA R K, MEENA R K, ANOKHE A, SINGH U, MEENA M L, MEENA B L, MEENA M K (Plant Breeding and Genetics Dep, SDAU, Dantiwada - 385 506, Email: ramkishorento@gmail.com) : Evaluation of Insecticides against Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua Walker in Clusterbean. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 25-Aug.
Study were conducted to find out the efficacy of commercially available insecticides formulations, Emmamectin benzoate 0.5% SG (0.5 g/lit. of water), Quinalphos 25% EC (2.0 ml/lit.), Novaluron 10% EC (1.0 ml/lit.), Neem oil 2% (20 ml/lit.), Karanj oil 2% (20 ml/lit.) against the Spilosoma obliqua in Clusterbean. The descending order of most effective insecticide was: Emmamectin benzoate > Quinalphos > Novaluron. During 2015, the maximum population reduction over control was found after 7 days of application of second spray at 15 days of interval viz., 75.4 and 72.0% due to Emmamectin benzoate and Quinalphos, respectively. A similar trend was found in 2016 and 2017. Thus, Emmamectin benzoate was found most effective against the Spilosoma obliqua.
3 tables, 11 ref
BORAH R K
047523 BORAH R K (Entomology Dep, Assam Agricultural Univ, Jorhat - 785 013 , Email: borahratul09@gmail.com) : Efficacy of certain indigenous botanical herbs against Rattus rattus. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 21-Apr.
An investigation was carried out to find out the antifeedant effect of botanicals viz., Carica papaya, Solanum khasianum, Ananas comosus, Moringa oleifera, Azadirachta indica against Rattus rattus under choice and nochoice feeding trials. The consumption of treated bait by the rats of both the sexes under choice test was reduced in comparison to no - choice test because of availability of an alternate plain food along with the treated bait. The antifeedant index of M. oleifera against both the sexes of R. rattus was significantly higher i.e. (67.1% in male and 66.2% in female) followed by S. khasianum (56.2% in male and 57.1% in female) under choice feeding trial. The highest antifeedant index (64.7% in male and 66.6% in female) was also recorded with M. oleifera treated bait followed by S. khasianum (60.6% in male and 61.1% in female) under no - choice feeding trial. Botanicals viz. M. oleifera and S. khasianum had shown promising antifeedant property against both sexes of R. rattus under both choice and no choice feeding trials.
2 tables, 6 ref
MANDAL S K, BARUN, MANDAL R K
047522 MANDAL S K, BARUN, MANDAL R K (Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural Univ, Pusa, Samastipur - 841 408, Email: head.kvk.siwan@rpcau.ac.in) : Field Evaluation of insecticide molecules against pest complex of Cabbage. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 15 - 20.
A package of treatments comprising sprays of Fipronil 5 SC @ 2.0 ml/L of water followed by second spray of Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.33 ml/L water at 15 day interval, respectively, starting 30 days after transplanting (DAT) of the crop, was found to be superior over all other packages in terms of significantly lowest head damage and resulted in higher yield (145.16 q/ha). However, cost - benefit analysis revealed the highest cost: benefit ratio of 1:9.82 in treatment package comprising first spray of Profenophos 50 EC @ 1.0 ml/L of water at 30 DAT followed by second spray of Thiamethoxam 25 WSG @ 0.25 g/L at 15 days later (45 DAT).
5 tables, 11 ref
YADAV D, KHINCHI S K, SHARMA P, JANGIR H
047521 YADAV D, KHINCHI S K, SHARMA P, JANGIR H (Agricultural Entomolog Dep, S.K.N. Coll of Agriculture, Jaipur - 303 328 (Rajasthan)) : Bio - efficacy of insecticides against Thrips tabaci on Onion and adverse effect on natural enemy. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 012 - 4.
The efficacy of nine insecticides and an untreated control (two applications) tested against thrips, revealed that fipronil (0.01%) proved to be most effective, followed by clothianidin (0.01%). The next most effective insecticides were acetamiprid (0.004%) and thiamethoxam (0.025%). Thiacloprid (0.04%) and malathion (0.05%) ranked in middle order of efficacy whereas, emamectin benzoate (0.002%), chlorfenapyr (0.01%) and chlorantraniliprole (0.05%) were proved to be least effective against thrips. Natural enemies like Coccinelis beetle was safe with insecticidal sprays.
1 table, 11 ref
SARDANA H R, BHAT M N, CHOUDHARY M
047520 SARDANA H R, BHAT M N, CHOUDHARY M (ICAR - National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management, Pusa Campus, New Delhi - 110 012, Email: hrsardana@rediffmail.com) : Validation of non - chemical IPM and INM technologies for Onion (Allium cepa L.) in a farmers? driven approach. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 008 - 11.
Non - chemical IPM and INM technologies (organic) along with IPM farm trials carried out on onion in Karnal, Haryana during 2015 - 16 and 2016 - 17 in a farmers? involving approach revealed lower yields (185.5 & 308 q/ha) and so the lower CBR (1:0.98 & 1:1.97) in non - chemical (organic) trial than IPM - yield (270 & 375 q/ha); CBR (1:1.78 & 1:3.18) and Farmers? Practices - yield (255 & 355 q/ha); CBR (1:1.65 & 1:2.92), but yielded clean/quality produce as reflected by reduced pesticide use. IPM technology was environment friendly that helped in increased biodiversity in terms of natural enemies.
2 tables, 12 ref
KUMAR R, AHUJA A, NAQVI A R
047519 KUMAR R, AHUJA A, NAQVI A R (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agri. Univ, Bikaner - 334 006) : Evaluation and phytotoxicity of Imidacloprid (600FS) on Chilli thrips as seed treatment. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 005 - 7.
Imidacloprid, an insecticide belonging to chloronicotinyl group was applied as seed treatment for the management of thrips on chilies. Seed treatment of imidacloprid 600 FS and 70 WS at 7,9,12,15 and 30 ml kg - 1 protected the seedlings in the nursery up to 35 days. Imidacloprid @ 12 ml was most effective followed by imidacloprid @ 9 ml and @ 30 ml/litre. The seed treatment of imidacloprid reduced the thrips population significantly and also recorded higher yield of chilli fruits. There was no phytotoxicity in the chilli plants due to the treatment of imidacloprid as seed treatment even at highest dose.
1 table, 6 ref
ELANGO K, NELSON S J
047518 ELANGO K, NELSON S J (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore - 641 003 (Tamil Nadu), Email: elaento@gmail.com) : Influence of intercrops in coconut on encarsia guadeloupae viggiani parasitization of rugose spiralling whitefly aleurodicus rugioperculatus martin. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 2020, 28 (1), 001 - 4.
Field survey was undertaken from August 2017 to February 2019 in major coconut growing districts of Tamil Nadu viz., Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Erode, Theni, Pudukottai and Kanyakumari. During the survey on the parastization and emergence of Encarsia guadeloupae on new invasive pest of coconut rugose spiralling whitefly Aleurodicus rugioperculatus. The observation on the incidence of whitefly in coconut garden raised as sole crop and also with intercrops viz., Banana, Pearl millet, Cacao and Nutmug. Among the host plants, coconut and banana were the most preferred host for rugose spiralling whitefly. Assessment of parasitization of Encarsia guadeloupae was carried out in the destructive samples of coconut leaves collected from coconut raised as sole crop and also from coconut raised with intercrops. The results of the observation showed that among all cropping patterns, maximum parasitization of 78.0% was observed in mono crop of banana followed by 70.8% parasitization and 66.3% emergence were observed in coconut + banana. While least parasitization and emergence were observed in coconut + cacao cropping pattern. Eventhough banana is an alternate host for rugose spiralling whitefly, when raised as intercrop with coconut the parasitization of Encarsia guadeloupae on rugose spiralling whitefly increased.
2 tables, 12 ref
SALEM F M, DAYEM A A A E
047335 SALEM F M, DAYEM A A A E (Animal and Poultry Nutrition Dep, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, Email: omar.askar2007@yahoo.com) : The effects of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic treatments on egg production and egg characteristics in brown nick hens during the last stage of production in winetr season . Anim Sci Rep 2020, 13(2), 001 - 15.
The egg production trajectory of laying hens starts with the age of sexual maturity, and then ascends the peak, followed by regression in the last phase of production cycle in conjunction with quality deterioration making the enterprise commercially unsustainable to the breeder. It is more pronounced in winter season due to non - availability of required metabolic energy for maintenance of body temperature and sustenance of egg production. This study attempts to moderate it through administration of nutritional supplements, such as probiotic (Bio - plus2B?), and prebiotic (Techno Mos?) individually or in combination (synbiotic), focusing on the evaluation of (1) Hen - day egg production (%), egg weight (g) and daily egg mass (g); (2) Body weight (g) and body weight gain (g); (3) Feed intake (g/hen/day) and feed efficiency (feed intake/egg mass); (4) Egg quality in terms of egg weight (g), egg shape index (%), albumen (%), yolk (%), yolk/albumen ratio and haugh unit; (5) Shell quality in terms of shell weight (g), shell (%), shell thickness (mm), shell surface area (cm2), SWUSA (mg/cm2), and shell density (g/cm3); (6) Chemical composition of inner egg components (yolk & albumen) in terms of protein (%), fat (%) and GE (kcal/kg), and (7) Economic efficiency of feed (%) and net return (LE.) /kg eggs in eighty H&N Brown Nick laying hens in their last phase of production (65 - 74 weeks of age) under winter conditions in south Sinai desert of Egypt. The hens were randomly divided into 4 equal treatment groups with 10 replicates per treatment and 2 hens per replicate. These treatments were T1 (control), T2 (Probiotic: 1g Bio - plus2B? / 1kg diet), T3 (Prebiotic: 1g Techno Mos? / 1kg diet) and T4 (Synbiotic: 1g Bio - plus2B? along with 1g Techno Mos? / 1kg diet). The results indicated positive and significant (P<0.001) superiority of the experimental treatments particularly the probiotic (T2) treatment on hen - day egg production (%) and daily egg mass (g), over the control group. The improvement in feed efficiency in terms of feed intake / daily egg mass were significantly (P<0.001) higher in T2, T3 and T4 groups compared to the control (T1) indicating the advantage of supplements. The gross energy content (kcal/kg) of the inner egg components (yolk & albumen) for hens fed on probiotic containing diet (T2) was higher (P<0.05) than other three treatments (T1, T3, T4). Feed cost / kg eggs (LE. 12.67) was the lowest in probiotic (T2) group, while the net return / kg eggs (LE. 6.33) was the highest in this group (T2) compared to the other three groups (T1, T3, T4). It is concluded that dietary supplementation of probiotic (1g Bio - plus2B? / 1kg feed) excelled other treatments in enhancing egg production (%), egg mass (g), gross energy (GE) content (kcal / kg) of the inner egg components, feed efficiency (g), economic efficiency of feed (%) and net return (LE.)/1kg eggs in Brown Nick hens during the last stage of egg production in winter season.
3 illus, 6 tables, 54 ref
YOUNIS F E
047334 YOUNIS F E (Animal Physiology Dep, Desert Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt, Email: alphayounis@gmail.com) : Impact of heat stress on physiological, hematological, biochemical, electrolytic, immunologic and antioxidant parameters in baladi and shami goats of Egypt . Anim Sci Rep 2020, 13(1), 21 - 39.
Livestock undergo various kinds of stresses that affect their productivity, out of which thermal stress is the most critical factor for desert animals, particularly goats grazed exclusively on range under extensive system. This study was conducted during summer season (June to September, 2016) on Baladi and Shami female goats of Egypt to assess the effect of heat stress on their physiological, biochemical, electrolytic, immunologic and antioxidant parameters. Forty female goats (twenty Baladi and twenty Shami goats) aged about 2 - 4 years and weighing 23.5 - 33.5 kg, were used for this experiment. Animals were divided into 4 groups (ten from each breed). One group in each breed (n=10) was exposed to solar radiation (experimental) in the courtyard, while the other group (unexposed) was kept in shade that served as control. The temperature - humidity index (THI), calculated on the basis of daily ambient temperature and relative humidity at 6 AM and at 2 PM indicated thermal stress in the afternoon (THI = 87.05) in exposed goats. Physiological parameters indicated that thermal stress significantly elevated (P ? 0.05) coat temperature (CT), rectal temperature (RT), and respiration rate (RR). Breed difference was non - significant (P ? 0.05). Hematological parameters indicated that thermal stress enhanced (P ? 0.05) erythrocyte cell (RBC) counts, and depressed (P ? 0.05) white blood cell (WBC) counts, hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT) values and corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Breed differences were observed with respect to RBC, RNG, HGB, HCT and MCHC. Baladi had higher (P ? 0.05) values of HGB, HCT and MCHC than Shami. Biochemical parameters indicated that the level of alanine amino transferase (ALT) increased (P ? 0.05), while glucose, total lipids and cholesterol concentrations decreased (P ? 0.05) due to thermal stress. Breed differences were observed with respect to urea, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, total protein and albumin. The levels were higher (P ? 0.05) in Shami than in Baladi with respect to all the parameters except glucose, which was higher (P ? 0.05) in Baladi than in Shami. Blood electrolytes indicated that Sodium (Na+) concentration decreased (P ? 0.05), while Potassium (K+) and Chloride (Cl - ) concentrations increased (P ? 0.05) due to thermal stress. Baladi had higher (P ? 0.05) concentration of potassium and chloride than Shami. Immunological parameters indicated that level of cytokines, e.g., Interlukin - 1 (IL - 1) and Interlukin - 6 (IL - 6) increased (P ? 0.05) due to thermal stress. The value of IL - 1 was higher (P ? 0.05) in Baladi than in Shami. The findings of this study have significant implications for goat breeders, e.g., Bedouins and nomadic goat rearers in protecting their animals from solar radiation (heat stress), to safeguard their health and productivity, while roaming incessantly in search of pastures in a thermally stressful desert environment.
6 tables, 54 ref
ESSAWY A M E
047333 ESSAWY A M E (Animal and Poultry Nutrition Dep, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, Email: abeerateek@hotmail.com) : Effect of linseed oil beads and vitamin - e supplementation on growth, carcass characters, and blood and intramuscular lipid profile in damascus growing male goats . Anim Sci Rep 2020, 13(1), 40 - 61.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of linseed oil beads (LOB) and vitamin E supplementation on nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal parameters, growth, feed conversion efficiency, blood biochemicals, carcass characters, and blood and intramuscular lipid profile of longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle in Damascus growing male goats. Fifteen Damascus growing male goats (120 days old) of 16.57 ? 2.03 kg average body weight were assigned to 3 groups of 5 animals each with three different dietary treatments on dry matter basis: (1) Control diet (CTRL / T1) with 50:50 of forage to concentrate ratio offered as a basal diet to all animals. (2) Experimental diet - 1 (LOB / T2) comprised of control diet (T1) fortified with linseed oil beads (2.5 gm d - 1 goat - 1) and (3) Experimental diet - 2 (LOBE / T3) comprised of T2 diet fortified with 600 IU of vitamin E (? - tocopherol acetate) @ d - 1 goat - 1. Diets were offered ad libitum daily once for a 95 - day period. Digestibility trial was conducted for 10 days (4 goats / group), and at the end of the experiment, all animals were slaughtered for evaluation of carcass characters and determination of meat FAs profile of LL muscle. The results showed non - significant (P ? 0.05) differences between the treatment groups (T1, T2, T3) in respect of nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility, growth, feed conversion efficiency, and ruminal parameters. LOB supplementation significantly (P ? 0.05) depressed some plasma metabolites (cholesterol and total lipids) over the control, while total lipids in LOBE decreased (P ? 0.05) over both the control and LOB. Some of the plasma unsaturated fatty acids (C12:0, Lauric acid; C15:0, Pentadecanoic acid; C16:0 and Heptadecanoic acid) were reduced in (P ? 0.05) in LOB, while the latter two were reduced (P ? 0.05) in LOB and LOBE. ?MUFA and ?n - 3 were increased (P ? 0.05), while ?PUFA and ?n - 6 were decreased (P ? 0.05) both in LOB and LOBE groups. There was no significant difference (P ? 0.05) in carcass characters between the treatment groups, while chemical composition of LL muscle indicated decrease (P ? 0.05) in fat (%) and increase (P ? 0.05) in LL area in LOB compared to the control. Fatty acid composition of LL muscle showed increase (P ? 0.05) of ?n - 3 and decrease (P ? 0.05) of ?n - 6 / ?n - 3 ratio, in LOB, considered as nutritional value indicators for human health (WHO/FAO). It is concluded that LOB supplementation has positively contributed to production of healthy meat for human consumption, while LOBE had no advantage over LOB.
10 tables, 72 ref
IBRAHIM A H, YOUNIS F E, ABDEEN E M M, SHAFEI S M E
047332 IBRAHIM A H, YOUNIS F E, ABDEEN E M M, SHAFEI S M E (Animal Breeding and Poultry Dep, , Cairo, Egypt, Email: alaa.drc@gmail.com) : Effect of flax seed supplementation on milk production, chemical composition, physical attributes and fatty acid profile of milk in lactating goats of halayeb - shalateen - abu ramad triangle of Egypt . Anim Sci Rep 2020, 13(1), 001 - 20.
Production and composition of goat milk, especially fatty acids profile are important factors that influence the economic upshot, nutritivity and health prospective of the product. There is an increasing thrust on research for evolving dairy products with reduced saturated fatty acids (SFAs) responsible for undesirable hyper - cholesterolemic effects culminating in hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes and cancer in humans. Earlier research works have revealed that milk fat composition can be altered through dietary interventions. This work focuses on the effect of dietary supplementation of flax seed (whole) to lactating desert goats of Egypt on milk production, chemical composition, physical properties and fatty acid profiles of milk, since there is dearth of desired information on this subject. Twenty lactating local desert goats were randomly distributed into two groups, viz., control group and experimental group (n=10) for the experiment. The lactating goats were let out for grazing on the natural pastures during day, and received supplemental feeding of concentrate mixtures @ 500 gm/ head (NRC, 2007) in equal amounts twice daily at 06.00 h and at 16.00 h. The concentrate mixture in the diet of the experimental goats was replaced with 14 % whole flax seed (Linumusitatissimum L). Goats were milked by hand twice daily for 12 weeks for estimation of average daily milk yield, chemical composition (Fat %, Protein%, Lactose %, Ash%, SNF %, TS %), physical attributes (Sp. Gr., Freezing point, pH, Conductivity) in different weeks (1, 4, 8, and 12), along with fatty acid profile as percentage of the total fatty acids in milk. Results indicated that the average daily milk yield (g/animal/day - 1) of FS supplemented goats in week 1 (569.0?48.8) was higher (P ? 0.05) than the control by a margin of 48.5%. There were no differences (P ? 0.05) in milk yields as well as energy corrected milk yields between the groups in other weeks and over the experimental period. The FS supplemented group showed higher (P ? 0.05) proportions over the control in respect of protein (3.77?0.18 vs. 3.43?0.22), lactose (4.56?0.25 vs. 4.32?0.15), SNF (9.16?0.28 vs. 8.56?0.28) and TS (12.59?0.55 vs. 12.01?0.33), but lower freezing point ( - 0.57?0.06 vs. - 0.53?0.06, Celsius). FS supplementation diminished (P ? 0.05) ?saturated fatty acids (64.12?0.23) and enhanced (P ? 0.05) ?unsaturated fatty acids (3.38?0.036) in milk over the control. In addition, there was increase (P ? 0.05) in Omega - 6/Omega - 3 FAs (2.39?0.001) and reduction (P ? 0.05) of total conjugated linoleic acid (1.79?0.013) in the milk of goats fed on FS supplemented diet. It may be concluded form this study that dietary supplementation of flax seeds to lactating goats would enhance milk production and its nutritivity, beneficial for boosting growth and immunity of neonatal kids and help in promotion of stink free and health bolstering dairy products through moderation of harmful hyper - cholesterolemic effects of high level of LDL cholesterol in milk.
4 tables, 60 ref
ATUL U, PRITI P V, D, PATEL J M, PATEL, J H, MAKWANA, P M
047313 ATUL U, PRITI P V, D, PATEL J M, PATEL, J H, MAKWANA, P M (Veterinary Pathology Dep, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari - 396 450, Gujarat, Email: at.atul.94@gmail.com) : Macropathological, histopathological and microbial scenario of a pasteurella infected surti buffalo . Anim Sci Rep 2020, 13 (4), 25-Sep.
Pasteurellosis is a dreaded infectious disease of domestic and wild bovids caused by gram negative pasteurella microorganisms, particularly Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida. It is endemic among Indian buffaloes. However, breed vulnerability on the incidence of the disease in buffaloes have not been reported except a case report on Murrah buffaloes in an organized farm in West Bengal (India). The case fatality rate has been reported to be very high (75%). This paper elucidates the autopsy results, containing the macropathological, histopathological and microbial scenario of a pasteurella infected 4 years old female Surti buffalo carcass, presented for postmortem examination (PME) to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat in March, 2019. The clinical history of the case portrayed high fever, anorexia, profuse salivation, throat swelling, recumbence, and protruded tongue before death. Macropathological findings revealed accumulation of edematous gelatinous fluid in throat region with consolidated, reddened and thickened interlobular septa. Heart was severely congested with focal ecchymoses on epicardium and endocardium. Myocarditis with necrosis and bacterial emboli indicated septicemia in the deceased animal. Liver was pale and friable with multifocal necrotic areas. Fibrinous inflammation was noted on peritoneum and serosal surface of intestines. Histopathological examination revealed fibrinous suppurative bronchopneumonia with inflammatory cells inside the alveoli and interalveolar septa of the lungs. Bacterial colonies surrounded by inflammatory cells were noticed at various places along with the thickened interlobular septa of the lungs. In a few areas, severe hemorrhages and congestions were also noticed. Histological section of heart revealed multiple necrotic foci with infiltration of inflammatory cells. Impression smears from heart, lungs, liver and spleen were subjected to Giemsa?s stain, which revealed numerous typical bipolar organisms suggestive of Pasteurella spp. Microscopic examination of the cultured bacterial colonies on blood agar, biochemically confirmed that the organisms belonged to Pasteurella spp. Based on clinical signs, macropathological, histopathological and microbiological examinations, the case was confirmed to be Pasteurellosis, which is an unique report in Surti buffalo.
4 illus, 11 ref
SURYAWANSHI B G, RANE V I
047308 SURYAWANSHI B G, RANE V I (Jagat Arts, Commerce, and Indiraben Hariharbhai Patel Science Coll, Gondia - 441 801) : Biocontrol of Helminthosporium oryzae with Trichoderma sp. Bioinfolet 2020, 17 (3 B), 499 - 501.
The present study is carried out on the phyllosphere mycoflora of rice, in Vidarbha, Maharashtra, India. A total of 64 species representing 32 genera of fungi were isolated. Among the isolated species, there were 11 Phycomycetes, 4 Ascomycetes, 43 Deuteromycetes, and 3 sterile mycelia. Out of these, Helminthosporium oryzae Breda de Hann; Syn. Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Hann.) Shoemakar, causes brown leaf spot disease on rice. This pathogenic fungus is controlled by a non - pathogenic fungus, Trichoderma under in vitro conditions. Three native species of Trichoderma were isolated and tested for antagonistic activity against H. oryzae. Inhibition percentage in radial mycelial growth of H. oryzae was observed to the extent of 93 to 100 % against the Trichoderma species.
1 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref