017372   Pampangouda;Munishamanna K B;Khanagoudar S; Niveditha S B (Agricultural Microbiology Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, GKVK, Bangalore-560 065, Email: pampannagoudap@gmail.com) : Nutritional improvement of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv] through fermentation using probiotic yeast and lactic acid bacteria. Biochem Cell Archs 2014, 14(2), 329-33.

The study was taken for nutritional improvement of foxtail millet through microbial processing by probiotic yeast and lactic acid bacteria. The germinated grains were fermented for 5 days grains were dried and grounded in a grinder and sieved. The sieved flours were analyzed for proximate composition, minerals and phytic acid content. The results revealed that the foxtail millet fermented by combined inoculation of Saccharomyces boulardii and Lactobacillus acidophilus significantly enhanced protein content (11.63%) and decreases the fat (2.53%), fibre (1.07%), ash (2.49%), carbohydrate (82.34%) compared to control. Single inoculation of Lactobacillus acidophilus enhanced the minerals content Ca (47.44 mg), Mg (109.07mg), phosphorus (297.43mg), Fe (5.14mg) and Zn (3.69mg) and over dual inoculation and control treatments. Similarly, Single inoculation of Lactobacillus acidophilus showed significant reduction in phytic acid (127.61mg) content over dual inoculation (142.54mg) and control (218.42mg) treatments. The results of the study indicating that fermentation of foxtail millet by Lactobacillus acidophilus significantly enhanced minerals contents significant reduction in phytic acid content.

3 tables, 23 ref

017371   Nautiyal O H (Chemical Engineering Dep, Institue of Chemical Technology (UDCT), NM Parikh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, Email: opnautiyalus@yahoo.com) : Process optimization of sandalwood (Santalum album) oil extraction by subcritical carbon dioxide and conventional techniques. Indian J chem Technol 2014, 21(4), 290-7.

Sandalwood oil has been extracted using subcritical state carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) at 200 bars and 28oC using the two experimental conditions, and the fractionation of the extract is analyzed intermittently. Comparative studies with regards to extraction using steam distillation, hydro distillation, soxhlet extraction and pre-treatment studies have also been carried out. All these studies reveal that the subcritical carbon dioxide extraction is much more efficient in terms of physical properties of the oil as compared to commercial sandalwood oil. Acid value of the liquid CO₂ extracted oil is found to be the best next to the value of ethyl alcohol extracted oil. SC-CO₂ yields 4.11% of oil in the first hour, 1.21% in second hour, 0.89% in third hour and 0.30% finally in the fourth hour. The first hour gives α-santalene (0.55%), β-santalene (1.30%), α-santalol (51.30%), β-santalene (27.94%); second hour gives 0.48, 1.08, 54.50, 28.16% third and fourth hour give 1.00, 1.92, 50.27, 26.18% and 1.14, 2.17, 51.99, 26.76% respectively. Benzene extraction yields 3.01% of an absolute out of 6.30 g of concrete, diethyl ether yields 2.58% of an absolute out of 5.25 g of concrete, EtOH yields 3.70% of an absolute out of 10.90 g of concrete (under the 5 hour of process time). Hydro distillation (alkaline treated) yields 2.68% of sandalwood oil in 48 h, steam distillation gives 1.60% of sandalwood oil in 10 h of process time. Yield of 4.11% is obtained by SC-CO₂ only.

1 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

017370   Nageswara Rao R;Nageswara Rao T (Analytical Chemistry Div, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad-500 607, Email: rnrao55@yahoo.com) : Determination of heavy metals in toothpastes containing tin as an active ingredient. Indian J chem Technol 2014, 21(4), 238-43.

This study discusses the technical rationale behind the development and validation of an alternative AAS and colorimetric methods for the determination of heavy metals in toothpastes containing tin as an active ingredient. Using BIS 6356:2001 method, it is found to be difficult to analyze toothpastes containing <100 ppm Pb, based on the PbS color formed by addition of sodium sulfide. In the present investigation an alternative, highly sensitive and specific AAS method has been developed and validated. The minimum detection limits are found to be 0.222 μg/mL, 0.010 μg/mL, 1.873 ng/mL, 5.465 ng/mL, 2.949 μg/mL for Pb, Cd, Hg, As and Sn respectively.

4 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

017369   Math N;Jagadeesh K S;Masur S;Bharati P (Agricultural Microbiology Dep, Univ of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005, Email: jagsbio@gmail.com) : Sourdough bread preparation using selected lactic acid bacterial starter cultures. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(2), 426-9.

Lactic fermentation of cereals is known to improve the food quality through the development of flavor, enhancement of the nutritional value and shelf life, and by removing toxic or antinutritional factors of food products. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains are able to improve the shelf life of several food products. The efficiency of the LAB cultures determined in vitro assays was confirmed in bread manufacture. The sourbread prepared using 50 per cent yeast and 50 per cent LAB starter (based on cell density) was found to be superior to the conventional bread in textural characteristics, flavor, appearance and even taste. It contained enough protein (10.15%) and the least fat value (7.68%). It scored the highest acceptability index of 81.70. These results point out the advantages of using selected LAB strains as starter cultures for sourdough fermentation.

017368   Khalkar S;Bhowmick D N;Pratap A P (Oils Dep, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Techno, Nathalal Parek Road, Matunga (East), Mumbai, Email: amitpratap2001@gmail.com) : Preparation of multifunctional additive from guerbet alcohol and comparison of it with vegetable oil-based additives. J Lipid Sci Technol 2013, 45(4), 169-75.

Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP) were synthesized from linear fatty alcohols (C12- C18, C18:1) and guerbet i.e. (3 branched alcohols (C16, C20, C24) in two steps. The elemental detection was done by chemical method. These derivatives were characterized by various physicochemical properties like pour point, flash point etc. viscosity and tribological properties like oxidation stability, wear scar and weld load. Synthesized ZDDP additives were used as multifunctional additive in 150N and 500N commercial base oils. Base oils (150N and 500N) and three different concentrations (1, 3 and 5 wt%) of synthesized ZDDP in pure base oils, were tested and compared with industrial ZDDP. It was observed that ZDDP synthesized from guerbet alcohol is more efficient in reducing the wear scar and enhancing the weld load capacity of lubricant as compared to other ZDDP's. ZDDP synthesized from guerbet alcohol showed higher antiwear and antioxidant property as compared to commercially available ZDDP and ZDDP synthesized from linear fatty alcohol.

4 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

017367   Kavitha C;Dhami P;Kuna A;Sagar B;Bhat G V (Foods and Nutrition Dep, PG and Research Centre, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricult. Univ, Hyderabad-500 030, Email: kkavithac9@gmail.com) : Study of nutrient composition and value addition of wild ber (Zizyphus jujuba). Biochem Cell Archs 2014, 14(2), 311-14.

Indian jujubes are sweet and tart at same time and more perishable than bigger one. Small ber fruits are best suited for production of ber chips/vadeum due to its mucilage property. Therefore, study was undertaken to evaluate the physicchemical and nutrient composition, and value addition of wild ber during the year 2012-13. Physicochemical and nutrient content of ber fruit and ber vadeum were analyzed. The results revealed that small ber fruits have highest ascorbic acid content (183.42±0.19 mg/100 g), carotenoid content (348.58±0.028 mg/100 g), and total flavonoid content (21.95±0.716 μg/100 g) than ber vadeum/chips. Ber vadeum/chips served as good snack for children, adults and young generations. Therefore, value addition of underutilized, locally available small wild ber fruits helps to generate the income as well as heath benefits.

1 illus, 5 tables, 8 ref

017366   Has A T C;Islam M R;Baburin I;Steffen Hering; Osman H;Mohamad H;Abdullah J M (Centre for Neuroscience Services and Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia) : Profiling the inhibitory activity of nutmeg essential oil on GABA_A α1β2γ2s receptors.. Biomed Res 2014, 25(4), 543-60.

The inhibitory effects of nutmeg essential oil and three components of this oil at different concentrations were tested by GABA-induced chloride current (I GABA) stimulation through gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA_A) receptors comprising of α1β2γ2s subtype using the two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique on Xenopus laevis oocytes. The essential oil of the kernels of Myristica fragrans was extracted by steam distillation and was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) technique. A total of 16 compounds were isolated from the essential oil. The essential oil showed promising activity by enhanced I GABA up to 100% of stimulation when tested at 100 nL/mL. For dose dependent activity, α-terpineol and myristicin showed statistical significant potentiation of I GABA. α-terpineol was found to induce an enhancement of I GABA modulation (EC5-10) by 229.6±23.8% and 326.3±43.8%, at 100 μM and 500 μM, respectively. Myristicin induced an enhancement up to 237.6±35.1% at 500 μM. In contrast, limonene exhibited weak modulation compared to GABA controls at the same concentration. The essential oil and its two components exhibited promising inhibitory activity by enhancement of I GABA that provides scientific evidence for its traditional use in the treatment of epilepsy.

5 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

017365   Guruprasad R;Behera B K (NO, Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Matunga, Mumbai) : Effect of fabric structural variables on bending behaviour of cotton woven fabrics. Cotton Res J 2013, 5(2), 229-37.

In this article, the relationships between some of the fabric structural parameters like pick density, fabric weight, thickness and fabric cover on the one hand and fabric bending rigidity on the other were studied. A set of cotton fabrics were woven into plain weave design and the woven fabrics were desized, scoured and wet relaxed. Fabrics were then tested for bending properties. Test results showed that the relationship between the variables studied and bending rigidity is positive, but nonlinear. The bending rigidity and bending hysteresis of the fabric have a strong positive linear correlation and hence, bending hysteresis can be predicted from fabric bending rigidity.

7 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

017364   Chawla V K;Yadav R;Pandey C N;Jain R K;Dixit A K (NO, Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute (IPIRTI), Bangalore, Karnataka, India-560 022) : Development of PF resin from rice straw lignin solid for plywood composite. Indian For 2013, 139(8), 720-5.

Lignin-phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resins were produced by substituting phenol with rice straw lignin in various percentages. Wood adhesive is certainly the most widely explored avenue of lignin utilization. Phenol was replaced by various percentages of lignin to keep the phenolic to formalin weight ratio constant to 1:1.8. 10%, 20% and 30% replacement of phenol by lignin were adopted in making lignin phenol formaldehyde resin (LPF Resin). The plywood panels of 4 mm thick, 30 x 30cm were made and the panels were subjected to test as per IS: 848:2006, specification for synthetic resin adhesives for plywood (Phenolic and Amino plastics). The results indicated that rice straw lignin was a feasible replacement for up to 30% of the phenol in PF resins.

6 tables, 18 ref

017363   Asha A M;Kurdikeri M B;Vinodkumar S B;Sunitha H M;Hipparagi Y;Sushma P P;Nemappa L;Shivakumar H (Seed Science and Technology Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Dharwad-580 005, Email: kumarsbvinod707@gmail.com) : Influence of plant products and containers on insect damage of maize hybrid seeds during storage. Ann Pl Prot Sci 2014, 22(2), 296-9.

Maize seeds were treated with neem, castor, pongamia, tulsi leaf, mandarin peel, sweet flag, arappu leaf, parthenium leaf powder, wood ash, thiram and control, stored in cloth bag, polythene bag (700guage) and vacuum packaging under ambient conditions. The maize seeds recorded highest insect damage at the end of 14 months of storage irrespective of containers and treatments. Among the seed treatments, seed treated with thiram recorded lowest seed damage by insect up to 14 months of storage while highest seed damage (%) recorded in control compared to other seed treatments at the end of storage period. Whereas seeds stored in vacuum package were absolutely free from insect attack at the end of the storage period followed by polythene bag.

1 table, 9 ref

017362   Amosu A M;Degun A M;Esan E B (Public Health Dep, School of Health Sciences, Venda Univ, P/Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa) : Microbial contaminants in the herbal preparation from green pawpaw fruits.. Biomed Res 2014, 25(4), 606-11.

This study is designed to investigate the presence of diverse micro-organisms in the herbal preparations made from green, unripe mature pawpaw fruits for the treatment of stomach ulcer. Samples of pawpaw fruits were collected from a pawpaw plantation in Ibadan, Nigeria, and used within one hour of being harvested. Pour plate method was employed for the microbiological and biomedical charaterisation of isolates. The results confirmed the presence of yeast and pathogenic organisms including bacteria and fungi. Among them are Alcalogenes faecalis, M. kristianae, B. polymyxa, M. varians, Corynebacterium spp. as well as A. iwoffi; which is the most pathogenic bacteria among the isolates, as the organism is known to cause food spoilage and lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in humans. This herbal preparation poses a potential hazard to human health if not consumed fresh. A suitable means of preservation such as cold storage is therefore required if the preparation is to be stored. In the alternative, the use of fresh preparations on a daily basis is highly recommended.

4 tables, 31 ref

017361   Ameer Junaithan Begum M;Balamurugan P; Vanagamudi K;Prabakar K;Ramakrishnan R (Seed Science and Technology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), Email: junaifathi@gmail.com) : Enzyme changes during seed storage in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(2), 748-50.

A change in enzyme activity in seeds due to ageing is a topic of scientific importance. Vigour is essentially a physiological phenomenon influenced by the reserved metabolites, enzyme activities and growth regulators. The exact cause of loss of seed vigour and viability is still unknown as deterioration of seed is a complex process. In the presence of oxygen, ageing of seed can lead to peroxidative changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The free radical -induced non-enzymatic peroxidation, which has the potential to damage membrane, is likely to be a primary cause of deterioration of stored seeds. Certain anabolic enzymes help in maintaining viability while some catabolic enzymes decrease viability. The seed catalase and peroxidase activity seem to be decreased during storage. The results revealed that the peroxidase enzyme activity decreased from 0.236 to 0.444 OD 10 min-1 when storage period increased. A decrease in catalase activity from 0.454 to 0.444 μg H2O2 mg-1 min-1 followed by a small increase from 0.434 to 0.452 μg H2O2 mg-1 min-1 was observed during storage. But the activity of lipase enzyme increased from 0.236 to 0.231 meq min-1g-1 of sample when the storage period was increased. The study would help to know the deterioration pattern of stored groundnut seeds.

016385   Singh G;Ramesh C (NO, Nehru Gram Bharati University, Allahabad-211 002) : Effect on nutritional quality of filled milk beverage prepared with banana pulp. Allahabad Fmr 2014, 70(1), 81-8.

Study was carried out with the objective to develop a suitable technology of manufacturing sweet filled milk beverage with fruit pulp as well as to find out the nutritional quality of filled milk beverage. Beverages were prepared by incorporating vegetable oil (Saffola) with skim milk in different proportion i.e. 3 percent, 3.5 percent & 4 percent to increase the poly unsaturated fatty acids of the product. Filled milk beverage containing high amount of Poly unsaturated fatty acids and low saturated fat can be given to the patients suffering from disease of liver, heart and kidney and also from high cholesterol level and obesity. Fruit filled milk beverages are easily digestible, highly refreshing, thirst quenching, appetizing and nutritionally superior to many synthetic and aerated drink. Blended drinks are a good alternative to the development of new products which combines new taste and improvement in the quality of nutrition. Each Treatment was replicated six times. Product was analyzed for fat, total solids, protein, moisture carbohydrate and ash. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and critical difference technique. Significant difference in total solids, moisture, fat and protein was observed. Highest value of fat and protein was obtained in treatment T2F3(Filled Milk beverage prepared from 3.5 percent vegetable oil (Saffola) containing 15 percent banana pulp).

2 tables, 18 ref

016384   Shusheel Kumar;Lal A;Samsher (NO, Sir Chhotu Ram Institute of Engineering and Technology, CCS University, Meerut) : Studies on the effect of different temperature on drying characteristics of blanched and unblanched onion. Allahabad Fmr 2014, 70(1), 114-28.

Experiment were planned to compare the performance of tray dryer of blanched and unblanched onion at different temperature viz. (60, 65, 70 and 750C). In all drying experiment, the quality of dried product was evaluated in erms of final moisture content and drying rate. The Tray drying at 70øC onion gives best quality product in both its blanched and unblanched forms. The moisture content of dried onion slices was strongly afected by the blanching of onion slices and the airflow rate. The final moisture content of dried onion slices ranged from (6.1% to 7.15% dry-basis) depending on the drying temperature cycle. Effect of the individual variables (airflow rate, onion slice, moisture removed, and their interactions) on the drying rate was statistically analyzed.

4 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

016383   Sharma R;Joshi V K (Food Science and Technology Dep, Y S Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173 230, Email: drrakes@gmail.com) : Development and evaluation of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) based instant chutney powder. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2014, 5(3), 262-7.

Present study was conducted to standardize a recipe for the preparation of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) based instant chutney powder by blending different levels of bell pepper powder with other spice ingredients. Blanched and pre-treated shreds of bell pepper were dried in a mechanical dehydrator (55±2°C) till a constant weight was achieved and converted into powder. All the recipes (R₁ to R₆) were assessed for their chemical composition and sensory quality during storage for three months. The total soluble solids among different recipes ranged between 51.0 to 56.0° B, whereas titratable acidity varied from 1.60 to 6.52 per cent. During storage for a period of three months, all the products of various recipes recorded decrease in titratable acidity, total sugars and ascorbic acid content, whereas increase in moisture content, reducing sugars and total phenols. Sensory analysis of reconstituted chutney powder (R₅) scored highest overall acceptability score of 7.90 (liked extremely) even after three months of storage of powder at room temperature (18.0-24.5°C). On the basis of physico-chemical and sensory attributes, the recipe R₅ was adjudged the best followed by recipe R₆. The critical moisture content of optimized instant bell pepper chutney powder (R₅) was 13.75% which equilibrated at 46% RH without any mold growth, indicating good shelf-stability of instant chutney powder at room temperature.

2 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

016382   Sharma P;Kashyap D;Goswami U C (College of Fisheries, Assam Agricultural Univ, Raha, Nagaon-782 103, Email: pranjyotisharma@yahoo.com) : Preparation and storage of salted and dried products of freshwater fish, Gudusia chapra (Hamilton, 1822). Bioscan 2013, 8(2), 455-8.

Biochemical and organoleptic quality of dry salted fish products prepared from Gudusia chapra were evaluated during storage. During the storage period Total Volatile Base Nitrogen (TVBN) value for dry salted samples varied from 21.43mg% to 98.24mg%, for wet salted samples from 25.06mg% to 114.54mg% and for unsalted samples from 32.48 mg% to 148.30 mg%. Alpha Amino Nitrogen (AAN) values at the end of storage period recorded were 137.80mg%, 160.20mg% and 189.56mg% for dry, wet and unsalted samples respectively. Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content (% of total lipid as oleic acid) at the end of storage was 28.34% for dry salted samples, 34.72% in wet salted samples and 42.10% in unsalted samples. A marginal decrease of salt content was recorded in both dry and wet samples. Sensory evaluation indicates that among the three products dry salted products were found to be superior.

2 tables, 19 ref

016381   Sharma P C;Issar K;Gupta A (Food Science and Technology Dep, Dr Y S Parmar, Horticulture and Forestry Univ, Nauni Solan HP-173 230, Email: pcsharmasolan@gmail.com) : In vitro binding of bile acid by apple pomace fibre and isabgol (Plantago ovata) fibre. J scient ind Res 2014, 73(12), 767-70.

In vitro binding studies of apple pomace fibre and isabgol (Plantago ovata) fibre were studied. Apple fibre exhibited higher (19.63 to 30.24%) in vitro binding properties to cholic and deoxycholic acid than that of isabgol fibre (17.20 to 22.20%) thereby indicating the superiority of apple fibre for its use in the development of hypocholesterolemic diets. The rate of adsorption increased with the increase in fibre contents, thus a linear relationship was observed for rate of adsorption. In vitro adsorption of cholic and deoxycholic acid to apple fibre found ranging between 10.86 to 22.19% as compared to 5.91 to 13.14% in isabgol fibre. The adsorption of bile acids to apple fibre was recorded to be the highest after 48 hrs of incubation. Besides these two bile acids, the adsorption of fibre to phosphate buffer was recorded to be the highest in isabgol fibre (9.83%) as compared to apple pomace fibre (8.39%). Thus, apple pomace fibre has better binding properties with deoxycholic acid against cholic acid than that of isabgol fibre and can be used in the formulation of diet with cholesterol lowering properties.

3 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

016380   Shankrayya;Shakuntala N M;Vasudevan S N; Tejagouda M B (Seed Science and Technology Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Lingasugur Road, P.O. Box 329, Raichur-584 104, Email: shakuntalanm@yahoo.co.in) : Physiological & biochemical changes associated with seed storage of organically primed maize cv. GH-0727 seeds. Green Fmg 2014, 5(5), 826-32.

Organic seed is a crucial link in the chain from research to organic seed production and ultimate supply of high quality seed at reasonable price to the commercial seed producing farmers for promotion of organic cultivation. Hence, the laboratory experiment was to find out the effect of organic seed treatment on seed quality of maize seeds treated with sixteen organics with different concentrations during storage. The results revealed that maize seeds treated with vermiwash @ 2 per cent recorded significantly higher germination percentage (87.67%), seedling vigour index (2037), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (0.462 OD value) and lower seed moisture content (11.95%) and electrical conductivity of seed leachates (0.396 dSm^{-1) at the end of nine months of storage period.}

3 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

016379   Rathwa R;Meena G S;Gupta V K;Raghu H V (Dairy Technology Div, National Dairy Research Institute (ICAR), Karnal-132 001, Email: gsmndri@gmail.com) : Effect of fat levels, strength and type of coagulants on quality fo cow milk Chhana and Kheer mohan. Green Fmg 2014, 5(5), 938-4.

Kheer Mohan is a region specific, chhana based indigenous dairy product, highly popular in eastern parts of Rajasthan. Sensory attributes, hardness and color values of Kheer Mohan as affected by chhana prepared from cow milk having different fat levels and using different strength (1, 2, 3 and 4% w/v) and type of coagulants (lactic acid, citric acid and tartaric acid) were studied. Standardization of cow milk to 4% fat and 8.5% SNF and coagulation with 1% tartaric acid was observed to yield chhana that resulted in the preparation of Kheer Mohan possessing optimum sensorial attributes, hardness and color values. Type of coagulant was positively correlated with hardness of chhana (p<60>0.01) but negatively correlated (p<60>0.01) with all sensorial attributes and color values of Kheer Mohan. Strengths of coagulants has positive correlation with b* value (p <60> 0.05) of Kheer Mohan only.

2 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

016378   Rajani B;Mukkanti K (Center for Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Un, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500 085) : Optimized and validated RP-HPLC method for the estimation of nimodipine in tablet dosage form. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2014, 4(1), 105-9.

Purpose of the investigation was to develop a new RP-HPLC method for the estimation of Nimodipine in pharmaceutical dosage form. Chromatography was carried out on an Altima C-18 column (4.6x150mm,5μ particlesize) with a isocratic mobile phase composed of Phosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 3.3 with dilute orthophosphoric acid solution) and acetonitrile (30:70v/v) ataflowrate of 1.0mL/min. The column temperature was maintained at 30°C and the detection was carried out using a PDA detector at 236 nm. Validation parameters such as system suitability, linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, stability of sample and standard stock solutions and robustness were studied as reported in the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The retention time for Nimodipine was 3.7min. The percentage recovery of Nimodipine was 100.6%. The relative standard deviation for assay of tablets was found to be less than2%. The method was fast, accurate, precise and sensitive hence it can be employed for routine quality control of Nimodipine tablets in quality control laboratories and pharmaceutical industries.

4 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

016377   Pramod Kumar;Vikram B;Prasad V M (NO, Birsa Agriculture University, Ranchi, Jharkhand) : Evaluation of value added cheese from the different cultivars of apple (Malus domestica Borkh). Allahabad Fmr 2014, 70(1), 319-29.

Experiment on value added apple cheese was carried out in the Post Harvest Technology Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Allahabad, during 2009-2010. The investigation was laid out in C.R.D factorial with three replication. There were 12 treatments with 3 variety (Red Delicious, Maharaji and American Apriouge) and 3 herbal (Tulsi, Mint and Rose) with each of equal level (1%). The treatment V₂T₂ (Maharaji + Mint @ 1%) was found to be statically significant than other treatment. This treatment has recorded highest T.S.S in apple herbal cheese (76.68), total titrable acidity (0.990%), ascorbic acid (1.130 mg/100g), overall acceptability (7.34) and in the case pH maximum score (3.802) was observed with American Apirouge + Untreated (V₃T₀).

5 tables, 11 ref

016376   Parmar A;Nema P K;Agarwal T (Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Dep, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Plot No. 97, Sector-56, HSIIDC Kundli, Sonipat-131 028, Email: tripti.niftem@gmail.com) : Biochar production from agro-food industry residues: a sustainable approach for soil and environmental management. Curr Sci 2014, 107(10), 1673-82.

Advance biochar production technique, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC, wet pyrolysis) offers an option to tap the benefits of biomass residues of food industry characterized by high moisture and low calorific value. HTC is more energy efficient due to its low temperature operations and higher biochar recovery rates (up to 90%). Biochar offers multitude of benefits in terms of agronomical and environmental management. It can contribute to climate change mitigation, increase plant productivity and crop yield and remediation of contaminated sites. Limitations and knowledge gaps in the current understanding of biochar along with its properties have been identified. Major hurdles recognized in commercialization of biochar application are permanency, diversity and economic viability.

^iia4 tables, 81 ref

016375   Pardeshi I L (Agricultural Process Engineering Dep, Dr. P.D. Krishi Vidyapeth, Akola-444 104, Email: ilpardeshi@gmail.com) : Process optimization for spray drying of instant soymilk powder. Green Fmg 2014, 5(5), 934-7.

White flour yielding variety (TAMS 38) was selected to prepare soymilk by soaking (at normal temperature 28 + 2 °C) of soybeans for 12 h and heating of slurry (wet ground soybeans added with water) on sim flame for 20 min, ensuring white colour and higher possible yield of the soymilk prepared. The laboratory model spray dryer (LabUltima 222, Mumbai) was used for spray drying of the soymilk by varying feed rate from 230 (8% of full capacity) to 480 (17% of full capacity) g/h and inlet drying air temperature from 160 to 200 °C, respectively, while other process parameters like aspiration rate (giving vacuum of- 80 mm of WC), outlet air temperature of 100 °C, were kept constant. On basis of the response parameters as final moisture content, sensory colour and percent reconstitution, the optimal spray dried soymilk powder could be prepared at feed rate 350 to 375 g/h (about 13% of full capacity) and 178 to 182 °C inlet spray drying air temperature.

1 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

016374   Maninderjeet Kaur;Kocher G S (Microbiology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: gskocher@pau.edu ) : Effect of recycled yeast inoculum on fermentation and quality of red wine produced from Punjab purple (Syn H516) grapes. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2014, 5(3), 268-72.

Fresh and recycled yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 11815) inoculums were compared for fermentation of Punjab purple (Syn H516) grapes juice for preparation of red wine. An inoculum size of 10% of recycled yeast was optimized for an ethanol production of 9.5% (v/v) at a fermentation efficiency of 74.53% with stored juice and the same was consistent for up to two recycling lots. The prepared wine was allowed to sediment for 7 days at 4oC, siphoned and filtered and then matured for 6 months in amber colored bottles. A significant decrease in ethanol, total phenols and yeast count was observed in wines prepared from both fresh and recycled yeast inoculum during storage. Both the type of wines scored 65.9±8.01 and 63.3±8.52 on sensory analysis for fresh and recycled inoculum, respectively and were significantly better than a commercial red wine. The red wines were also found to be rich in 10 amino acids.

1 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

016373   Kantharaju;Kivadasannavar P;Deshpande V K (Seed Science and Technology Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Dharwad-580 005) : Effect of pollen viability and method of storage on seed set, seed yield and seed quality under in-vivo and in-vitro in sunflower variety RHA-857. Green Fmg 2014, 5(5), 768-71.

In vivo pollen viability studies revealed that there was no significant difference with 100 percent fresh pollen (61.98) and combination of 75 percent pollen + 25 percent mixture and same either as fresh or stored in refrigerator and earthen pot for one day. Application of pollens stored under ambient condition for one day it was resulted in poor seed set i.e. 41.07 to 48.16 percent. Seed yield as measured setting percentage and 100 seed weight were maximum with cent percent pollen either as fresh or refrigerator and earthen pot storage. Lower values recorded in pollen stored at ambient condition for one day. In-vitro studies on pollen viability indicated that pollens were very susceptible to storage under ambient conditions when compared to pollen stored in refrigerator or moist earthen pot. Pollens stored in refrigerator even up to two days were equally germinable with better pollen tube length compared to that of pollen stored for one day in earthen pot. The addition of filler material and boron (99 g of rice flour and 1 g of boron) at different proportions with the fresh and stored pollens in different storage conditions revealed that the 75 percent pollen and 25 percent filler mixture combination recorded equal performance as that of 100 percent pollen exhibiting better pollen germination and better pollen tube growth compared to 50 percent pollen and 50 percent mixture.

4 tables, 8 ref

016372   Garg S K;Rai D P;Badodiya S K;Gonjari V V (Technology Transfer Dep, Faculty of Agri., M.G. Chitrakoot Gramoday Vishwavidyalaya, Satna-485 331, Email: agrisanjeev75@gmail.com) : Corollary study on effectiveness of farm broadcast in agricultural technology among the farmers. Green Fmg 2014, 5(5), 942-5.

Information plays a vital role in field of agriculture and radio is very cheapest and important source of dissemination of I information. The present study was conducted during 2011 and 2012 in Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh. The total sample consisted of 300 respondents spread over 20 villages of the district. Data were collected with the help of structured interview schedule. The majority of the respondents 58.33 percent perceived medium effectiveness of farm broadcast category in transfer of agricultural technology. The zero order correlation coefficient were determined between independent variables i.e. age, education, family background, social participation, occupation, land holding, annual income, credit orientation, economic status, attitude towards farm broadcast, extension participation, belief in broadcast, knowledge about farm broadcast were found significant relationship with dependent variable-effectiveness of farm broadcast at 1% level of probability whereas caste, family size and type family were no significant relationship with dependent variable- effectiveness of farm broadcast. The coefficient of multiple determinations (R^{2) shows that all eleven variables jointly explain 81.00 per cent of the variation in effectiveness of farm broadcast. In this study, preferences about different aspects of farm broadcast included - time of broadcast, duration, modes of presentation and language of the broadcast. Majority (66.67%) of the respondents suggested that use of local language during broadcasting the programme.}

5 tables, 10 ref

016371   David J;Prabhat Kumar (Dairy Technology Dep, SHIATS, Allahabad-211 007) : Studies on preparation of whey protein enriched dietetic Kulfi. Allahabad Fmr 2014, 70(1), 41-5.

In the new millennium we are witnessing the upward trend in nutritional and health awareness which has increased the consumer demand for functional foods. The present investigation was made with an attempt to develop a whey protein enriched dietetic kulfi by addition of different level of whey protein concentrate powder @0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and evaluate the effect on nutritional quality. The kulfi samples of different treatments were analyzed for chemical quality (Fat, Total Solids, Acidity, Protein, Moisture and Ash), Microbial quality (SPC, yeast and mould, coliform) and organoleptic quality (colour and appearance, Body and texture, flavour and taste, melting resistance). The product acceptability as per judge's opinion(using 9 point hedonic scale) was rated as T₀<62>T₁<62> T₂ <62> T₃.

1 illus, 4 tables, 5 ref

015408   Yilmaz V M;Apaydin F (Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Bartin Univ, Bartin, Turkey, Email: fapaydin@bartin.edu.tr) : Effect of mechanical activation on manganese extraction from manganese carbonate ore in acidic media. Indian J chem Technol 2014, 21(3), 215-19.

Manganese carbonate ore has been mechanically activated at different milling times and the effect of mechanical activation on the ore structure is analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis. The activation procedure leads to amorphisation and structural disordering of the ore structure. Sulfuric acid leaching of the non-activated and activated manganese carbonate ore has been studied at different temperatures, durations, and acid concentrations. The results show that dissolution of manganese increases from 69% to 100% in acidic leaching with 1 M H₂SO₄ at 70°C after 30 min of mechanical activation, due to amorphisation in structure and creating more surface area.

5 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

015407   Vijayalakshmi G;Adinarayana M;Rao P J (University College of Technology, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: gvjlakshmi@gmail.com) : Kinetic and mechanistic approach to protection and repair of tert-butoxyl radicals induced uracil radicals by chlorogenic acid. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(1), 277-83.

Rates of oxidation of uracil and chlorogenic acid (CGA) by tert-butoxyl radicals have been studied by measuring the absorbance of uracil at 258 nm and CGA at 328 nm spectrophotometrically. tert-butoxyl radicals are generated by the photolysis of tert-butyl hydroperoxide in presence of tert-butyl alcohol to scavenge -OH radicals. The rates and the quantum yields (φ) of oxidation of CGA by t-BuO.radicals have been determined in the absence and presence of varying concentrations of uracil. An increase in the concentration of uracil has been found to decrease the rate of oxidation of CGA suggesting that uracil and CGA compete for t-BuO.radicals. Using competitive kinetic studies, the rate constant for the reaction of t-BuO. radical with uracil has been found to be 4.43 10^{8 dm3 mol-1 s-1. The quantum yields (φ_expt) have been calculated from the experimentally determined rates of oxidation of CGA under different experimental conditions. Assuming that CGA acts as a scavenger of t-BuO.radicals only, the quantum yields (φ_cal) have been theoretically calculated. φ_expt and φ_cal values suggest that CGA not only protects uracil from t-BuO.radicals but also repairs uracil radicals formed by the reaction of uracil with t-BuO.radicals.}

44 ref

015406   Suja A;Sawant P D;Wankhede S M;Rao D D;Prasad T L (Radiation Safety Systems Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: pooja@barc.gov.in) : Technology to harvest uranium from seawater and its estimation by laser fluorimetry. Indian chem Engr 2014, 56(2), 87-96.

Process technology for extraction of uranium from seawater has been initiated in India on bench scale field trials and for this purpose special adsorbents have been synthesised by radiation grafting technique. These adsorbents are in the form of leaflets that provide efficient contact patterns with water body in the sea. However, it was observed that during the extraction of uranium from seawater/brine, a few transition elements like vanadium also got extracted by the adsorbents. The product elute solutions were then stored in large glass-lined mild steel tanks, which lead to the extraction of iron from the tanks into the solutions. The main challenge was to separate uranium from these transition elements and then estimate its concentration by laser fluorimetry (LF). This paper reports the radiochemical separation procedure standardised for determining the concentrations of uranium metal ions from lean solutions of seawater/brine and its estimation by LF.

5 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

015405   Sivakumar G M;Dhanalakshmi B;Nareshkumar C; Pugazhenthi T R (Dairy Science Dep, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences U, Chennai-7, Email: sivakumargm@tanuvas.org.in) : Antioxidant activity of herbal extract on khoa. Indian J vet Anim Sci Res 2014, 43(6), 445-51.

Study was undertaken to assess the effect of betel leaves (Piper betel Linn) extract on the physico-chemical, sensory and antioxidant properties of khoa made from cow's milk and stored under room temperature. The physico-chemical parameters viz., pH, titratable acidity, fat, free fatty acids, sensory and antioxidant properties were evaluated periodically at an interval of 3 days upto 9 days. The result revealed that sensory evaluation of khoa was not influenced by the presence of 0.5 per cent aqueous extract of betel leaves up to 9 days of storage period with an overall acceptability score of 6.83. The physico- chemical properties of khoa showed an increasing trend in acidity and decrease of pH as the storage period progresses. The free fatty acids levels were well within the prescribed limit because of antioxidant properties exhibited by the aqueous extract of betel leaves. From the study, it was concluded that khoa with 0.5 aqueous extract of betel leaves restricted the production of free fatty acid compared to control due to antioxidant property of betel leaves.

1 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

015404   Singh I B;Mondal D P;Singh M;Bhadkul A;Jha N (NO, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal-462 026, Email: ibsingh58@yahoo.com) : Corrosion behaviour of AA2014 aluminium alloy-cenospheres syntactic foam in 3.5% NaCl solution. Indian J chem Technol 2014, 21(3), 168-75.

Corrosion behaviour of as-cast cenospheres reinforced AA2014 Al-alloy syntactic foam has been compared with that of as-cast virgin alloy (AA2014 Al-alloy) in 3.5% NaCl solution. The corrosion studies of these materials through electrochemical measurements indicate that the syntactic foam exhibits less corrosion rate when it contains up to 40 vol% of cenospheres. It is observed that the corrosion rate is further reduced with increase in cenosphere size from 75 μm to 125 μm. A detail corrosion mechanism has been presented schematically and discussed in the light of cenosphere size and volume fraction in the syntactic foam.

6 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

015403   Singh B N;Kumar S D;Pandit G G;Reddy A V R (Analytical Chemistry Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: singhbn@barc.gov.in) : Evaluation and application of serpentine ore in gas chromatography for the separation of higher hydrocarbons in air. Indian J chem Technol 2014, 21(3), 163-7.

Serpentine ore [(Mg, Fe)₃(OH)₄Si₂O₅] has been evaluated as a stationary phase in gas chromatography for the separation of higher hydrocarbons in air. Separations of isobutane, N-butane, cyclohexane and air have been studied using temperature programming. A stainless-steel tube of 1.8 m x 2.0 mm size, packed with 60-80 mesh particles of serpentine ore is used as an analytical column. The separated components are detected using a thermal conductivity detector. Studies reveal that the separation of isobutane, cyclohexane and air mixture is possible using temperature programming in the range 100-150°C at the rate of 30°C min^{-1. Isobutane and N-butane could not be separated due to the close retention times. The packed column is successfully applied for the separation of synthetic mixtures of isobutane, cyclohexane and air.}

4 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

015402   Sharma I;Sharma S K;Sambi S S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: sambi1950@yahoo.co.in) : Cadmium and chromium adsorption on activated carbon. Indian chem Engr 2014, 56(2), 97-105.

Removal of heavy metal ions has received considerable attention due to the toxicological effects of these ions on ecosystem, human health and agriculture. Commercially activated carbon is widely used as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from industrial wastes though its cost is a restricting factor. The present study explores the effectiveness of activated carbon obtained from sources other than wood, such as corncob and coconut shell for the removal of cadmium and chromium ions from aqueous wastes. Batch scale equilibrium adsorption studies were carried out for the removal of cadmium and chromium ions on the activated carbon obtained by pyrolysis. Adsorption studies were carried out at various pH values and for a range of initial concentrations of cadmium and chromium. Higher iodine value for activated carbon obtained at 800°C from coconut shell compared to corncob suggests that the use of coconut shell may be preferred.

7 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

015401   Sharma D V S G K;Sowjanya Y;Chari V D;Prasad P S R (Gas Hydrates Div, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: psrprasad@ngri.res.in) : Methane storage in mixed hydrates with tetrahydrofuran. Indian J chem Technol 2014, 21(2), 114-9.

Systematic study on the methane hydrate formation and dissociation with aqueous tetrahydrofuran (<126> 6.03 mol %) has been carried out in a stirred reactor. Experiments are conducted with initial methane pressure in the range 0.88 - 8.21 MPa. Encaging of methane molecules in vacant cages (5^{12) in mixed hydrate is found to be significantly faster compared to pure methane hydrates. The hydrate formation temperature and methane consumption depend on the initial gas pressure (0.88 - 8.21 MPa) in the reactor and the consumed methane varies from 22.0 (± 1.4) m.mol to 88.0 (± 2.6) m.mol. The nucleation and dissociation temperature of the mixed hydrates is always higher than ice melting temperature.}

4 illus, 28 ref

015400   Rao B V A;Iqbal M Y;Chaitanya Kumar K;Reddy M N (Chemistry Dep, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal-506 004, Email: boyapativapparao@rediffmail.com) : Corrosion protection of copper by self assembled nano film of 4-amino-3-(octadecylthio)-6-methyl-1,2,4-triazinone. Indian J chem Technol 2014, 21(3), 188-98.

Self-assembled nano film of 4-amino-3-(octadecylthio)-6-methyl-1,2,4-triazinone (AOTMT) has been developed on fresh copper surface at ambient temperature. The optimum conditions for the formation of AOTMT nano film have been established through electrochemical impedance and quartz crystal nanobalance studies. The AOTMT film on copper surface is characterized by contact angle measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), reflection absorption FTIR spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. It is inferred that the formation of AOTMT film is through chemisorption of AOTMT on copper surface due to the nitrogen and subsequent complex formation between AOTMT and Cu^{+ ions. Corrosion protection ability of AOTMT nano film is evaluated in dilute aqueous HCl environment using impedance, potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic voltammetry (CV), weight-loss and XPS studies. The results show that AOTMT nano film affords excellent corrosion protection to copper in HCl environment. The CV studies show good stability of AOTMT nano film. Potentiodynamic polarization studies reveal that the AOTMT nano film functions as a cathodic inhibitor. The mechanistic aspects of corrosion protection of copper by AOTMT nano film are also discussed.}

6 illus, 5 tables, 39 ref

015399   Rajeev Kumar;Gupta R;Khoth N K (NO, Central Soil & Materials Research Station, New Delhi) : Water resources section core strength variation of in-situ concrete. Wat Energy int 2013, 70(12), 35-38.

Core testing is the most direct method to determine the compressive strength of mass and structural concrete. Generally, cores are obtained either to assess whether suspect concrete in a new structure complies with strength-based acceptance criteria as per IS: 456-2000 or to evaluate the structural capacity of an existing structure based on the actual in-place concrete strength. In either case, the process of obtaining core specimens and interpreting the strength test results is often confounded by various factors that affect either the in-place strength of the concrete or the measured strength of the test specimen. The scatter in strength test data, which is unavoidable given the inherent randomness of in-place concrete strengths and the additional uncertainty attributable to the preparation and testing of the specimen, may further complicate compliance and evaluation decisions. This research paper gives current practices for obtaining cores and interpreting core compressive strength test results. Factors that affect the in-place concrete strength are reviewed so locations for sampling can be selected that are consistent with the objectives of the investigation. Strength correction factors are presented for converting the measured strength of non-standard core-test specimens to the strength of equivalent specimens with standard diameters, length-to-diameter ratios, and moisture conditioning.

1 illus, 23 ref

015398   Patnaik P R (Chemical Engineering Dep, C V Raman College of Engineering, Bidyanagar, Bhubaneswar-752 054, Email: pratap.r.patnaik@gmail.com) : Auto-regulating expert system strategy for dynamic intelligent system selection for on-line optimization of a bioprocess. Indian J Biotechnol 2014, 13(2), 225-30.

Mathematical models derived through mechanistic information and validated under laboratory conditions do not always portray satisfactorily the behavior of complex microbial processes under realistic conditions. Models based on artificial intelligence (AI) then offer a viable alternative. However, AI models also have limitations, and sometimes different AI methods may be the most effective at different points in time or in different regions of the operating space. The present communication, therefore, presents a supervisory expert system that receives performance data continually and selects that AI module from an on-line library, which maximizes a specified performance index. This ensures that the most efficient AI system is functional at all times. The concept is presently being applied to glucoamylase production in continuous cultivation of a recombinant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and initial results support its feasibility and effectiveness.

3 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

015397   Mehta R N;Chakraborty M;Parikh P A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat-395 001, Email: pap@ched.svnit.ac.in) : Stability, physical properties and engine performance of alcohol blended fuels. Indian J chem Technol 2014, 21(3), 182-7.

Role of bio-derived, eco-friendly products such as butanol and ethanol as an additive in petro-diesel has been studied. Dispersion properties and physical stability of the blends have been ascertained with the aid of transmittance and backscattering profiles. Combustion phenomenon of blended fuel when monitored shows rapid ignition as compared to diesel, thereby suggesting reduction in ignition delay. Engine performance experiments are carried out in single cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine and the results show marginal reduction in brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperatures as compared to diesel. A reduction of 3.5% in fuel consumption is observed with blend as compared to that with diesel for generating equivalent brake power. Physical properties such as density, viscosity, net calorific value, cetane index and copper strip corrosion are determined and found in accordance with ASTM standards. Reduction in size of soot particles is observed at the end of blend combustion.

5 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

015396   Lalitha O R (NO, , ) : Sustainable development of hydroelectric power - an overview. Wat Energy int 2013, 70(12), 39-43.

Sustainable development of any country is only possible with sufficient supply of electricity. Water and electric power are essential for present day human life and hydroelectric power can ensure security to both. Energy policy makers shall consider exploring the most rational options for meeting the energy needs while protecting the environment to the maximum possible extent. Hydroelectric power is the largest available renewable source of energy which is also environment friendly. In addition to electricity supply, Hydropower is the only source which provides unique side benefits mainly associated with reservoir development such as secured water supply, irrigation, flood control, increased recreational opportunities, improved navigation, development of fisheries, cottage industries etc. Hydropower is a proven and well advanced technology, providing the most efficient energy conversion process (more than 90%). Its fast response time enables it to meet sudden fluctuations in demand and to provide grid and voltage stability. It has lowest operating cost and longest plant life, compared with other large scale generating options. The plant life can be extended economically by relatively cheap maintenance and periodic replacement of electromechanical equipment. The construction periods of hydro power projects can be drastically reduced by employing modern investigation facilities, improved construction machineries, construction management & monitoring techniques, pre-engineering, advance infrastructure development etc. The technical and environmental compliance to the prevailing norms and safety are ensured wile according clearance to Hydro Electric Projects by Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF) and Central Electricity Authority (CEA). India has the potential to become a major producer of hydropower and the need of the hour is to demonstrate the same by will and vision to tap this sustainable source of energy by ensuring timely clearances and avoiding review of statutory clearances accorded at the request of any stakeholder. It is also essential to educate stakeholders and media about the benefits of hydroelectric power.

1 table

015395   Kuchekar S R;Phule S R;Zaware B H;Han S H (Chemistry Dep, Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Arts, Commerce and Science College, Satral, Ahmednagar-414 001, Email: shashi17@gmail.com) : Separation of divalent lead from Ayurvedic (herbal) medicines and alloys using extraction chromatography. Indian J chem Technol 2014, 21(3), 205-10.

Selective, sensitive, less expensive and more precise method has been developed for the separation of lead(II) using N-n-octylaniline (liquid anion exchanger) coated silica gel as stationary phase. The quantitative extraction of lead(II) is found with 0.087 molL^{-1 N-n-octylaniline and 0.007 - 0.15 mol/L-1 ascorbic acid at pH 9.0. The extracted lead(II) has been eluted from the column with 0.5 mol/L-1 hydrochloric acid and analyzed by spectrophotometric method. The probable composition of the extracted species is deduced from log-log plots and extracted species is found to be [2RR'NH+₂.Pb(C₆H₇O₆)2-₄]_{( org.)}. The optimum extraction conditions are evaluated from a critical study of effects of pH, ascorbic acid concentration, N-n-octylaniline concentration and elution time. The proposed method is found simple and efficient as it avoids large number of cation and anion interferences. Lead(II) is successfully separated from binary mixtures with bismuth(III), gold(III) and osmium(VIII). The method is also extended for separation of lead(II) from ayurvedic medicine and synthetic mixtures corresponding to alloys.}

2 illus, 5 tables, 37 ref

015394   Jonnalagadda S B;Nadupalli S (NO, , School of Chemistry, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Univ of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa, Email: jonnalagaddas@ukzn.ac.za) : Chlorine dioxide for bleaching, industrial applications and water treatment. Indian chem Engr 2014, 56(2), 123-36.

As an oxidant, chlorine dioxide is highly effective at alkaline pH. Chlorine dioxide exists as a free-radical monomer. It attacks the electron-rich centres of organic molecules and typically reacts with organics as an oxidant with little or no chlorination. It is selective owing to its unique ability to extract one electron during oxidation to be reduced to chlorite. When the oxidative strength of chlorine and ozone is compared, chlorine dioxide is efficient and effective at low concentrations and less chlorine dioxide is required to obtain an active residual disinfectant. The scope and applications of chlorine dioxide are wide ranging, including wastewater treatment, drinking water treatment, food and beverage processing, algae control, oil well treatment, rendering plant odour control, phenol destruction, sludge disinfection, process water treatment, cooling towers, water clarification improvement, zebra mussel control, hydrogen sulphide destruction, leather processing, paper biocide, colour removal and cotton bleaching to mention a few.

4 illus, 3 tables, 47 ref

015393   Jasleen Kaur;Saini J R (Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, , Ankleshwar-393 002, Email: sidhurukku@yahoo.com) : Study and analysis of opinion mining research in Indo-Aryan, Dravidian and Tibeto-Burman language families. Int J Data Mining Emerging Technol 2014, 4(2), 53-60.

Language is medium for communicating our ideas, feelings or emotions to one another. Written communication either online or offline makes use of different languages for exchange of thoughts or feelings with one another. Various techniques and methods are present in the field of opinion mining and sentiment analysis to extract the emotions from text. This paper presents an analysis of different language families present in India. Indo-Aryan, Dravidian and Tibeto-Burman families exists in India. This paper presents a study and analysis of different languages used for emotion detection and sentiment analysis for formal and informal piece of writing. In this study, six languages (Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi, Oriya, Urdu, and Marathi) from Indo-Aryan group, one language (Telugu) from Dravidian and one language (Manipuri) from Tibeto-Burman group are analysed. Text written using Oriya Language has outperformed all other language in task of opinion mining. Among all Indian languages, Punjabi needs to be explored in terms of sentiment analysis. This study also provides performance comparison of Indian languages with world language, that is, English. English language text has achieved higher performance as compared to Indian languages.

4 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

015392   Hassan A;Sinha A K;Mishra P (Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Dep, Vinoba Bhave Univ, Hazaribag-825 301, Email: anjansinha06@gmail.com) : Studies on ascorbic acid (vitamin-C) content in different citrus fruits and its degradation during storage. Sci Cult 2014, 80(9-10), 275-8.

Vitamin-C which is chemically L-ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient for human body. Vitamin-C is required for various metabolic functions and its deficiency cause scurvy. Recent studies have clearly indicated antioxidant properties of Vitamin-C and hence its role for human has increased manifold. It is known that citrus fruits are good source of Vitamin-C and because of our fast changing lifestyle packed and stored fruit juice have become very common and they are being administered for therapeutic and nutritional purpose as well. The present investigation has revealed gradual degradation of vitamin-c content present in various citrus fruits even it is stored under refrigeration condition (4- 5°c). The reduction of Vitamin-C varies from one fruit to other. Hence it is always suggested to consume fresh juice rather than the packed and stored one.

2 tables, 6 ref

015391   Gupta B;Gautam D;Ikram S (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: bgupta@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Water management in alpha methyl styrene-butyl acrylate grafted and sulfonated PEEK membranes. Indian J chem Technol 2014, 21(3), 176-81.

Radiation grafted and sulphonated PEEK (poly ether ether ketone) membranes have been analyzed for water management within the matrix. Grafting is done using alpha methyl styrene-butyl acrylate (AMS/BA) mixture. Membranes exhibit enhanced water content with the increasing ionic content due to higher hydrophilicity. However, the water/ionic site ratio increases significantly with the increasing graft levels. The ionic mobility also increases with increasing graft levels. It is stated that the water management within the hydrophilic membrane matrix plays a key role and is responsible for the high proton mobility at higher graft levels in the membrane. This, in turn, is governed by the physiochemical changes taking place in membranes due to the grafting and sulfonation process. A correlation of the higher water/ionic site ratio arising out of the structural changes in the proton exchange membranes may be developed by radiation grafting of AMS/BA followed by sulfonation.

4 illus, 38 ref

015390   Ghosh D;Chattopadhyay P (Food Technology & Biochemical Engineering Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata-700 032, Email: parimalchattopadhyay@yahoo.com) : Isolation, analysis and identification of fatty acids in probiotic curds. Indian chem Engr 2014, 56(2), 137-45.

Milk and milk products are nutritious food items containing numerous essential nutrients. The saponified fatty acids (SFAs) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in probiotic curd (dahi) produced by Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei during fermentation and storage at 4°C was determined and compared with the controlled curd. The content of oleic acid, CLA, omega-3 fatty acids, short chain and medium chain fatty acids may promote positive health effects. Gas chromatography analysis showed a significant increase in total SFAs during fermentation and storage of curd samples prepared with the addition of different ratios of lactic cultures. Analysis of SFAs also showed increased concentration of butyric and linoleic acids in the saponified probiotic curd during the course of fermentation. Lactobacilli appeared to increase the SFAs by lipolysis of milk fat and CLA by using internal linoleic acid.

4 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

015389   Das A K;Marwal A;Verma R (Nano Science and Technology Dep, Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET), Mody Science and Technolo, Lakshmangarh, Sikar-332 311, Email: amlan_snigdha@yahoo.com) : Preparation and characterization of nano bio hybrid based magneto liposome. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(1), 367-75.

Biological synthesis of magnetite nano-bio hybrid using plant extracts plays an important role in the field of nanotechnology. The present study demonstrates bio-reductive synthesis of protein coated magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nano-bio hybrid using leaf extracts of Datura inoxia plants and its encapsulation into liposome. Liposome is vesicles of varying size consisting of a spherical lipid bilayer and an aqueous inner compartment that are generated in vitro. Magnet-driven liposome used for the targeted delivery of drugs to organs and tissues. These liposome preparations contain encapsulated drug components and finely dispersed magnetic particles inside the liposome. Liposome is useful in terms of biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity and can control bio distribution by changing the size, lipid composition, and physical characteristics. Furthermore, liposome can entrap both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs and are able to continuously release the entrapped substrate, thus being useful drug carriers. The nano bio hybrid based magneto liposome has been prepared by reversed phase evaporation (REV) method using oleic and linoleic acid which has been shown to be driven under magnetic field. The magneto liposome was characterized by chemically using potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) and confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer Cary 60, Agilent. Magnetic liposome has an advantage over free magnetic nanocores as various functional groups can be attached to the surface of liposome for ligand-specific targeting. Such aspects of magnetically-driven liposome preparations can be used for the targeted delivery of drugs to organs and tissues.

16 ref

015388   Chowdhury T;Das M (Agricultural & Food Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: madhu@agfe.iitkgp.ernet.in) : Optimization of amount of amylose, methylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose of maximum tensile strength and minimum water vapour permeability of corn starch based self-supporting films. Indian J chem Technol 2014, 21(2), 96-104.

Corn starch based self-supporting film has been developed from a fixed quantity of polymer that contains corn starch and functional polysaccharide such as amylose, methylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. The optimum amount of functional polysaccharide in order to obtain maximum tensile strength and mimimum water vapour permeability of film has been determined. It is observed that increasing addition of functional polysaccharide (amylose/methylcellulose/ hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) in blend increases the tensile strength of film to a maximum value, following a decreasing tendency with further addition. The trend for water vapour permeability is found to be opposite. The concentration of functional polysaccharide at the inflection point of maximum tensile strength and minimum water vapour permeability does not always match, thus necessitating the need of optimization. Response surface methodology using design expert numerical optimization could successfully predict the optimum value of functional polysaccharide in starch blend to attain maximum tensile strength and minimum water vapour permeability of developed film. For amylose, methylcellulose, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, the optimized levels are found as 0.65, 0.10, and 0.22% in case of glycerol-water plasticizer, and 0.74, 0.08, 0.29% in case of glycerol-polyethylene glycol-water plasticizer respectively.

2 illus, 4 tables, 74 ref

015387   Bose D (NO, St Xavier's College, Kolkata-700 016, Email: dwarkabose322@gmail.com) : Further to 'Polysilicon production in India'. Curr Sci 2014, 107(5), 734.

4 ref

015386   Bazrafshan E;Zarei A A;Nadi H;Zazouli M A (Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan Univ of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran, Email: zarei_shvh@yahoo.com) : Adsorptive removal of methyl orange and reactive red 198 dyes by Moringa peregrina ash. Indian J chem Technol 2014, 21(2), 105-13.

Study, a low-cost adsorbent derived from Moringa peregrina plant has been used for its ability to remove two common textile dyes, namely Methyl Orange (MO) and Reactive Red 198 (RR-198) from aqueous solutions. The effect of various operating parameters such as initial concentration of dye (10-150 mg L^{-1), contact time (10-150 min), adsorbent dosage (1-13 g L-1) and pH (2-11) is investigated. At an optimum pH of 2, approximately 96% removal of dye (50 mg L-1) is obtained for an adsorbent dose of 7.0 g L-1 after a 70 min contact time. The equilibrium assessment reveals that the Langmuir model is better than Freundlich model for the experimental data. The thermodynamic properties (ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°) show that the adsorption of RR-198 and MO dyes onto Moringa peregrina tree shell ash (MPTA) is spontaneous, endothermic and feasible in the temperature range of 293-313 K. Also, the magnitude of enthalpy change indicates that the adsorption is physical in nature. Finally it can be concluded that the MPTA can be used as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of different concentrations of anionic dyes from aqueous solutions.}

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