000191   Masumdar E U;Mane S H;Pujari V B;Deshmukh L P (Thin Film and Solar Studies Res Lab, Phys Dep, Shivaji Univ Cen Pg Studies, Solapur-413 002) : Effect of antimony dopant on structural and optical properties of CdSe thin films. Indian J pure appl Phys 2002, 40(9), 624-32.

CdSe:Sb thin films with a varying concentration of Sb³⁺ (0-5 mol percent) have been deposited by employing a chemical deposition process. The composition of the as-grown samples was determined by the chemical analysis and EDS technique. The XRD analysis revealed that, the samples are polycrystalline and exhibit a hexagonal wurtzite and cubic zinc blend phase structures. The calculation of lattice parameters (α = 4.2998 Angstrom and c = 7.042 Angstrom) showed good fit with the JCPD data. The average grain size determined by FWHM method is increased up to 0.1 mol percent and then decreased at higher Sb³⁺ doping concentration. Scanning electron micrographs showed crystalline nature with grain size increased considerably and inter-crystalline spacing decreased up to 0.1 mol percent Sb doping level. A considerable amount of over growth / fusing of the grains has also been detected. Optical absorption studies revealed a high absorption coefficient (10⁴-10⁵ cm^1-) with a direct type of transitions (m≅ 0.5). The estimated band gap decreased typically from 1.79 eV to 1.61 eV as Sb³⁺ concentration was increased from 0 to 0.1 mol percent and further, it increased on the higher doping side.

8 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

000190   Mane R K;Ajalkar B D;Bhosale P N (NO, K E Society's Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Islampur, Dist Sangli-415 409) : Studies on chemically deposited bismuth sulphotelluride [Bi₂(S_1-xTe_x)₃] thin films. Indian J pure appl Phys 2002, 40(9), 660-3.

A solution growth process has been employed for the deposition of [Bi₂(S_1-xTe_x)₃] thin film composite with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Analytical grade bismuth nitrate complexed with TEA, thioacetamide and sodium tellurosulphite are used as the basic source materials. The samples are obtained at 55±0.5°C in an aqueous alkaline medium and, are characterized by chemical compositional analysis, optical and electrical characterization techniques. The optical absorption spectra for all as-deposited binary and ternary bismuth sulphotelluride thin films are recorded in the wavelength region 400 to 1300 nm. They show a high coefficient of absorption (α = 10⁴ cm^-1) with an allowed direct type of transition. The optical energy gap typically decreases from 1.62 eV for Bi₂S₃ to 0.65 eV for Bi₂Te₃ as x is increased from 0 to 1. X-ray diffraction study of these films show microcrystalline nature. Electrical resistivity and thermoelectric power measurements have been carried out for all the samples in the temperature range 300 to 500 K. The dependence of resistivity and thermoelectric power on the temperature show that, the Bi₂S₃, Bi₂Te₃ and mixed [Bi₂(S_1-xTe_x)₃] thin films are semiconducting with n-type conduction.

2 illus, 15 ref

000189   Lingwal D S;Naithani U C;Semwal B S (Physics Dep, HNB Garhwal Univ, Campus, Pauri (Garhwal), Uttaranchal-246 001) : Field-dependent sound attenuation in barium titanate, strontium titanate and potassium tantalate type perovskites. Indian J pure appl Phys 2002, 40(10), 701-8.

A theoretical expression for attenuation constant in para-electric phase is dscribed. Taking electric field as parameter, variation of attenuation constant with frequency and temperature is also discussed by considering third and fourth order anharmonic interactions. The attenuation constant increases with increaseing temperature and frequency in presence of an electric field. In the vicinity of the Curie temperature, the attenuation constant increase anomalously. The results obtained are compared with the results of others.

6 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

000188   Kulwant Singh;Gerward L (Phys Dep, Guru Nanak Dev Univ, Amritsar-143 005) : Summary of existing information on gamma-ray and X-ray attenuation coefficients of solutions. Indian J pure appl Phys 2002, 40(9), 643-9.

Accurate values of X-ray and gamma-ray attenuation coefficients of different chemicals are required in spectrometry as well as in many other scientific, engineering and medical disciplines involving photon radiation. The current state of knowledge of experimental and theoretical gamma-ray and X-ray attenuation of coefficients in aqueous solutions of salts is presented and exemplified by recent work. The results presented provide a basis for studying X-ray and gamma-ray photon interactions with ions in solution rather than ion compounds in solid form.

2 tables, 24 ref

000187   Kulshrestha S;Dabral S K;Muktawat K P S;Pant J C (Chemistry Dep, Government P.G. College, Rishikesh-249 201) : Effect of ionic surfactants on the behavior of phenols on bismuth tungstate thin layers. J Indian Chem Soc 2002, 79(9), 739-42.

Effect of surfactants on the behavior of phenolics on bismuth tungstate thin layers has been studied by employing various developing solvents of different nature. HR_f values are compared with those obtained on unimpregnated silica gel layers. It is observed that the utilization of miceller mobile phases, which improves the selectivity and compactness of the spots, offers significant advantage over traditional developing systems. A number of binary and ternary separations of phenols are reported.

3 tables, 11 ref

000186   Kher S;Chaubey S;Chakraborty A L;Bhanage V; Nathan T P S (NO, Fiber-optics Laboratory, Prototype Development and Pilot Production Di, Indore-452 013) : Design and development of an inexpensive, novel OTDR type system for detection of fiber cracks and breaks. Indian J pure appl Phys 2002, 40(10), 750-3.

The optical time domain reflectometry signature of few fibers has been recorded using different lasers having different pulse energy. The signature corresponds to the light scattered back by the fiber towards the input end, versus time. One of the fiber signatures, obtained using nitrogen laser as light source, clearly displays few spikes corresponding to minor cracks in it. Suitability of this laser for OTDR applications has been tested.

Sc7 illus, 3 ref

000185   Kassem M E;Bassiouni M E (Physics Dep, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt) : Effect of γ irradiation on the optical energy gap of polyoxymethylene compacts. Asian J Spectrosc 2001, 5(3), 137-41.

Effect of γ irradiation on the optical properties of polyoxymethylene (POM) compacts is studied at room temperature. The UV-visible spectrometer is used to study the optical absorbency in the wavelength range 200-1100 nm. The optical energy of both direct and indirect transitions as well as the energy band tail ΔE is determined as a function of γ exposure doses. The results show POM compacts became brittle as the γ radiation dose reaches 5 M rad, λ_g increases to a maximum of 2 M rad and the energy band tail ΔE reaches 5 eV at the same dose. Both direct and indirect energies of transition decrease with the irradiation dose. The results can be explained on the bases of γ irradiation induced changes due to crosslinking in the POM.

5 illus, 12 ref

000184   Kandha Swamy M A;Srinivasan V (Phys Dep, Coll Arts Sci, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Coimbatore-641 020) : Laser Raman spectroscopic studies of order-disorder phase transition in Na₃ BaCl₅.2H₂O crystals. Indian J pure appl Phys 2002, 40(9), 650-3.

Laser Raman spectroscopic studies have been undertaken for Na₃BaCl₅.2H₂O single crystals to study the structural phase transitions taking place in them through spectra-structure correlation. The spectral changes that take place in the low temperature phase below 267 K in this crystal in terms of intensity and bandwidth of the stretching and librational modes show that these are indications of diffuse phase transitions associated with an order-disorder mechanism which involves the rotation of water molecules, freezing below 267 K. No evidence of soft modes has been found for the crystal in the temperature region of the studies.

6 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

000183   Jawahar Lal;Jaiswal R M P ;Rajput B S (Physics Dep, G S S Sch, Kurukshetra-136118) : Squeezed states in third harmonic generation. Indian J pure appl Phys 2002, 40(10), 690-3.

Field amplitude squeezing of the third harmonic mode in a non-linear crystal has been investigated and it has been shown that the squeezing occurs for selective phase value of the fundamental mode of the incident light when calculated upto to fourth power of the interaction time. It is also shown that, the squeezing occurs with Poissonian photon-statistics of the field.

22 ref

000182   Hakim M O;Mozibur Rahman M (Physics Dep, Univ of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh) : Electrical properties of boron delta-layers in silicon. Indian J pure appl Phys 2002, 40(10), 726-31.

Electrical properties of MBE grown boron δ-layer in Si have been investigated in the temperature range 10-300 K and a comparative study with their uniform doping counterpart has been presented. Various boron doping levels from 10¹²-10¹⁴cm^-2 in the δ-layer show that, with the fall of temperature from 300 to 50 K, Hall mobility first increases followed by a rapid decrease, and at temperature ≤ K, it becomes almost constant. Higher doping level in the sample grossly lowers the value of Hall mobility but its variations with temperature are almost similar to each other. Existence of the dominant carrier scattering mechanism has also been reported. In all the samples, freeze-out of carriers have been found consistently with the other observations like zero activation energy and negative TCR. The value of minimal metallic conductance for the samples has also been reported.

1 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

000181   Gupta R S;Sharma S K;Tamrakar S P;Chandra B P (Dept of Physics, Govt P G College, Satna-485 001) : Impulsive excitation of mechanoluminescence in Cu and Mn doped ZnS phosphors. Acta Cienc Indica-Phys 2002, 28(1), 151.

Reports the mechanoluminescence (ML) of Cu and Mn activated ZnS phosphors and mechanism of ML excitation in these phosphors. When ML is excited impulsively by impact of pisto on the phosphors then it is found that the ML intensity of these phosphors initially increases, attains an optimum value and finally it decreases with activator concentration. In the ML intensity versus time curve the peak increases and shifts towards shorter time value with increasing impact velocity of piston. The total ML intensity I_T (area below the ML intensity versus time curve) increases linearly with mass of the phosphors. Initially I_T increase with impact velocity then it attains a saturation value for higher values of impact velocities. It is concluded that both the movement of charged dislocations and piezo-electrification during the fracture of phosphor may give rise to ML.

4 illus, 10 ref

000180   Guirgis G A;Pan C;Shen S;Durig J R (Dep Chemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO-64110, USA) : Variable temperature FT-IR of krypton solutions and ab initio calculations of ClCH₂SiH₂X (X=F, Cl, Br). Asian J Spectrosc 2001, 5(3), 113-22.

Variable temperature (-105 to -150°C) studies of the infrared spectra of chloromethyl silyl bromide, ClCH₂SiH₂Br dissolved in liquid krypton have been carried out. From these data, the enthalpy differences have been determined to be approximately 175 cm^-1 for both the chloride and bromide with the more stable form being the trans conformer for each molecule. The experimental enthalpies are consistent with the predictions from the ab initio calculations at both the Hartree-Fock level and with full electron correlation by the perturbation method to second order MP2. It is estimated that 55% of ClCH₂SiH₂Cl and ClCH₂SiH₂Br are in the trans form at ambient temperature. The structural parameters, conformational stabilities, harmonic force fields, infrared intensities, Raman activities, depoiarlzation ratios, and vibrational frequencies, have been obtained for both conformers for all three halides from MP2/6-31G(d) ab initio calculations. The opitimized geometries and conformational stabilities have also been obtained from ab initio calculations utilizing several different basis sets with full electron correlation by the perturbation method up to MP2/6-311+G(2d,2p) and by density functional theory (DFT) calculations by the B3LYP method.

13 ref

000179   Elizabeth A;Joseph C;Ittyachen M A (Crystal Physics Division, School of Pure and Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam) : Growth and spectroscopic characterization of dysprosium praseodymium oxalate crystals. Asian J Spectrosc 2001, 5(3), 131-5.

Single crystals of dysprosium praseodymium oxalates were grown by hydrosilica gel method in which the growth was established by the diffusion controlled reaction of dysprosium and praseodymium ions with oxalate ions. X-ray diffraction studies revealed the crystalline nature of the sample and the unit cell parameters were calculated. The elemental analysis was done by EDAX method. Infrared absorption spectrum confirmed the formation of oxalato-complexes with water of crystallization. The UV-visible absorption spectrum was recorded and the characteristic absorption peaks were identified.

3 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

000178   Elahi M;Souri D (Phys Dep, Fac Sci, Razi Univ, Kermanshah, Iran) : Effect of high electric field on conduction of TeO_{2-V2O5-MoO3 amorphous thin films.} Indian J pure appl Phys 2002, 40(9), 620-3.

Effect of high electric field on dc conductivity of TeO₂-V₂O₅-MoO₃ thin films has been studied. At low fields, the electrical conduction is ohmic while, at high fields, samples show non-ohmic behaviour. The current-voltage characteristics show increasing deviation from Ohm's law, with increasing current density, leading to the maximum voltage. The critical behaviour is described as switching phenomenon. The non-ohmic behaviour (Pool-Frenkel effect) occurs at electrical fields of about 10⁴-10⁵ (V/cm).

7 illus, 7 ref

000177   Ebenezer D D;Abraham P (NO, Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory, Kochi-682 021) : Closed-form analysis of thin radially polarized piezoelectric ceramic cylindrical shells with loss. Curr Sci 2002, 83(8), 981-8.

Closed-form solutions to the equations of motion of radially polarized, piezoelectric, thin cylindrical shells derived using Kirchhoff's hypothesis are presented. The axial and radial components of displacement are expressed as sums of finite number of weighted exponential terms. Internal losses are represented by complex piezoelectric coefficients. The weights are determined using boundary conditions at the ends of the cylinder of finite length. The effect of the dimensions of the cylinder and the piezoelectric coefficients on the input electrical admittance is numerically investigated. The real and imaginary parts of all four piezoelectric coefficients used in the model have significant effect on the admittance. The investigation indicates that the inverse problem can be solved, i.e. the complex piezoelectric coefficients can be determined using the measured admittance.

9 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

000176   Douglas A;Selby N D;Bowers D (NO, AWE Blacknest, Brimpton, Reading, RG7 4RS, UK) : Seismic magnitude and yield for the Indian nuclear test of 11 May 1998. Curr Sci 2002, 83(8), 989-92.

The yield of the 11 May 1998 nuclear test at Pokhran was around 60 kt. Two of the assumptions made in arriving at this estimate according to the authors were justified. A fuller discussion of the effects of interference on body-wave magnitude and estimate that the maximum effect is to reduce magnitude by only 0.02 magnitude units has been given. According to the authors none of the Ms observations reported in bulletins have been measured on signals from the test. According to the Authors 17 surface-wave signals from the 11 May test have been found. The estimated Ms from the ten stations with the highest-quality signals is 3.32, which on the magnitude-yield relationship used by Indian scientists gives 25 kt. The results support the view that the yield of the 11 May test is significantly less than 60 kt.

3 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

000175   Dhar R (Physics Dep, Ewing Christian College, Allahabad-211 003) : Induced twist grain boundary phase in the binary mixtures of cholesteryl caprylate and nonyloxybenzoic acid. Indian J pure appl Phys 2002, 40(10), 694-700.

Binary mixtures of cholesteryl caprylate (ChC) and nonyloxybenzoic acid (Noba) having different mole ratios have been studied using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and polarizing microscope (PM). ChC has monotropic chiralnematic (N*) mesophase in the cooling cycle whereas, NOBA has enantiotropic nematic (N) and smectic C(Smc) mesophases. Transition temperatures and enthalpies of these mixtures have been determined with the help of DSC, whereas different mesophases have been identified by their typical textures as viewed under polarizing microscope. Addition of NOBA in ChC induces smectic A (SmA) and twist grain boundary A (TGBA) phases between two critical concentrations.

6 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

000174   Chennattucherry G C;Kumar G A;Venugopal C; Unnikrishnan N V (School of Pure and Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala) : Optical gain studies in sodium fluorescein : rhodamine B and sodium fluroescein : cresyl violet dye pairs. Asian J Spectrosc 2001, 5(3), 123-30.

Optical gain behaviour of the dye mixture pairs sodium fluorescein (SF) : rhodamine Bs (RhB) and sodium fluorescein : cresyl violet (CV) in ethanol under CW excitation of the argon ion laser (488 nm) is studied. The energy transfer rate constants (radiative and non-radiative) are calculated from the corresponding Stern-Volmer plots. The gain is calculated from the fluorescence line widths and emission cross-sections which are obtained from the fluorescene spectrum. Variations of gain with acceptor concentration and exciting pump power have been discussed. It is observed that for both the dye mixture pairs, gain of the system is very much enhanced by the presence of the donor.

9 illus, 26 ref

000173   Chauhan R P;Chakravarti S K (Phys Dep, IGN Coll, Ladwa, Kurukshetra-136 132) : Radon exhalation rates from soils and stones as building materials. Indian J pure appl Phys 2002, 40(9), 670-3.

Building materials are the main source of radon inside houses. The most popular building materials are soil bricks and different types of stones. Radon is released into ambient air from soil and stones due to omnipresent uranium in them, thus, increasing the airborne radon concentration. The radon emanated from soil and stone samples collected from locations in Haryana and other surrounding states (Northern India) has been estimated. For the measurement of radon concentration emanated from these samples the aurthors used α-sensitive LR-115 type II plastic track detectors. The radon concentration in soil samples collected from Haryana and Delhi varied from 246 ± 29 Bq m^-3 to 453 ± 35 Bq m^-3 whereas, it varied from 482 ± 91 Bq m^-3 to 689 ± 84 Bq m^-3 in case of soil samples collected from in and around some thermal power plants. For stone samples, the radon concentration varied from 472 ± 39 Bq m^-3 to 905 ± 69 Bq m^-3. Based upon the data, the mass and the surface exhalation rates of radon emanated from them have also been calculated and reported.

1 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

000172   Biswal S;Pradhan M (Dept of Physics, Nayagarh College, Nayagarh-752 069) : Hall effect on oscillatory hydromagnetic free convective flow past an infinite vertical porous flat plate with mass transfer. Acta Cienc Indica-Phys 2002, 28(1), 41-52.

Hall effect on oscillatory hydromagnetic free convective past an infinite vertical porous flat plate has been studied with variation of spacies concentration. Constitutive equation of motion, energy and concentration have been formulated taking the effect of Hall current into account. The temperature at the surface of the plate oscillates about a non-zero mean. Closed form solutions have been obtained for the velocity, temperature concentration, skin-friction, rate of heat transfer and concentration gradient. Characteristic curves have been plotted for velocity, temperature and concentration while the values of skin-friction, rate of heat tranfer and rate of mass transfer are entered in tables. It is observed that the Hall parameter `m', Grashof number G, modified Grashof number Ge, Harmann number M influence the flow pattern appreciably. The effect of frequency parameter Ω and Pradil number Pr are obvious from the temperature curves, while the effects of Schmidt number are evident from concentration curves.

6 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

000171   Baria J K;Gajjar P N;Jani A R (Physics Dep, Sardar Patel Univ, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Lattice dynamics of thorium using semi-nonlocal pseudopotential. Indian J pure appl Phys 2002, 40(10), 714-19.

A semi-nonlocal pseudopotential is proposed to calculate lattice dynamics of fcc thorium. A unique technique is suggested to determine the parameter of the potential. A new criterion for the selection of screening function is suggested, for the first time, to incorporate exchange and correlation effects in the pseudopotential form factor. Calculations have produced relatively better theoretical values compared to earlier reports for phonon dispersion curves, C₁₁, C₁₂, B and the propagation velocities of elastic waves.

3 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

000170   Banerjee T (NO, , ) : New reliable sensors for magnetic field measurement using silver chalcogenides. Indian J pure appl Phys 2002, 40(10), 754.

Sc illus, table, ref

000169   Aniruddha Kumar;Bhatt R B (Advd Fuel Fab Faculty, Bhabha Atom Res Cen, Tarapur-401 504) : Tha CO₂ laser with flat temporal output. Indian J pure appl Phys 2002, 40(9), 607-10.

Operation of a pulsed CO₂ laser has been achieved at atmospheric pressure using few tens of micro-henry inductance in the main discharge loop. Such operation leads to the suppression of the initial power spike and increase of energy in the tail of the pulse. The net effect is the flattening of the laser pulse. A near-flat top pulse of duration <126> 3.0 μ sec has been achieved.

5 illus, 6 ref

000168   Amrutha A;Sangeetha L;Samuel D;Chandran P (Dep Physics, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), Tambaram East, Chennai-600 059) : Ab-initio molecular orbital calculations on group III elements and their halides. Indian J Chem-Sect A 2002, 41(7), 1329-33.

Effect of halogenation of dimeric hydrides of boron, aluminium and gallium is studied theoretically for the first time. Ab-initio molecular orbital theory at the RHF/6-31G* level has been used to investigate the physico-chemical properties of the dimers of hexahydrides and halogen substituted hexahydrides. The total energy, ionization potential, charge density and dipole moments are calculated. Halogenation of the dimeric hydrides of Group IIIA elements brings out some interesting properties of the electronic structure of these molecules. From the calculation of ionization potential, it is seen that substitution by bromine decreases the ionization potential. The calculation also shows that whenever substitution of halogen occurs at the bridge position, the ionization potential is further lowered. From the charge density calculation, it is observed that the introduction of halogen (F, Cl or Br) atoms alters the entire charge distribution. Aluminium halides have stable structures and charge distribution compared to other halides of Group III elements. If the bridge atoms are not halogenated gallium behaves more or less like aluminium in all respects. A possibility of existence of dimers of gallium halides is explored. The dipole moments of the molecules are calculated and reported.

6 tables, 10 ref

000167   Ahmad Z (Department of Physics, Faculty of Science University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069) : Characteristics of events accompanied by hadrons in the backward hemisphere in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. Acta Cienc Indica-Phys 2002, 28(1), 53-5.

4 illus, 1 table

022918   Wilde P (NO, Univ of Applied Sciences Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 2, 07745 Jena, Germany, Email: peter.wilde@tu-ilmenau.de) : Generalized displacement problem in elasticity. Prog Phys 2011, 4, 83-4.

By solving a special coupling boundary value problem for vector Helmholtz equations it is shown how the displacement boundary value problem in elasticity can be solved. It is shown that the generalized displacement problem possesses at most one solution.

6 ref

022917   Weller D L (NO, , , Email: physics@dougweller.com) : Gravity and the conservation of energy. Prog Phys 2011, 4, 37-9.

The Schwarzschild metric apportions the energy equivalence of a mass into a time com-ponent, a space component and a gravitational component. This apportionment indicates there is a source of gravitational energy as well as a limit to the magnitude of gravitational energy.

4 ref

022916   Vinod Kumar;Singh R G;Purohit L P;Mehra R M (Physics Dep, Gurukula Kangri Univ, Haridwar-249 404, Email: rammehra2003@yahoo.com) : Dependence of structural, transport and optical properties of nanocrystalline zinc oxide films on annealing temperature. Invertis J Sci Technol 2011, 4(3), 127-32.

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films were deposited on glass by sol-gel method. Zinc acetate dehydrate, methanol and monoethanolamine were used as a Zinc source materials, solvent and stabilizer, respectively. ZnO films have been annealed at different temperature ranging from 350°C to 550°C. An X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was used to investigate the structural properties of the ZnO films. Crystallite size of ZnO is varying from 18 to 30 nm with change annealing temperature. A Scanning emission microscopy (SEM) was used to confirmed surface morphologies of ZnO films. The lowest sheet resistance was found to be 89.29Ω/Sq. at annealing temperature 4SQ°C. Sheet resistance is found to increase with increase in grain size. The band gap energy exhibits red shift from 3.26 to 3.22 eV with increase in annealing temperature.

8 illus, 18 ref

022915   Tosto S (NO, , , Email: stosto@inwind.it) : Analysis of states in the phase space: uncertainty, entropy and diffusion. Prog Phys 2011, 4, 69-78.

The paper aims to show the physical link between Fick's laws and entropy increase in an isolated diffusion system, initially inhomogeneous and out of the thermodynamic equilibrium, within which transport of matter is allowed to occur. Both the concentration gradient law and the entropic terms characterizing the diffusion process are inferred from the uncertainty equations of statistical quantum mechanics. The approach is very genera] and holds for diffusion systems in solid, liquid and gas phases.

6 ref

022914   Tosto S (NO, , ENEA Casaccia, via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy, Email: sebastiano.tosto@enea.it) : Analysis of states in the phase space: the anharmonic oscillator. Prog Phys 2011, 4, 29-36.

The paper introduces a simple quantum model to calculate in a general way allowed frequencies and energy levels of the anharmonic oscillator. The theoretical basis of the approach has been introduced in two early papers aimed to infer the properties of quantum systems exploiting the uncertainty principle only. Although for clarity the anharmonic oscillator is described having in mind the lattice oscillations of atoms/ions, the quantum formalism of the model and approach have general character and can be extended to any oscillating system. The results show that the harmonic energy levels split into a complex system of anharmonic energy levels dependent upon the number of terms of the Hamiltonian that describes the anharmonicity.

9 ref

022913   Tank H K (NO, Indian Space Research Organization, 22/693 Krishna Dham-2, Vejalpur, Ahmedabad-380 015, Email: tank.hasmukh@rediffmail.com) : Insight into planck's units: explaining the experimental-observations of lack of quantum structure of space-time. Prog Phys 2011, 4, 17-19.

Presents an insight into Planck's natural-units, that they are geometric-mean-values of astronomical-quantities, like total-mass of the universe M₀ and mass corresponding to Hubble's-constant (hH₀/c²), providing a theoretical support to the observational findings of Ragazzoni, R., Turatto, M. & Gaessler [Astrophysical Jour-nal,587, L1-L4], Lieu, R. & Hillman, L.W [Astrophysical Journal, 585. L77-L80] and a news item published in Nature [Published on line on 31 March 2003 Nature DOI 10.1038/news030324-13] that there is no observational evidence for the quantum structure of space-time. Physicists have been expecting unification of gravitational and electric forces at Planck's energy; so they wanted to experimentally create a pair of particles whose gravitational-radius is equal to their Compton-wavelength. Whereas this paper shows that in nature there exists a "pair of unequal masses" which satisfies the condition of equality of gravitational and electrostatic potential-energies of the pair. If the universe with its total-mass M₀ and a particle of mass hH₀/c² both are electrically charged bodies, then the strengths of electric force and gravitational-force experienced by them will be equal. It is also pointed-out here that P.A.M. Dirac's observation of recurrences of the large-number 10⁴⁰ and its explanation proposed by Tank [Proceedings of Indian National Sci. Acad. A. Vol. 63, No. 6, 469-474 (1997)] in 1997, by Sidharth [arXiv:gen-ph/0509026] in 2005, and by Funkhouser [arXiv:gen-ph/0611115] in 2006, should be viewed as attempts in search of natural system of units; and the recurrences R₀/r_e = e²/Gm_e, m_p = [M₀/m_p] should be taken more seriously than a mere coincidence, because its explanation by Tank also helped explaining the recurrences of the critical-acceleration of MOND noticed by Sivaram [Astrophys. and Space Sci. 215, (1994), 185-189].

10 ref

022912   Sur U K (Chemistry Dep, Regent Education and Research Foundation, Barakanthalia, Kolkata-700 121, Email: uksur99@yahoo.co.in) : Electrochemical effect of electrostatic charges at insulators. Curr Sci 2010, 98(7), 891.

^ssc6 ref

022911   Singh R;Veenadhari B;Cohen M B;Pant P;Singh A K;Maurya A K;Vohat P;Inan U S (NO, Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 218, Email: rajeshsing03@gmail.com) : Initial results from AWESOME VLF receivers: set up in low latitude Indian regions under IHY2007/UNBSSI program. Curr Sci 2010, 98(3), 398-405.

This article delineates preliminary results obtained from three newly set up very low frequency (VLF) radio receiver observation stations at low latitude Indian sites Allahabad (16.49°N), Nainital (20.48°N) and Varanasi (15.41°N), during 2007. These stations were set up by collaboration between the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Mumbai and Stanford University, USA under the International Heliophysical Year 2007/United Nations Basic Space Science Initiative (UNBSSI) program. VLF stations are part of Atmospheric Weather Electromagnetic System for Observation, Modeling and Education (AWESOME) network being operated globally to study the ionosphere and the magnetosphere with the help of electromagnetic waves in extremely low frequency (ELF) and VLF bands. The new set up of VLF receiver is a marked improvement over the traditional recording and analysis systems in India. It provides additional facilities to study the VLF phenomena at low latitudes which were not studied earlier, like direction finding of events like whistlers, emissions, etc. and Z-region ionospheric perturbation caused by the geophysical phenomena such as solar flares, lightning induced electron precipitations, cosmic gamma ray flares, terrestrial gamma rays flares, geomagnetic storm effect, etc. Simultaneous observation at multiple sites will provide opportunity to study in more detail the application of ELF/VLF data as earthquake precursors. Some of the initial results obtained from the preliminary analysis are presented to show the probing potentiality of ELF/VLF waves in ionosphere/magne-tosphere studies.

7 illus, 35 ref

022910   Ries A;Fook M V L (NO, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, UAEMA, Rua Aprigio Veloso 882, 58429-140 Campina Grande - PB, Brazil, Email: andreasries@yahoo.com) : Excited electronic states of atoms described by the model of oscillations in a chain system. Prog Phys 2011, 4, 20-4.

Analyzed the numerical values of half-lifes of excited electronic states of the H, He and Li atom, as well as the Li⁺ ion. By means of a fractal scaling model originally published by Muller in this journal, we interprete these half-lifes as proton resonance periods. On the logarithmic scale, the half-lifes were expressed by short continued fractions, where all numerators are Euler's number. From this representation it was concluded that the half-lifes are heavily located in nodes or sub-nodes of the spectrum of proton resonance periods.

2 tables, 10 ref

022909   Rao M L;Sedlmayr S R;Roy R;Kanzius J (Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State Univ, Park Univ, 105 MRL Building, PA 16805, USA, Email: rroy@psu.edu) : Polarized microwave and RF radiation effects on the structure and stability of liquid water. Curr Sci 2010, 98(11), 1500-4.

It is now established that liquid water has many structures with distinctive properties. Established that ultradilute (≈ 1 ppm) aquasols are different both in structure and properties. We present here, the effects of electromagnetic radiation on water, including our own work from Penn State established in the past decade on the effects of polarized microwave (2.45 GHz) on solids and liquids and radiofrequency (RF) (13.56 MHz) radiation on water. Detailed Raman spectroscopy provides the data on major changes in the water structure including striking reduction in the main stretching modes. The time required for relaxation of the structure at room temperature is in hours.

6 illus, 32 ref

022908   Ramola R C;Chandra S;Rana J M S;Sharma R; Annapoorni S;Sonkawade R G;Singh F;Avasthi D K (Physics Dep, HNB Garhwal Univ, Badshahi Thaul Campus, Tehri Garhwal-249 199, Email: rcramola@gmail.com) : Swift heavy ions induced modifications in structural and electrical properties of polyaniline. Curr Sci 2009, 97(10), 1453-8.

The ion fluences range from 5 x 10¹⁰ to 1 x 10¹² ions/cm² irradiation effects of 50 MeV Li³⁺ and 90 MeV C⁶⁺ ion beams on free-standing polyaniline (PANI) films have been investigated. The X-ray diffraction study shows an increase in crystalline nature of the PANI film with increasing fluence, followed by a decrease beyond the critical ion fluence. I-V characteristics reveal increased conductivity in the irradiated films. Scanning electron microscopy shows the formation of clusters and craters at higher fluences.

6 illus, 3 tables, 43 ref

022907   Ramesh R;Singh A (Geosciences Div, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad-380 009, Email: arvinds@prl.res.in) : Isotopic fractionation in open systems: application to organic matter decomposition in ocean and land. Curr Sci 2010, 98(3), 406-11.

Stable isotopic evolution of a reservoir from which material is continuously removed with isotopic frac-tionation is generally described by the Rayleigh equation, widely used in geochemical research to describe two-component systems. It has been extended to the case of multi-component sources as well. Here we present an equation describing isotopic fractionation in open systems, wherefrom material is not only removed with isotopic fractionation, but fresh material of a different isotopic composition is added from an external source, at a given rate, and some examples where this equation is applicable.

5 illus, 23 ref

022906   Pragati R S;Parihar N;Ghodpage R;Mukherjee G K (Physics Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-500 003, Email: gkm@iigs.iigm.res.in) : Characteristics of gravity waves in the upper mesosphere region observed by OH airglow imaging. Curr Sci 2010, 98(3), 392-7.

Presents the characteristics of small-scale (<60>100 km) gravity waves in the upper mesosphere region derived from OH airglow imaging observations at Allahabad (25.4°N, 81.8°E, dip lat. <126> 16.34°N) in India during January-May 2008 on cloud free and moonless nights. Horizontal and vertical propagation characteristics of the short period (<60>1 h) gravity waves (wavelength, apparent phase velocity, periodicity, direction) have been retrieved. Observed period, horizontal wavelength and observed horizontal phase speeds of gravity waves were typically 5-17 min, 10-37 km and 10-48 m/s. The propagation directions are in north and north-eastward in April and May. In February and March, few displays showed significant south-west motion. The possible source of wave generation has been discussed.

4 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

022905   Potter F (NO, Sciencegems.com, 8642 Marvale Drive, Huntington Beach, CA 92646, Email: frank11hb@yahoo.com) : Mathematical universe: I. how the monster group dictates all of physics. Prog Phys 2011, 4, 47-54.

A 4th family b' quark would confirm that our physical Universe is mathematical and is discrete at the Planck scale. I explain how the Fischer-Greiss Monster Group dictates the Standard Model of leptons and quarks in discrete 4-D internal symmetry space and, combined with discrete 4-D spacetime, uniquely produces the finite group Weyl E₈ x Weyl E₈ = "Weyl" SO(9,1). The Monster's j-invariant function determines mass ratios of the particles in finite binary rotational subgroups of the Standard Model gauge group, dictates Mobius transformations that lead to the conservation laws, and connects interactions to triality, the Leech lattice, and Golay-24 information coding.

14 ref

022904   Patrascu I (NO, Fratii Buzesti, National College, Craiova, Romania, Email: patrascu_ion@yahoo.com) : Scientists deduced the existence of particles with faster-tan-light speeds recently discovered by CERN. Prog Phys 2011, 4, L8-L9.

In this paper we present a short survey on Smarandache Hypothesis that there is no speed barrier in the universe and one can construct arbitrary speeds, hypothesis which has been partially confirmed by the recent CERN results of OPERA team led by Antonio Ereditato that experimentally found that neutrino particles travel faster than C.

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022903   Patel K (Electrical & Electronics Standards, National Physical Laboratory, , Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110 012, Email: kpatel@nplindia.org) : Dielectric property of foams by traceable free-space transmission method in X-band range. Invertis J Sci Technol 2011, 4(3), 133-9.

Complex permittivity of flexible polyurethane foam and rigid polyethylene foam are determined by the free-space transmission method in 8.2-12.4 GHz frequency range. The calculated dielectric constant were found in the range of 1.011 to 1.075 and 1.004 to 1.032 for the polyurethane foam and polyethylene foam respectively, whereas the loss tangents are in the range of 2.33 x 10^-3 to 0.04 x 10^-2 and3.65 x 10^-4 to 2.77x 10^-2. The results along with their combined uncertainty may be treated as a standard data for the applications of these easily available foams in the microwave frequency range. To establish the reliability, a traceability link of these dielectric property measurements is also presented through the S-parameters measurements, frequency and dimensional metrology.

6 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

022902   Pandey S K;Shrivastava R;Borkar L K;Tripathi A K;Tripathi A;Dubey S C (Physics Dep, Rewa Engineering College, Rewa-486 001, Email: subhas1236@rediffmail.com) : Sunspots and sunspot cycles 1-24. Curr Sci 2010, 98(11), 1496-9.

Sunspots are the most obvious feature on the disturbed surface of the photosphere above the solar atmosphere and appear to play a key role in major solar and terrestrial disturbances. The solar source activity varies with a 11-year sunspot cycle. During solar activity maximum years, maximum transient solar activity (i.e. solar flares, solar proton events and coronal mass ejections) is released from the Sun and enters the earth's magnetosphere which is found to be responsible for producing large geomagnetic storms. In solar activity minimum years, a few geomagnetic storms are observed due to the presence of coronal interaction regions. We have studied the general characteristics of past solar cycles 1-23 and predicted about the present sunspot cycle 24. We conclude that sunspot cycle 24 is similar to sunspot cycle 22, peaking between September 2012 and February 2013. Solar maximum of sunspot cycle 24 may pose a great risk to satellite communication, space weather and result in geomagnetic hazards.

6 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

022901   Ndikilar C E (Physics Dep, Gombe State Univ, P.M.B 127, Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria, Email: ebenechifu@yahoo.com) : Einstein's planetary equation: an analytical solution. Prog Phys 2011, 4, 60-2.

Einstein's planetary equation can be solved by the method of successive approximations. This yields two linearly independent solutions. An analytical solution is presented for this equation. This solution produces eight linearly independent mathematical solutions, two of which are given approximately by the well-known method of successive approximations.

2 ref

022900   Minasyan V N;Samoylov V N (NO, Scientific Center of Applied Research, JINR, Dubna-141 980, Russia, Email: mvahan_n@yahoo.com) : Superfluidity component of solid <. Prog Phys 2011, 4, 8-12.

Presents a new model for solid which is based on such a concept as the fluctuation motion of "solid particles" or "solid points". The fluctuation motion of "solid particles" in solid ⁴He represents a longitudinal elastic wave which is in turn quantized by neutral longitudinal Bose sound particles with spin 1 with the rest mass m. Thus, first we remove a concept of "lattice" for solid by presentation of new model of one as a vibration of sound particles by natural frequency Ω_l. In this respect, we first postulate that the superfluid component of a solid ⁴He is determined by means of sound panicles with spin 1 in the condensate.

12 ref

022899   Minasyan V N;Samoylov V N (NO, Scientific Center of Applied Research, JINR, Dubna-141 980, Russia, Email: mvahan_n@yahoo.com) : Ultracold fermi and bose gases and spinless bose charged sound particles. Prog Phys 2011, 4, 3-7.

Proposes a novel approach for investigation of the motion of Bose or Fermi liquid (or gas) which consists of decoupled electrons and ions in the uppermost hyperfine state. Hence, we use such a concept as the fluctuation motion of "charged fluid particles" or "charged fluid points" representing a charged longitudinal elastic wave. In turn, this elastic wave is quantized by spinless longitudinal Bose charged sound particles with the rest mass m and charge e₀. The existence of spinless Bose charged sound particles allows us to present a new model for description of Bose or Fermi liquid via a non-ideal Bose gas of charged sound particles. In this respect, we introduce a new postulation for the superfluid component of Bose or Fermi liquid determined by means of charged sound particles in the condensate, which may explain the results of experiments connected with ultra-cold Fermi gases of spin-polarized hydrogen, ⁶Li and ⁴⁰K, and such a Bose gas as ⁸⁷Rb in the uppermost hyperfine state, where the Bose-Einstein condensation of charged sound particles is realized by tuning the magnetic field.

12 ref

022898   Heymann Y (NO, , 3 rue Chandieu, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland, Email: y.heymann@yahoo.com) : Building galactic density profiles. Prog Phys 2011, 4, 63-7.

The principal objective of this study is to provide a method to build galactic density profiles. The models developed in this study were tested against the zCosmos deep field galactic survey. The herein study suggests that light travel distances need to be converted into Euclidean distances in order to derive the galactic density profile of the survey which is the evolution of galactic density over time. In addition, the present study indicates an Ω_m of 0.19.

3 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

022897   Dwivedi B N;Srivastava A K (Applied Physics Dep, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: bnd.app@itbhu.ac.in) : Coronal heating by alfven waves. Curr Sci 2010, 98(3), 295-6.

In 1942 Hannes Alfven proposed that waves can propagate through magnetized plasma under conditions similar to the Sun's atmosphere. After over six decades of this Nobel-prize winning discovery, scientists are still trying to figure out whether these waves are capable of heating the solar corona and accelerating the solar wind.

2 illus, 14 ref

022896   Dinesh B V;Nair G J;Prasad A G V;Nakkeeran P V;Radhakrishna M C (Seismology Div, Seismic Array Station, E&I Group Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Gauribidanur-561 208, Email: bvdinesh@yahoo.co.uk) : Relation between sedimentary layer thickness and fundamental frequency of the H/V spectra for Bangalore city. Curr Sci 2009, 97(7), 1073-7.

Soil amplification and topographical effects play a major role in earthquake damage to civil structures. Study of sedimentary layer thickness and behaviour under stress cycles is crucial for earthquake hazard analysis. Borehole logs for Bangalore are used to benchmark the relation between sedimentary thickness and resonant frequency of the soil layer for this region. Microtremor measurements are carried out at the locations where borehole drilling was done and the frequencies corresponding to spectral peaks of the HIV ratio are estimated, where H and V denote the horizontal and vertical spectral component of the mi-crotremor displacement respectively. The thicknesses of the soil layer (D), obtained from borehole logs and the soil layer resonant frequencies (f_r) determined from the HIV spectral peaks are used to obtain a regression relation between them. The regression relation obtained is given by D = (58.29 ± 8.8) x f_r^-0.95±0.1. Using the data from the work of Divya et al., a similar regression relation is plotted. The results obtained are in agreement with the field data. This relation can be used for computing the depth to the bedrock for Bangalore using microtremor survey at a location where borehole data is not available.

5 illus, 8 ref

022895   Comay E (NO, Charactell Ltd., P.O. Box 39019, Tel Aviv 61390 Israel, Email: elicomay@post.tau.ac.il) : Spin, Isospin and strong interaction dynamics. Prog Phys 2011, 4, 55-9.

The structure of spin and isospin is analyzed. Although both spin and isospin are related to the same SU(2) group, they represent different dynamical effects. The Wigner-Racah algebra is used for providing a description of bound states of several Dirac particles in general and of the proton state in particular. Isospin states of the four Δ(1232) baryons are discussed. The work explains the small contribution of quarks spin to the overall proton spin (the proton spin crisis). It is also proved that the addition of QCD's color is not required for a construction of an antisymmetric state for the Δ⁺⁺(1232) baryon.

1 illus, 11 ref

022894   Chopra K N;Sanjay Kumar;Joseph J;Singh K (Physics Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Email: kchopra2003@gmail.com) : Advances in photonic and microwave technologies based on negative phase velocity materials, and related topics-a qualitative bibliographic review for the year 2006 : Part II. Invertis J Sci Technol 2011, 4(3), 146-87.

A negative phase velocity means that the phase of a wave advancing through the medium is negative rather than positive, which is usually the case. This fundamental reversal of propagation contains important implications related to all electromagnetic phenomena. [See for example, Victor Veselago, "The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of ε and μ" Sov. Phys. Usp. 10 (1968) 509-514]. These materials result in modified Snell's law of refraction, and thus show many startling properties e.g. Refraction of light on the same side of the normal entering the material; Reversal of Doppler shift; Cerenkov radiation pointing the other way; and the time-averaged Poynting vector being antiparellel to phase velocity. Demonstration of the use of negative refractive materials (NRMs) for making perfect lenses with resolution capabilities not limited by the conventional diffraction limit has given an enormous impetus to the interest in NRMs. Considerable interest has been shown in using sub-wavelength structures to develop materials that qualitatively have new response functions that do not occur in nature. A very brief introduction of negative refraction covering its hypothesis, research, relevant materials and their preparation, and pertinent devices has been given. As these materials are becoming increasingly important for various studies in the fields of 'Photonics and Microwave Technologies, a qualitative bibliographic review of the investigations in these fields for the year 2006, has been presented in this paper. The books have been marked by an asterisk (*). No claim is made as to the completeness of the bibliography. However, an attempt has been made to include as many references as possible.

227 ref