DUBEY M S, DESHPANDE S M, GOLEKAR R B
001582 DUBEY M S, DESHPANDE S M, GOLEKAR R B (Geology Dep, Khare Dhere Bhosale Coll, Ratnagiri- 415 703, Maharashtra, Email: rbgolekar@gmail.com) : Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in warora area of Central India. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(2), 187-204.
Warora area of central India exposes geological rock formations from Archean to Deccan age. It is known for the hydrothermal fluoride mineralization as well as coal mines, cement industries and coal based power plants. Therefore this area is most vulnerable for the groundwater contamination from lithological as well as anthropogenic sources. This paper aims to assess the suitability of groundwater in Warora area for drinking and irrigation purposes based on the accepted standards. Total 57 groundwater samples were collected from dug and bore wells during pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons. Groundwater chemistry shows bicarbonate as a most abundant anion in most of the locations in the study area. Chloride is the dominant anion followed by SO4 2-> HCO3 -> Cl- , whereas cations show the following as K+ > Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+. Concentrations of TDS, hardness, PO4, SO4, NO3 and F in several water samples are not suitable for human consumption as per the recommended BIS guidelines for drinking purposes. From irrigation point of view, the studied groundwater samples are hazardous for crops which show moderate to high salinity. RSC and SSP values in most of the samples show beyond permissible limits and indicated non-suitability for irrigation use. The high fluoride concentration has undesirable effects on the human health of the people lives in the study area and therefore preventive measures such as defluoridation or an alternative supply arrangement are suggested for the management of groundwater resources.
7 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref
SANTHOSH V, VISHNU MOHAN S
001581 SANTHOSH V, VISHNU MOHAN S (PG Studies and Research in Geology Dep, MES Ponnani Coll, Malappuram- 679 586, Kerala, Email: santhoshviswapal@gmail.com) : Origin and Palaeo-Depositional Vicissitudes of Late Quaternary Sediments of central Kerala, South India. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(2), 179-86.
Study of Late Quaternary sediments has received much attention in recent years, as these particular sediments are associated with the finer particles and plays a pivotal role in elemental exchange between sediments and water. Clay minerals are reactive geological materials or particulates that regulate the overall physico-chemical milieu of aquatic environments. The clay mineral composition of sediments may give important clues to the conditions under which the sediments were deposited in addition to the climatic conditions, provenance etc. of the sediments. The composition and distribution of clay minerals have been used as indicators of sediment dispersal in various environments. Information on clay minerals is essential for a better understanding of the origin, early digenetic reactions and environment of deposition of the sediments. This clay mineral rich top layer containing organic matter and other nutrient elements which is the major life supporting systems of the wetland ecosystems. The nature of the nutrient dynamics in the wetland system is dependent on the quality and quantity of the clay minerals in the sediments. The present study is an attempt to understand the origin, geochronology and depositional environments of the clay sediments of the two river basins of central Kerala.
3 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref
JALEEL H T, AL- BANNA A S, AL-SHARAA G H
001580 JALEEL H T, AL- BANNA A S, AL-SHARAA G H (Geology Dep, Baghdad Univ, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: yousif8181@yahoo.com) : Elastic modulus and unconfined compressive strength study of middle cretaceous formations, dhifriya field middle Iraq. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(2), 171-8.
Dynamic elastic properties are calculated from the measurements of elastic compressional and shear velocities with corrected bulk density in Middle Cretaceous Formation, Dhifriya Middle Iraq. Static elastic properties were calculated from the correlation equations with dynamic elastic properties. The differences between dynamic and static elastic properties are caused by the presence of microfractures. From the dynamic young modulus and total porosity which was derived from Neutron –Density logs; the Unconfined Compressive rock Strength (UCS) was calculated. Compressional velocity was derived from sonic data and then shears velocity was estimated from Vp using Green Castagna equations. Techlog software were used to calculate static and dynamic elastic properties with rocks strength UCS based on well log data taken from two wells in Dhifriya field Dh-1, Dh-2. The results show that the rocks with high porosity and low density have low rock resistance for drilling and breaking (low UCS), while the rocks with high density and low porosity have high resistance for drilling and breaking(high UCS).
4 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref
ALI R H, AL-ZAIDY A A H
001579 ALI R H, AL-ZAIDY A A H (Geology Dep, Baghdad Univ, Iraq, Email: aiad.alzaidy@gmail.com) : Diagenetic effects and porosity evolution of zubair formation in west qurna oil field, Southern Iraq. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(2), 154-70.
This present study includes the petrography, lithofacies analysis and depositional development for the Zubair Formation in six boreholes (WQ-1, WQ-13, WQ-15, WQ-60, WQ-148 and WQ-356) within the West Qurna oil field. Zubair Formations was deposited within Mesopotamian Zone during the Barremain stage which belongs to the Early Cretaceous epoch. The Zubair formation in the study area affected by many diagenetic processes through and after the deposition. There are three diagenetic zones in this succession; the lower part of the Zubair Formation is characterized with three effected porous zone, which is separated by high compacted and cemented sandstone. The middle part of this formation is showing high compacted sandstone with appeared the overgrowth quartz and microquartz cementation. While the upper Zubair Formation is affected by compaction shale alternative with high compaction overgrowth quartz. The quartz arenite sandstone affected by the compaction in low amount follows by chemical dissolution led to made the secondary quartz precipitated on the original grains this decrease the primary porosity, the increase of compaction process destroyed the quartz and rock fragment grains this associated with chemical solution which led to precipitate extra grains of quartz as a small grain decreasing the porosity. After this process the changing in chemical and physical properties of depositional basin led to precipitate the calcite cement, and finally as results of organism activity calcite were dissolved and produced the secondary porosity. The effective porosity values distribution in the studied succession, where appeared in the lower unit one moderate permeable zone in all studied wells separated by impermeable zone in WQ-60 to became two zone. Whiles the middle unit characterized by two moderate and two high permeable zones. The first moderate zone is appeared in the lower part of middle unit within WQ-60 , 15 and 1, while the second is appeared in the upper part of this unit within WQ-15, 1 and 356.The upper unit is showing one limited moderate permeable zone within WQ-60 and 15.
12 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref
SHALINI G, SOWMYA M
001578 SHALINI G, SOWMYA M (Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore- 560098, Karnataka, Email: shalingat@gmail.com) : Morphometric characteristics of a twin river coastal watershed: implication for watershed management: A case study from the mulki-Pavanje Rivers, Karnataka, India. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(2), 142-53.
Morphometric investigation is a substantial means for prioritization of watersheds/sub-watersheds for their management. In the present paper Mulki-Pavanje twin rivers in the coastal Karnataka is studied for their conjunctive watershed management based on morphometric analysis is carried out using remote sensing and GIS. In this study the different morphometric properties of the watershed such as Areal, Relief and Linear aspects has been carried out using SRTM (DEM) data of 30m resolution. The MulkiPavanje streams originate at 240 and 200m above MSL on the western part of the western ghat, and together drain area of 581 Square Kilometres and seam the Arabian Sea through a common estuary. Morphometric analysis has revealed that the area is having moderate slope and infiltration rate, hence groundwater recharge is limited, while presence of lineaments indicates local percolation. Hence both surfaces harnessing of the water resources followed by local recharge is suggested.
8 illus, 24 ref
SARMA K, DUTTA P J
001577 SARMA K, DUTTA P J (Geology Dep, Cotton Univ, Guwahati- 781 001, Email: paragjdutta@gmail.com) : Soil erosion estimation of palasbari in Northeast India by rusle model. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(2), 129-41.
Soil erosion is a serious problem and its estimation at a large scale is an urgent need. This study aims to estimate the annual soil loss in Palasbari town (639 km2 ) applying the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model on a GIS platform. The study area comprising Palasbari town is located in the state of Assam in Northeast India. The annual soil loss rate varies from 0 to 3779t ha-1 yr-1 and the mean annual rate of soil loss is 42 t ha-1 yr-1 . The soil loss values are categorised into four classes of severity i.e. slight, moderate, severe and extreme soil erosion. Based on spatial analysis, it is found that areas with high slope length and steep slope with heavy and high intensity precipitation are more prone to soil erosion. It is concluded that steep slopes, frequent flooding, sandy soil, destruction of vegetation cover are the main causes of soil erosion in the study area.
10 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref
DESHPANDE S M , SAYED V G
001576 DESHPANDE S M , SAYED V G (Geology Dep, Institute of Science, Aurangabad- 431005, Maharashtra, Email: vgsayed@gmail.com) : Study of groundwater quality for drinking purposes in Khelna Basin, Aurangabad, Maharashtra. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(2), 123-8.
Groundwater is generally less susceptible to contamination and pollution when compared to surface water bodies. The present paper deals with suitability of water for drinking purpose in part of Khelna river basin Aurangabad district, Maharashtra. Geologically, the area is occupied by Deccan Trap lava flows of upper Cretaceous to Eocene age. A total of fifty-one groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major physicochemical parameter in order to understand the different geochemical processes. The groundwater is alkaline in nature. The higher amount of total hardness in a few samples is due to application of fertilizer for agricultural contributing the higher concentration of ions.
1 table, 33 ref
SAHU O P, SAHU P, JAIN P K, GOLEKAR R B
001575 SAHU O P, SAHU P, JAIN P K, GOLEKAR R B (Geology Dep, Khare Dhere Bhosale Coll, Guhagar District Ratnagiri- 415703, Maharashtra, Email: rbgolekar@gmail.com) : Drainage morphometric investigation of nimni watershed, Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh, India. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 112-22.
The present paper deals with drainage morphometric investigation of Nimni watershed, Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh, India. A morphometric analysis of the Nimni watershed has been carried out to characterize the nature of drainage network. The linear, areal and relief aspects of the drainage basin have been determined. The morphometric parameters have been computed on the basis of drainage map prepared on 1:50,000 scale. These parameters includes Stream order, Lengths of stream, Bifurcation ratio, Drainage density, Length of overland flow, Stream frequency, Form factor, Circulatory ratio, Elongation ratio, Lemniscate’s ratio, Basin relief, Relief ratio, Ruggedness number and Ground surface slope. The drainage area of the Nimni watershed is 98 km2. The stream order of the basin is mainly controlled by physiographic and lithological conditions of the area. The increase in stream length ratio from lower to higher order shows that the study area has reached a mature geomorphic stage. The geomorphic analysis of Nimni watershed reveals that the present drainage basin exhibits uneven topography, presence of hard rock terrain and dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage pattern. The dendritic drainage pattern exhibits the presence of hard and resistant rocks referable to Bundelkhand Granite Complex.
8 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref
MULLA N, MONDAL N C
001574 MULLA N, MONDAL N C (CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad- 500 007, Telangana, Email: ncmngri@gmail.com) : Uncertainty analysis of dominating hydrological parameters in diverse hydrometeorological micro-watersheds in Krishna Basin, India. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 99-111.
Hydrological model plays a vital role in water resources management and serves many applications, including water resources planning development and management, agriculture, and flood production. Rainfall-runoff modeling in any watershed is highly influenced by the different hydrological parameters such as Curve Number (CN_2), Groundwater Delay (GW_DEALY), Base flow (ALPHA_BF), ground water Revap (GW_REVAP), Threshold depth of water (GWQM), and ESCO. Therefore, the rainfallrunoff model was simulated using the Algorithm SUFI-2 of SWAT-CUP in the Soil-Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in two diverse hydro-meteorological watersheds of Marol (area: ~5158 km2), and Talikot (area: ~2370 km2) in Krishna basin of Southern India, where the unregulated flow exit. The results show that the R2 and NSE-values for the calibration of streamflow in Marol watershed are 0.87 and 0.84, respectively, and in the validation, 0.65 and 0.58, respectively. Similarly, for the Talikot watershed, they are 0.90 and 0.52; and 0.83 and 0.74, respectively. The curve number, groundwater delay and water available capacity of the soil are the most sensitive parameters in the Marol watershed, whereas the threshold water level in the shallow aquifer for the base flow is the additional sensitive parameter. The uncertainty ranges of the different sensitivity parameters are observed for both the watersheds. The calculated coefficient of variation shows that, among the different parameters, the GW_DELAY has relatively high uncertainty, but the curve number (CN_2) and threshold depth of water (GWQMN) parameters have relatively low uncertainties.
8 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref
CHAVAN S, HUMANE S S, HUMANE S K, JUARE S, KAMBLE S
001573 CHAVAN S, HUMANE S S, HUMANE S K, JUARE S, KAMBLE S (Geology Dep, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur Univ, Nagpur - 440001, Maharashtra, Email: samaya.humane@gmail.com) : Trophic status and water quality study based on diatoms from the coastal lakes of Palghar District, Maharashtra. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 86-98, 86-98.
The physicochemical characters and diatoms of two coastal lakes i.e. the Khajuri Lake and the Babule Lake from the Palghar District Maharashtra were studied to ascertain the relationship between water quality and diatom diversity. The prevalent diatom assemblage from the Khajuri Lake indicates fresh to brackish, alkaliphilous water with mild pollution and mesotrophic to eutrophic status. Similarly, dominant diatom assemblage from the Babule Lake indicates alkalibiontic, eutrophic water with the impact of anthropogenic pollution. The pH values clearly indicate alkaline nature of both the lakes, but very high values of pH were noted for the Khajuri Lake (9.6). Thus, these pH values clearly point moderate to high alkaline nature of water. However, higher values of the pH for the Khajuri Lake suggest increased decomposition of organic matter in addition to elevated photosynthetic activities. The conductivity of these lakes varies from minimum at the Khajuri Lake (255μs/cm) to a maximum at the Babule Lake (620μs/cm). The highest conductivity in the Babule Lake may be due to release of ions from the decomposed organic matter during summer. The total dissolved solids (TDS) content was higher in the Babule Lake (326 mg/l), followed by the Khajuri Lake (125 mg/l), respectively. The low- medium levels of TDS in these lakes may be due to the presence of low to moderate content of potassium, chloride and sodium. The higher values of the total hardness in both these lakes may be due to the usages of excessive fertilizers from the adjoining agriculture fields. The Calcium hardness of both the lake may be categorized as rich lakes. The phosphorous and total nitrogen content suggest fair to poor, eutrophic to hyper-eutrophic water quality for both the lakes.
8 illus, 1 table, 48 ref
NAGENDRA P, SAMARTH URS M, THANMAYA B M, NIBIYA N T, PRAKASH NARASIMHA K N, SURESH KUMAR B V
001572 NAGENDRA P, SAMARTH URS M, THANMAYA B M, NIBIYA N T, PRAKASH NARASIMHA K N, SURESH KUMAR B V (Studies in Earth Science Dep, Mysore Univ, Mysore- 570006, Karnataka, Email: geonagendra77@gmail.com) : Application of VES techniques for building foundations in Mysuru City. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 68-85.
In order to estimate the structural competency of the sub-surface geological features of the Construction site, the application was performed for data attainment using Schlumberger configuration of the resistivity profiling and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) around outer ring road of Mysore City. A 1D numerical reversal of discrete DC resistivity was applied to boost the results for better accomplishment of the study objective. For the edifice of geo-electric sections displaying the key geo-electric physiognomies of the geological entities existing in the subsurface region, the data obtained from the VES techniques were used. The interpretation outcomes reveals the geo-electric segments comprise of 3 to 4 layers explicitly: vegetative topsoil, highly weathered silty loam soil, moderately weathered rock and massive hard rock. The stratum thicknesses and resistivities vary from 1.2 - 1.55 m/31 - 132 Ohm-m, 0.2- 3.875m/ 24 - 300 Ohmm and 2.5 – 12.76 m/ 27.2 – 1000 Ohm-m and 50 – 1840 Ohm-m respectively. Based on geophysical study of the region states, design of shallow substructure for average civil engineering projects in the extremely and moderately weathered layers are the most competent beds and for multistoried structures, the undeformed hard rock zone is formidable.
14 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref
NAGENDRA P, SAMARTH URS M, THANMAYA B M, NIBIYA N T, PRAKASH NARASIMHA K N, SURESH KUMAR B V
001572 NAGENDRA P, SAMARTH URS M, THANMAYA B M, NIBIYA N T, PRAKASH NARASIMHA K N, SURESH KUMAR B V (Studies in Earth Science Dep, Mysore Univ, Mysore- 570006, Karnataka, Email: geonagendra77@gmail.com) : Application of VES techniques for building foundations in Mysuru City. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 68-85.
In order to estimate the structural competency of the sub-surface geological features of the Construction site, the application was performed for data attainment using Schlumberger configuration of the resistivity profiling and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) around outer ring road of Mysore City. A 1D numerical reversal of discrete DC resistivity was applied to boost the results for better accomplishment of the study objective. For the edifice of geo-electric sections displaying the key geo-electric physiognomies of the geological entities existing in the subsurface region, the data obtained from the VES techniques were used. The interpretation outcomes reveals the geo-electric segments comprise of 3 to 4 layers explicitly: vegetative topsoil, highly weathered silty loam soil, moderately weathered rock and massive hard rock. The stratum thicknesses and resistivities vary from 1.2 - 1.55 m/31 - 132 Ohm-m, 0.2- 3.875m/ 24 - 300 Ohmm and 2.5 – 12.76 m/ 27.2 – 1000 Ohm-m and 50 – 1840 Ohm-m respectively. Based on geophysical study of the region states, design of shallow substructure for average civil engineering projects in the extremely and moderately weathered layers are the most competent beds and for multistoried structures, the undeformed hard rock zone is formidable.
14 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref
AMER Z, AL-ZAIDY A A H, SULAIMAN M
001571 AMER Z, AL-ZAIDY A A H, SULAIMAN M (Geology Dep, Baghdad Univ, Baghdad-Iraq, Email: aiadgeo@yahoo.com) : Diagenetic history and porosity evaluation of the albian-aptian succession in BaladOil Field, Central of Iraq. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 53-67.
Carbonate-clastic succession which includes the Shu'aiba, Nahr Umr and Mauddud formations are representing a part of Barremian-Aptian Sequence (Wasi'a Group). The present study includes three boreholes; Balad-1, Balad-4 and Balad-8within the Balad Oil Field. The most common diagenetic features observed in the studied sections include micritization, cementation, leaching (dissolution), dolomitization and compaction fabrics in carbonate rocks. While the calstic rocks effected by cementation, compaction, dissolution processes. The Albian-Aptian succession in the study area is affected by many types of diagenetic processes during and post deposition. There are three diagenetic zones in this succession; the first within Shuaiba Formation which characterized by high compacted limestone and dolomitization in all studied wells with low porosity values. The second within Nahr Umr Formation is characterized by different diagenetic patterns in the studied area, where appeared in Ba-1 three late diagenetic subzone within sandstone units. These zones are affected by dissolution process to product an affective porous unit, and separated them by cemented and compacted zones. To the south of study area (Ba-4) these subzones became less porosity values and the early and moderate diagenetic stages (cemented and compacted) were common. To the north the clastic succession was characterized by one affective porous unit and dominantly by cemented and compacted zones. The third upper zone within Mauddud succession is characterized by two high effective porous units with dominance of dissolution process in the upper part of Mauddud Formation in Ba-1. While the lower part of this formation is affected by cementation and dolomitization (early and moderate diagenetic stage) with a breakdown for primary and secondary porosities. To the south of study area (Ba-4), the effective porous was become weaker because of dominance the dolomitization effect. In addition to developed a new effective porous zone in the middle part of Mauddud Formation. In the northern part of the region (Ba-8), the dissolution and early dolomitized processes were the dominance effects in this unit. Therefore, the effective porous zones were becoming more prevalent and influential. Accordingly, three effective porous have been distinguished in the upper part of Maudud Formation and three others in the lower part.
7 illus, 29 ref
DIWATE P, KHAN F, MAURYA S, MEENA N K, HUMANE S, GOLEKAR R B
001570 DIWATE P, KHAN F, MAURYA S, MEENA N K, HUMANE S, GOLEKAR R B (Geology Dep, Khare Dhere Bhosale Coll, Guhagar District Ratnagiri- 415703, Maharashtra, Email: rbgolekar@gmail.com) : Sedimentation pattern and its controlling factors in Indian lakes. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 38-52.
Sedimentation in lakes occurs from the time of its formation and continues till the final deposition. The rate of sedimentation varies depending upon climate, geology, soil cover and relief. In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the distribution and variation of sedimentation rate in Indian lakes. For this purpose, Indian lakes are classified into three zones viz., North Indian lakes (NIL), Central Indian lakes (CIL), South Indian lakes (SIL) and 27 sampling points distributed throughout India has been considered among all three zones. Correlation of rate of sedimentation data with catchment area, surface area and lithology is done in order to understand the controlling factors, rainfall and temperature data are also taken into consideration to know the effect on the sedimentation rate. In all three zones, the highest precipitation observed 2488, 1800 and 4000 mm/yr in the Nainital lake, Chilika lake and Pookot lake, respectively and temperature fluctuations in the northern region of India is higher than the central and southern region. The results showed that the NIL have relatively higher sedimentation rate compared to the CIL and SIL due to slopy terrain, higher precipitation, temperature and lithological inconsistency in northern Indian region whereas all these factors are less effective in other two zones with a minor contribution from other independent factors. NIL have ~0.634-0.804 cm/yr and ~0.636-1.117 cm/yr more sedimentation rate than CIL and SIL, respectively.
5 illus, 1 table, 65 ref
INDU G, SHAJI E, BINOJKUMAR R B, SANTOSH M, TSUNOGAE T
001569 INDU G, SHAJI E, BINOJKUMAR R B, SANTOSH M, TSUNOGAE T (Geology Dep, Kerala Univ, Thiruvananthapuram- 695581, Kerala, Email: indoos209@gmail.com) : Petrology of charnockites from madurai block of Southern Granulite Terrain, South India. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 25-37.
Charnockites are the most extensively studied rocks in the Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT). Charnockites are popularly known as hypersthene-bearing granite. Charnockite occurs as massive, foliated and incipient varieties in different crustal blocks of SGT. This paper presents the petrology and geochemistry of charnockite from Madurai Block. The charnockite (enderbite) studied from the Madurai Block is a medium grained rock with a mineralogy of 30-40% of quartz, 25-35% of feldspar, 15%-20% of ferromagnesian minerals (2-5% orthopyroxene, 2%-3% hornblende and 2%-3% biotite). Accessory minerals include Fe-Ti oxides (dominantly ilmenite), apatite, and zircon. The charnockites are dioritic to granitic in composition with high Al2O3 content and display both ferroan and magnesian characters. The REE plots of charnockites show high concentration of light rare earth elements (LREEs) and relatively low contents of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), with significant LREE/HREE fractionation. They also show positive Eu anomalies or lack of Eu anomalies. Ba enrichment is the important characteristic of these charnockites with distinct Nb, Ta, and Ti depletion in mantle-normalized primitive mantle multi-elements diagrams, which has been considered to be one of the potential geochemical imprints of continental margin magmatism in a subduction-related environment.
5 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref
NIYAZOVA O B
001568 NIYAZOVA O B (Samarkand State Univ, Uzbekistan, Email: zizzat@yandex.ru) : Systematic structure, ecology and economical meaning of soil macrofauna of zarafshan valley’s orchards. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 18-24.
It has been established that the soils macrofauna in orchards includes 28 species belonging to 8 families and 20 genera. Of these, there are 9 types of terrestrial mollusks: 6 families and 6 genera; 5 species of earthworms: 1 family and 3 genera, and 14 species of insects: 1 family and 10 genera, 4 species of earthworms, 4 species of terrestrial molluscs and 6 species of insects were identified as new for the studied area.As studies result of orchards soils macrofauna of Zaravshan valley, it was found that insects accounted for 50%, terrestrial molluscs 32% and earthworms 18%. It has been established that the macrofauna of the soils of the orchards of the Zeravshan Valley, including earthworms, terrestrial mollusks, insects and their larvae in terms of their species and quantitative composition, the ecological group of geobionts is represented by the largest number of species - 18, which amounted to 64.33%, species of the xerogigrobiont group - 14 and 14.2%, xerobiont species - 3 and 10.7%, and hygrobiont, psammobiont and xeromesobiont groups by 1 species, which was 3.57%
5 illus, 1 tables, 20 ref
AL-SAEDI Z J, SAEED A A
001567 AL-SAEDI Z J, SAEED A A (National Center for water Resources Management, Iraq, Email: zeyadjameel@gmail.com) : Estimating a water budget by using remote sensing and GIS technique for the rabea basin/Northwest Iraq. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 10-7.
A water budget plan is an accounting of water put away inside and water traded among some subset of the compartments, for example, a watershed, a lake, or a spring. Water budget plans give a way to assessing accessibility and maintainability of water gracefully. The object of this search was to estimate water budget in Rabea basin and to know the recharge and discharge in the basin by using GIS and remote sensing techniques. The location of study area is in Nineveh Government (42° 00 '- 43° 00' East, and latitudes 36° 30' - 37°00' North) and covers about 3000 Km2 . GIS and remote sensing technique were used in research to convert raster formula to vector formula in applied water budget equation. The results included the totals for precipitation (596.98) m/year, actual evapotranspiration (164.84) m/year, surface runoff (98.43) mm. The study revealed the percentage of water surplus from precipitation to be 59.9% while the water deficit was 30.1% when compared to actual evapotranspiration.
11 ref
SAHU O P, JAIN P K
001566 SAHU O P, JAIN P K (Geology Dep, Govt. Maharaja P.G. Coll, Chhatarpur- 471001, Madhya Pradesh, Email: drpradeepgeol@gmail.com) : Geology and sedimentation history of Bijawar Area ChhatarpurSagar Districts, Madhya Pradesh, India. Bull Pure Appl Sci 2021, 40F(1), 1-9.
This research paper includes, detail field study was carried out and geological data has been collected from the study area. Initially reconnaissance survey was taken for further study of the area. To understand Geology of the area on the basis of lithological interpretation and criteria for rock material were found or exposed. Regional scale sampling has been carried out for Geological survey of various litho units in the study area and understands the Geology, Sedimentary history of Bijawar type area has been carried out with the help of Survey of India Toposheet and geological map of study area. The Bijawar basin is sandwiched between Bundelkhand granite and Vindhyan sediments. Based on field data, the rocks of Bijawar Group comprises namely Moli sub-group and Gangau sub-group (Kumar et.al.1986, 1990). Bijawar sedimentation appeared in small erosional depressions of primordial Bundelkhand Complex Craton. In such small depressions, the lower formations of the group were probably deposited by littoral currents in stable shelf type of environment. The nature of arenaceous unit of Raidaspura member indicates a change of high to low energy environments. The quartzarenites was probably formed in the shallow depositional condition with repeated sub-aerial exposures as evidenced by the presence of mud cracks. The palaeo current direction as noted in the sandstone units were towards NE. Deposition of dolomite might indicate change in climatic condition during that time. Intermittent volcanic activity resulted in the form of lava flow of Kawar Formation, agglomerate of Raidaspura member and the Dargawan Intrusive Formation. During this time, Bijawar basin gradually shifted to the west and at the close of the deposition of Bajna Formation. The dolomites of Bajna dolomite Formation was found to be associated with sandy arenaceous layers interbedded with precipitated cherty dolomite signifies a rather change of depositional environment. The clastic units (calcareous coarse grained sandstone) exhibiting cross stratifications and ripple mark again signifies a shallow water deposition in contrast to the chert-dolomite beds. Increase of chert beds in dolomite towards the lower part i.e. towards the contact with the Malehra Chert Breccia Formation indicates that the change in chemical conditions suitable for precipitation of silica to carbonate was gradual. It seemed to be somewhat fluctuating during the Malehra Chert Breccia Formation and Bajna Dolomite Formation.
6 illus, 1 table, 18 ref
OURHZIF Z, ALGOUTI A, ALGOUTI A, MLOUKA M A, AYDDA A
001264 OURHZIF Z, ALGOUTI A, ALGOUTI A, MLOUKA M A, AYDDA A (Geology Dep, Cadi Ayyad Univ, Marrakech, Morocco) : Soil erosion susceptibility mapping using support vector machine and remote sensing data in semi-arid environment: South high atlas of Marrakech (Morocco). Eco Env Cons 2021, 27-S1, 405-21.
The aim of this study is to characterize the different kinds of water erosion and to detect their change from the satellite data of Landsat ETM + and OLI between 2000 and 2014. The approach is to identify the soils erosion from available spectral indices such as those describing the form of soil spectra (IF) color (IC) and hematite (IR). Soils can be characterised also by intensity (IW), hue (Tw) and saturation (S) and they were selected as indicators of soil condition. The results obtained allowed for two combinations of soil degradation. To improve these results, we have applied a supervised classification (SVM), this algorithm gives good results: has a low number of data and parameter of field. The overall accuracy Obtained for the soil classification is 65.13% (ETM+) and 95.21% (OLI). Validation against field reality demonstrated the potential of the method used for assessment to the state of soil resources in semi-arid environment.
11 illus, 6 tables, 55 ref
Niyazova O B
000855 Niyazova O B (Samarkand State Univ, Samarkand Univ, Uzbekistan, Email: zizzat@yandex.ru) : Systematic structure, ecology and economical meaning of soil macrofauna of Zarafshan Valley’s orchards. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 18-24.
It has been established that the soils macrofauna in orchards includes 28 species belonging to 8 families and 20 genera. Of these, there are 9 types of terrestrial mollusks: 6 families and 6 genera; 5 species of earthworms: 1 family and 3 genera, and 14 species of insects: 1 family and 10 genera, 4 species of earthworms, 4 species of terrestrial molluscs and 6 species of insects were identified as new for the studied area.As studies result of orchards soils macrofauna of Zaravshan valley, it was found that insects accounted for 50%, terrestrial molluscs 32% and earthworms 18%. It has been established that the macrofauna of the soils of the orchards of the Zeravshan Valley, including earthworms, terrestrial mollusks, insects and their larvae in terms of their species and quantitative composition, the ecological group of geobionts is represented by the largest number of species - 18, which amounted to 64.33%, species of the xerogigrobiont group - 14 and 14.2%, xerobiont species - 3 and 10.7%, and hygrobiont, psammobiont and xeromesobiont groups by 1 species, which was 3.57%.
5 illus, 1 table, 20 ref
Sahu O P, Sahu P, Jain P K, Golekar R B
000854 Sahu O P, Sahu P, Jain P K, Golekar R B (Geology Dep, Khare Dhere Bhosale Coll, Maharashtra, Email: rbgolekar@gmail.com) : Drainage morphometric investigation of nimni watershed, Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh, India. Bull Pure Applied Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 112-122.
The present paper deals with drainage morphometric investigation of Nimni watershed, Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh, India. A morphometric analysis of the Nimni watershed has been carried out to characterize the nature of drainage network. The linear, areal and relief aspects of the drainage basin have been determined. The morphometric parameters have been computed on the basis of drainage map prepared on 1:50,000 scale. These parameters includes Stream order, Lengths of stream, Bifurcation ratio, Drainage density, Length of overland flow, Stream frequency, Form factor, Circulatory ratio, Elongation ratio, Lemniscate’s ratio, Basin relief, Relief ratio, Ruggedness number and Ground surface slope. The drainage area of the Nimni watershed is 98 km2. The stream order of the basin is mainly controlled by physiographic and lithological conditions of the area. The increase in stream length ratio from lower to higher order shows that the study area has reached a mature geomorphic stage. The geomorphic analysis of Nimni watershed reveals that the present drainage basin exhibits uneven topography, presence of hard rock terrain and dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage pattern. The dendritic drainage pattern exhibits the presence of hard and resistant rocks referable to Bundelkhand Granite Complex.
8 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref
Mulla N, Mondal N C
000853 Mulla N, Mondal N C (Earth Process Modeling, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Telangana, Email: ncmngri@gmail.com) : Uncertainty analysis of dominating hydrological parameters in diverse hydrometeorological micro-watersheds in Krishna Basin, India. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 99-111.
Hydrological model plays a vital role in water resources management and serves many applications, including water resources planning development and management, agriculture, and flood production. Rainfall-runoff modeling in any watershed is highly influenced by the different hydrological parameters such as Curve Number (CN_2), Groundwater Delay (GW_DEALY), Base flow (ALPHA_BF), ground water Revap (GW_REVAP), Threshold depth of water (GWQM), and ESCO. Therefore, the rainfall-runoff model was simulated using the Algorithm SUFI-2 of SWAT-CUP in the Soil-Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in two diverse hydro-meteorological watersheds of Marol (area: ~5158 km2), and Talikot (area: ~2370 km2) in Krishna basin of Southern India, where the unregulated flow exit. The results show that the R2 and NSE-values for the calibration of streamflow in Marol watershed are 0.87 and 0.84, respectively, and in the validation, 0.65 and 0.58, respectively. Similarly, for the Talikot watershed, they are 0.90 and 0.52; and 0.83 and 0.74, respectively. The curve number, groundwater delay and water available capacity of the soil are the most sensitive parameters in the Marol watershed, whereas the threshold water level in the shallow aquifer for the base flow is the additional sensitive parameter. The uncertainty ranges of the different sensitivity parameters are observed for both the watersheds. The calculated coefficient of variation shows that, among the different parameters, the GW_DELAY has relatively high uncertainty, but the curve number (CN_2) and threshold depth of water (GWQMN) parameters have relatively low uncertainties.
8 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref
Chavan S, Humane S S, Humane S K, Juare S, Kamble S
000852 Chavan S, Humane S S, Humane S K, Juare S, Kamble S (Geology Dep, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur Univ, Maharashtra, Email: samaya.humane@gmail.com) : Trophic status and water quality study based on diatoms from the coastal lakes of Palghar District, Maharashtra. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 86-98.
The physicochemical characters and diatoms of two coastal lakes i.e. the Khajuri Lake and the Babule Lake from the Palghar District Maharashtra were studied to ascertain the relationship between water quality and diatom diversity. The prevalent diatom assemblage from the Khajuri Lake indicates fresh to brackish, alkaliphilous water with mild pollution and mesotrophic to eutrophic status. Similarly, dominant diatom assemblage from the Babule Lake indicates alkalibiontic, eutrophic water with the impact of anthropogenic pollution. The pH values clearly indicate alkaline nature of both the lakes, but very high values of pH were noted for the Khajuri Lake (9.6). Thus, these pH values clearly point moderate to high alkaline nature of water. However, higher values of the pH for the Khajuri Lake suggest increased decomposition of organic matter in addition to elevated photosynthetic activities. The conductivity of these lakes varies from minimum at the Khajuri Lake (255μs/cm) to a maximum at the Babule Lake (620μs/cm). The highest conductivity in the Babule Lake may be due to release of ions from the decomposed organic matter during summer. The total dissolved solids (TDS) content was higher in the Babule Lake (326 mg/l), followed by the Khajuri Lake (125 mg/l), respectively. The low- medium levels of TDS in these lakes may be due to the presence of low to moderate content of potassium, chloride and sodium. The higher values of the total hardness in both these lakes may be due to the usages of excessive fertilizers from the adjoining agriculture fields. The Calcium hardness of both the lake may be categorized as rich lakes. The phosphorous and total nitrogen content suggest fair to poor, eutrophic to hyper-eutrophic water quality for both the lakes.
8 illus, 4 tables, 34 ref
Nagendra P, Samarth Urs M, Thanmaya B M, Nibiya N T, Prakash Narasimha, K N, Suresh Kumar B V
000851 Nagendra P, Samarth Urs M, Thanmaya B M, Nibiya N T, Prakash Narasimha, K N, Suresh Kumar B V (Studies in Earth Science Dep, Mysore Univ, Karnataka, Email: geonagendra77@gmail.com) : Application of VES techniques for building foundations in Mysuru City. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 68-85.
In order to estimate the structural competency of the sub-surface geological features of the Construction site, the application was performed for data attainment using Schlumberger configuration of the resistivity profiling and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) around outer ring road of Mysore City. A 1D numerical reversal of discrete DC resistivity was applied to boost the results for better accomplishment of the study objective. For the edifice of geo-electric sections displaying the key geo-electric physiognomies of the geological entities existing in the subsurface region, the data obtained from the VES techniques were used. The interpretation outcomes reveals the geo-electric segments comprise of 3 to 4 layers explicitly: vegetative topsoil, highly weathered silty loam soil, moderately weathered rock and massive hard rock. The stratum thicknesses and resistivities vary from 1.2 - 1.55 m/31 - 132 Ohm-m, 0.2- 3.875m/ 24 - 300 Ohm-m and 2.5 – 12.76 m/ 27.2 – 1000 Ohm-m and 50 – 1840 Ohm-m respectively. Based on geophysical study of the region states, design of shallow substructure for average civil engineering projects in the extremely and moderately weathered layers are the most competent beds and for multistoried structures, the undeformed hard rock zone is formidable.
14 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref
Amer Z, Al-Zaidy A A H, Sulaiman M
000850 Amer Z, Al-Zaidy A A H, Sulaiman M (Geology Dep, Baghdad Univ, Iraq, Email: aiadgeo@yahoo.com) : Diagenetic history and porosity evaluation of the albian-aptian succession in baladoil field, central of Iraq. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 53-67.
Carbonate-clastic succession which includes the Shu'aiba, Nahr Umr and Mauddud formations are representing a part of Barremian-Aptian Sequence (Wasi'a Group). The present study includes three boreholes; Balad-1, Balad-4 and Balad-8within the Balad Oil Field. The most common diagenetic features observed in the studied sections include micritization, cementation, leaching (dissolution), dolomitization and compaction fabrics in carbonate rocks. While the calstic rocks effected by cementation, compaction, dissolution processes. The Albian-Aptian succession in the study area is affected by many types of diagenetic processes during and post deposition. There are three diagenetic zones in this succession; the first within Shuaiba Formation which characterized by high compacted limestone and dolomitization in all studied wells with low porosity values. The second within Nahr Umr Formation is characterized by different diagenetic patterns in the studied area, where appeared in Ba-1 three late diagenetic subzone within sandstone units. These zones are affected by dissolution process to product an affective porous unit, and separated them by cemented and compacted zones. To the south of study area (Ba-4) these subzones became less porosity values and the early and moderate diagenetic stages (cemented and compacted) were common. To the north the clastic succession was characterized by one affective porous unit and dominantly by cemented and compacted zones. The third upper zone within Mauddud succession is characterized by two high effective porous units with dominance of dissolution process in the upper part of Mauddud Formation in Ba-1. While the lower part of this formation is affected by cementation and dolomitization (early and moderate diagenetic stage) with a breakdown for primary and secondary porosities. To the south of study area (Ba-4), the effective porous was become weaker because of dominance the dolomitization effect. In addition to developed a new effective porous zone in the middle part of Mauddud Formation. In the northern part of the region (Ba-8), the dissolution and early dolomitized processes were the dominance effects in this unit. Therefore, the effective porous zones were becoming more prevalent and influential. Accordingly, three effective porous have been distinguished in the upper part of Maudud Formation and three others in the lower part.
11 illus, 29 ref
Diwate P, Khan F, Maurya S, Meena N K, Humane S, Golekar R B
000849 Diwate P, Khan F, Maurya S, Meena N K, Humane S, Golekar R B (Geology Dep, Khare Dhere Bhosale Coll, Maharashtra, Email: rbgolekar@gmail.com) : Sedimentation pattern and its controlling factors in Indian lakes. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 38-52.
Sedimentation in lakes occurs from the time of its formation and continues till the final deposition. The rate of sedimentation varies depending upon climate, geology, soil cover and relief. In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the distribution and variation of sedimentation rate in Indian lakes. For this purpose, Indian lakes are classified into three zones viz., North Indian lakes (NIL), Central Indian lakes (CIL), South Indian lakes (SIL) and 27 sampling points distributed throughout India has been considered among all three zones. Correlation of rate of sedimentation data with catchment area, surface area and lithology is done in order to understand the controlling factors, rainfall and temperature data are also taken into consideration to know the effect on the sedimentation rate. In all three zones, the highest precipitation observed 2488, 1800 and 4000 mm/yr in the Nainital lake, Chilika lake and Pookot lake, respectively and temperature fluctuations in the northern region of India is higher than the central and southern region. The results showed that the NIL have relatively higher sedimentation rate compared to the CIL and SIL due to slopy terrain, higher precipitation, temperature and lithological inconsistency in northern Indian region whereas all these factors are less effective in other two zones with a minor contribution from other independent factors. NIL have ~0.634-0.804 cm/yr and ~0.636-1.117 cm/yr more sedimentation rate than CIL and SIL, respectively.
5 illus, 1 table, 65 ref
Indu G, Shaji E, Binojkumar R B, Santosh M, Tsunogae T
000848 Indu G, Shaji E, Binojkumar R B, Santosh M, Tsunogae T (Geology Dep, Kerala Univ, Kerala, Email: indoos209@gmail.com) : Petrology of charnockites from Madurai block of southern granulite terrain, South India. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 25-37.
Charnockites are the most extensively studied rocks in the Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT). Charnockites are popularly known as hypersthene-bearing granite. Charnockite occurs as massive, foliated and incipient varieties in different crustal blocks of SGT. This paper presents the petrology and geochemistry of charnockite from Madurai Block. The charnockite (enderbite) studied from the Madurai Block is a medium grained rock with a mineralogy of 30-40% of quartz, 25-35% of feldspar, 15%-20% of ferromagnesian minerals (2-5% orthopyroxene, 2%-3% hornblende and 2%-3% biotite). Accessory minerals include Fe-Ti oxides (dominantly ilmenite), apatite, and zircon. The charnockites are dioritic to granitic in composition with high Al2O3 content and display both ferroan and magnesian characters. The REE plots of charnockites show high concentration of light rare earth elements (LREEs) and relatively low contents of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), with significant LREE/HREE fractionation. They also show positive Eu anomalies or lack of Eu anomalies. Ba enrichment is the important characteristic of these charnockites with distinct Nb, Ta, and Ti depletion in mantle-normalized primitive mantle multi-elements diagrams, which has been considered to be one of the potential geochemical imprints of continental margin magmatism in a subduction-related environment.
5 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref
Al-Saedi Z J, Saeed A A
000847 Al-Saedi Z J, Saeed A A (National Center For Water Resources, National Center For Water Resources Management, Iraq, Email: zeyadjameel@gmail.com) : Estimating a water budget by using remote sensing and GIS technique for the rabea Basin/Northwest Iraq. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 10-7.
A water budget plan is an accounting of water put away inside and water traded among some subset of the compartments, for example, a watershed, a lake, or a spring. Water budget plans give a way to assessing accessibility and maintainability of water gracefully. The object of this search was to estimate water budget in Rabea basin and to know the recharge and discharge in the basin by using GIS and remote sensing techniques. The location of study area is in Nineveh Government (42° 00 '- 43° 00' East, and latitudes 36° 30' - 37°00' North) and covers about 3000 Km2. GIS and remote sensing technique were used in research to convert raster formula to vector formula in applied water budget equation. The results included the totals for precipitation (596.98) m/year, actual evapotranspiration (164.84) m/year, surface runoff (98.43) mm. The study revealed the percentage of water surplus from precipitation to be 59.9% while the water deficit was 30.1% when compared to actual evapotranspiration
4 illus, 11 ref
Sahu O P, Jain P K
000846 Sahu O P, Jain P K (Geology Dep, Maharaja P G Coll, Madhya Pradesh, Email: drpradeepgeol@gmail.com) : Geology and sedimentation history of Bijawar Area, Chhatarpur- Sagar Districts, Madhya Pradesh, India. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Geo 2021, 40F(1), 1-9.
This research paper includes, detail field study was carried out and geological data has been collected from the study area. Initially reconnaissance survey was taken for further study of the area. To understand Geology of the area on the basis of lithological interpretation and criteria for rock material were found or exposed. Regional scale sampling has been carried out for Geological survey of various litho units in the study area and understands the Geology, Sedimentary history of Bijawar type area has been carried out with the help of Survey of India Toposheet and geological map of study area. The Bijawar basin is sandwiched between Bundelkhand granite and Vindhyan sediments. Based on field data, the rocks of Bijawar Group comprises namely Moli sub-group and Gangau sub-group (Kumar et.al.1986, 1990). Bijawar sedimentation appeared in small erosional depressions of primordial Bundelkhand Complex Craton. In such small depressions, the lower formations of the group were probably deposited by littoral currents in stable shelf type of environment. The nature of arenaceous unit of Raidaspura member indicates a change of high to low energy environments. The quartz-arenites was probably formed in the shallow depositional condition with repeated sub-aerial exposures as evidenced by the presence of mud cracks. The palaeo current direction as noted in the sandstone units were towards NE. Deposition of dolomite might indicate change in climatic condition during that time. Intermittent volcanic activity resulted in the form of lava flow of Kawar Formation, agglomerate of Raidaspura member and the Dargawan Intrusive Formation. During this time, Bijawar basin gradually shifted to the west and at the close of the deposition of Bajna Formation. The dolomites of Bajna dolomite Formation was found to be associated with sandy arenaceous layers interbedded with precipitated cherty dolomite signifies a rather change of depositional environment. The clastic units (calcareous coarse grained sandstone) exhibiting cross stratifications and ripple mark again signifies a shallow water deposition in contrast to the chert-dolomite beds. Increase of chert beds in dolomite towards the lower part i.e. towards the contact with the Malehra Chert Breccia Formation indicates that the change in chemical conditions suitable for precipitation of silica to carbonate was gradual. It seemed to be somewhat fluctuating during the Malehra Chert Breccia Formation and Bajna Dolomite Formation.
6 illus, 1 table, 18 ref
DUBEY R K, DWIVEDI V K
000005 DUBEY R K, DWIVEDI V K (Applied Geology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Dhanbad- 826 004) : Palaeoweathering, tectonic setting and climatic condition of Sabarmati alluvial plain in Ahmadabad City, Gujarat, Western India. Natl Acad Sci Lett 2021, 44(1), 21-5.
The present study emphasizes major elemental geochemical attributes-based prediction of nature, palaeoweathering intensity, provenance, tectonic setting and palaeoclimatic condition of source area of Sabarmati alluvial sediments lying in Ahmadabad locality, Gujarat, India. The sediments successions are comprised of gravel, poorly graded sand, with dominant silty and clayey sands, silt and clay with low-to-high level of plasticity. The sediments exhibit increasing concentration of MnO followed by P2O5, TiO2, K2O, MgO, Na2O, CaO, Fe2O3, Al2O3 and SiO2 which supports quartz dominating sand layers in comparison with silty and clayey sequences. The values of SiO2/Al2O3, Na2O/Al2O3 and K2O/Al2O3 and higher values of ICV indicate immature sediments with low dilution of ‘Na’ and ‘K’. Lithologically, the majority of sediments belong to shale and Fe-shale varieties. The values of ICV, CIA, CIW and PIA and various bivarient and discrimination diagrams reveal the mechanical fragmentation, abrasion and low to moderate degree of chemical palaeoweathering of fragments of felsic and intermediate igneous rocks of rift basin located at island arch and active continental margin under arid/semi-arid conditions sporadically interfered by short-term humid and semi-humid climatic conditions were responsible for formation of sediments sequences of the area.
11 ref
USMANI S M P A, ANSARI Z A
045271 USMANI S M P A, ANSARI Z A (SPES’s Multi-Faculty Coll, Dharbandora– 403 406, Goa, Email: zakir.ansari2008@gmail.com) : Status of coastal marine biodiversity of Goa and challenges for sustainable management - An overview. J Ecophysiol Occup Health 2020, 20(3&4), 222-31.
Degradation of marine and coastal ecosystem can be seen everywhere and Goa is no exception. Biodiversity provide important services to mankind and needs to be protected. Goa is endowed with varied microhabitats along its 105 long coast line. These habitats are home to diverse forms of life about which little is known. The coastal waters serve as nursery to fishes and other animals which are exploited commercially. The present communication reviews the current status on the taxonomic knowledge of the coastal biodiversity of Goa. The coastal water of Goa abound in flora and fauna. The information on major fauna and flora of Goa is sufficiently available. There is, however, some lacunae in our knowledge on invertebrate subgroups, such as sponges, octocorals, ctenophores, and tunicates and minor phyla. The biodiversity of specialized ecosystems continued to be inadequately known and remains a challenge to specialists from Goa coast. Threat to coastal and marine biodiversity due to climate change and environmental degradation are intensifying with time. The anthropogenic activities are causing damage to pristine coastal ecosystems. The loss of biodiversity will be felt in greater strength by future generation. The present knowledge on coastal biodiversity warrants continued taxonomic research in the least-studied or unknown groups of hot spot areas in the light of existing threats to marine biodiversity. It is suggested that further research on new species occurrences in the least studied groups should be continued to update the data and improve our knowledge. The appropriate measures will be required to protect the rich biodiversity resources of Goa.
7 tables, 40 ref
DAS G, SARKAR S, BISWAS S, SINHA D K, SAHA S
045245 DAS G, SARKAR S, BISWAS S, SINHA D K, SAHA S (Uttar Benga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar, Email: ganesh.ext@gmail.com) : Use of agricultural information by fertilizer and pesticide dealers in relation to their socio-economic parameters: A study in Coochbehar District. J Eco-Friend Agric 2020, 15(2), 128-30.
The source of agriculture information is a crucial point for farmers. They are getting agriculture information from variety of sources. Among these sources fertilizer and pesticide dealers play an important role in dissemination of information about agriculture practices to the farmers. They are in close contact with farmers. Dealers also diagnose the plants, pests and diseases and suggest some pesticide. But the questions arise as from which sources they gather these informations and disseminate it to the farmers. On the basis of above statement Coochbehar Krishi Vigyan Kendra organized an awareness programme of fertilizer and pesticide dealers of Coochbehar district in eastern zone of India to know the uses of information about agricultural practices with respect to their socio-economic variables. The study was conducted during February, 2016. Survey method was used to get responses of participants. Trainees available at the time of awareness programme were considered as respondents. Semi-structure interview schedule was used for collection of data. The sample size for the study was 50. The dependent variable of this study was source of information and independent variables were age, occupation, education, land holding, religion, family members and number of years associated with their occupation. The descriptive statistics like frequency, percentage and other statistical tools were used for the analysis of data.
3 tables, 9 ref
MENG X, QIU S, JI Y
045240 MENG X, QIU S, JI Y (Jilin Univ, Changchun- 130 026, China) : Grounded electrical source ground–airborne transient electromagnetic modelling with fictitious wave field methods. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01391-3.
The finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method is widely used in ground–airborne transient electromagnetic modelling. Generally, this method offers great limitations because the calculation of the air layer is avoided and the surface assumption is flat. This study proposes a new method for ground–airborne 3D electromagnetic forward modelling that includes air layers and effectively solves the airborne TEM forward calculation of the coastal ocean and rugged terrains. The optimum selection of the air-layer resistivity and the identification ability of the long-wire source are discussed. By adding the pulse source signal to the control equation and realizing a direct calculation that includes the source, the cumbersome process of calculating the complex initial field is avoided. After establishing the mountain model and coastal ocean model, the electromagnetic response is discussed. Subsequently, the ground–airborne TEM modelling is subjected to a 3D numerical simulation of complex geological conditions. The validity of this method is verified by analytical solutions through a uniform half space. The results show that the method can achieve 3D and high-precision numerical calculations when it includes complex terrain and seawater.
21 ref
JAISWAL R S, SIVA M, RASHEED M, THIRUMALA LAKSHMI K
045239 JAISWAL R S, SIVA M, RASHEED M, THIRUMALA LAKSHMI K (Sona Coll of Technology, Salem- 636 005) : Characteristics of convective/stratiform dominance on surface rainfall over a few tropical locations. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01401-4.
To understand rainfall dynamics, the characterization of convective and stratiform dominance needs a careful investigation. However, it remains a grey area to date. In this paper, the authors have attempted to differentiate between convective and stratiform events based on vertical profiles of a few upper-air meteorological elements, namely, cloud liquid water (CLW), precipitation water (PW), and latent heat (LH). The parameters have been obtained from the data product 2A12 of the Tropical Microwave Imager (TMI) onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring satellite (TRMM). The paper presents the demarcation technique between convective and stratiform dominance on surface rainfall without ambiguity.
34 ref
ANSARI T A, SINGH K H, SINGH T N, TRIPATHI J N
045238 ANSARI T A, SINGH K H, SINGH T N, TRIPATHI J N (Earth Sciences Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai- 400 076) : Stability analysis of road cut slope near Devprayag in Lesser Himalaya, India. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01394-0.
The slope instability issues in Himalayan terrain is drastically increasing due to variety of anthropogenic activity and rapid urbanization. Road and highway networks in mountainous regions are the main source in remote parts of hilly terrain for the transportation as well as all sorts of socio-economic features. The study of slope stability in these hilly regions along the highways and roads are major concern, where slope instability caused transportation problems, death and injury of human, loss of their properties and also environmental degradation. Present article exposed the slope instability analysis for the two typical slopes along National Highway (NH-7), between Devprayag and Mulyagao in Uttarakhand, where the Highway goes up to the holy shrine of Kedarnath and Badrinath. The vulnerable slopes are numerically simulated using limit equilibrium method (LEM) and finite element method (FEM) for dry and saturated condition. The comparative analysis of factor of safety for LEM and FEM results show good correlation, i.e., 1.6–2.4 % variance in dry condition and in saturated condition the LEM and FEM results show 11–13 % variance. The finite element simulation has also assessed the principal stresses and displacement vector, which gives more understanding to identify and reveal the slope stability issues in analogous morphology. The result shows that both the slopes are in critical condition and prone to failure in rainy season due to exertion of water in intensely fractured rocks.
56 ref
PAVANKUMAR G, CHAKRAVARTHI N N, BABU M D, MANGLIK A
045237 PAVANKUMAR G, CHAKRAVARTHI N N, BABU M D, MANGLIK A (CSIR- National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road- 500 007, Hyderabad) : Magnetotelluric study of an intraplate seismic zone in the Palghar region of the Deccan Volcanic Province, India. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01398-w.
The Deccan Volcanic Province in the western part of the peninsular India consists of a thick pile of flood basalts resting mainly on the Archaean and Proterozoic rocks forming the basement. This intraplate region experiences moderate seismic activity, the most recent one being a swarm-type activity in the Palghar region, about 120 km north of Mumbai, that started in November 2018 and has produced a few thousand micro-earthquakes and a 4.3 magnitude earthquake since then. We have carried out a magnetotelluric (MT) study along a 35-km long profile across the seismic zone to delineate the subsurface structure to understand the possible cause for the seismic activity. Broadband MT data were acquired at 18 sites with average station spacing of 2 km. Impedance tensors were analyzed for distortion and dimensionality, decomposed into TE- and TM-mode, and inverted by a 2D inversion algorithm. The geoelectric structure yields an assemblage of highly resistive and moderately conductive blocks in the uppermost crust resting on a major listric-type fault, that possibly reaches the surface at the West Coast Fault from a depth of about 15 km beneath the Panvel flexure zone. In conjunction with the regional Bouguer gravity anomaly and the seismicity distribution, we infer that the upper crustal heterogeneities coupled with the basement fault and low rheological strength of the fractured upper-to-middle crust might be leading to triggering of the seismicity in the region.
61 ref
KHEDIMALLAH A, MEDDI M, MAHÉ G
045236 KHEDIMALLAH A, MEDDI M, MAHÉ G (Laboratoire GEE, Blida, Algeria) : Characterization of the interannual variability of precipitation and runoff in the Cheliff and Medjerda basins (Algeria). J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01385-1.
An analysis of rainfall and hydrometric regimes was carried out over the period from 1968 to 2013 on the Cheliff basin situated in the west and the Medjerda basin in the east of Algeria. The Mann–Kendal and Pettitt tests have shown significant downward trends for rainfall, about 30 % for the Cheliff basin, and 36 % for the Medjerda basin, and about 61 % and 43 % for the flows at the level of the Cheliff and Medjerda basins, respectively. The continuous wavelet method, used during the study period, has shown three major discontinuities from the wavelet spectrum for the decades 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. Several modes of variability for different stations have been observed: annual (1 yr), interannual (2, 2–4 and 4–8 yrs), and multi-decadal (8–16) yrs. The different scales of precipitation and runoff variability seem to be clearly related to the NAO with different degrees of correlation. Continuous wavelet coherence indicates a strong correlation between the NAO climate index and precipitation with correlations ranging from 60 to 84%, and a strong relationship between the NAO and the runoff with correlations ranging from 67 to 74 % for both watersheds.
106 ref
JAIN V, GHOSAL D, VERMA S N
045234 JAIN V, GHOSAL D, VERMA S N (Earth Sciences Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur- 208 016) : Enhancement of a thumper source far offset refracted phases using super virtual interferometry (SVI). J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-020-01397-x.
Super-virtual interferometry (SVI) is a technique in which cross-correlation between consecutive receiver responses is carried out to obtain the virtual head-wave arrivals, which are then convolved with the initially recorded traces to get the super-virtual trace. SVI can be used to enhance the refracted phases by stacking all the arrivals acquired using multiple shots at one position, leading to an improved SNR by a factor of √n, where ‘n’ is the number of sources and receivers to generate the head-waves. In this study, we have generated few synthetic common shot gathers (CSGs) using forward modelling over a three-layer velocity–depth model with an embedded spherical anomaly, a complex five-layer velocity–depth model and the Marmousi model. Certain amount of noise is added on these gathers and then SVI technique is applied on the gathers which has resulted in an improved SNR of refracted phases at the far offset. We have further tested this technique on a field dataset acquired from the Kumaon Himalayan region using a 450 kg thumper as an energy source and 111 active channel remote acquisition unites (RAUs) with 5 Hz geophones as sensors. The resulting SVI gathers show the refracted arrivals more clearly. Continuity in the phases is increased after stacking and iterative SVI.
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CHANDER S, RAZA A, BHATTACHARJEE S, DAS S
045233 CHANDER S, RAZA A, BHATTACHARJEE S, DAS S (Geological Survey of India, Jaipur- 302 004) : Carbonate hosted intermetallic compounds in Paleoproterozoic Salumber Ghatol metallogenic belt, Aravalli Craton, Rajasthan, India. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01410-3.
Carbonate hosted intermetallic compound in the Umarvaniyan area is localized within the intensively sheared (mylonitised) dolomite in a NW–SE shear zone (~15 km), belongs to Salumber Ghatol metallogenic belt, in Debari Group of Aravalli Craton, Rajasthan, India. It is characterized by extensive silicification and ferruginisation with hematite, goethite, magnetite and native gold specks. The intermetallic compound within the dolomite is composed of varying proportion of Cu–Zn–Ni–Os–Fe which has been detected by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) study. The EMPA (WDS) results of the intermetallic compounds also reveal occurrences of intermetallic compounds of Cu–Zn–Ni–Os–Fe and native Au. The occurrence of these non-separable compounds is probably because these metals were formed at very high temperatures and in reducing condition during the evolving shear with low oxygen and low sulfur fugacity. The fast cooling effect thereafter probably made the geochemical environment least conducive for reaction between Cu/Zn/Ni and sulphur or oxygen.
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MUKHOPADHYAY P, ROY K
045232 MUKHOPADHYAY P, ROY K (Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune- 411 008, Maharashtra) : Evaluation of the convective mass flux profiles associated with cumulus parameterization schemes of CMIP5 models. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01400-5.
While the numerical models are being run with increasing resolutions, the parameterization of cumulus convection used in the general circulation models, irrespective of closure assumption and trigger mechanism, continue to use the mass flux framework. To address one of the most important components of convective parameterization, vertical profile of mass flux is examined. We have compared the convective mass flux of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models during Boreal summer over the Eastern Pacific, Western Pacific and Indian Ocean with that of ERA – Year of Tropical Convection (YOTC) reanalysis dataset. The analyses suggest that most of the models overestimate the mass flux by an order over all the oceanic basins and interestingly the vertical structure also appears similar for all the CMIP5 models irrespective of ocean basins. In view of this, we state that the improper mass flux distribution in the cumulus parameterization schemes of global models need to be improved to reduce some of the uncertainties arising from the cumulus schemes of climate models which in turn impact the precipitation bias of the models.
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MUKHOPADHYAY P, ROY K
045232 MUKHOPADHYAY P, ROY K (Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune- 411 008, Maharashtra) : Evaluation of the convective mass flux profiles associated with cumulus parameterization schemes of CMIP5 models. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01400-5.
While the numerical models are being run with increasing resolutions, the parameterization of cumulus convection used in the general circulation models, irrespective of closure assumption and trigger mechanism, continue to use the mass flux framework. To address one of the most important components of convective parameterization, vertical profile of mass flux is examined. We have compared the convective mass flux of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models during Boreal summer over the Eastern Pacific, Western Pacific and Indian Ocean with that of ERA – Year of Tropical Convection (YOTC) reanalysis dataset. The analyses suggest that most of the models overestimate the mass flux by an order over all the oceanic basins and interestingly the vertical structure also appears similar for all the CMIP5 models irrespective of ocean basins. In view of this, we state that the improper mass flux distribution in the cumulus parameterization schemes of global models need to be improved to reduce some of the uncertainties arising from the cumulus schemes of climate models which in turn impact the precipitation bias of the models.
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ZHOU D, HU S, DANG X, LI J, HAI C, BAO Y, ZHU J
045231 ZHOU D, HU S, DANG X, LI J, HAI C, BAO Y, ZHU J (The Geological Science College of Inner Mongolia Normal Univ, Hohhot- 010 022, China) : Local effects of wind turbines on near-surface wind speed in a desert steppe wind farm. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01404-1.
This research describes and interprets spatial variation in near-surface wind speed around a large scale wind generation operation in a desert steppe environment of Inner Mongolia. Wind speeds were measured at five different heights and distances in front of and behind turbines and compared to that measured simultaneously from reference points immediately outside of the wind farm. The results showed that wind turbines clearly influence the spatial distribution of near-surface wind speed. Relative to reference points, near-surface wind velocity profiles measured at various distances from wind turbines followed a logarithmic distribution. The correlation coefficients for all points were above 0.95 except for a coefficient of 0.8278 corresponding to wind speeds measured 20 m in front of turbines. The wind speed increment rate at 20, 100, and 300 m in front of and behind turbines demonstrated the varying influence of turbines at different points. The area 100 m behind the turbine experienced maximum wind speeds at all height levels observed in the measurement area. The overall wind speed at 300 m distance was relatively low and variation nearest to the turbine was the most complex.
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GHOSH G K
045228 GHOSH G K (Geophysics Dep, Oil India Limited, Duliajan, Assam) : Curvature interpretation of gravity data for delineating structural features across the transition zone of Narmada–Son lineament in central India. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01402-3.
Potential-field anomalies can be converted to a common function which describes the ridge, peaks over an isolated source. In this study, attempt has been made to interpret curvature attributes of equipotential surface using gravity gradients for delineating thrust–fault locations in one of the seismically active transition zones of Narmada–Son Lineament (NSL) in central India. The NSL is oriented in the ENE–WSW direction, divides the area into two geological provinces. The northern part of this NSL comprises Vindhyan formations and southern part covers Gondwana formations. It has been observed that, the northern part (around Jukehi) of the area has higher elevation with lower gravity anomaly and the southern part (around Khamaria and Kataria) has lower elevation with higher gravity anomaly. The tectonic activities like intrusions, volcanisms and earthquake occurrences were the sources of crustal resettlement during the past in this area. Various researchers commented about the structural configuration; however, the present study helps to understand the structural features using various curvature analysis like maximum, minimum, most-positive, most-negative, mean, dip (profile), strike (tangential), contour (plan), curvedness, shape index and Gaussian curvatures. Out of these curvatures most positive, maximum, mean, dip and curvedness show more effective results compared to other curvatures. However, shape index states domes, ridge, flat, valley, bowl shape type structures. The results are also correlated with the conventional horizontal gravity gradient, analytic signal and tilt derivative analysis. The colour contrast variation of these differential curvatures make in-depth understanding with extensive multiplicities of integrity for delineating subsurface structures.
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RAO P G, NAIDU K B, REDDY K S N, SEKHAR C R, KRISHNA K N M, REDDY M A
045227 RAO P G, NAIDU K B, REDDY K S N, SEKHAR C R, KRISHNA K N M, REDDY M A (Geology Dep, M.R. Coll, Vizianagaram- 535 002, Andhra Pradesh) : Geochemical studies of monazites from coastal sands of Kandivalasa–Dibbalapalem coast, Andhra Pradesh. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01387-z.
The present study deals with the geochemical and geochronological studies of monazite from Kandivalasa–Dibbalapalem coast, north Andhra Pradesh. The average concentration of ThO2 and UO2 from beach sands is 11.38 and 0.40 wt.% and from dune sands is 11.94 and 0.63 wt.%. The average REE from beach and dune sands is 58.64 and 57.94 wt.% and they are rich in La, Ce, and Nd. The most common characteristic feature to all monazite shows that the total REE content exceeds that of the actinides (Thru). Monazite that formed after the garnet break down contains significantly higher amounts of Y and HREE in fine sediments. The chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns of monazite show uniformly enriched light rare earth element (∑LREE) which could be due to the preferential incorporation of lighter lanthanides and positive europium anomalies indicate that monazite was formed from magma/anatectic melt with high oxygen fugacity. Back-scattered electron (BSE) images of monazite showing compositional zoning and the bright outermost rim which is attributed to the influence by variations of LREE, HREE, U, Th, Pb and Y concentrations. The primary controlling factor, radiation damaged monazite yields in most cases significantly, with a strong dependence on the degree of metamictization based on the BSE intensity. The geochemical dating (U–Th–Pb) of monazite ranging age from 487 to 977 Ma from grain interior, can signify the age of Grenvillean evolution. This interpretation changes the existing tectonothermal history of the northern Eastern Ghats Belt. Our data show that the two adjacent crustal domains of the Eastern Ghats Belt show distinctly contrasting Neoproterozoic histories.
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DIBYANSHU, RAYCHOUDHURY T
045225 DIBYANSHU, RAYCHOUDHURY T (Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna- 801 103) : Transport behaviour of different metal-based nanoparticles through natural sediment in the presence of humic acid and under the groundwater condition. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01411-2.
The production of nanoparticles (NPs) has increased significantly, given that they have numerous commercial and medical applications. There might have some risk associated with the release of these NPs in the environment. To assess the possible risk of releases of NPs in the groundwater, it is important to evaluate the fate and transport behaviour of NPs through porous media. The objective of this study is, therefore, to evaluate the transport behaviour of widely used NPs [i.e., silver (Ag), iron oxide (FexOy), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO)] through porous media in the presence and/or absence of organic matter [i.e., humic acid (HA)] under controlled de-ionized and natural groundwater condition. To achieve the objective, first, the detailed characterizations of NPs are carried out in the presence and absence of HA. Column transport experiments were performed using a 1-D sand-packed column. Different NPs were injected from one end of the column with a flow rate of 0.0054 cm/sec. The result suggests that nAg, nTiO2, and nZnO particles are colloidal stable in the suspension, while nFexOy particles tend to aggregate and settle down very rapidly. However, in the presence of HA, the colloidal stability of nFexOy in the suspension increases significantly. Evaluation of transport behaviour of different metal NPs suggests that a high amount of nFexOy (C/C0=0.01) and nZnO (C/C0=0.09) particles are retained in the porous media. However, in the presence of HA, the transport efficiency of nFexOy (C/C0=0.64) increases significantly. The extensively high amount of nAg and nTiO2 particles are transported in the absence/presence of HA. The surface charge of particles and thus the interaction energy between the NPs and the sand is the main factor controlling the deposition of NPs. Overall, it could be stated that there is a risk of migration of nAg and nTiO2 particles irrespective of the presence of organic matter or of nFexOy particles in the presence of organic matter through the aquifer porous media. However, in the natural groundwater system, when the different ion is present, the extent of transport of NPs is expected to be less, and the risk associated with releasing of NPs in the groundwater would be comparatively low than that is predicted under the controlled de-ionized water condition. However, the nTiO2 particles always have a high risk of release into the groundwater.
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DIMRI T, AHMAD S, SHARIF M
045221 DIMRI T, AHMAD S, SHARIF M (Civil Engineering Dep, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi) : Time series analysis of climate variables using seasonal ARIMA approach. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01408-x.
The dynamic structure of climate is governed by changes in precipitation and temperature and can be studied by time series analysis of these factors. This paper describes investigation of time series and seasonal analysis of the monthly mean minimum and maximum temperatures and the precipitation for the Bhagirathi river basin situated in the state of Uttarakhand, India. The data used is from the year 1901–2000 (100 years). The seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) model was used and forecasting was done for next 20 years (2001–2020). The auto-regressive (p) integrated (d) moving average (q) (ARIMA) model is based on Box Jenkins approach which forecasts the future trends by making the data stationary and removing the seasonality. It was found that the most appropriate model for time series analysis of precipitation data was SARIMA(0,1,1) (0,1,1)12 (with constant) and of temperature data was SARIMA(0,1,0) (0,1,1)12 (with constant). The model prediction results show that the forecast data fits well with the trend in the data. However, over-predictions are found in extreme rainfall events and temperature results. The information of pattern and trends can assist as a prediction tool for development of better water management practices in the area.
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PRIYA P, KRISHNAN R, MUJUMDAR M
045220 PRIYA P, KRISHNAN R, MUJUMDAR M (Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune- 411 008) : Uncertainties in river discharge simulations of the upper Indus basin in the Western Himalayas. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01409-w.
This study focuses on understanding and quantifying uncertainties in simulating river discharge in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) of the Western Himalayas using a macro-scale semi-distributed hydrology model forced with multiple observed precipitation datasets and reanalysis products of near-surface wind-speed, maximum and minimum temperature during 2010–2012. We performed a suite of numerical simulations using a high-resolution setup of the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) hydrology model for the UIB. This model takes into account the balance of both water and surface energy budgets within each grid cell and incorporates sub-grid variability of topography to represent the effects of orographic precipitation and temperature lapse rate essential for hydrological modelling in the complex Himalayan terrain. While river discharges over non-mountainous basins are known to be generally sensitive to precipitation variations, it is noted that both precipitation and snowmelt processes critically influence seasonal river discharge in the UIB during the northern summer through surface temperature and wind-speed variations. Our study found that a marginal difference in temperature forcing can create large difference in snowmelt over UIB during summer season, which in turn increases the uncertainty in the summer monsoon river discharge. This analysis highlights the equally important need for the incorporation of realistic temperature data as that of precipitation product for the better simulation of land surface processes during various seasons, especially during summer, over snow covered UIB. Further analysis of daily simulations of the VIC model during 2010–2012 indicates that low and medium intensity river discharges tend to be associated with relatively lower spread among the ensemble members, as compared to the high intensity discharges which exhibit large ensemble spread. In particular, we noted a large increase in the spread of high flow simulations over the UIB during the flood episodes in the summer of 2010, arising from uncertainties in the precipitation forcing across multiple datasets. Our results emphasize the need for improved representation of precipitation and hydrological processes over the Himalayan region in weather and climate models for better management of water resources and flood forecasting in the UIB region under a changing climate.
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CHOUDHURI A
045219 CHOUDHURI A (Earth Sciences Dep, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata- 741 246, West Bengal) : Implications of microbial mat induced sedimentary structures (MISS) in carbonate rocks: An insight from Proterozoic Rohtas Limestone and Bhander Limestone, India. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01416-x.
A variety of microbial mat induced sedimentary structures (MISS) occur in the basal part of the Mesoproterozoic Rohtas Limestone and the Bhander Limestone, India. The combined outcrop and petrographic studies establish unicellular microbial origin of the MISS in the Rohtas Limestone and the Bhander Limestone. Micro-scale deformations associated with MISS imply the late cementation. Paradoxically MISS, once formed, has a better preservation potential in carbonate sediments because of their proneness to get cemented early. The studied basal sections of both the formations built up in a low energy depositional condition. In warm and arid tropical climate, high concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon exacerbated precipitation of aragonite crystals in successive stacks and sulfur concentration led to gypsum precipitation. However, the temperature in the palaeodepositional environment could have been high enough to restrict the sulfur reduction rate severely hampering the growth of sulphur reducing bacteria (SRB) population which was the most powerful post-Archaean calcification engine. The available results indicate Mesoproterozoic palaeotemperature raised up to 32 °C at a mid-latitude location. In the Vindhyan sea straddling across the equator, temperature is predicted to have been considerably higher. The ancient marine limestone formations having MISS, irrespective of their age, developed in similar low palaeolatitudinal locations. Thus, it is reasonable to attribute that high temperature at depositional site cards carbonate sediments to acquire MISS by delayed cementation. Early cementation hinders MISS formation in carbonate sediments, till the sea water temperature crosses an optimal value.
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GHOSAL S, AGRAHARI S, BANERJEE S, CHAKRABARTI R, SENGUPTA D
045218 GHOSAL S, AGRAHARI S, BANERJEE S, CHAKRABARTI R, SENGUPTA D (Geology and Geophysics Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur- 721 302, West Bengal) : Geochemistry of the Heavy Mineral Sands from the Garampeta to the Markandi beach, southern coast of Odisha, India: Implications of high contents of REE and Radioelements attributed to Placer Monazite. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01419-8.
This study presents major element, radioactive element and rare earth element (REE) concentrations of the Garampeta to Markandi beach along the southern coast of Odisha, India to delineate the source signature and resource potential of the beach placer deposits. Average ∑REE concentration of the beach sand samples is about four times higher than the average crustal concentration. The LREE concentration is higher than HREE, with a pronounced negative europium anomaly. The study also discusses about the radioelement 238U, 232Th and 40K concentrations in the study area, and their relationship with REE. Weathering condition of the source rock, based on the major elements and Th/U ratio indicated a reasonably high degree of weathering. Major element and the REE composition along with the europium anomaly, relate the beach placers to mainly charnockite and khondalite source. An elevated level of thorium (> 60 times than the average UCC values) as exhibited by the samples could be attributed due to the presence of monazites. The high concentration of REEs like Nd and Dy along with La and Ce indicates significant REE resource potential in the beach placers which is important for the resource potential in terms of the strategic mineral reserves of the country.
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BHATTACHARYA H N, MUKHERJEE A
045217 BHATTACHARYA H N, MUKHERJEE A (Earth Sciences Dep, Techno India Univ, Kolkata- 700 091) : A reappraisal of the Jharol Formation in the context of stratigraphy of Aravalli Supergroup, Rajasthan, India. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01415-y.
The enormously thick sedimentary succession exposed between Rishabhdev Lineament and rocks of the Delhi Supergroup constitutes Jharol Formation of the Aravalli Supergroup in Udaipur region of Rajasthan. The whole sedimentary succession is named Jharol Formation and designated as deep water turbidites. A detailed field examination indicates presence of two distinctly different litho successions juxtaposed across a crustal level fault along which brecciated ultramafics are tectonically emplaced. The sedimentary successions exposed immediate west of the Rishabhdev Lineament are deep water sediments with distinct facies types characterizing inner to outer lobe stacked turbidites. These turbidites are similar to the turbidites of the Udaipur Formation and Tidi Formation exposed east of the Rishabhdev Lineament. However, the sedimentary succession exposed west of these deep water sediments across the aforesaid fault contains facies types that represent continental to shallow marine deposits. This basin marginal sediments continue up to the contact with rocks of the Delhi Supergroup. Such litho-association suggests that a separate formation status of the sediments lying west of the Rishabhdev Lineament should be dropped and the turbidites of the Udaipur Formation should be considered as the youngest formation of the Aravalli Supergroup.
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