KANDARI P
044790 KANDARI P (Economics Dep, H.N.B. Garhwal Univ, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, Email: kandari1980@gmail.com ) : Status of financial inclusion in hilly rural areas of Uttarakhand: A comparative study of Pauri, Chamoli and Rudraprayag District. J Mountain Res 2020, 15, 21-33.
Hill Rural regions of Uttarakhand are inherent part of the state and were the prominent reason on the basis of which Uttarakhand state was carved out of Uttar Pradesh. Unfortunately the underdevelopment of these regions due to the aspect of ‘Area Deprivation’ associated with them has led to emergence of prominent problems like unemployment, lack of income generating opportunities and poverty leading further to a major problem of rural outmigration from them. To raise the economic condition of households of these regions it is important to enhance the income generating opportunities and to provide financial services which could cover up the majority of population with the social security net. The major way out to achieve them is through increase in financial inclusion. The present study through help of primary data examines the level of financial inclusion in the hill rural regions of Uttarakhand for which FII is computed on the basis of 4 dimensions of financial inclusion. The FII of the rural regions of development blocks of hill districts is compared with the FII of the all Indian rural households to examine the status of financial exclusion in hill rural regions of the state.
5 tables, 21 ref
AGA K D
044788 AGA K D (Geography and Environmental Studies Dep, Wachemo Univ, Ababa, Ethiopia, Email: kibemodetamo86@gmail.com) : Soil erodibility and soil susceptibility to erosion by water in shonkola mountainous area of Soro District, Ethiopia. J Mountain Res 2020, 15, 1-6.
Although the problem of soil erosion is common in all countries, it is one of the more persisting hazards in developing countries like Ethiopia which is a country located in tropic where there is higher precipitation and is vulnerable to almost all forms of environmental degradation which is also resulted from poor resource conservation practices. The main objective of this study is to determine soil erodibility and susceptibility to soil erosion in Shonkola mountainous area, Soro district. To determine soil erodibility and susceptibility to soil erosion, the percentage of primary soil separates (silt, very fine sand, and clay); percentage of organic matter; soil structure classes; and soil permeability were estimated. Soil samples were collected from 56 locations at an average depth of 15 cm to employ soil texture nomograph. Thus, soil erodibility of Shonkola area is determined and mapped to envisage the area that is highly susceptible for soil erosion. The soil erodibility value ranges from 0.01426 to 0.04001. It was found that the soil erodibility increases as organic content decreases, soil texture becomes finer and less permeable, and structure becomes poor. Prediction of soil erodibility and susceptibility to soil erosion is of great importance for soil erosion quantification, using GIS. The farm-unit level identification of soil types and existing specific problems are crucial in planning and implementation of any soil management strategies.
2 illus, 19 ref
BAWALLAH M A, OFOMOLA M O, ILUGBO S O, AINA A O, OLAOGUN S O, OLAYIWOLA K O, AWONIRAN D R
042721 BAWALLAH M A, OFOMOLA M O, ILUGBO S O, AINA A O, OLAOGUN S O, OLAYIWOLA K O, AWONIRAN D R (Applied Geophysics Dep, Federal Univ of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, Email: musabawallah@ gmail.com ) : Effect of lineament and drainage orientation on groundwater potential of moro area central kwara state Effect of lineament and drainage orientation on groundwater potential of moro area central kwara state Nigeria. Indian J Sci Technol 2020, 13(10), 1124 – 34.
This study investigates the effect of lineaments and surface water flow direction on groundwater prospect of Moro area of Central Kwara, Nigeria using landsat imagery, drainage pattern, and groundwater potential map in a bid to determine the causes of persistent borehole failure and low yield. The study involved the extraction of lineaments from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery and construction of drainage network. The geographic information system (GIS) environment was effectively used for the lineament analysis. The lineaments and drainage system were superimposed on an already existing groundwater potential map generated from vertical electrical sounding data in the area. The lineament map showed that most of the structures are found in the north-eastern and south-western parts while other areas were characterized by scanty and no lineaments (structures). The superimposition of lineaments on drainage patterns showed that they are not structurally controlled. The results obtained from the superimposed lineament and drainage system correlates reasonably with the groundwater potential map. The groundwater potential in the area was therefore characterized using the degree of interaction between the lineament and drainage system. The north-western, central and parts of the southern region of the study area were demarcated as having high groundwater potential while others are characterized with moderate potential except a small portion in the south-western part which is of low groundwater potential. It is inferred that the weak lineaments and drainage pattern interaction is responsible for the low recharge rate of aquifers resulting in low groundwater potential in some part of the study area.
6 illus, 1 table, 13 ref
GURUHAPPA H, SHINDE G N, KUMAR T V, RAMANA D V, SRIVASTAVA K
044592 GURUHAPPA H, SHINDE G N, KUMAR T V, RAMANA D V, SRIVASTAVA K (CSIR- National Geophysical Research Institute, Telangana- 500 007, Hyderabad) : 2D thermal modelling along the seismic section Kuppam–Bommidi in southern Granulitic terrain of Indian shield. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01481-2.
The crustal structure along the 90 km seismic profile from Kuppam to Bommidi in the southern part of Archean Dharwar Craton and Southern Granulitic terrain is used to obtain a 2D thermal structure for the region. The temperatures are computed for known values of the radiogenic heat production, thermal conductivity and associated boundary conditions. The heterogeneous nature of the subsurface compels one to consider the controlling parameters to be a realization of a random process, as estimation of realistic values for these parameters is very difficult. Uncertainties in the model in such a situation can be analyzed by solving the governing heat conduction equation with its associated boundary conditions from a stochastic point of view. A 2D thermal model for this area is obtained using the finite element method for the heat conduction problem using the COMSOL Multiphysics software. The crustal temperatures for different layers along the 90 km profile is computed by incorporating randomness in thermal conductivity values. Using seismic velocities, the heat production in the layered earth is computed along the profile. The 2D temperature-depth profile along with upper and lower bounds is plotted and results obtained reveal that the temperature varies from 405 ° to 498 °C at Moho depth along the profile. The errors are varying from 100 ° to 115 °C. The Moho depth along the profile is seen to vary from 34 to 45 km. At a few locations, the 1D solution along with error bounds is plotted and the results are seen to match well with that of the 2D thermal result at that location.
26 ref
VENKATESHWARLU M
044589 VENKATESHWARLU M (CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad- 500 007) : New paleomagnetic pole and magnetostratigraphy of the Cauvery Basin sediments, Southern India. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01476-z.
Magnetostratigraphy or magnetic polarity stratigraphy (MPS) is constructed with paleomagnetic parameters for the Campanian–Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) onshore sediment sequences of the Cauvery Basin, southern India. Twenty-nine sedimentary outcrops in the vicinity of Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu, India were studied using AF (5–150 mT) and thermal demagnetization (100–700 °C). The observed remanence carrier is attributed to hematite through rock magnetic experiments. The virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) latitudes were computed using the acquired characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) directions. The mean ChRM produce Dm= 338, Im= –38, (α95=23.91°, k = 15.73, N=60). The mean VGP is estimated at 51.33 °N, 292.71 °E deriving a paleolatitude of 21.3 °S. The constructed magnetic polarity stratigraphy (MPS) is correlated with the standard geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS). The composite MPS of these sequences comprises of 12 magnetozones (6 normal and 6 reversed events) that are corroborated with Chron C33n to Chron C30n of the GPTS. The derived paleolatitude position from the present study places Indian subcontinent at little shallow southern latitudes indicating moderately higher drift velocities during Upper Cretaceous.
36 ref
RAMOS-VÁZQUEZ M A, ARMSTRONG-ALTRIN J S
044587 RAMOS-VÁZQUEZ M A, ARMSTRONG-ALTRIN J S (Ciudad Univ, México) : Provenance and palaeoenvironmental significance of microtextures in quartz and zircon grains from the Paseo del Mar and Bosque beaches, Gulf of Mexico. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01491-0.
Microtextures of quartz and zircon grains from the Bosque and Paseo del Mar beaches in the Gulf of Mexico were examined using a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), to infer their provenance and palaeoenvironment. A total of 16 microtextures from 200 grains were identified and were grouped into mechanical, chemical, and mechanical/chemical origin. Microtextures of mechanical origin represent parallel striations (ps), cracks due to collision (ck), conchoidal fractures (cf), v-shaped marks (vs), abrasion fatigue (af), meandering ridges (mr), chattermarks (ch), curved (cg) and straight grooves (sg), which are attributed to a high-energy fluvial and sub-aqueous marine environment. Solution pits (sp), crystal overgrowth (cro), and silica globules (sgl) of chemical origin indicated precipitation and dissolution in a silica saturated marine environment. Adhered particles (ap), elongated depressions (dp), and relief are grouped as mechanical/chemical origin, suggested a sub-aqueous nearshore marine environment. Although zircon is considered as a resistant mineral, the frequency of microtextures observed was higher in zircon than in quartz. The results of this study revealed that the Los Tuxtlas volcanic field, Chiapas Massif and Oaxacan Complexes in the SW Gulf of Mexico are the potential source areas, which supplied sediments to the Paseo del Mar and Bosque beach areas.
84 ref
SINGH J, GUPTA P, GUPTA D, VERMA S, PRAKASH D, PAYRA S
044586 SINGH J, GUPTA P, GUPTA D, VERMA S, PRAKASH D, PAYRA S (Environment and Sustainable Development Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi- 221 005, Uttar Pradesh) : Fine particulate pollution and ambient air quality: A case study over an urban site in Delhi, India. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01495-w.
The current study discourses the impact of variation in PM2.5 concentration on the ambient air quality of Delhi. The 24-hourly PM2.5 concentration dataset was obtained from air quality measurement site (Anand Vihar) of Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) for the duration of April 2015 to December 2018. The annual and seasonal variability in the trend of ambient PM2.5 along with cumulative impact of meteorological parameters have been analyzed. The overall percentage increase in annual PM2.5 concentration, compared to National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) guidelines, is observed to be 286.09 %. The maximum concentration of fine particulate matter was recorded to be 788.6 µg/m3 during post-monsoon season and it was found to be associated with lower ambient temperature of 21.34 °C and wind speed of 0.33 m/sec. Further, PM2.5 concentration was found to be correlated with CO (R = 0.6515) and NH3 (R = 0.6396) indicating similar sources of emission. Further, backward trajectory analysis revealed contribution in PM2.5 concentration from the states of Punjab and Haryana. The results indicated that particulate pollution is likely to occur in urban atmospheric environments with low temperatures and low wind speeds.
69 ref
ROY A, MATIN A
044585 ROY A, MATIN A (Geology Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata) : Study of small-scale structures and their significance in unravelling the accretionary character of Singhbhum shear zone, Jharkhand, India. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01496-9.
Localized strain within tabular ductile shear zones is developed from micro- to meso- to even large scales to form complex structures. They grow in width and length through linkage of segments with progressive accumulation of strain and displacement, and finally produce shear zone networks characterized by anastomosing patterns. Singhbhum shear zone (SSZ) represents a large composite zone characterized by a collage of different dismembered lithotectonic segments, with heterogeneous structural features, within a matrix typical of a shear zone. Structural features indicate that the material properties of protoliths have a great role in controlling the mechanics of deformation. Meso- and micro-scale structural studies of the east-central part of the SSZ reveal ‘tectonic complex like’ (? deeper level equivalent of mélange type complex) assemblage of dismembered lithoteconic units. Shear-induced foliations, S, C and C′, were developed while the main mylonitic foliation is represented by C-plane. Apart from that, shear lenses are exceptionally well developed in both meso- and micro-scale in most of the units, particularly in schistose rocks. They were formed from different processes during progressive simple shear, which includes (1) anastomosing C-planes, (2) intersection between C- and C′-planes, (3) disruption of stretched out longer limbs of asymmetric folds, and (4) cleavage duplex. Fabrics recorded in rocks indicate that there was a progressive change in the development of predominantly flattening fabric (coaxial pure shear) in the northern part (outside the SSZ), to simple-shear non-coaxial type deformation producing shear fabric, dominating over the flattening fabric, in the southern part (within the SSZ) that is in close proximity with the Singhbhum Craton. Although an overall plane strain simple shear model is apparent, occasional presence of extensional features along two directions of the mylonitic foliation, demonstrative of three-dimensional deformation (simple shear and flattening: X > Y > 1 > Z), may indicate the stretching nature of the SSZ. From the orientation of oblique grain shape fabric [ISAmax (θ < 45 °)], there is slight deviation from simple shear, i.e., a sub-simple nature of plane strain shear could be inferred. However, in conformity with simple shear model the ubiquitously developed stretching lineation shows consistency in orientation being parallel to the movement direction. There is no evidence of transpression. Shear sense indicators invariably indicate up-dip ductile thrust movement with vergence top-to-the south. Microstructural deformational characteristics indicate that peak temperature attained during the deformation in shear zone was ~600 °C. Prolonged period of metasomatism, induced by fluid influx, played an important role in strain softening during the development of SSZ.
91 ref
CHATTERJEE R, SAMADDER S, MONDAL D, ADHIKARI K
044584 CHATTERJEE R, SAMADDER S, MONDAL D, ADHIKARI K (Earth and Environmental Studies Dep, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur) : Analysis of spatio-temporal trend in groundwater elevation data from arsenic affected alluvial aquifers – Case study from Murshidabad district, West Bengal, Eastern India. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01489-8.
Fluctuation in groundwater level is a time-dependent stochastic process. It is also a function of various inflow and outflow components to and from the hydrologic system concerned. Depth to water level data are measured through a network of observation wells or hydrograph stations to ascertain the degree of fluctuation in groundwater level at the desired scale, on a long-term basis. Basically, these depths to water level data are point measurements, which can be regarded as random variables furnishing changes in groundwater storage over time. The intrinsic in-homogeneity in aquifer materials introduces variations like jumps, trends, and periodicities in such hydrologic time series data. Thus, trending results from certain gradual, natural and/or anthropogenic interventions in the hydrologic environment and analyses of their trends are imperative for assessment of groundwater level scenario in the area of interest. This in turn, is essential for strategic planning and management for exploitation of the precious groundwater resource in the same area. The area of interest in this article, i.e., Murshidabad is one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal. Here, contamination persist within, shallow, arseniferous, alluvial aquifers, which are otherwise widely exploited for irrigation purposes. According to many researchers working in this area, over-exploitation of groundwater is the root cause for the plummeting water level and the widespread arsenic contamination as well. The present study intends to detect and analyze the trends persisting in the depth to water level data measured over a period from 1996 to 2016, in Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India, amidst its complex and contrasting hydrogeologic set-up and interpret the results in terms of the hydrologic attributes of the Bengal basin as a whole. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall test and the Sen’s slope estimator have been used to identify the linear trend persisting in the time series pre- and post-monsoon groundwater elevation values. The analysis indicates statistically significant decline in water level across the study area especially during the post-monsoon season. This can be attributed to the recharge–discharge disparity within the hydrologic regime; brought through intense pumping over the study area. Its ill effect being particularly observed in the western part of river Bhagirathi. Findings of such study are crucial for assessment of dynamic groundwater resources of the district and subsequently can be utilized as a decision support tool for groundwater management at micro-level.
78 ref
SANGWAN P, KUMAR D
044583 SANGWAN P, KUMAR D (Paradigm Geophysical Ltd., Mumbai- 400 076) : Estimation of coda Q for northeast India using nonlinear regression. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01483-0.
Classical logarithmic linearization of the single backscattering model to estimate the coda Q (Qc)Qc) leads to biased results in the presence of low signal-to-noise ratio. Non-linear regression using the Levenberg–Marquardt (L–M) method has been proposed to estimate the QcQc in the frequency range of 3–24 Hz on local earthquakes recorded in northeast region of India. Results of both classical log-linear and non-linear approaches to the single backscattering model are compared. On datasets with good signal-to-noise ratio both the approaches lead to almost the same results. However, for datasets having low signal-to-noise ratio, we found that the log-linear technique estimates are biased. Results demonstrate that the log-linear approach overestimates the QcQc in comparison to the non-linear approach. Frequency dependence parameter ‘ηη’ for the L–M method is slightly higher than the conventional log-linear approach. The QcQc variation with lapse-time is also studied with both the approaches. The biased results of log-linear approach were observed at different frequencies at all lapse times. Significantly lower Q0Q0 (1 Hz) estimates of non-linear approach indicated more heterogeneous lithosphere than the log-linear approach.
62 ref
KUTTY G, GOGOI R, RAKESH V, PATERIA M
044581 KUTTY G, GOGOI R, RAKESH V, PATERIA M (Earth and Space Science Dep, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Trivandrum- 695 547) : Comparison of the performance of HYBRID ETKF-3DVAR and 3DVAR data assimilation scheme on the forecast of tropical cyclones formed over the Bay of Bengal. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01497-8.
This study compares the performance of hybrid ensemble transform Kalman filter – three dimensional variational data assimilation (HYBRID) system and three dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system in Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) in simulating tropical cyclones (TC) formed over the Bay of Bengal. An Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (ETKF) system updates the ensemble system that provides flow-evolving background error covariance for HYBRID data assimilation system. Results indicate that use of flow-evolving ensemble error covariance in 3DVAR system has systematically reduced the TC position and intensity errors in the analysis; however, adding more weights to the ensemble error covariance term in 3DVAR cost function has not made any significant impact. The 3DVAR analysis depicts a stronger TC vortex with a well pronounced warm core structure as compared to that in HYBRID analysis. The forecasts from HYBRID analysis outperform that from 3DVAR in reducing TC track forecast error. The relative improvement in TC landfall position is 43 % and 49 % for variously configured HYBRID experiments. The forecasts initiated from HYBRID analysis has higher skill in quantitative precipitation forecasts during TC landfall compared to 3DVAR, which may be attributed to improved track prediction in the HYBRID experiments.
33 ref
SHETTY A, JAYAPPA K S
044580 SHETTY A, JAYAPPA K S (Marine Geology Dep, Mangalore Univ, Mangaluru- 574 199, Karnataka) : Seasonal variation in longshore sediment transport rate and its impact on sediment budget along the wave-dominated Karnataka coast, India. J Earth Syst Sci 2020, 129(1), 10.1007/s12040-020-01504-y.
The Karnataka coast is subjected to high wave activity during the southwest monsoon when most of the sandy beaches undergo erosion. Based on the littoral cell concept, the Karnataka coast is broadly divided into 14 major littoral cells and 26 stations are selected in the present study. WaveWatch III global wave model data at 0.5° interval were used to derive the nearshore wave characteristics from XBeach numerical model. The model results were validated with the measured wave rider buoy data of the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services. The beach orientation, nearshore slope, median sediment size, significant wave height, mean wave direction, and the peak wave period were used in the estimation of longshore sediment transport rate. The mean significant wave height along the Karnataka coast was about 0.86 m, wave direction was about 210° and peak wave period was about 13 sec. The wave height during southwest monsoon (June–September) was higher, post-monsoon (October–December) was moderate and pre-monsoon (January–May) was the calmest period. Direction of longshore sediment transport was southwards during pre- and post-monsoons when waves were from the south–southwest. Whereas, northwards during monsoon when the wave approach from west–southwest to west. The annual net longshore sediment transport rate estimated was about 0.65×106 m3 towards the south and the sediment budget investigation depicts the loss of 0.067×106 m3 during the study period.
43 ref
PATIL D A
040634 PATIL D A (Sociology Dep, Gondwana Univ, Gadchiroli - 440 013, Email: dr.dhanraj9@gmail.com) : Main treaming biofuels in India: Analysing weaknesses and s opportunities for the sustainability of biofuel and its future policy making. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 543-8.
The analogies between biofuels and its sustainability are complex thus cannot be examined in isolation. Therefore, this paper proposes a holistic paradigm towards mainstreaming and sustainability of biofuels analysed through the most promising methods of futures studies, PESTEL and Delphi. Futures methods and policymaking are entwined. It takes complete account of the drivers and intricate nature of biofuels. The PESTEL and Delphi expert's consultations from trans-disciplinary domain endow with plausible weaknesses and opportunities on biofuels. This paper finally draws destructive and prospective scenarios which contextualise India's distinctive policy priorities for the mainstreaming and sustainability of biofuels.
2 tables, 20 ref
BHANJA S K, MANDAL A B
042425 BHANJA S K, MANDAL A B (ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122 (UP), Email: subratcari@gmail.com) : Optimum amino acid requirements for digestive organs development and meat yield of naked neck broilers. Indian J Poult Sci 2020, 55(1), 31-6.
The effect of feeding 12 isocaloric diets (2×3×2 factorial design) formulated on the basis of total or digestible amino acids (2 variables), three levels of amino acids (115, 100 and 85 % of NRC, 1994) and with (FM) or without animal (VM) protein (2 variables) during 4-6 wks period was studied on digestive organ and carcass yields of naked Neck broilers (n=288). Though there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the growth of digestive organs in the birds fed diet formulated on the basis of total or digestible amino acid, different levels of amino acids or meal type, but the liver weight increased numerically with increase in AA levels, and in FM and digestible AA diets. Higher large intestine weight (P<0.045) was recorded in total AA diets and higher small intestine length (P<0.019) was recoded in all vegetable meal diets. The graded levels of AA did not had any influence on the development of intestine. The vegetable protein based diet resulted better breast meat yield in broiler chickens. Dressing yield (P<0.039) and breast yield (P<0.047) were increased with increasing level of AA content of the diet. Whereas, abdominal fat (P<0.063) and back yield (P<0.024) was higher in low AA diet fed groups. It may be concluded that, the broilers fed diets formulated on digestible amino acid basis did not influence digestive organ development and carcass yields.
3 tables, 24 ref
PALAKURU M, ADAMALA S, BACHINA H B
040603 PALAKURU M, ADAMALA S, BACHINA H B (Applied Engineering Dep, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research (VFSTR) Univ, Vadlamudi - 522 213, Email: bachina.harish@gmail.com) : Spatial mapping of rice crop evapotranspiration in Godavari command area. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 361-4.
The aim of this paper is determining potential rice crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using satellite data in Godavari irrigation command area of Andhra Pradesh, India. ETc was estimated from reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (Kc). ETo estimated using agro-meteorological data (measured maximum and minimum air temperatures) according to FAO-24 modified Blaney-Criddle method. The Kc maps were mapped in Arc GIS software using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Red (R) and Near Infra-Red (NIR) measurements of MODIS image were used to calculate NDVI. Further, the ETc map was obtained by multiplying Kc map with the ETo map. The maximum ETc computed for Rice crop was 6.04 mm/day, whereas the minimum was 2.22 mm/day for the Godavari command area.
4 illus, 1 table, 10 ref
DOMARATSKIY Y, KOZLOVA O, DOMARATSKIY O, LAVRYNENKO L, BAZALIY V
040598 DOMARATSKIY Y, KOZLOVA O, DOMARATSKIY O, LAVRYNENKO L, BAZALIY V (Kherson State Agrarian and Economic Univ, Kherson Oblast, Ukraine, Email: jdomar1981@gmail.com) : Effect of nitrogen nutrition and environmentally friendly combined chemicals on productivity of winter rapeseed under global climate change. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 330-6.
The research article presents the results of five-year field studies conducted in the conditions of the steppe zone on ordinary black low-humus soils (47.629, 32.079) to determine the productivity of winter rapeseed under the influence of early spring nitrogen nutrition in combination with environmentally friendly combined chemicals. Field experience was based on a three-factor scheme, where: factor A is early spring nutrition with nitrogen in a dose of N60, N90 and without nutrition; factor B is foliar treatment of plants with Wuxal® and Helafit Combi® twice during the growing season of winter rapeseed and a control option-spraying of plants with pure water. Foliar treatments of winter rapeseed plants with chemicals were performed twice with a field sprayer: the first at the end of the second decade after the start of the resumption of spring vegetation; the second in the phase of the beginning of budding-flowering. The consumption rates of the chemical Wuxal Mikroplant ® was 4.5 kg ha-1, and Helafit Combi® was 1 l ha-1; the outflow of working fluid is 250 l ha-1. Factor C was the morphobiotypes of winter rapeseed: the variety, the originator of which is the Vinnitsya State Agricultural Research Station of the National Academy of Agricultural Chornii Veleten Sciences of Ukraine and the Kronos hybrid, the originator of which is seed company NPZ Lembke, Germany. Studies have established that the yield of various morpho-biotypes of winter rapeseed reaches its maximum when applying early spring nitrogen nutrition with a dose of N90 in combination with double application of foliar nutrition of plants with the combined growth-regulating chemical Helafit Combi®, the yield increase of the variety was 0.79 t ha-1, and of the hybrid-1.11 t ha-1.
3 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref
KUMAR V, KUMAR V
040593 KUMAR V, KUMAR V (Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali - 304 022, Email: vinodjajuda@gmail.com) : Spatial analysis of groundwater fluctuation in nathusari chopta block of sirsa District (Haryana, India) sing geospatial technology. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 308-11.
The present research demonstrates the spatial-temporal changing in the groundwater level of the study area i.e., Nathusari Chopta block of Sirsa district. The 15 locations of dug-wells were taken to observe the ground water level of pre-monsoon and monsoon season for two decades (1996-2018). The fluctuations in the groundwater level during two decades in the area were also analysed. The interpolation technique of geospatial technology was used to analyse and mapping of the ground water level and its fluctuation. The groundwater level of two decades showed a range from 1.28 meter below ground level to 29.4 m (bgl) over the locations. The ground water fluctuation of the area had upwelling trained as result showed that upto 6 meter water table rose during the period. The study showed uprising trend in average groundwater level from 12.37 m bgl in 1996 to 7.56 m bgl in year 2018. The changes in the groundwater level were more prominent in centre, North-east and West as rising trends in the area. The probable reason for this trend may be the poor groundwater quality in western and northeastern parts of the area hampering the farmers from its use. The central part of area is most affected by water table rising problem and most of the area suffers from Waterlogging and soil salinity. The major aim of the study was to find out the spatial and temporal changes in the seasonal groundwater level and its fluctuations.
8 illus, 1 table, 5 ref
RATHINAVEL S, MANI A, KUMAR J, ANBARASAN P, SOUNDHARYA P, SOUNDHARYA S
040590 RATHINAVEL S, MANI A, KUMAR J, ANBARASAN P, SOUNDHARYA P, SOUNDHARYA S (TNAU, Kumulur – 621 712, Email: rathinavelesr@gmail.com) : Drought assessment in Tiruchirappalli District using varied time scales. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 295-8.
Drought analysis was carried out in Tiruchirapalli district of Tamil Nadu State of India using standardized precipitation index (SPI) with 35 years of rainfall data and drought affected years were identified, months, which receive maximum rainfall and average precipitation of the district were estimated. The analysis was carried out in 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 month time intervals on SPI scale. The district was not a severe drought affected region but some mild to moderate drought occurred in the past 35 years and no severe or extreme droughts. The years 1980, 1989 and 2002 were observed most deficit years. The average rainfall was 862 mm. Some of the mitigation measures may provide relief at the existing drought incident scenarios were discussed.
5 illus, 1 table, 14 ref
RAUFF K O, ABIR I A, QADIR A
040589 RAUFF K O, ABIR I A, QADIR A (Physics Dep, Federal Univ of Kashere, PMB 0180, Gombe, Nigeria, Email: rauffkazeem@yahoo.com) : Effect of land reclamation on water using remote sensing techniques, Penang Island. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(2), 290-4.
Land reclamation plays an important role in urban development by creating new landmass from the oceans for various purposes. This study aimed at combining remote sensing technique and ground instrumentation measurement for the identification of effects of land reclamation on water. Geocoded Landsat 8 and SPOT-6 satellite data were acquired and processed with ENVI and software. A ACOLITE supervised classification was performed to select sample pixels with specific classes of interest in the image. The results showed a great deterioration of water quality around reclaimed land areas. Higher values of turbidity were equally observed in the eastern and western parts on the coastal area where land had been reclaimed as compared to the northern and southern parts that were free of land reclamation.
6 illus, 12 ref
MANDAL M, CHATTARJEE N D
040561 MANDAL M, CHATTARJEE N D (Geography and Environment Management Dep, Vidyasagar Univ, Midnapore - 721 102, Email: mrinmaymandal88@gmail.com) : Geo-statistical analysis to understand nature of forest patch shape complexity in Panchet forest division under Bankura District, West Bengal. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(1), 96-101.
Habitat quality depends on both functional and structural pattern of landscape. Structural pattern of the habitat address fragmentation, complexity, configuration etc. Therefore, nature of forest habitat shape complexity becomes a new subject matter in biodiversity management. The present study also addresses this issue considered 36 forest patches in Panchet Forest Division under Bankura district for shape quality assessment. Landscape ecological indices like Shape Index, Fractal Dimension, and Perimeter Area Ratio are calculated using ArcGIS 10.1 and FragState 4.2 version software. From these indices, it is found that the larger forest patches are more structurally fragmented and also more complex than small patches. Not only that study also compared these indices values with a standard shape i.e. circle by regression method. The comparative results present that the larger forest patches are significantly more complex from standard shape than small patches in Panchet Forest Division.
7 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref
SHARMA U, ADEEBA, DUTTA V
040551 SHARMA U, ADEEBA, DUTTA V (Environmental Science Dep, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Univ, Lucknow - 226 025, Email: dvenks@gmail.com) : Impact of declining groundwater levels on river flows in the Ganga alluvial plain-a case study of Gomti River, India. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(1), 40-8.
This study is carried out on the Gomti River Basin (GRB) in Uttar Pradesh, India – a sub-basin of Ganges, to understand if groundwater abstraction has affected the flow-regimes in the river. Gomti River is a tropical groundwater-fed alluvial river in which base flows form an important component of the overall flow. A large number of sampling points in the basin, i.e. data from 764 groundwater observation wells were computed separately for pre- and post-monsoon periods. The flow data from 1978 to 2015 is used to separate the base flow share from the river discharge. The results of the comparison of changes in groundwater depths and surface flow trends showed a decrease in groundwater levels in past years as well as an overall decrease in river flow. During the lean flow periods, the groundwater usage is highest in the basin, and base flow reduces due to which rivers are not able to meet the minimum flows requirements. This study suggests that river flow can be effectively restored by regulating the indiscriminate abstraction of groundwater in the basin and through promoting conjunctive use of surface and groundwater. The study also recommends that a component of groundwater recharge through water bodies should be included for base flow augmentation to maintain sufficient ecological flows in the river.
10 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref
VALLIAMMAI A, PRABHAKARAN J
040550 VALLIAMMAI A, PRABHAKARAN J (TNAU, Bhavanisagar - 638 451, Email: vallimei@gmail.com) : Delineation of recharge zones for Panapatti watershed of Coimbatore District. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(1), 36-9.
The present study was undertaken to identify the favorable areas for artificial recharge and suggest suitable recharge structures to augment the aquifer system. The analysis was carried out in Kinathukadavu block of Coimbatore District using Remote Sensing data and GIS techniques. The various thematic maps such as geomorphology, geology, soil, slope, land use, drainage, drainage density, lineament density, runoff isolines, depth to weathered zone, depth to basement, groundwater level fluctuations and water quality were used in the analysis. The above maps were prepared using IRS-1C LISS III satellite data and other collateral information collected from the field and digitized. Criterion tables were generated considering the importance of different themes and necessary ranks and weights were assigned to each theme. Using ARC/INFO GIS software, the above themes have been integrated and the areas suitable for artificial recharge have been identified for Panapatti watershed of Kinathukadavu block of Coimbatore district. From the recharge zone map it was found that the entire area belongs to moderate zone of recharge. Considering the terrain conditions and favourable zonation, the suitable artificial recharge structures such as percolation pond, check dam, recharge pit, recharge shaft and recharge tube wells were recommended.
7 illus, 5 ref
VAISHNAVI B, YARRAKULA K, KARTHIKEYAN J
040549 VAISHNAVI B, YARRAKULA K, KARTHIKEYAN J (Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore - 632 014, Email: karjk2017@gmail.com) : Flood inundation mapping of lower Godavari River basin using remote sensing and GIS. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(1), 30-5.
River Godavari is one of the longest rivers in India, which faces flood almost every monsoon. To generate flood inundation map of lower Godavari River, SRTM DEM of 30m resolution, water level and discharge data are used. Hydrodynamic model is calibrated for the year 2010 and, the calibrated model is validated with the years 2011 and 2012. Percentage accuracy of simulated values show minimum of 89 % to a maximum of 99 % with respect to observed values.
7 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref
VINOTHKANNA S, RAJEE R, SENTHILRAJA K
040548 VINOTHKANNA S, RAJEE R, SENTHILRAJA K (Geography Dep, Madurai Kamaraj Univ, Madurai - 625 021, Email: vinothkanna.gis@gmail.com) : Assessing ground water quality for the suitability of irrigation in Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(1), 23-9.
An attempt has been made in this paper to assess groundwater quality for irrigation based on various indices, such as sodium absorption ratio (SAR), permeability index (PI), Kelly's ratio (KR), Na %, magnesium ratio (MR) and soluble sodium percentage (SSP) in Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu. The study underwent based on secondary data. Groundwater chemistry in the study area is mixed type and has been validated using Piper, Durov and Gibbs plot. The United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) plot indicates high salinity and low sodium hazard (C3-S1). Except Kelly's Ratio all other indices values in the groundwater samples are marginally suitable for irrigation purposes. So care should be taken before water gets contamination.
9 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref
KYUL E V, ALITA S L
040547 KYUL E V, ALITA S L (Kabardin-Balkar Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nalchik, the Kabardin-Balkar Republic, Russia, Email: elenakyul@mail.ru) : Impact of climate change on the shift of landscape and climate boundaries. Indian J Ecol 2020, 47(1), 17-22.
In the article for the territory of the Kabardin-Balkar Republic (the central part of the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus) there are calculations of the displacement of the main landscape and climatic boundaries, the snow line and the upper boundary of the forest-under the influence of climate change. Moreover, based on the analysis of the climate of the Greater Caucasus, three preferable scenarios of climate change are selected, taking into account the anthropogenic impact. In all 3 scenarios, all landscape and climatic boundaries are shifted up to the south-west. The marked increase in the area of forest landscapes will be "smoothed" due to anthropogenic impact. The main anthropogenic load will be transferred from the low-mountain to the high-mountain landscapes. With the general warming of the climate, the snow-avalanche situation will also change. Moreover, the change in the snow-avalanche situation according to these scenarios can complicate the development of high-mountain areas, where the main recreational resources of the Republic are concentrated. This will happen due to the increase of avalanche danger and, as a result, it is create tense and even crisis environmental situations. Therefore, economic activity in this region should be carried out taking into account avalanche activity. This will lead to additional costs of anti-avalanche measures to reduce the impact of avalanches on the natural environment. A specialized GIS-editor was used in the analysis of avalanche danger in the mountainous areas of Kabardino-Balkaria (upper reaches of the Baksan River).
4 illus, 1 table, 10 ref
KHATOON S, KHAN M M A
044467 KHATOON S, KHAN M M A (Geography Dep, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, Email: sajdakhatoon1990@gmail.com) : Socio-economic status and burden of malaria in Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) area, West Bengal. J Commun Dis 2020, 52(1), 72-7.
Among vector-borne diseases, malaria induces a significant socio-economic burden mainly on poor households directly or indirectly. So in a country like India where BPL population is about 21.9 %, (Census of India, 2011), malaria continues to be a persistent public health concern. The present paper is a modest attempt towards the assessment of the effect of socio-economic status on disease burden in KMC Area which is a high burden area of West Bengal. Methods: The data was collected from 396 randomly selected households across the randomly selected 12 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) Area. The household expenditure incurred on preventive measures and total expenses on the treatment of malaria were calculated. Socio-economic status (SES) of the households is examined against the prevalence of the diseases as well as against the preventive and curative expenditure incurred due to malaria. Malaria is the most commonly found disease in the study area, having a prevalence rate of 5.02 %. More males are affected than females and the working-age group is the worst affected category. The population had to spend about 0.06 % to 1.79 % of their annual income on the treatment of the disease. The economic burden of the disease seems to be higher in those wards, which are having a larger population of low SES. The improvement in SES of the household’s status and fruitful developments in the slums would help alleviate the disease prevalence and consequently would lessen the economic burden on the residents.
3 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref
VENKATESH, SHAMSHUDDIN S Z M, GANGADHARA K V, MUBARAK N M
040480 VENKATESH, SHAMSHUDDIN S Z M, GANGADHARA K V, MUBARAK N M (HMS Institute of Technology, Tumakuru. Karnataka, Email: mohamed.shamshuddin@gmail.com) : Cordierite honeycomb monoliths coated with modified forms of ceria for the acid catalyzed synthesis of butylacetate via microwave irradiation. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 27(2), 135-43.
A series of solid acid catalysts like CeO2, CeO2-ZrO2 and SO4-2/CeO2-ZrO2 have been coated over monoliths by dip and dry process. Catalysts have been characterized by NH3-TPD for surface acidity, PXRD for crystallinity, FT-IR analysis for functionality, SEM and TEM for morphology. The catalytic activity of the synthesized materials is trialled by liquid-phase esterification of acetic acid with butanol. The catalytic activity is correlated with acid sites examined by NH3-TPD method. Optimization of reaction is carried out by altering the molar ratio, temperature, catalyst nature and time of the reaction. A detailed techno-economical analysis of the catalytic material and the procedure followed for the esterification reaction is also studied. In the techno-economical analysis, it is noticed that microwave assisted heating is more advantageous over conventional one. In case of microwave heating, the conversion of BA is 98 % with a shorter reaction time of 12 min but in the case of conventional method of heating, it takes almost 6 h to get the above said conversion. It is further noticed that a comparative analysis of honeycomb over powder forms clearly states that, honeycomb forms shows almost 4 fold time increase in the conversion of BA compared to their powder analogs.
8 illus, 6 tables, 35 ref
KUJUR P
044422 KUJUR P (Pandit Ravishankar Shukla Univ, Raipur- 492 010, Email: pratibhakujur0626@gmail.com) : Modification of aquarium with continuous water inlet-outlet system validated for longitudinal stocking of fish under laboratory. J Biol Engg Res & Rev 2020, 7(2), 24-33.
Unequivocally fish is considered one of the most crucial experimental animal models in basic and applied biomedical research. Fish in the laboratory requires proper housing and handling. The inadequate aquatic facility causes suffering and discomfort to fish. In this article, we discussed the limitations of filtering equipment and their long-term usage associated with hazardous effects on fish health. We attempted to design and construct the aquarium with a simple technique without implementing any filtering equipment. The design resolves to minimize the impact of potential toxins in the aquarium. The design of the proposed aquarium is more appropriate for longitudinal research protocols and housing since it overcomes the constraints of water renewal at the time of experiments without disrupting a test fish's normal behavior. The aquarium provides better functional efficacy for fish welfare. We observed the circadian locomotor activity rhythm of fish and validated it by housing them in test aquarium both singly- and in group-housing conditions under LD 12:12. We concluded that housing in the new test aquarium facilitates better stocking practice when housed for a prolonged duration. The designed aquarium possesses a self-draining facility that helps elude the extent of water deterioration and water turbidity due to suspended wastes, thus enabling a stress-free environment for stocking.
2 illus, 4 tables, 50 ref
LEE J C, CHOE S Y
044394 LEE J C, CHOE S Y (Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Dep, Seoul National Univ, Gyeonggi-do- 463 707, Korea, Email: beas100@snu.ac.kr) : Gene alterations after human adipose derived stem cell derived exosome injection in monosodium iodoacetate induced osteoarthritis rats by microarray analysis. J Anat Soc India 2020, 69(1), 37-47.
Exosome (exo) is a small extracellular vesicles containing cell‑derived factors, and serve to mediate the paracrine effect of cells. Despite the therapeutic potential of human adipose‑derived stem cells (hADSCs)‑derived exo‑related treatment modalities, the molecular parameters needed to define the “paracrine effect” remain largely unknown. Using high‑density oligonucleotide RNA sequencing, the differential gene expression profiles between a fraction of exo (derived from hADSCs) and its mesenchymal stem cells subpopulation were obtained. Of particular interest was a subset of 66 genes preferentially expressed at fivefold or higher in the group treated with exo derived from hADSCs. This subset contained numerous genes involved in the angiogenesis, inflammatory response, immune response, cell cycle, cell death, cell differentiation, cell proliferation, DNA repair, RNA splicing, and secretion functions. In addition, six protein networks were constructed. The interaction network consisted of 57 proteins encoded by upregulated genes. However, the interaction network also consisted of 69 proteins encoded by downregulated genes. Our results provide a basis for more reproducible and reliable quality control using genotypic analysis for the definition of hADSCs‑exo. Therefore, these results will serve to provide a basis for studies of the molecular mechanisms which control the core properties of hADSCs‑exo. Understanding the processes driving hADSCs‑exo recruitment could prove invaluable in the development of novel, targeted therapies to selectively inhibit pathological responses in OA.
3 illus, 7 tables, 16 ref
LONDHE D S, KATPATAL Y B
044325 LONDHE D S, KATPATAL Y B (Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, Email: digambarlondhe@students.vnit.ac.in) : Comparative assessment of evapotranspiration in Bhima sub-basin using spatial analysis for normal and ENSO years. J Agrometeorol 2020, 22(2), 179-85.
Evapotranspiration (ET) estimation is important for hydrological modelling and water management for irrigation. The present study estimates the reference evapotranspiration using FAO Penman-Monteith (FAO P-M) method and SWAT hydrological model, and its spatial variation during ENSO events during 1996 to 2013. The spatial variation of crop coefficient and actual evapotranspiration (ETa ) is also analyzed. The results from these methods are compared for various El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and normal years. MODIS NDVI data was used to generate crop coefficients which were further used for generation of ETa .The results show that the ET0 estimated using FAO P-M is less during the pre-monsoon period than ET0 estimated using SWAT model. ET0 values from FAO P-M show decreasing trends while those by SWAT show increasing trends. Also, ET0 shows higher values during post monsoon period of El Niño years as compared to La Niña and normal years.
7 illus, 1 table, 21 ref
KARMOKAR J, ISLAM M A, HASSAN M R, BILLAH M M
044323 KARMOKAR J, ISLAM M A, HASSAN M R, BILLAH M M (Computer Science and Mathematics Dep, Bangladesh Agricultural Univ, Mymensingh- 2202, Bangladesh, Email: jaiontoj@gmail.com) : Impact of seasonal climatic variability on rice yield in Bangladesh. J Agrometeorol 2020, 22(2), 165-71.
In Bangladesh, 75 % of the total cultivable area is under rice cultivation producing 25 million tons of rice and plays a vital role in the country’s GDP. The climatic variability is playing an important role in affecting the rice production. In this study, the impact of climatic variability (average maximum temperature (aMaxTemp), average minimum temperature (aMinTemp) and average rainfall (aRainfall)) on rice yield was determined in two different regions (northern and southern) of Bangladesh.The variability of rice yield and climate factors was determined by using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. The data was analyzed over the 44-years period (1971 to 2014) in order to estimate the magnitude of these fluctuations statistically and graphically. We observed that the climate variables had significant effect on rice yield that varies among three rice crops (e.g., Aus, Aman, and Boro rice). We observed that, aMaxTemp has positive effects for Aus and Aman rice yield but negative effect on Boro rice yield. On the other hand, aMinTemp has negative effects on Aus and Aman rice yield but has positive effect on Boro rice yield. The aRainfall has a positive relationship with all rice yields in both the regions.
3 illus, 6 tables, 33 ref
SARKAR S, GHOSH A, BRAHMACHARI K, RAY K, NANDA M K, SARKAR D
044322 SARKAR S, GHOSH A, BRAHMACHARI K, RAY K, NANDA M K, SARKAR D (Agricultural Meteorology and Physics Dep, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, Email: ghoshargha4@gmail.com) : Weather relation of rice-grass pea crop sequence in Indian Sundarbans. J Agrometeorol 2020, 22(2), 148-57.
In order to develop weather-based yield prediction models for rice and grass pea in coastal saline zone of West Bengal, the experiments were conducted with rice (cv. CR 1017) and grass pea (cv. Bio L 212) in the rainy and winter seasons, respectively of 2016-17 and 2017-18. Rice was sown in nursery bed on six different dates starting from June 15 to July 19 at weekly interval in both rainy seasons in two different land situations viz. medium upland and medium lowland. Likewise, grass pea was sown on six different dates just before harvesting of rice. It was observed that both early sown rice and grass pea resulted in higher grain yield and took more time to mature under medium lowland situation irrespective of sowing dates. Correlation study revealed that air temperature during sowing to transplanting phase exhibited significant positive correlation with grain of rice in medium upland (T max = 0.76**, Tmin = 0.69* ) and medium lowland (T max = 0.93**, T min = 0.81**) situations. On the other hand, maximum temperature and total solar radiation during 100 % emergence to 100 % flowering stage were negatively associated with the grain yield of grass pea in both medium upland (T max = -0.69* , Accumulated solar radiation = -0.73**) and medium lowland (Tmax = -0.74**, Acc. solar radiation = -0.77**) situations. Grain yield of rice and grass pea could be predicted with 94.4 % and 87.4 % predictability. Pre-harvest forecasting of grain yield was possible with 77.3 % for rice and 83.8 % for grass pea.
4 illus, 6 tables, 20 ref
ANANTAVASHISTH, GOYAL A, KRISHANAN P
044319 ANANTAVASHISTH, GOYAL A, KRISHANAN P (Agricultural Physics Dep, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi- 110012, Email: ananta.iari@gmail.com) : Effect of weather variability on growth and yield of wheat crop under semi-arid region of India. J Agrometeorol 2020, 22(2), 124-31.
For generating different weather conditions during various phenological stages, experiments were conducted on two varieties of wheat (HD-2967 and HD-3086) sown on three different dates at the research farm of IARI, New Delhi during rabi 2015-16 and 2016-17. Soil temperature, soil moisture, leaf area index, biomass, chlorophyll content, radiation interceptions were measured during different crop growth stages. Number of days taken for each phenological stage was observed and thermal time for different phenological stages were calculated. Results showed that first sown crop had higher value of crop growth parameters and yield as compared to second and third sown crop.HD-3086 had higher value of LAI, biomass and yield than HD-2967. Grain yield had significant positive correlation with growing degree days during grain filling stage. Soil temperature measured at 2.21 PMat 5, 10, 15, 20 cm depth had 1-5°C lower value than the air temperature. Soil moisture measured at 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm depths had slightly higher soil moisture for HD-3086 as compared to corresponding value in HD2967 during emergence, flowering and grain filling stages. Percentage relative water content in HD-2967 was found to be higher in first sown crop followed by second and third sown crop. However, in HD-3086, percentage relative water content was found to be higher in first sown crop followed by third and second sown crop. Grain yield had significant positive correlation with relative water content during different phenological stages. HD-3086hadhigherradiation use efficiency as compared to HD-2967 in all weather conditions.
5 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref
MOUNICA D, RAO M S , KRISHNAYYA P V, PATIBANDA A K, RAO V S
044318 MOUNICA D, RAO M S , KRISHNAYYA P V, PATIBANDA A K, RAO V S (Entomology Dep, Agricultural Coll, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, Email: mounicaagri47@gmail.com) : Effect of elevated CO2 and temperature on thermal constants and lower threshold temperatures of maize aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch.) (Aphididae:Hemiptera) on maize, Zea mays (Linn.). J Agrometeorol 2020, 22(2), 116-23.
The objective of this study was to examine the development of corn leaf aphid,Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch (Aphididae: Hemiptera) on maize Zea mays Linnaeus at elevated and ambient concentrations of CO2 (550 and 380ppm ± 25 ppm, respectively) at six temperatures (20, 25, 27, 30, 33 and 35 °C) and to estimate thermal constants and lower temperature thresholds for the forecasting models based on heat accumulation units which could be developed for use in forecasting. The duration of different growth stages of R.maidis were reduced with an increase of temperature from 20 °C to 35 °C under both ambient and elevated CO2 conditions. The lower development threshold for first nymphal instar,second nymphal instar, third nymphal instar, fourth nymphal instar, adult duration and total development period required 10.1, 5.04, 13.42, 26.96, 10.9, 23.22 and 20.20 °C under eCO2 whereas it was 13.32, 9.41, 19.13, 30.48, 16.38, 22.88 and 20.89 °C under aCO2 conditions,respectively. The mean lower temperature threshold for nymph was slightly higher (16.38 °C) at aCO2 compared to that of eCO2 (10.90 °C) whereas for adult the mean lower temperature threshold was slightly higher (23.22 °C) at eCO2 compared to that of aCO2 (22.88 °C). The thermal requirement of R. maidis from first nymphal instar to adult (total development period) was found to be 100.00 degree days (DD) under eCO2 conditions as against 111.11degree days under aCO2 conditions. These estimated temperature thresholds and thermal constant can predict the pest scenarios and population dynamics of R. maidis.
2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref
DAS P, DEKA R L, GOSWAMI J, BARUA S
044317 DAS P, DEKA R L, GOSWAMI J, BARUA S (Agrometeorology Dep, Assam Agricultural Univ, Jorhat- 785013, Email: parishmitajrt17@gmail.com) : Effect of elevated CO2 and temperature on growth and yield of winter rice under Jorhat condition. J Agrometeorol 2020, 22(2), 109-15.
A pot experiment was conducted during kharif, 2018 inside CO2 Temperature Gradient Tunnels (CTGT) to assess the effect of elevated CO2 and temperature [T0 : ambient temperature & ambient CO2 , T1 : elevated temperature (ambient +1 °C) & elevated CO2 (ambient+25 % of ambient) and T2 : elevated temperature (ambient +2 °C) & elevated CO2 (ambient + 50 % of ambient)] under three different transplanting dates (D1 : 25th June, D2 : 10th July and D3 : 25th July) on growth and yield of rice in Jorhat district of Assam. The result showed that occurrence of different phenological stages was earlier under elevated CO2 - Temperature conditions resulting in reduction of crop duration by about 8-15 days. On the other hand, days to tiller initiation increased whereas days to panicle initiation, flowering and physiological maturity reduced with delay in transplanting. Yield attributing parameters were improved under elevated CO2 - Temperature condition. W ith respect to dates of transplanting, D2 recorded higher number of panicles hill-1 (17.9) and higher filled grains panicle-1 (156.6). Higher grain yield (55.9g hill-1) was found under T2 which was at par with T1 and it was significant higher over the ambient. Grain yield was significantly reduced when transplanting was delayed after 10th July. The results revealed that the growth and yield of rice was found to be better under elevated CO2 -temperature levels when transplanted on 10th July.
4 tables, 21 ref
LATAVISHNOI , KUMAR A, KUMAR S, SHARMA G, BAXLA A K, SINGH K K, BHAN S C
044316 LATAVISHNOI , KUMAR A, KUMAR S, SHARMA G, BAXLA A K, SINGH K K, BHAN S C (Agromet Advisory Services Div, Nanyang Technological Univ, New Delhi, Email: lata.vishnoi@gmail.com) : Weather based crop insurance for risk management in agriculture. J Agrometeorol 2020, 22(2), 101-8.
In recent years, in many parts of the country, indebtedness, crop failures, unpaid prices and poor returns have resulted in agrarian distress. The government has identified and introduced several programs to address these critical issues viz. crop insurance, lending waivers etc. among them. Crop insurance as a concept for risk management in agriculture has emerged in India since the turn of the twentieth century and government has launched various insurance schemes in last three decades like Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme (CCIS), National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) and Modified NAIS (MNAIS) etc. Apart from these schemes, several other pilot projects such as Seed Crop Insurance, Farm Income Insurance Scheme and Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS) were implemented from time to time. At present, two most important schemes are functional i.e. Pradhan Mantri Fasal BimaYojna (PMFBY) and Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS) are in operation. This study focused on the performance of the Restructured W eather based Crop Insurance Scheme (RW BCIS) from historical and analytical perspectives and presents recommendation for future scenarios. RWBCIS scheme having two most important challenges. Firstly, weather data related issues by designing a modern scientific approach to develop high resolution secondary data and secondly, modifying the existing design of RWBCIS Products, based on sound agronomic principles.
5 tables, 15 ref
LEE S K, TRUONG A N, DANG, NGO M L T
044314 LEE S K, TRUONG A N, DANG, NGO M L T (Ton Duc Thang Univ, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, Email: leeseungkyu@tdtu.edu.vn) : Assessment of improving irrigation efficiency for tomatoes planted in greenhouses in Lam Dong Province, Vietnam. J Agrometeorol 2020, 22(1), 52-5.
This study was conducted to investigate the developmental processes of tomato plants in greenhouses covered with polyethene agricultural film that applied a smart irrigation system. The study tested applying different irrigation water levels (IWLs) of 60, 80, 100, and 120 % of crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Based on the findings for the tomato rows sampled to collect information about leaf area, biomass, and yield, maximal growth of tomatoes varied from 80 to 90 days after transplanting (DAT) for all IWLs. Among the applied IWLs, approximately 80 % of ETc was recorded as the most appropriate for the crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), and yield, while the IWLs with 60 %, 100 %, and 120 % of ETc also gave an equivalent output. The results of this work can provide useful information for farmers to make the right decisions about the amount of irrigation water to use.
3 illus, 1 table, 15 ref
KALE G D
044313 KALE G D (Civil Engineering Dep, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat-395007, Gujarat, Email: kale.gd@gmail.com) : Trend analyses of regional time series of temperatures and rainfall of the Tapi basin. J Agrometeorol 2020, 22(1), 48-51.
Climate change information at the scale of basin is vital for planning, development and use of water. The Tapi basin is climatically responsive. Hydrological response of a basin is based mainly on rainfall and temperature. Variations in climate at regional scales impacts fundamental features of our life. Thus, in the present work, trend analyses of regional time series (1971-2004) of minimum, mean, maximum temperatures and rainfallis performed for monthly, annual and seasonal scales for the Tapi basin. Correlogram is utilized for evaluation of dependence of data. Mann-Kendall test and Mann-Kendall test with block bootstrapping are applied for the evaluation of trend significance. Sen’s slope test is applied for the evaluation of trend magnitude. Sequential Mann-Kendall test is applied for assessment of beginning and end of the trend. Statistically significant positive trends are detected in regional annual and winter Tmean time series with their beginning in years 1974 and 1972, respectively.
4 illus, 1 table, 14 ref
MADOLLI M J, MADOLLI U, SANGRESKOP H K, GOUDA P A
044311 MADOLLI M J, MADOLLI U, SANGRESKOP H K, GOUDA P A (Agricultural Engineering Dep, Sericulture Coll, Chintamani– 563125, Email: mallappa495@gmail.com) : The application of generalized additive models (GAMs) for assessing the teleconnection of ENSO and IOD with monsoon rainfall variability over Krishna River Basin, India. J Agrometeorol 2020, 22(1), 33-40.
The present study examines the teleconnection of ENSO andIOD with monsoon rainfall (MN) and low, moderate and heavy rainfall events (LREs, MREs and HREs) over the Krishna river basin, using generalized additive models (GAMs) with suitable distribution. The outputs of GAMs indicate that, Poisson distribution is superior to the other distributions in assessing the teleconnection of ENSO-MN-IOD in the study area. Further, study resultsshowed that ENSO and IOD has significant (p < 0.001) non-linear responses to theLREs, MREs,HREs and MN. The influence of IOD on MN, LREs, MREs and HREs found positive on some parts, while negative on the other parts of the study area (i.e. heterogeneous in nature). W hile, ENSO has consistent negative influence on MN, LREs, MREs and HREsin the study area. Furthermore, La Niña and El Niño had positive and negative influenceon the MN, LREs, MREs and HREs respectively. The study outcomes will help the hydro-meteorologist and water related policy makers in modeling the impact of monsoon rainfall system on water, agriculture and allied sectors.
5 illus, 1 table, 6 ref
KARTHICK P, MURTHY K N, RAMESH C, NARAYANA S, MOHANRAJU R
039412 KARTHICK P, MURTHY K N, RAMESH C, NARAYANA S, MOHANRAJU R (Ocean Studies and Marine Biology Dep, Pondicherry Univ, Port Blair-744 112, Email: karthickmicrobes@gmail.com) : Molecular authentication of green algae Caulerpa (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) based on ITS and tufA genes from Andaman Islands, India. Indian J Expl Biol 2020, 58(2), 109-14.
Indigenous and non-indigenous invasive algal species introduction or prevalence is one of the major concerns to protect the native coastal environment. Globally, several studies have reported the effect of invasive alga Caulerpa on coral reefs. To establish the genetic variation between indigenous and non-indigenous invasive species, attempts have been made to develop molecular identification of Caulerpa algal species available at the Andaman Islands. In this study, 7 visually and morphologically different species belonging to the genus Caulerpa (Chlorophyta) were collected from the intertidal regions of South and Little Andaman Islands, India. The specimens were preliminarily identified based on the morphological characters and genetically mapped using ITS2 and chloroplast tufA gene markers. Six species of the Caulerpa viz. Caulerpa racemosa, C. racemosa var lamourouxii, C. racemosa var macrophysa, C. serrulata, C. fergusonii and C. microphysa were identified using ITS2 gene, and. C. mexicana var pluriseriata was identified using tufA gene. Two varieties, C. mexicana var. pluriseriata and C. racemosa var lamourouxii were found to be invasive to Indian waters. These were earlier reported in Red sea and in Phillipine waters in the pacific ocean. Further studies are needed to elucidate the genetic divergence of the Caulerpa species present in Andaman waters using different molecular markers.
5 illus, 1 tables, 31 ref
KUMAR S D, SOJIN K, PANTHANAM P, DHANALAKSHMI B, LATHA S, KIM M K
039266 KUMAR S D, SOJIN K, PANTHANAM P, DHANALAKSHMI B, LATHA S, KIM M K (Marine Science Dep, Bharathidasan Univ, Tiruchirappalli– 620 024, Email: dinesk@bdu.ac.in) : Reciprocal response of nitrogen for enhancing growth and proximate compositions of marine microalga Tetraselmis sp. under low saline conditions. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 2020, 49(02), 326-32.
The present investigation was aimed to study reciprocal response of nitrogen to enhance the cell multiplication and proximate balance from marine microalgae Tetraselmis sp. under low saline conditions. The strain has been isolated from Yellow Sea, South Korea and the algae were cultured in the different nitrogen concentrations (0N, 1N & 2N) under low saline conditions (15, 20 and 25 psu).The results revealed that the Tetraselmissp. have significantly higher (P < 0.001) optical density, cell density, biomass concentration and total lipid in moderate nitrogen concentration (1N) under 25psu of salinity condition. However, the total protein and carbohydrate were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the high nitrogen concentration (2N) under 20 psu of salinity. The present study reveals that the combined effects made a huge impact on growth and biochemical variation in the microalgae.
4 illus, 1 tables, 32 ref
MURUGAN R, ANANTHAN G, SATHISHKUMAR R S, BALACHANDAR K
039139 MURUGAN R, ANANTHAN G, SATHISHKUMAR R S, BALACHANDAR K (Annamalai Univ, Tamil Nadu, Email: rmuruganbt@gmail.com) : Analysis of physico-chemical characteristics of seawater in Andaman and Nicobar Islands using multivariate statistical analysis. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 2020, 49(2), 271-80.
The current study was aimed to determine the physico-chemical characteristics from the seawaters of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, during one year seasonal (post-monsoon, summer, pre-monsoon and monsoon) survey from January to December 2016 at six different sampling stations viz. Carbines Cove beach (CC), Burmenalla beach (BB), Hadoo Wharf harbor (HW), Pigeon Island (PI), Bquarry beach (BQB) and Campbell Bay (CB). Surface water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3), total nitrogen (TN), inorganic phosphate (IP), total phosphate (TP) and silicate (SiO3) were recorded. The physico-chemical parameters were tested by means of multivariate statistical methods including Pearson’s correlation, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Cluster Analysis (CA) and Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). PCA revealed that 60.38 % of variations in physico-chemical characteristics of all the six sampling stations. It showed a high degree of positive correlation with surface water temperature, salinity, DO, nitrite, nitrate and inorganic phosphate. A moderate degree of positive correlation with total phosphate in all the four seasons. CA produced a dendrogram assemblage of the study sites into four groups that exhibited maximum similarity of 99.3 % which has anthropogenic influence. The acquired results are significant to the mentioned conditions for virtual study with other parallel ecosystem in the area.
4 illus, 1 table, 43 ref
WENQUAN L, FANG L, XINGYONG X, GUANGQUAN C, TENGFEI F, QIAO S
039137 WENQUAN L, FANG L, XINGYONG X, GUANGQUAN C, TENGFEI F, QIAO S (First Institute of Oceanography, China, Email: fang_lu1130@163.com) : Spatial and temporal variation of soil salinity during dry and wet seasons in the southern coastal area of Laizhou Bay, China. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 2020, 49(2), 260-70.
The southern coastal area of Laizhou Bay is subjected to severe soil salinization due to saline groundwater. The degree of spatial variability is strongly affected by seasonal changes during an annual cycle. In this paper, the spatio-temporal variability of soil salinity in Laizhou Bay, China, was examined to ascertain the current situation of soil salinization in the study area and to reveal the characteristics of seasonal variation of soil salinity. The classical statistical methods and geostatistical methods were applied to soil salinity data collected from four soil layers, i.e., 0-30, 30-60, 60-90, and 0-100 cm, during summer and autumn in 2014. The results indicated that the variation of soil salinity of all the soil layers in summer and autumn was moderate. The soil salinity in the 0-30 cm layer showed a moderate spatial autocorrelation, whereas the spatial autocorrelations of soil salinity in other layers were strong. The overall spatial distribution of soil salinity showed a clear banding distribution and the degree of salinization in the eastern area was lower than that in the western and northern regions.A high ratio of evaporation/precipitation is one of the important reasons for the soil salinity in July is significantly higher than that in November. The rank of soil salinity under different land-use types was: salt pan > orchard > weeds > soybean > woods > cotton > maize > ginger > sweet potato. The research findings can provide theoretical guidance for accurate assessment and soil partition management of regional soil salinization.
6 illus, 4 tables, 49 ref
RAMREZ A H, TALAVERA O, SOUTO S, GOLZARRI J I, ESPINOSA G
039116 RAMREZ A H, TALAVERA O, SOUTO S, GOLZARRI J I, ESPINOSA G (Autonomous Univ, Mexico, Email: halessandro3@gmail.com) : Analysis of the Radon-222 concentration and physical-chemical quality, in drinking water of Taxco, Guerrero. J Nucl Phys Mat Sci Rad A 2020, 7(2), 203–7.
In this work the determination of radon gas (222Rn) and the characterization of chemical elements in drinking water of the city Taxco was carried out. Ingesting or inhaling a small number of radionuclides, as well as water of poor chemical quality, can become a potential public health problem. We are collecting 8 samples of water from a spring, physicochemical parameters were measured in field on different days of the dry season. Measurements of 222Rn were performed in the laboratory with an AlphaGUARD equipment. The chemical quality was analyzed in laboratory too by means of mayor and minor ions, by volumetry and colorimetry. The sodium was determined by Flama Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS). Trace elements were analyzed by were determined by Atomic Emission Spectroscopy with Plasma Coupled by Induction (ICP-AES). The concentrations of 222Rn present an average of 22.06 ± 2.52 BqL-1. The results obtained from the main ions and field parameters show a type of diluted sodium-calcium-bicarbonate water. The trace elements present are very small and not exceed the limit of quantification. Radon gas is produced by the igneous rock that is the top of the stratigraphic column, of the hydric recharge. Rainwater when descending through the fracturesis impregnated with 222Rn gas and accumulated in the underlying rock that has sufficient porosity to accumulate water and gas in the Chacualco´s spring.
2 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref
RIOS K D L, GARCIA C M, ACOSTA L, MARTINEZ R G, CARRILLO M A M, ORTIZ M E
039101 RIOS K D L, GARCIA C M, ACOSTA L, MARTINEZ R G, CARRILLO M A M, ORTIZ M E (National Autonomous Univ, Mexico, Email: acosta@fisica.unam.mx) : Preliminary measurements of Be-10/Be-7 ratio in rainwater for atmospheric transport analysis. J Nucl Phys Mat Sci Rad A 2020, 7(2), 145–51.
The meteoric cosmogenic beryllium has been used as an essential geophysical tracer in the analysis of atmospheric flows and erosion soils since 1960. The first measurements Be-7 and Be-10 concentrations in rainwater from Mexico, have been carried out by using gamma decay spectroscopy and AMS techniques, respectively for each isotope. With this it was possible to report a preliminar value for the Be-10/Be-7 isotopic ratio in such environmental samples. The present work described preliminary results related to rainwater collected at mountain and metropolitan areas. Results are compared with predictions and previous measurements for both radioisotopes, observing a very sensible behavior particularly for the case of Be-7 activities.
5 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref
DUQUE M G T, RAYA C C, MENDOZA A N, BERNAL S R
039100 DUQUE M G T, RAYA C C, MENDOZA A N, BERNAL S R (National Autonomous Univ, Mexico, Email: guadalupetduque@gmail.com) : Behavior of Poly-A onto kaolin. J Nucl Phys Mat Sci Rad A 2020, 7(2), 139–43.
A combination of geochemical variables is necessary to explain the origin of life on Earth. Thus, in this work the sorption of Poly-A on a clay mineral (kaolinite) was studied to get an insight about the sorption capacity at different times and pH values, as well as to confirm the capabilities of the clay to protect the sorbate from an external source of ionizing radiation. Poly-A presented a high percentage of sorption in the clay, especially in acidic environments, and this percentage sharply decrease in alkaline media. On the other hand, Poly-A’s recovery was higher in the system with clay, confirming its protection role.
4 illus, 17 ref
YIN B, ZHANG X, SUN B, WANG Z, GONG P, HUANG M
039088 YIN B, ZHANG X, SUN B, WANG Z, GONG P, HUANG M (China Univ of Petroleum, China, Email: yinbangtang@163.com) : Evaluation method for probability of blowout after the failure of offshore well killing. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 2020, 49(2), 249-59.
With the development of offshore oil industry, the influx and blowout are inevitable. Well control methods have been well researched, but how to recognize the failure of well control earlier and how to evaluate the probability of blowout for taking steps to avoid are imperfect. Based on the two-phase gas-liquid flow, the characteristic of well killing curve before and after killing are analyzed. Then the method for recognizing the failure of well killing is established by the probabilistic and covariance processing method. Then the blowout due to the failure of well killing is studied and the build-up pressure template is established. According to this, three evaluation methods for blowout probability are established, the shut-offpressure, the standing and casing pressure, formation parameters and under balanced level varying methods. Final, four hardware systems and one evaluation system are recommended for decreasing or avoiding the risk during the failure of well killing.
12 illus, 1 table, 15 ref
HUO S, XIU C, ZHANG X, DU M, ZHOU M, XING C
039087 HUO S, XIU C, ZHANG X, DU M, ZHOU M, XING C (North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, Qingdao- 266 033, Email: oucgeology@163.com) : Geochemical characteristics of biogenic Barium in sediments of the Antarctic Ross Sea and their indication for paleoproductivity. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 2020, 49(2), 241-8.
In this paper, the biogenic Ba of Column R11 in the Antarctic Ross Sea and its implications to the paleo oceanographic productivity since the late of Late Quaternary were discussed, combined with the organic carbon, opal and biogenic calcium carbonate. The biogenic Ba contents ranged from 51.8 to 508.4 μg/g overall, exhibiting a gradually rising trend from the bottom to the top. It highly correlated both with TOC and opal, revealing that on one hand biogenic Ba can be used to study the change of productivity in the Ross Sea; and on the other hand, the marine productivity gradually increased since the late Pleistocene. The new productivity based on Francois model varied from 0.40 to 233.90 gC/(m2•a). The high values were mainly concentrated at the depth from 32 to 48 cm, but the new productivity values of the bottom were lower. It was inferred that the change in marine productivity in the Ross Sea was possibly affected by the ice cover since the late Pleistocene.
4 illus, 2 tables, 44 ref
DING W, TANG J, TIAN X, LIU X, LI D, GENG Y
039086 DING W, TANG J, TIAN X, LIU X, LI D, GENG Y (Lanzhou Univ, Lanzhou- 730 000, Email: 17755584384@163.com) : Distribution characteristics of geo-hazards in a reservoir area, South Gansu Province, China. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 2020, 49(2), 233-40.
In the process of water storage, due to water level fluctuations and base level erosion, reservoirs also play an important role in the occurrence of geological disasters. Taking a reservoir valley type in South Gansu Province, China as a case study, we investigated in depth the development and distribution of geological hazards and their influencing factors. The geological environment had changed considerably after reservoir impoundment with an increase in geological disasters. Furthermore, the main types of geological disasters were also analyzed systematically. Slope angle, altitude, slope aspect, proximity to earthquake faults, reservoir water storage, slope body structure, rock mass structure, and their combination features influenced the development and distribution of geological disasters in reservoir area. Close proximity to rivers also increases the likelihood of geological disasters. Landslides and collapses are closely related to the geo-hazards and their triggers include earthquakes, torrential rainfall, and fluctuations in reservoir water level. We also identified 2 types of debris which flow into the reservoir: gulch development and slope liquefaction.
8 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref
WANG X, LIU S
039085 WANG X, LIU S (Henan Univ of Technology, China, Email: zkywxd@163.com) : Antarctic snowmelt detection for QuikSCAT scatterometer data based on mathematical morphology combined with wavelet transform. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 2020, 49(2), 225-32.
Microwave scatterometer is sensitive to the melting snow. When the freeze-thaw phenomenon occurs, the back scatter coefficients will have a sharp rising and falling mutation. Mathematical morphology has the characteristics with edge preserving filter and wavelet transform has the characteristics with the automatic edge extraction, which does not depend onthe priori snowmelt information. A new automatic Antarctic snowmelt detection method was proposed based on mathematical morphology combined with wavelet transform. This method improves the snowmelt detection accuracy, because this method can remove the interference of the edge extraction. Melt onset date, end date and duration can be obtained with high accuracy by identifying and tracking the sharp rising and falling edge. Compare the snowmelt results in this work with the temperature of ten automatic weather stations (AWS), which shows that the snowmelt detection method proposed in the paper improves the detection accuracy from about 50 % to 62.5 % in AWS Cape Denison.
6 illus, 1 table, 22 ref