017650   Thussu J L (Geological survey of India, , Faridabad - 121 001, Email: jawahar_thussu@rediffmail.com) : Origin of salinity in groundwater in Haryana. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(2), 165-90.

Groundwater forms one of the primary resources for developmental activity. Several interrelated processes control the chemical composition of the water and it is essential to understand these processes in order to arrive at the genesis of waters and suggest remedial measures. Groundwater has been classified and correlated on the basis of distribution of cations and anions. The major part of water is meteoric but other types including marine and from evaporitic sequences and stagnant waters have been inferred. The index of base exchange is negative for meteoric waters while it is positive for other types. Factor analysis has been used to determine the influence of causal factors that are responsible for variation. These variations have helped in identifying mutual relationship of various elements viz. F, Ca, Na, SiO₂, NO₃ and PO₄. Occurrence of saline zones has been defined on the basis of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical Conductance (EC). Use of gypsum has been suggested for removal of salinity. It is inferred that salinity has increased because of passage of water through evaporitic deposits occurring in depth in sediments and bedrock. Flushing the salts from affected land is not possible because of inland basinal conditions and absence of effective drainage. It is therefore, suggested to mine these salts as a crop. Suitable ion exchange techniques should be developed for extraction of salts from the saline water.

7 illus, 5 tables, 29 ref

017649   Sureshgandhi M;Rajamanickam G V (Earth sciences, Dep, Tamil Univ, Thanjavur -613 005, Email: surgan@yahoo.co.uk ) : Bethic foraminifera in recognising siltation: a case study from the palk strait, east coast of India. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(3), 293-304.

In order to use foraminifera as a tool for siltation studies, benthic foraminiferal studies of both living and dead have been undertaken in the Palk Strait, East coast of India. Forty Two offshore sediment samples upto 10 m water depth in eight transects have been collected using Lafond-Dietz snapper. The study has yielded a total of 102 benthic foraminiferal species. It has been observed that benthic foraminifera are abundant at Mandapam and Devipattinam transects with high diversity in living species while the Manalmelkudi transect has displayed less abundance with the low diversity. The living /dead ratio is 6.6 % in Manalmelkudi and 24.57 % in Devipattinam. Based on the living/dead ratio, the rate of sedimentation has been estimated to be more in the south of Manalmelkudi than in the north. Unlike in the adjacent Gulf of Mannar and Bay of Bengal, an abrupt reduction in the diversity of benthic foraminifera, abnormality in the shape and size of the tests of species of Lagena, Asterorotalia, Quinqueloculina, Spiroloculina, Pararotalia, etc., and the presence of agglutinated foraminifera in the Palk Strait, in fact, suggests the prevailing high turbidity and in turn siltation, leading to an unfavourable environment in the study area.

3 ill, 14 pl, 3 tables, 38 ref

017648   Surendra Singh;Nag A K;Gil O P (Agronomy Dep, Agricultural Research Station, , Durgapura, Jaipur-302 018) : Rainfall characteristics of Rajasthan state. J Agrometeorol 2004, 6(Spl. Iss), 247-51.

Rajasthan is such a state where more than 75 per cent of cultivable land falls in the category of dry land i.e food grain production in the state is dependent upon rainfall. Important feature of rainfall in the state is its wide variability between north west and south east part due to parallel situation of Aravali hills and hot dry air from Baluchistan and Sindh province. Large variability occurs among years, months and districts. Annual normal rainfall of state is 575.1 mm with 28 normal rainy days. More than 92.5 per cent of total rainfall is received during the S.W. monsoon period from June to September. Study of 20th century data reveals that only in twenty two years the rain fall was recorded with in the normal rain fall group of 500-600 mm. The annual rainfall in the state ranged from 233.5 mm (1905-06) to 999.0 mm (1917-18) with a coefficient of variation of 26.36 per cent. No rainfall was recorded in Jaisalmer district during the year 1987-88. The highest rainfall of 2379.4 mm was recorded in Sawai- Madhopur district during 1942-43. Mean annual rainfall was lowest in Jaisalmer district (185.0 mm) while it was highest in Banswara (962.5 mm). Coefficient of variation (63.52) was highest in Barmer district. Kurtosis (6.90) and Skewness (1.93) was the highest in Nagaur district.

1 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

017647   Surender Singh;Rao V U M;Diwan Singh (Agriculture Meteorology Dep, CCS Hisar Agruculture Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Scientific support in farm decision making through weather based advisory service in Haryana. J Agrometeorol 2004, 6(Spl. Iss), 265-7.

To minimize the impact of unfavorable weather on agriculture, a reliable system of medium range weather forecasting for farm level decisions was established under the aegis of National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) at Delhi. With validation and up gradation of prediction models at 1 NCMRWF the reliability and accuracy of weather parameters predicted for Hisar have improved considerably over the years. The ratio score has increased from 0.69 to 0.92 and HK score improved from 0.24 to 0.35 during the monsoon season of 1992-96 (averaged) and 2003, respectively. The success of rainy events forecast (YY) increased from 15 to 30 per cent and non rainy events (NN) increased from 40 to 50 per cent. The forecast failure events (YN)/non events (NY) in case of rainfall deceased substantially ranging from 8 to 12 per cent in monsoon season 2003 when compared with monsoon season of 1992-96 (18 to 27 %).

1 illus, 4 ref

017646   Sudheer kumar M (Central Ground Water Board, Southern Region, , Hyderabad- 500 029, Email: marsettysudheer@yahoo.co.in) : Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of the Siwalik sediments from Ramganga basin, NW Himalaya. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(2), 199-210.

A detailed magnetic polarity chronology is reconstructed using a 3.2 Km thick sequence of molasse sediments exposed a alongn the Kalaunia River (KR) in the Ramganga basin, NW Himalaya in western UP. Close interval (10-12 m) oriented samples collected from 281 sites subjected to thermal and alternating field demagnetization revealed 40 records of magnetic reversals from Lower and Middle Siwalik Sub-Groups exposed in the KR section. Progressive thermal demagnetization carried out at the intervals of 30, 50, and 100°C unblocked a strong secondary component at 400°C. The characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) component resides in haematite and is isolated successfully at 650°C. The tilt corrected mean directions for the normal and the reverse sites are D/I =324°24'/23°301 (α₉₅ = 4.42) and 140°42'/-22°24' (α₉₅ = 4.3) respectively. Finally the local magnetic polarity zones are correlated with the global GPT scale (Cande and Kent, 1995) yields the chronology of 13 to 5 Ma for the KR section with an average sediment accumulation rate of 37.9 cm/kyr.

8 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

017645   Sesha sai V V;Chaudhuri B K;Ghosh R N (Petrology Div, Geological Survey of India, , Southern Region, Bandlaguda, Hyderabad -500 068, Email: seshubb@yahoo.com) : Gold mineralisation around Babaikundi area in Singhbhum group of rocks, Ranchi district, Jharkhand. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(2), 133-8.

The volcano-sedimentary assemblage of rocks belonging to the Singhbhum Group of Proterozoic age is exposed around Babaikundi, in Ranchi district of Jharkhand state. The east-west trending Tamar-Porapahar shear zone passes north of Babaikundi area. The Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex (CGGC) is to the north of the area, while the rocks of the Dalma Volcanic Belt (DVB) are exposed towards the south. The rocks of the area have undergone polyphase deformation and subjected to metamorphism ranging from greenschist to lower amphibolite facies. Gold mineralisation is of epigenetic type and is mainly confined to the lensoidal sheared quartz vein traversing the litho-contacts of the quartz-mica schist and amphibolite of the Singhbhum Group. The attitude of the mineralised quartz vein is in conformity with the regional schistosity trending ENE-WSW. At the footwall contact of the mineralised quartz vein extensive wall rock alteration halos are observed in the amphibolite unit in the form of pervasive biotitisation, carbonatisation, serialisation, chloritisation, sulphidisation and silicification. Ore microscopic studies of the mineralised quartz vein reveal that the native gold is associated, at places, with pyrrhotite and sphalerite. Pyrite and chalcopyrite along with magnetite are also present within the mineralised quartz vein. Presents the salient details on the occurrence of primary gold mineralisation in Babaikundi area.

5 illus, 1 tables, 14 ref

017644   Sarma K J;Lakshmipatiraju A (Geological Survey of India, , Bandlaguda, Hyderabad-500 068) : Palaeomagnetism of Mafic dykes of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh. Indian Miner 2003, 57(1-2), 93-6.

3 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

017643   Sarkar N K;Panigarhi D;Ghosh S N;Shome S; Mallik A K (Geological Survey of India, , Eastern Region, 15 Kyd Street, Kolkata-700 016) : A note on the incidence of gold-pgm in the Breccia zone of Katpal chromite quarry, Sukinda ultramafic complex, Dhenkanal District, Orissa. Indian Miner 2003, 57(1-2), 85-92.

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017642   Sarkar K;Pramanik K;Chakraborty D;Ghosh S S; Das D P (Photogeology Div, Geological Survey of India, 29 L Nehru Road, Kolkata-700 016) : Digital change detection techniques using IRS-1A liss II data for monitoring endemic flood areas in the Barak river valley, Assam. Indian Miner 2003, 57(1-2), 27-38.

One of the important applications of modern remote sensing techniques is digital change detection over time to assess temporal variation of terrain objects and dynamic processes of environmental significance. A large number of digital change detection techniques are already developed mostly for landuse-landcover change analysis, forest and urban sprawl monitoring and disaster management. The importance of change detection techniques for flood monitoring in flood-prone river basins of the country has been increasingly felt since 1987 for disaster management. Keeping this in view, the study has been carried out in the much known Barak river valley of Assam, where recurrence of seasonal floods are very common as well as devastating. The study has demonstrated an application of four change detection methods with an aim to (i) depicting pattern of endemic flood areas in the valley on different dates, (ii) detecting change and no-change areas during flood incidences and estimating relative change in the areal extent of flood water between dates, and (iii) assessing the methods for optimisation of techniques. The study revealed that both image differencing and temporal band ratioing methods could produce better change detection accuracy due to flood phenomenon under statistical and user-defined thresholdings than the post-classification comparison method. Direct multi-date classification using principal components classifier also yielded reasonably good change detection accuracy under user-defined thresholdine.

5 illus, 17 ref

017641   Santosh Kumar;Vikoleno Rino;Pal A B (Geology Dep, Kumaun Univ, Nainital -263 002) : Typology and geochemistry of microgranular enclaves hosted in Malajkhand granitoids, Central India. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(3), 277-92.

The Cu(±Mo±Au) hosting Malanjkhand granitoids (MG, F144><126>2400 Ma) represent Palaeoproterozoic felsic magmatism in Central India, which constitute part of the Bundelkhand Protocontinent. The enclaves hosted in MG can be classified broadly into two categories (1) Microgranular enclaves (2) Country-rock xenoliths. The microgranular enclaves (ME) are mesocratic to melanocratic, fine to coarse grained, porphyritic and commonly showing typical igneous textures. Field and microstructural evidences of ME and MG suggest the interaction between coeval enclave (mafic) and granite magmas. Modal compositions of ME are mostly granodiorite, quartz monzodiorite and monzogranite, whereas MG belong to quartz monzodiorite and monzogranite both being related to the calc-alkaline granodiorite (medium-K) series but evolve into the field of granitoids generated by crustal fusion. The primary enclave magma generating various ME can be represented by a ME (SiO₂=48.58, MgO=8.59 and Fe₂O₃^t = 15.15 wt%), geochemically similar to calc-alkaline basalt. On various bi-variate geochemical plots MG and ME show a wide compositional variation suggesting mixing of enclave and granite magmas. On a multicationic R₁-R₂ plot the tie lines joining the ME and respective host MG suggest that sufficient chemical disequilibria exist between them. Using experimental melt compositions in terms of SiO₂ and K₂O contents, the MG melt is likely to be derived from a tonalitic source, which subsequently experienced fractional crystallizaton, evolving within a high-K calc-alkaline field, whereas the ME plot in various fields suggesting the involvement of magma-mixing phenomena and to a certain extent potassium migration leading to a different degree of chemical disequilibria with their host MG, rather than crystal-liquid separation. Contents of selected trace elements (Ni, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr) of few pairs of ME-MG suggest partial to complete equilibration between them. However, Ti and Y contents, closer to primitive mantle, are indicative of mantle contribution to the source rocks from which ME and MG are derived.

9 illus,5 tables, 82 ref

017640   Roy A K (Diamond Cement (Mysore Cement Ltd), , Narsingarh, Damoh, Chhattisgarh) : Geo chemistry of Raipur limestone of the eastern part of the Chhattisgarh basin, Central India. Indian Miner 2003, 57(1-2), 97-102.

3 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

017639   Reginald S;Nagaraju A (Biogeochemistry Div, Geology Dep, S.V. Univ, Tirupati -517 502) : Biogeochemical study on uranium and other elements in banana plants from the Tummalapalle and Tirupati areas, Andhra Pradesh and its implication. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(3), 345-49.

Biogeochemical characteristics, primarily involving the interaction of uranium, and certain other associated trace elements, in banana (Musa sapientum), are compared between the uranium mineralized Tummalapalle area in the Cuddapah District and non-mineralized Tirupati area in Andhra Pradesh. For this, multi-element analysis was carried out for Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, Li, Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba, Cr, Ag, and U for root, pith, layers, leaf, flower, peduncle, and fruitlets of banana plant. In the Tummalapalle area, uranium is found only in the root of the plant whereas it is not detected in any part of the banana plant of Tirupati. Further, the biogeochemical data may be employed to monitor the pollution levels of environment, and nutritional status of an area.

^ssc1 tables, 30 ref

017638   Rathore L S;Singh K K;Gupta A (National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMR WF), Scienc, , New Delhi-110 003) : National Centre for medium range weather forecasting: Activities, current status and future plans. J Agrometeorol 2004, 6(Spl. Iss), 258-64.

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017637   Rajendran K;Rajendran C P;Kesavan S (NO, Centre for Earth Science Studies, Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram-695 031, Email: kusala@scires.net) : Mild tremors near Thalasseri (November, 2003) evidence for a seismic source in North Kerala. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(2), 233-5.

This note deals with the mild earth tremors that occurred near Thalasseri Kannur District on November 8,2003. Based on the activity detected by the broadband observatory at Peechi (PCH), we suggest an additional source zone in Kerala.

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017636   Rajan singh;Kanwar S S;Jagg G S;Kartha K N K (NO, , No.803, Sector 38-A, Chandigarh- 160 014) : Geochemistry of thermal springs from Bhutan Himalaya. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(2), 191-8.

Geothermal gases, water and local meteoric water samples from six prominent geothermal areas of Bhutan Himalayas were collected and analysed for H₂, He, O₂, N₂, CH₄, CO, NH₃, CO₂ and H₂S gases, major and minor anions and cations along with pH, Specific Conductance, TDS and total hardness of water respectively. Reservoir temperatures calculated by gepthermometry puts these hot springs under intermediate enthalpy resources of geothermal system. The geochemistry of thermal waters divides the hot springs of Bhutan into two categories belonging to.Lodrai and Gasa type hot springs.

4 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

017635   Patil B H;Shrivastava V S (Center for P.G. Research in Chemistry, G.T. P. College, Nandurbar-425412, Email: clayminerals@rediffmail.com) : Deposition of macro and micro nutrients in soil and sediments of river Tapti because of industrial development. Int J chem Sci 2004, 2(2), 262-8.

Soil and sediment samples were collected form the bank of Tapti river form Taloda to Kukurmunda for their physico-chemical and metallic characteristics. These samples showed two fold increased level of studied parameters in comparison with relatively non polluted values. The statistical evaluations were made by following standard methods. Also, metal analysis by ICP-AES were included in the statistics. Further, the results of correlation coefficient and t-test values indicate positive correlation in deposition and significant at 5% level of confidence. The higher contents of concentration of parameters of physico-chemical characteristics and metals in soil and sediments is attributed to surrounding industrial activity.

7 Tables, 7 ref

017634   Pati J K (Earth and Planetary Scinces De, Nehru Science Centre Allahabad Univ, Allahabad-211 002, Email: jkpati@yahoo.co.in ) : Single-shelled orbicular granitoids of possible archaean age from Bundelkhand granitoid complex (BUGC). J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(2), 223-6.

Single-shelled orbicular granitoids from the Manpur area, Karwi district, Uttar Pradesh are being reported for the first time. However, this is the second report of orbicular granitoid from the Bundelkhand Granitoid Complex and dissimilar to the earlier report (Pad and Mamgain, 1996) from the Rauli Kalyanpur area, Banda district (now in Karwi district) in terms of their modal composition, host rock and structure.

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017633   Patel K I;Chaudhari G B;Pandey V;Shekh A M (Agricultural Meteorology Dep, B.A. College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agriculturel Univ, Anand Campus, Anand-388 110) : Rainfall climatology of Gujarat State. J Agrometeorol 2004, 6(Spl. Iss), 252-57.

The available rainfall data of different places located in most of the districts of Gujarat state for the period of the year from 1901 to 2002 were collected and classified in to various groups. The district-wise rainfall data were transformed into five regions viz.. North Gujarat, Middle Gujarat, South Gujarat, Saurashtra and Kutchh. The decadewise average values, standard deviation and coefficient of variation of rainfall data for the year 1901 to 2002 were determined. The average rainfall of last 100 years of North Gujarat, Middle Gujarat, South Gujarat, Saurashtra and Kutchh were 658.0 mm, 893.0 mm, 1305.0 mm, 574.0 mm and 375.0 mm respectively. The decadal classification of rainfall data revealed slight decrease in rainfall for the period of 1991-2002 in most of the districts of the state. The analysis of the rainfall data from the year 1901 to 2002 indicated that the consecutive years of receiving negligible to below normal rainfall never exceeded more than three years, whereas the consecutives years of having been received near normal to above normal ranged from one to seven years in North and Middle Gujarat region, one to five year in Saurashtra and Kutchh region and one to seventeen years in South Gujarat region. The Kutchh, Surendranagar, Banaskantha, Patan, Mehsana, Jamnagar, Kheda, Anand, Rajkot and Bhavnagar districts experiericed drought conditions two to three times during the period 1991 to 2002.

4 tables, 5 ref

017632   Pal A B;Sindhupe G L (Hindustan Copper Limited, Khetri Copper Complex, , Khetrinagar-333 504, Email: hcl_kcc@sancharnet.in) : A preliminary study of indicator plants for copper mineralization in Malnjkhand granitoid, Madhya pradesh. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(2), 146-52.

The use of indicator plants and plant organs have been considered as a tool for mineral exploration as early as in eighth century. The data on the biogeochemical studies of the plants growing in three copper prospecting areas of Madhya Pradesh are presented. The areas are near Gidori, Pipardhar and Garhi Dongri villages within Malanjkhand granitoid, situated to the south of Malanjkhand porphyry copper deposit. Nineteen plant species abundant in these areas were chosen for chemical analysis of their organs for copper. Analyses indicated that Jangli Tulsi (Hyptis suaveolens, (L.) Poit) plant, with, their stunted growth, act as an indicator plant for copper rich soil. High copper concentration some of their organs are observed. Kurlu tree (Sierculia urens, Roxb.) is found to be a good metal accumulator plant among others for base metal exploration. These observations can help as a supplementary guide for exploration of copper and other metals in this vast soil covered area.

1 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

017631   Naskar D C;Majumdar R K;Choudhury K;Das L K (Central Geophysics Div, Geological Survey of India, 27 J. L. Nehru Road, Kolkata-700 016) : Magnetic profiles across Nsl in parts of Central India. Indian Miner 2003, 57(1-2), 53-60.

2D modeling of magnetic data has effectively brought out the thicknesses of Deccan Trap as well as other cover rocks along with several known and unknown faults along Sehore-Kheri-Yeotmal and Panna-Jabalpur-Nagpur profiles. The interface between the Deccan Trap and the underlying Archaeans (basement) is interpreted at a depth of 1.6 km, 10 km north of Nadan and 0.9 km near Lakhanadon. Likewise the thickness of the Vindhyans around Katni is interpreted to be around 2 km. The Gondwana lithopackage is estimated to be around 300-400 m thick around Chicholi and north of Nagpur. In addition to the above, several faults extending - up to the basement have also been interpreted from this study. Limited ID spectral analysis of this data over different geological domains like the Deccan Trap, the Vindhyans and the Sausar metasediments, have distinctly brought out three subsurface planar structures which are interpreted as cover rocks, the Proterozoic metasediment and the basement. It is interesting to note that Conrad discontinuity is deeper (17.7 km) towards north of NSL and shallower (12.15 km) towards south of NSL. Since the basement depth is also higher towards north of NSL compared to the south, it is logical to state that the southern block is uplifted in the post-Gondwana times due to tectonic movement along the NSL.

4 illus, 29 ref

017630   Naik A;Naik R K (Earth Sciences Dep, Sambalpur Univ, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Sambalpur, Orissa-768 019) : Multiphase deformation and igneous intrusion in the west central part of Gangpur belt, Sundargarh District, Orissa. Indian Miner 2003, 57(1-2), 61-74.

The Gangpur supracrustals exhibit features of multiphase deformation and igneous mission around Sundargarh town. The mutual relationship of structural elements and igneous bodies speak in favour of four distinct phases of folding, each followed or accompanied by a phase of magmatic activity. The last phase of deformation was brittle type generating faults of various dimensions which was followed by quartz vein intrusion.

14 illus, 1 tables, 11 ref

017629   Nagarajan P;Edison Raja R;Ramachandramorthy T;Kavitha B;Sivaraj C (Dapartment of Chemistry & P.G. Research, Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirapalli-620 017) : Analysis of fluoride level in ground and surface water and survey of dental fluorosis among school children in Omalur taluk, Salem district. Indian J envir Prot 2004, 24(3), 187-92.

Fluorine is the most electronegative of all elements. It exists in the form of fluoride in a number of minerals, of which fluorospar, cryolite and fluorapatite are the commonest one. 50 samples were collected and analysed for physico-chemical parameters, like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, solids, phosphate and fluoride ion concentration. The minimum fluoride ion concentration is found to be 0.30 mg/L in Karipatti and maximum 1.40 mg/L in Aoyelpatti. Dental fluorosis survey is carried out among 5 schools for the age group of 7-13 in Salem district. From the survey it is found that children of 9-10 age group are affected the maximum extent.

3 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

017628   Nachiappan R P;Bhishm Kumar;Manickavasagam R; Balakrishnan S (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee-247 667, Email: bk@cc.nih.ernet.in) : Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in the Nainital lake basin: implication on the landslide hazards. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(2), 139-45.

Hydrochemical characteristics of the groundwater occurring in and around the Nainital lake basin indicate that Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ ratios are less than one. Statistical analyses reveal that the variation in Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ ratios is mainly due to variation in Ca²⁺. The groundwater is geochemically undersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite and has a tendency to dissolve the calcareous rocks more readily than it is expected in ideal dolomite terrain. The higher infiltration rates and lower surface runoff indicate that the groundwater will play a major role in the hillside stability. Further, the groundwater movement will enhance dissolution of carbonate rocks and lead to enlargement of fractures. Hence, the quantum of groundwater seepage and their hydrochemical character seem to play a crucial role in the landslide hazards as experienced by the lake basin frequently.

3 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

017627   Murty N S;Gaira K S;Singh R K (NO, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Hill Campus, Ranichauri-249 199, Tehri Garhwal]) : Temperature variations at Ranichauri in the mid Himalayan region of Uttaranchal. J Agrometeorol 2004, 6(Spl. Iss), 227-32.

Ranichauri, the hill campus of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology located in the mid Himalayan region of Uttaranchal at an altitude of 1950 m msl. The trend analysis for both maximum and minimum temperature using 10-year, 5-year and 3-year moving averages was done for the period 1982-2002. 10-year and 5-year moving average trends indicate that maximum temperature is decreasing over the period, while little increasing trend was observed in case of minimum temperature during the period 1982-2002. Seasonal trends of maximum temperature indicate decreasing trend throughout the year, while minimum temperature shows decreasing trend during rainy season whereas during other three seasons the trend was reverse. The coefficient of variation (CV) varied between 5.2 to 9.3 per cent in case of maximum temperature while the highest CV of 39.7 per cent was observed during winter season in case of minimum temperature showing highest variability. The trends were also compared between various pentads of the study period 1983-02. Minimum temperature trend was increasing during 83-87 pentad while during other pentads it was decreasing. The maximum temperature during winter seasons was increasing during the first and last pentad. In general the maximum temperature has shown increasing trend during the last pentad in all the four seasons.

2 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

017626   Misra K S;Bhutani R;Sonp R (Geological Survey of India, , Alandi Road, Pune-411 006, Email: gsi_pune@vsnl.com) : Seismogeology of the kutch and adjoining region, with special reference to 26th January 2001 earthquake in the vicinity of Bachau, Gujarat. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(2), 153-64.

Seismogeological features in Kutch and adjoining region are mapped by using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) images. These features included major faults with neotectonic movements, lithological units, statistical data of past "seismic events and aftershock study to prepare various thematic maps. Studies suggest that faults identified as lineament zones are parallel to major geological structures such as Kutch rift, Cambay structure, Narmada-Tapti tectonic zone and Kukdi-Ghod lineament zone. Drilling data indicates that subsidence along the vertical boundary faults is continuing since Mesozoic Era.Geomorphological evidences such as relief changes along straight lines, inundation patterns, extent of salt pans and dune fields etc. suggest that the subsidence is also continuing presently. Regional studies in western India have indicated that these faults outline different crustal blocks which are moving either in vertical or strike-slip direction in relation to each other. Higher seismicity is recorded in areas where lineament zones are intersecting each other. The study has revealed that obstruction of horizontally moving block by vertically moving block causes nucleation of stresses and sudden release of these stresses generally results in an earthquake. Epicentral plots have also indicated that seismicity is conspicuously confined along faults related to major geological structures. The epicenters of all five major devastating earthquakes including the 26th January 2001 earthquake are located very close to the intersection of Kutch Mainland fault, and NW-SE trending faults parallel to Cambay structure. An interesting relationship has also emerged between the isoseismal lines due to the 26th January 2001 earthquake and fabric of mapped faults. These lines show remarkable parallelism with the faults, related either to the Cambay structure or Kutch rift of the region. Preferential activation of faults parallel to Cambay structure seems to have caused damage along the linear zone passing through Ahmedabad and along the coast in the vicinity of Bharuch, Surat, Navasari and Billimora. The epicenters of aftershock following 26th January earthquake are also plotted on a map-depicting the faults. It has been found from that all the aftershocks of magnitude <62> 5 and 70 % of those ranging between magnitude 3 to 5 are confined in an area resembling a horseshoe pattern with a pointed end towards NE. Other 20% of aftershocks of magnitude 3 to 5 are enclosed within almost parallel boundary. Only 10% are found beyond this limiting line. Furthermore, 50% of recorded aftershocks have taken place within first week of the main event and this study has revealed that the characteristic pattern of aftershock activity could emerge with only one week data. A funnel shaped seismogeological model is proposed after the detailed study of major faults and seismic events in western India mainly covered by the Deccan volcanics. The widest area forming the rim is characterized by subterranean sounds and ground shaking at shallower depths. This is followed by a zone of periodic swarm type of seismic activity, marked by low magnitude (2-4) earthquakes. Less common, medium magnitude (4.1-6) earthquakes occur at depth range of 4 to 9 km. High magnitude (<62> 6) earthquakes are rare and generally occur at focal depth of 9 to 35 km and occupy the central part of the area.

6 illus, 11 ref

017625   Mathur V K;Srivastava D K (Palaeontology Div, Northern Region, Geological Survey of India, , Sector-E, Aliganj, Lucknow-226 024, Email: gsiluck@up.nic.in) : Record of terminal neoproterozoic ediacaran fossils from Krol group, Nigalidhar syncline Sirmaur district, Himachal Pradesh, India. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(2), 231-2.

The note records Ediacaran fossil cf. Dickinsonia sp. from the rocks of Kauriyala Formation (= Krol C, D and E of Auden, 1934), Krol Group exposed at about 400 m west of Thalia (30°37'15": 77° 39'30"), Sirmaur district, Himachal Pradesh, India in the northern limb of Nigalidhar Syncline (Fig.1a, b). The Kauriyala Formation (after Shanker et al. 1993) has also yielded other Ediacaran fossils viz. Conomedusites Lobatus, Tirasiana sp. and Beltanelliformis cf. brunsae and microbial mat structures from the same horizon and locality in the northern limb of Nigalidhar Syncline, Sirmaur district, Himachal Pradesh, India.

^ssc2 illus, 8 ref

017624   Manjappa S;Puttaiah E T (Chemistry Dep, B.D.T. College of Engineering Univ, Davangere-577 004) : Quantificaton of metal accumulation in the sediments of Bhadra river near Bhadravathi town. Indian J envir Prot 2004, 24(3), 173-6.

Sediment sample have been collected from 4 identified stations and analysed for heavy metals, such as Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Hg. These metals were determined at monthly intervals for a period of 2 year form March 1999 to February 2001 using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of the analysis reveal that the geo-accumulation index (I) of all the heavy metals are practically uncontaminated with a class-0. By and large, heavy metals in the river bed sediments are well within the Shale standards.

1 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

017623   Mandal B C;Woobidullah A S M;Guha D K (Geological Survey of Bangladesh, , Dhaka) : Structural style analysis of the semutang anticline, Chittagong hill tracts, Eastern Fold Belt of the Bengal basin, Bangladesh. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(2), 211-22.

The Semutang anticline is located in the northwestern side of the eastern fold belt (EFB) of Bangladesh. The anticline is typically an elongated brachy anticline, 25 km long and 5 km wide. The fold is wide.and gentle, of having dips of 4-5° and amplitude of about 600 m. The axis of the fold runs along NNW-SSE direction. The geological map of the area has been constructed using Remote sensing data like Landsat Imagery (TM), SPOT and aerial photos. The different Beta values of the different sections of the area show that the axial trace of the anticline is a curvilinear unit. The subsurface demarcation of different formations and members have been made from the geophysical well log data and seismic and gravity data analysis. Six stratigraphic conventional sequences and several prominent faults are identified in the subsurface. The faulting and bedding flexuring intensity of the Upper Bhuban is more complex than the Lower Bhuban. The southern plunge of the anticline is more faulted and the faulted blocks are occasionally down thrown than that of adjacent beds. On the basis of seismic data, it is identified that the core of the Middle Bokabil is slightly chevron type but in the eastern side, it is monoclinal. The nature of crisscross complex faults of both. Upper and Lower Bhuban indicate the evidence of shale flow or diapiric activities. Two potential hydrocarbon zones are identified from the well log information data.

12 illus, 19 ref

017622   Maitra M;Bhaduri S K;Pant N C (Central Petrological Laboratory, Geological Survey of India, Calcutta-700 016) : Ultramafic-mafic rock ensemble of Mawpyut, Jaintia Hill district, Meghalaya - a preliminary account. Indian Miner 2003, 57(1-2), 75-84.

A preliminary account of the petrology of ultramafic - mafic rocks of Mawpyut, Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya is presented in this note. These hitherto unreported plutonites are hosted by Precambrian gneisses and phyllite and comprise coarse- to medium-grained pyroxenite and gabbro, the latter being the dominant member. The mineralogy and rock chemistry of these ultramafic - mafic rocks attest to a normal differentiation history and later alkali- enrichment trend. An alkali basaltic source has been envisaged which needs further confirmation through further detailed studies.

7 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

017621   Leelanandam C;Vijaya Kumar K (Geology Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad - 500 007) : Rare earth element geochemistry of the Kondapalli layered complex, Andhra pradesh. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(3), 251-64.

The Kondapalli Layered Complex (KLC) is a minor mafic-ultramafic intrusion occurring in the charnockitic region of the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB). It consists dominantly of gabbroic and anorthositic rocks, with subordinate ultramafic rocks (orthopyroxenite, websterite, clinopyroxenite, harzburgite and dunite), which are associated with chromitite. The components of the KLC are grouped into two series: (1) Chromitite-Ultramafic Rock Series (CURS), and (2) Gabbro-Anorthosite Layered Series (GALS); some mafic gabbros belong to CURS. A profound petrological and geochemical hiatus exists between the primitive CURS and evolved GALS, which constitute a regressive intrusive sequence. It is shown that the REE abundances and chondrite-normalized patterns of 27 rocks from the KLC are controlled by the dominant cumulus minerals and variable amounts of trapped melt. The cumulate anorthositic and gabbroic rocks of the GALS are classified into those showing (1) positive Eu anomaly (An I and Gb I), (2) no Eu anomaly (An II and Gb II), and (3) negative Eu anomaly (Gb III). The whole-rock REE compositions possibly record the evolution of the "associated" liquids. Calculated associated liquid compositions, when viewed in conjunction with the available mineralogical, petrological and geochemical data of CURS and GALS, strongly suggest a two-magma genesis for the Kondapalli Layered Complex.

6 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

017620   Kulshrestha M S;George R K;Shekh A M (Agriculture Meteorology Dep, B.A. College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural Univ, Anand-388 110) : The Prediction of Rainfall of the Anand Station of Gujarat by Artificial Neural Network. J Agrometeorol 2004, 6(Spl. Iss), 233-6.

An attempt has been made here to predict the rainfall of the Anand station of the Gujarat State using forty-five years (1958-2002) of annual rainfall data series. The MATLAB based Artificial Neural Network with Back Propagation algorithm is used to predict the annual rainfall of the year 2003. Input set is maximum temperature of May and previous year's rainfall of the related year and output set is rainfall of the present year. Results shows that predicted annual rainfall of the series of the year 1959 to 2002 were significant to the actual annual rainfall. Also, predicted annual rainfall of the year 2003 was 1103.5mm, which is accurate as actual annual rainfall 1135.4mm.

2 illus, 13 ref

017619   Karanth R V (Geology Dep, Faculty of Science, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390 002, Email: r_v_karanth@yahoo.co.in) : Structural intricacies emergent thrusts and blind thrusts of Kachchh, Western India. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(2), 229.

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017618   Gurmeet Kaur;Mehta P K (NO, Cnetre of Advanced Study in Geology, Punjab Univ, Chandigarh - 160 014, Email: gurmeet28374@yahoo.co.in) : Petrology and geochemistry of three granitoid bodies of North Khetri copper belt, Rajasthan - a preliminary report. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(3), 353-60.

This is a preliminary report on the detailed petrological and geochemical investigations of Jasrapura, Gorwala and Gothara granitoids, intruding the rocks of Delhi Supergroup in the vicinity of Khetri town (28°00'N; 75°47'E). The field relationships of the granitoids, particularly their intertwinned and overlapping relationship with the mafic magmatic rocks, their common and typical accessory mineral assemblage, their I-type characteristics, and the major, trace and REE geochemistry, all point towards a common mafic magmatic source, fractionation-related petrogenesis and a complex island arc-marginal basin tectonic regimer.

^ssc6 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

017617   Ghosh S;Bhaduri S K (Geological Survey of India, , Kolkata) : Petrography and petrochemistry of impact melts from Lonar crater, Buldana district, Maharashtra, India. Indian Miner 2003, 57(1-2), 1-26.

The Lonar crater in Buldana district, Maharashtra has long been established as the largest hypervelocity impact crater of the world on Deccan basalt flows, although no extraterrestrial fragment could be located from geological, geophysical, geochemical and drilling approach. Considering the impact origin, the crater was revisited with an aim to throw light on the nature of target rocks and its impact melts. The country rock, prior to the extra-terrestrial impact, has been distinguished as a slightly oversaturated continental tholeiitic basalt with a distinct chemical signature. It is low in iron and alkali and relatively high in magnesia compared to mean composition of Deccan basalt. Some amount of variation has been indicated by Cr, Ni, V, Th and Ta in relation to Mg No.. Petrogenetically, it has been identified as a secondary basaltic (less evolved) magma (Mg No. 54.7) of more subalkaline nature (alkalinity=1.39). Neither pyroxenenor plagioclase fractionation has played any significant role in the magmatic evolution as indicated from texture and petrochemistry including the REE fractionation pattern. Petrochemistry of the glass ejecta (impact melt) and throw-out)basaltic fragments) not reveal much significant change in their bulk composition from that of basalts of the area except some shock-induced optical features. Lonar impact melt exhibits flow banding and contortions along with vesicles of varying size, shape and proportions. Evidence recorded in the target rock as well as in glass indicates both equilibrium and non-equilibrium shock pressure upto more than 1000 kb. Available major-, minor- and trace-element chemistry of the impact melt when compared to that of target rock reveals that the release of high-magnitude volatile flux in plasma state from the projectile during the impact has caused heterogeneities in melt composition and dispersal of the plagioclase fraction-enriched component of the impact melt.

17 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

017616   Ghosh B;Ray J (Geological Survey of India, , Bhopal) : Petrology of the ophiolitic assemblage around Mayodia, Dibang valley district, Arunachal Pradesh, North-eastern India. Indian Miner 2003, 57(1-2), 39-52.

Brief petrological account of ophiolitic assemblage around Mayodia (28%14'N:95ø55'E). Dibang valley district, Arunachal Pradesh has been presented. The ophiolitic assemblage is represented by a basal peridotite-tectonite unit, hornblendite mantle dyke and amphibolite. The entire unit is overlain by (meta-)basalt carapace interlayered with typical metapelkic sedimentary rocks. The ophiolitic association is suggestive of oceanic crustal materials.

14 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

017615   Elangovan K;Balasubramanian A (Civil Engineering Dep, PSG College of technology, Coimbatore - 641 004) : Groundwater quality assessment in Salem, Namakkal districts. Indian J envir Prot 2004, 24(3), 213-7.

Groundwater samples from 60 locations have been collected from Salem end Namakkal districts. The water samples were analysed for EC, PH, TDS and major cations and anions. Cations and anions concentration of most of the locations are within the permissible limit prescribed by O. indicating that the water is suitable for drinking water and irrigation purpose. The chemical parameters were plotted in various avaliable graphic procedures for ascertaining the groundwater quality. Piper's trilinear diagram indicates alkaline earth exceeds alkalies. The mechanism controlling groundwater chemistry is rock dominance. Handa's classification shows that the of permanent hardness type and the groundwater is suitable for irrigation.

6 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

017614   Chauhan D S;Bhanwara Ram;Narayan Ram (Geology Dep, J.N. Vays Univ, Jodhpur, Email: dschauhan123@rediffmail.com ) : Jodhpur sandstone: A gift of ancient beaches to Western Rajasthan. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(3), 265-76.

The middle horizon of the latest Proterozoic Jodhpur sandstone is extensively quarried, yielding best quality of building stone as well as much needed valuable geological information. This sandstone shows prolific development of wave ripples and other related structures. It has been observed that the sandstone sequences show ripples developed in a hierarchical order. There are straight crest ripples at the base, followed upward by undulatory ripples, sinuous ripples, interference ripples and adhesion ripples/adhesion warts at the top. Formation of ripples in general and ripple hierarchy in particular is discussed, in the light of wave-generated structures in modern environment. It is deduced that the straight crest ripples have formed under relatively deep-water conditions; whereas undulatory ripples, sinuous ripples and interference ripples developed under gradually shallowing water conditions. The adhesion ripples/adhesion warts indicate subaerial condition of sedimentation. It is envisaged that the hierarchically ripple bedded Jodhpur sandstone sequences represent shallowing upward cycles developed under nearshore-beach environment. These cyclic sequences are critically analyzed. It is suggested that they must have evolved within the confines of shore face-backshore settings of beach environment. The overall evolution of these ancient beach sandstone sequences in terms of periodic transgression and sediment aggradation is stressed. Concurrently, the Jodhpur sandstone, as building stone, is considered as a gift of ancient beaches.

8 illus, 3 tables,25 ref, 2 Pl

017613   Biswal T K;Sarkar S;Pal A;Chakraborty U (Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, , Mumbai-400 076, Email: tkbiswal@geos.iitb.ac.in]) : Pseudotachylites of the Kui-Chitraseni Shear zones of the precambrian Aravalli mountain, Rajasthan. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(3), 325-35.

Cataclasites-pseudotachylites are developed along the Kui-Chitraseni shear zone of the Aravalli Mountain. The pseudotachylites are microlitic belonging to three varieties referred to here as patchy-, vein- and fracture-pseudotachylites. The patchy pseudotachylites are the most dominating type that occur in association with cataclasites and show an increase in abundance from the margin of the shear zone, towards the center. Vein pseudotachylites owe their origin to the injection of the patchy variety through extensional fractures. Fracture pseudotachylites, the youngest of all, occur along the late stage shear fractures. Presence of vesicles, flow texture, embayed margin of the clasts in addition to power law distribution of coarser clasts and high values of roundness (0.4) support the melt origin of the pseudotachylites. Ultracataclasis followed by frictional melting of the Erinpura granites along the shear zone is ascribed for the development of the cataclasites and pseudotachylites.

7 illus, 1 tables, 42 ref

017612   Bera S;De A;De B (Botany Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata -700 019) : First record of Elaeocarpus Linn. fruits from the Upper Siwalik sediments (Kimin formation) of Arunachal pradesh. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(3), 350-52.

Carbonised fruits resembling the modern taxon, Elaeocarpus lanceaefolius Roxb. of Family Elaeocarpaceae are reported for the first time in India from Siwalik sediments of Arunachal Pradesh. A new fossil species, Elaeocarpus prelanceaefolius sp. nov. is proposed for the fruits. Occurrence of these fruits indicates a sub-tropical to temperate, broad-leaved to evergreen forest in the area at the time of deposition.

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017611   Barik R N;Patel R K (Chemistry Dep, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela- 769 008]) : Seasonal variation of water quality of Atharabanki river near Paradip. Indian J envir Prot 2004, 24(3), 161-6.

The Water quality of Atharabanki river water were monitored for 3 different seasons, namely summer, rainy and winter for the year 2002 to 2003. The effluent from major industries in Paradip area are discharged to this river which ultimately joins the Bay of Bengal. The quality of surface water above the effluent point, near the effluent point and below the effluent point are studied thoroughly. The analytical results shows that, in all the point BOD and fluoride value exceed the prescribed standard. Mainly phosphate and ammoniacal nitrogen are present more than prescribed limit due to the fertilizer plant effluent from Paradip phosphate Ltd., and Oswal Chemical and Fertilizer Ltd. The annual average of metals are also analysed and it is noticed that in all the points iron content exceed the permissible limit prescribed by WHO, ICMR and BIS.

1 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

017610   Arya R;Ambwani K;Sahni N;Sahni A (NO, Centre of Advanced study in Geology, Punjab Univ, Chandigarh- 160 014, Email: nashni@pu.ac.in) : First mammal and additional fossil flowers from the Kasauli formation, Kasauli, Himachal pradesh. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(3), 317-24.

The Kasauli Formation represents the initial stage of development of the foreland basin in response to the rising Himalaya. Here we report for the first time, a mammal (Rhinoceratidae, gen. et sp. indet) and some new taxa of fossil flowers-from two localities, Shiv Mandir and Water Tank. The Kasauli Formation comprises of a grey/green, sometimes highly carbonaceous shale and massive grey/green sandstone sequence which so far has lacked an age-diagnostic biotic assemblage. The presence of a rhinoceratid, commonly known from other coeval sections of the Lower Murree in Pakistan and the Kalakot region, suggests the potential of finding suitable palaeontological temporal constraints for the fossil bearing horizons. Two new taxa of fossil flowers, Kasaulipushapam and Trilobanthus are described. The present data suggests the presence of a well-watered landscape during Kasauli times in sharp contrast to more arid condition in the underlying Dagshai Formation which is predominantly red in colour.

2 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

016519   Poroshin V D;Mulyak V V;Pinchuk E A (NO, Gomel State Univ named after F.Skorina, ) : Hydrochemical control of oil pool development (illustrated with Belarusian oil fields) Part III.. Indian J Petrol Geol 2004, 13(1), 55-9.

1 table, 2 ref

016518   Pophare A M;Varade A M (Post Graduate Department of Geology, Nagpur Univ, R.B.D. Laxminarayan Campus, Law College Square, Amravati Road, Nagpur-440 001) : Coal bed methane potential of coal seams in Sawang colliery, East Bokaro coalfields, Jharkhand, India. Indian J Petrol Geol 2004, 13(1), 41-53.

Coal Bed Methane (CBM) is a natural gas produced by bio-thermogenic degradation of buried plant material during the process of coal formation. This gas gets entrapped within the pore spaces and cleat aperture of the coal seams. Due to fast depletion of shallow coal deposits, extraction of coal from deeper seams becoming necessary to meet the future energy requirements. Mining coal from deeper seams will involve greater emission of CBM in the underground as these seams are expected to contain higher amount of methane gas. Maturity of coal increases with increasing depth as a result of enhanced pressure, temperature conditions in the underground. The high gaseous nature of coal seams of Sawang area, East Bokaro Coalfields (degree II to degree III level) stimulated to carry out depth wise investigations for CBM potentiality. Total five coal seams of Sawang area are studied with respect to their depth wise maturity variation, cleat attributes, pore size distribution, technological properties, in-situ gas content estimation and actual gas adsorbed.

12 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

016517   Obaje N G;Opeloye S A;Moumouni A (Geology and Mining Dep, Nasarawa State Univ, Keffi, Nigeria, Email: nobaje@yahoo.com) : Hydrocarbon prospects of sedimentary basin in Northen Nigeria with special reference to the potential for coal-generated hydrocarbons. Indian J Petrol Geol 2004, 13(1), 9-40.

Sedimentary basins of Northern Nigeria comprise the Lower, Middle and Upper Benue Trough, the southeastern sector of the Chad Basin, the Mid-Niger (Bida) Basin, and the Sokoto Basin. Organic geochemical and organic petrologic studies indicate the existence of potential source rocks in the Benue Trough and the Chad Basin, with coal beds constituting major potential source rocks in the whole of the Benue Trough. The generation and production of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons from coal beds presently is now widely accepted. In the Middle Benue Trough, coal beds of the Turonian-Coniacian Awgu Formation have TOC contents of up to 79.10wt%, Ro of 0.83 to 1.07%, and mean HI of 281mgHC/gTOC; unimodal distributions of both low and high molecular weight n-alkanes with no obvious Odd over Even Preference (OEP), and a predominance of C29 steranes but also with relatively high contents of C27 and C28. Steranes Coal beds from the Coniacian-early Santonian Lamja Formation in the Upper Benue Trough yielded TOC contents of up to 50.7wt% with HI of 184mgHC/gTOC, Ro of 0.70 to 0.73%, low and high molecular weights n-alkane dominance with an unpronounced OEP, high pristane/phytane ratios, and very high contents of C29 regular steranes. These data indicate good to fair source rock qualities (oil and gas with gas<62>oil) in the Middle and Upper Benue Trough. Nasara-1 is one in a set of 3 exploratory wells drilled in the Gongola Basin of the Upper Benue Trough. Nasara-1 well was dry. However, in the depth interval between 4,710ft and 4,770ft, TOC values of between 52.1 and 55.2wt% were recorded and are characteristic of coals. This is the first report of coal within either the Pindiga, Yolde or Bima Formations. HIs were between 564 and 589 mgHC/gTOC and Tmax was 423-428°C. Although hydrogen indices can be misleading in assessing the oil-generative potential of a coal values as high as those recorded in Nasara-1 allow oil-generative capabilities to be inferred. The very high His, indicate that some oils generated from a probably deeper seated or laterally located (yet to be identified) lacustrine source rock must have migrated and adsorbed on the coaly facies.

13 illus, 5 tables, 49 ref

016516   Karthikeyan R;Balasubramanian T N (Aricultural Meteorology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agric Univ, Coimbator-3) : Prediction of dry and wet spells for agricultural planning in drylands at Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Trop Agric 2004, 22(1-4), 19-24.

In India, weather has a dominant influence on the fate of crop production, particularly in drylands. The crop productivity in the drylands is low and variable because of aberrant weather and various other problems. Under dryland situations, the growth, development and yield of crops depend mainly on the rainfall distribution pattern and not on the quantum of rainfall. As rainfall is the most dominant factor for agricultural planning it is very essential to see that the critical stages of crop development do not pass through dry spells of rainfall, as otherwise, crop yields will be decreased considerably. In contrast, dry spells during maturity stages of crops sometimes prove to be beneficial. Thus it is very imperative to identify the sequence of occurrence of wet and dry spells in the cropping season. For this, Markov chain model method has been applied in this study to predict the probability of having different condition of dry and wet spells for effective agricultural planning at Coimbatore.

1 table, 4 ref

015525   Vijay Kumar;Sudhir Kumar (Western Himalayan Regional Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, Satwari, Jammu Cantt.-180 003) : Comparison of saturated hydraulic conductivity measured by various methods. Indian J Soil Conserv 2004, 32(3), 235-8.

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015524   Tripathi K P;Sikka A K (NO, Central Soil & Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, Resea, Udhagamandalam, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu) : Rainfall depth class distribution - in Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J Soil Conserv 2004, 32(3), 239-41.

2 illus, 2 tables, 2 ref

015523   Tripathi A;Ray A (1-Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, , Lucknow 226 007) : Report of dinoflagellates from Rajmahal basin, Jharkhand. Indian Miner 2003, 57(3-4), 195-8.

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015522   Talathi J M;Hiremath G K (Agricultural Economics Dep, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli-415 712) : Ground water use efficiency in different methods of irrigation in Thane district (M.S.). Indian J Soil Conserv 2004, 32(3), 194-7.

In farms, with Traditional Method of Irrigation (TMI) the quantity of water used was excess by 27 per cent over economic optimum, while in farms with Modern Method of Irrigation (MMI) it was marginally higher (0.38%) over economic optimum estimated through transcendental production function. There was inverse relationship in case of vegetable crops and positive relationship in case of fruit crops in quantity of water used and productivity of a particular crop in drip method of irrigation. In both the groups of farms, farmers were growing vegetable crops, which were economic water users. This confirmed that modern method of irrigation not only contributed to water conservation and additional irrigation benefits through increased area under irrigation but also reduced cultivation cost particularly irrigation cost and increased the crop productivity as compared to TMI.

2 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

015521   Srivastava R C;Mohanty S;Kannan K;Sahoo N;Das M (Water Technology Centre for Eastern Region, , Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar-751 023) : Micro level water resource development by tank cum well system in plateau areas of Orissa. Indian J Soil Conserv 2004, 32(3), 216-20.

The state of Orissa has the highest population below the poverty line in the country. As there is strong linkage between output growth (particulary agricultural growth which is dominant to Orissa economy) and reduction in poverty, accelerated agricultural growth is critical for alleviating the poverty. Providing irrigation is a prime catalyst for accelerated agricultural growth. However in the plateau areas of Orissa as well as of eastern region, traditional irrigation systems, viz., large dams, canal network or deep tube wells are not feasible due to topographical and geo-hydrological reasons. WTCER, Bhubanesvvar has developed a tank cum open dug well system for providing reliable irrigation source in this area. The system comprises of tanks and open dug wells in series. While tanks store runoff which is recycled for irrigation, the open dug wells harvest water seeped from tanks. This system has been evaluated in field in Keonjhar district of Orissa with six tanks and five wells in two transects. The total command area of the system of six tanks and five wells in both transects is 23 ha and the total irrigation potential is 44.5 ha. The total cost of the system is Rs.7.80 lakh making the cost of irrigation resource creation being Rs.175287/- per ha which is much less than about Rs. 1.00 lakh for major and medium irrigation projects in IX plan. Further, these systems can be constructed and maintained by locally available skills. The returns from the system in the very first year for both transects have been 20% of the total investment and 58% by second year showing that the system can pay it off very early with no gestation period. This system can be adopted on a watershed basis having multi tank multi well system to create irrigation potential more than 30% to bring the whole area under irrigated area category.

4 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref