004369   Markanday N R;Prakash A;Trivedi R C;Agrawal S;Markandey D K (GGS Indraprastha University, School of Environment Management, Kashmeri Gate, Delhi-110 006) : Quality of public and private places in indoor and outdoor environment: An overview. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(5), 489-502.

Information about the presence of various types of microflora is very limited. It is postulated that the presence of various types of microorganisms are equally responsible for producing various type of illness, diseases, etc., at endemic as well as epidemic levels. Assessment of microbiological quality of air is essentially required in a number of critical sites, such as industrial areas, for example pharmaceutical, food processing, medical devices, etc., operation theatres and other sensitive areas in the hospitals, in food service establishments, legal requirements as well as to obtain the presise information on the bioaerosol for facilitating the development of design criteria for the protection of human health in private and public pplaces. The present overview briefly highlights the importance of microorganisms, associated diseases, methods of collections and the work done in this field at national and international level.

^ccr9 tables, 72 ref

004368   Mariappan P;Yegnaraman V;Vasudevan T (TWAD Board, , 31 Williams Road, Contonement, Trichy 620 001) : Defluoridation of water using alumina-gibbsite. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(9), 975-85.

Gibbsite prepared by a simple oxidation method at ambient temperature adsorbs fluoride from aquous solutions. The effect of variables, such as contact time, pH, initial fluoride concentration, dose of adsorbet, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate and temperature has been investigated. Fluoride removal was found to be a function of pH, contact time, initial solute concentration, dose of adsorbent and bicarbonate ion concentration. The various empirical relationships have been established for the adsorption process. Gibbsite has nearly three times higher capacity than the other form of alumina reported.

21 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

004367   Majumdar P;Ganapathi S (Department of Geology, M S University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002) : Influence of pore-water chemistry and burial depth on diagenetic pathways of lower gondwana sands, pranhita-godavari basin, Andhra Pradesh. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(1), 59-68.

Petrographic examination of 106 sandstone samples belonging to Lower Gondwana Group of Bellampalli-Chinnur area, Pranhita-Godavari Basin were carried out to evaluate the effects of interstitial water chemistry and burial depth on detrital and authigenic mineralogy of these sandstones. Except Basal Talchir sandstones, there was no significant alteration in the framework mineralogy. Minor variation in the Q:F:R ratio of these sandstones was brought about by variable relief-ratio of the watershed and changing climate during the Permian. Overall sequence of the mineral authogenesis can be divided into two stages. The early stage was characterised by ecogenetic formation of kaolinite and chlorite under the influence of climate-controlled groundwater chemistry. Chlorite was formed in times of relative aridity (as in Talchir, Barren Measures and Lower Kamthi times) when cation concentration in groundwater was high. During the times of high precipitation (as during Barakar and Lower Kamthi times), pore water was dilute, resulting in the flushing out of the cations and consequent formation of kaolinite. The later stage of diagenetic sequence involves variation in Eh-pH condition of pore fluids as a function of thermocatalytic degradation of kerogen and depth of burial. This stage is characterised by mica authigenesis, precipitation of calcite and iron oxide cement and dissolution of early formed calcite. Alternatio of potash feldspar into hydromuscovite in the Barakar and Talchir strata shows signatures of depth-controlled process of illitization.

4 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

004366   Madhavaraju J;Ramasamy S;Mohan S P;Hussain S M;Asir G G (Department of Geology, School of Earth and Atmospheric, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025) : Petrography and surface textures on quartz grains of nimar sandstone bagh beds, Madhya Pradesh-implications for provenance and depositional environment. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(6), 747-62.

Petrography, fluid inclusions and surface texture studies have been carried out on the Minar Sandstone, which have provided fruitful results on provenance and depositional environment. The detrital composition of sandstones plotted in the Q-F-L diagram suggests cratonic origion. The modal percentages of different types of quartz plotted in the diamond diagram indicate that these sediments were derived from the low-grade metamorphic rocks. Quartz grains show randomly distributed primary inclusions, small trails of pseudosecondary inclusions and needle-shaped solid phase also support that the source rocks are mainly low-grade metamorphic rocks. The surface textures on quartz grains reveal the presence of twenty-two distinct surface textures. Based on their origin, these textures are grouped into three types viz. i) thirteen features that show mechanical origin,ii) five features that exhibit mechanical and/or chemical origin, and iii) four features that reveal chemical (precipitational) origin. The quartz grains exhibit conchoidal fractures, arcuate steps, and fractured plates/planes, which resulted during the liberation of these grains from the crystalline formations. They also exhibit pretransportational features such as pedological overgrowths, silica globules, flower and pellicles, which are indicative or short transportation and rapid deposition of these sediments, Vs, straight and curved scratches are more common on the quartz grains from the supper Nimar Sandstone (which are characteristic features of marine environment), whereas the lower frequency of these features on the quartz grains from the lower Nimar Sandstone suggest fluvial depositional environments.

8 illus, 2 tables, 76 ref

004365   Lalitha S;Kasthuri R;Kalaivani D;Banumathi K; Akilandeshwari L (Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College, Department of Chemistry, Tiruchirapalli 620 002) : Impact of sewage disposal on quality of water near Chinthamani, Tiruchirapalli. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(11), 1268-71.

Water intended for human consumption should be both safe and wholesome. But the unscrupulous discharge of undesirable substances into the water bodies destroy the quality of water, thus causing water pollution. The investigation aims to probe the impact of sewage disposal in river Cauvery (Chinthamani, Tiruchirapalli) on the water quality in and around the area. The drainage and sewage water from all the near by residences are let into the river in the form of a canal of black forthy liquid. This act of sewage disposal affects the river and ground water quality. Therefore, monitoring the water water quality in this area becomes necessary River water, tube-well and borewell water samples were collected from the river and nearby areas. The samples were put to physico-chemical and biological analysis and the results were compared with WHO, ISI and USPHS standard values. The results are tabulated and conclusions are drawn. Also some suitable treatment methods are suggested.

2 tables, 4 ref

004364   Kumar Y;Patel R C (Earth Sciences Dep, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136 119) : Deformation mechanisms in the chiplakot crystalline belt (CCB)along kali-gori valleys (Kumaon), NW-Himalaya. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(1), 76-91.

The Chiplakot Crystalline Belt (CCB) in Kumaon, NW-himalaya is made up of biotite schist, biotite augen gneiss and psammite. These rocks are mylonitised and deformed in a NE-dipping broad ductile shear zone (across the whole CCB) of the overthrust-type formed due to intracontinental crustal shortening during Cenozoic within the Indian Plate. Two distinguishable structural regimes characterize the CCB: viz, the pre-Himalayan deformation and Himalayan deformation. Pre-Himalayan deformation is associated with at least one distinct episode of deformation (D₁) while Himalayan deformation is characterized by three distinct episodes of deformation (D₂, D₃ and D₄). Out of these three deformations, D₂ is the most prominent deformation and wide spread throughout the CB. It is distinguished by a prominent S2 foliation axial planar to the reclined F₂ folds and NE-plunging L₂ stretching/mineral lineation. The early tight to isoclinal F₁ folds on lithological layering have been stretched and rotated towards NE-plunging F₂ folds during the SW-directed D₂ ductile shear deformation. S-C fabric, asymmetric augen, and sheared lenses etc. are ubiquitously developed during D₂ throughout the CCB. During progressive translation towards shallower structural level and southward migration of the thrust sheets, the rocks in the shear zone underwent D₃ and at last D₄ deformation in compressional regime. D₃ episode is characterized by N-NW plunging F₃ folds and D₄ by kink bands etc. In contrast to main crustal shortening fabrics, fabrics related to extensional tectonics within the CCB have also been identified, which was even initiated during late D₂ and continued post-dating D₃. Different shear indicators such as extensional crenulation cleavage (ecc), foliation boudinage, extensional shear bands, brittle normal faults and quartz veins with fringe folds are developed throughout the CCB. Microstructural studies of the constituent minerals of the shear zone demonstrate that deformation mechanisms and degree of shear strain vary from the basal and upper thrusts towards the central part of the CCB. Mylonitic rocks in the middle of the CCB contain less than 10% of relic fragments and the deformation mechanism is characterized by dynamic recrystallization of feldspar and quartz, indicating deformation at amphibolite grade. Preferred orientation of long axes of quartz grains indicates relatively high shear strain in this zone. Towards the basal and upper parts of the mylonite zone, the percentage of relic fragments becomes more than 10%. In these zones, feldspars are fractured quartz is dynamically recrystallised though to lesser degree than in the middle of the zone and long axes of most of quartz grains are sub-parallel to C-plane. These evidences, combined with occurrence of secondary chlorite, biotite in these rocks suggests that mylonitization occured at greenschist grade and deformation in medium shear strain in comparison to middle zone. At the base and upper parts of the mylonite zone, feldspar are fractured and altered to sericite, and quartz shows limited plastic deformation in the form of undulose extinction and subgrain formation. Quartz grains have no prefered orientation, indicating low shear strain in this zone.

11 illus, 1 table, 56 ref

004363   Kumar S;Misra A K;Bhattacharyya K G (Gauhati University, Department of Chemistry, Guwahati 781 014) : Fluoride content in drinking water of Hojai sub-division, Nagaon. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(9), 1008-16.

The study reports on quality of drinking water with respect to fluoride content from 50 different sources in the predominantly rural Hojai Sub-division of Nagaon district, Assam. Water samples were collected in 2 seasons over a 3 year period from the different sources in 28 locations and were analyzed for fluoride. The results are discussed in the light of possible health hazards from the fluoride in relation to their maximum permissible limits. The study indicates that the quality of drinking water in the certain areas of Hojai Sub-division are unsuitable for drinking purposes due to fluoride contamination in ground water.

4 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

004362   Kumar P S;Suresh S;Ashique C T;Bright V; Sasikumar P (K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science,P.G. and Research Departmen, Centre for Biological Science, Tiruchengode-637 209) : Production, extraction and estimation of poly-β-hydroxy butyrate by alcaligenes eutrophus isolated from soil sample. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(5), 552-61.

Poly-beta-hydroxy butyrate (PHB) is an intracellular carbon and reserve material accumulated by a variety of bacteria under unfavourable growth conditions, such as limitation of N.P.S. Mg or oxygen. The PHB is a biodegradable plastic polymer so there is considerable interest in using PHB for packaging purposes as opposed to other plastic materials in order to reduce environmental impact of human garbage. The Alcaligenes eutrophus has been widely used for PHB production because it is easy to grow. It accumulates large amount of PHB UP TO 80% of dry cell weight in a simple medium. Soil samples were form different areas, serially diluted and plated on Nutrient Agar plates. Colonies formed were counted. Sample was plated also on PD agar as well as Z-medium. By biochemical tests, one of the isolates was confirmed as Alcaligenes eutrophus. Presence of PHB in the isolate was detected by sudan Black staining method. PHB was produced using the isolate in production medium under phosphate limitation. Different inital phosphate concentrations of the production media were compared for the PHB production with different incubation periods. PHB was extracted by using dispersions of sodium hypochlorite and choloroform.

^iia5 illus, 7 tables, 38 ref

004361   Kumar J R (India Meteorological Department, , New Delhi-110 003) : Distinct synoptic patterns associated with pre-break onset phase and revival of normal monsoon phase. Mausam 2004, 55(4), 591-8.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to synoptically classify the intraseasonal variation of Indian summer monsoon into two new monsoon conditions except already existing active and break monsoon conditions. These are transitional phases found prior to occurrence of break monsoon (here after `Pre-break onset phase") and during revival of normal monsoon after the culmination of break monsoon phase (here after `Revival of normal monsoon phase") and they have distinct synoptic patterns differing from patterns that the asociated with active/break monsoon conditions. The distinct circulation, rainfall and pressure distribution asociated with pre-break onset and revival of normal monsoon phase are also discused. The study shows that strong negative pressure anomaly and excess rainfall over north India and strong positive pressure anomaly and dificient rainfall over Peninsular India are associated with pre-break onset phase and vice-versa with revival of normal monsoon.

7 illus, 9 ref

004360   Kumar C S;Mukherjee A (National Mineral Development Corporation Ltd, Investigation Division, Khanij Bhavan, Masab Tank, Hyderabad 500 028) : Discovery of a new kimberlite pipe using multidisciplinary approach at Kalyandurg, Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(6), 813-7.

Multi-disciplinary approach involving remote sensing, stream-sediment-sampling coupled with geological, geochemical and geophysical surveys have paved way for identification of kimberlitic calcrete (with inclusions of garnet and ilmenite). Its distribution on the basis of abundance in a stream conveniently led to discovery of a new kimberlite body in the Kalyandurg Taluk (N14°33'41.6" and E76°'41.3"). Recovery of deep-seated mantle xenoliths, petrography and major oxide analysis further substantiate the kimberlitic nature. This find, in addition to the three earlier reported kimberlites, makes the Kalyandurg Kimberlite Field (KKF) a promising one from the view point of diamond exploration.

^ssc3 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

004359   Kulkarni N P;Agrawal Y K (Gujarat University, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Ahmedabad-380 009) : Physico-chemical characterstics of the topsoil of a hospital. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(5), 503-7.

The present study deals with the physico-chemeical characteristics of the topsoil of a hospital and aims to determine whether any deterioration had occurrred in its chemistry as a result of the on going activities. The physico-chemical characteristics of the soil, such as texture, colour, pH, conductance and salinity were studied. The levels of chloride, sulphate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, calcium and magnesium in the soil were also determined. It was observed that the level of chloride, nitrate,nitrite and calcium were more in the soil. The result of the study suggested that proper management of hospital solid waste is essential, lest it causes irreversible changes in the hospital soil chemistry.

^iia4 tables, 14 ref

004358   Kukillaya J P;Padmanabhan K;Radhakrishnan K (NO, , T.C.5/1184(2), `Chandrika Vilas' Survey School Road, Peroorkada P O Trivandrum 695 005) : Occurrence of brackish groundwater in fractured hard rock aquifers of puzhakkal-avanur area in thrissur, Kerala. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(1), 32-42.

Brackish groundwater occurs in fractured hard rock aquifers along a narrow N-S fracture zone in Puzhakkal-Avanur area which is more than 17 km from the sea. Relative proportion of chloride and bicarbonate suggests intrusion of saline water into this fracture zone from low lying areas connected to saline backwater. Pumping test data and variations in intensity of fracturing suggest similarity to discontinuous fracture network model. The possible causes for spatial and temporal changes in electrical conductivity of groundwater are discussed. Present studies indicate overflow of brackish groundwater from the semi confined aquifers through bores in some dug-cum-borewells of the area.

10 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

004357   Khan M S;Raza M;Safdar-E-Azam M (Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002) : Bombolai containental pillow lavas (neoproterozoic) from trans-Aravalli region, Pali district, Rajasthan and their tectonic significance. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(6), 803-12.

Neoproterozoic Bombolai volcanics of Trans-Aravalli terrain of western Rajasthan, consist of three distinct flows separated by metasediments including bedded chert, phyllite and quartzite. In terms of their major oxides and trace and rare earth element abundances, all these flows are compositionally identical and evolved (Mg.No. 0.397-0.474, Ni-61-92 ppm and Cr-171-234 ppm). Major and trace element contents permit one to classify them as subalkaline basalts having enriched LREE abundances. However, MORB and PM-normalised spidergrams characterize them as within plate tholeities. On the basis of their TiO content (1.84-2.43). Ti/Y rartio (294-347) and Zr/Y ratio (2.9-3.7), the Bombolai volcanics are classified as low Ti-contental tholeiites. The general geology, geochemistry and associated lithologies indicate that the Bombolai volcanics were erupted in a reactivated rift environment (Pali lineament) which probably occurred as a precursor event to a large magmatic activity i.e. Malani volcanism in Trans-Aravalli region.

9 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

004356   Khabade S A;Mule M B (Shivaji University, Department of Zoology, Kolhapur 416 004) : Studies on physico-chemical parameters of Pundi water reservoir from Tasgaon Tahsil. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(9), 1003-7.

Pundi lake is a small man-made fresh water reservoir from Tasgaon tahsil of Sangli district of Maharashtra. It was investigated for its quality and physico-chemical parameters monthly, during a period of September 1998 to August 1999, from two sampling sites. The results reveal that there was seasonal variation in some physico-chemical parameters while few parameters were remained in constant range and have not showing much variation throughout the year. The physico-chemical parameters of Pundi water reservoir, indicating the better quality water, which is free from the pollution.

4 tables, 17 ref

004355   Kashyapi A (Meteorological Office, , Pune-411 005) : Agroclimatic requirement of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum roxb.) for the state of Sikkim. Mausam 2004, 55(4), 649-54.

The present study was carried out to identify the cause of major yield losses of large cardamom in the state of Sikkim. For this purpose three years meterological data from two station viz. Gangtok and Tadong and the potential evapotranspiration data from two adjacent stations located in the sub-Himalayan West Bengal were used for computation of heat unit (GDD) and agroclimatic rainfall index (ARI). The study revealed that rainfall availability and potential evapotranspiration followed the same trend with the highest value at vegetative stage and the lowest value at lag phase of the crop. The total heat unit requirement of crop was very high; its value increased from nursery seedling to transplanting stages and then reduced sharply during lag phase; afterwards the peak was attained at vegetative growth stage, which sharply reduced at later growth stages. Very high ARI values were recorded at transplanting and flowering stages for both the stations. The postmortem study suggests that the crop requires well distributed, plentiful rainfall with high relative himidity and cool temperature, which were not available during 1998-99, affecting the crop severely at secondary flowering stage.

1 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

004354   Kalaivani D;Lalitha S;Kasthuri R;Banumathi K; Swapna S (Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College, Department of Chemistry, Tiruchirapalli 620 002) : Effects of discharge of domestic effluents on the quality of water near coleroon, Tiruchirapalli. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(11), 1254-8.

Water is the elixir of life and in its unpolluted form, it is preferable for drinking and other purposes. But the improper disposal of sewage and domestic efluents pollute the available sources of water. So it becomes necessary to analyse the quality of water and take suitable steps to overcome the drastic effects of pollution. The river Coleroon or Kollidam and the surrounding residential areas were chosen for the study because these areas lack proper drainage. The sewage wastes of almost whole of Srirangam are being let into the Coleroon river, which is of multipurpose utility, through a big `L' shaped concrete pipe. Due to this, the ground water in the nearby area is also polluted. Hence, it was felt necessary to assess the quality of water in this area. River water, well and borewell water samples from surrounding areas were collected. Various physico-chemical and biological parameters were estimated using standard procedures and the results were compared with ISI, WHO and USPHS standards. The results obtained are tabulated and the conclusions are drawn. Possible water treatement methods have also been suggested.

2 tables, 7 ref

004353   Iyengar R N;Ghosh S (Dep of Civil Eng, Indian Inst of Science, Bangalore 560 012) : Microzonation of earthquake hazard in greater Delhi area. Curr Sci 2004, 87(9-10), 1193-1202.

A spate of earthquakes in the recent past, causing extensive damage, has heightened the sensitivity of engineers and planners to the looming seismic risk in densely populated Indian cities. Delhi city is in a seismically active region and hence it is important to understand the existing earthquake hazard to the city on a scientific basis. After discussing the seismo-tectonic status of the city and its environs, presents probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of an area of 30 km x 40 km with its centre at India Gate, Delhi city. The quantified hazard in terms of the rock level peak ground acceleration value is mapped on a grid size of 1 km x 1 km, for a return period of 2500 years. In engineering parlance, this corresponds to a probability of exceedance of 2% in a design life of 50 years. This map can be used as the basis for further site-specific studies at soft soil deposits.

14 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

004352   Innocent B X;Martin P (St. Xavier's College, Research Department of Zoology, Palayamkottai-627 002) : Impact of chloropyriphos on the haematology of freshwater crab Paratelphusa hydrodromous (Herbst). Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(5), 548-51.

The LC₅₀ values of chloropyriphos was decreased with the increase in exposure period. Bassed on morphological and functional criteria 3 type of haemocytes, namely hyalinocytes (HC) intermediate granulocyte (IG) and eosinophilic granulocytes (EG) are identified. The total haemocyte count (THC) tends top increase during toxic stress and differential haemocyte count (DHC) exhibits numerical changes which might be regarded as the function of in vivo transformation during stress. The present investigation provides a potential model to understand to toxic effects of chloropyriphos on the freshwater crab P. hydrodromous.

^iia1 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

004351   Gopinath A;Kumar N C;Nair S M (Cochin University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Occanography, Cochin-682 016) : An introductory study on the biogeochemical features of the coral sediments of the minicoy island, Lakshadweep. Indian J envir Prot 2004, 24(2), 113-20.

This paper reports the preliminary investigation made on the biogeochemical characteristics of the sedimentary environment of Minicoy Island located in Lakshadweep Archipelago. Considering the granulometric characteristics of coral sediments, stations with fine sand fractions (compraises organic carbon in low percentages) retained comparatively higher amount of total nitrogen. Whereas in the case of total phosphorus, an appreciable amount of total P was associated with coarse sand as it was bound with the shells and bones of organisms in the coral ecosystem; apart from the contribution from mineral phosphorus of the carbonate rich coral sediments. Thus, the higher accumulation of phosphorus fractions in the shells and bones of animals lead to low N: P as well as C:P ratio. The exceedingly higher concentration of calcium over sodium and potassium in the study area is reflected by the presence of coral fragments composed of calcium carbonate. Further, the predominantly sandy nature of sediments posses low retention capacity for organic carbon and organic matter.

6 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

004350   Garg S S (Sanghi Industries Ltd., (Cement Division), , Sanghipuram, Kutch 370 655) : Water quality of well and bore well of 10 selected locations of Chitrakoot region. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(9), 966-74.

Physico-chemical parameters of ground water from ten sampling locations of Chitrakoot region were monitored for four seasons during year 2000 and value obtained were compared with standards prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Analysis of ground water showed that water is good for drinking as well as irrigation purposes.

5 tables, 10 ref

004349   Ganguly S;Malti S K (Indian School of Mines, Centre of Mining Environment, Dhanbad 826 004) : Mineral pick-up in domestic sewage-A case study. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(5), 538-43.

The study reports on the genesis of domestic sewage in a predominantly residential university campus area of Dhanbad, Jharkhand. The domestic sewage has been collected from 3 different locations of the campus area and their physicochemical characteristics have been studied. These studies reveal that the extent of mineral pick-up is different for different parameter. It has been found out in the domestic sewage, the chloride pick-up is 70.97%, nitrate pick-up is 96.8% total hardness pick-up is 20.25%, iron pick-up is 98.41% and zinc pick-up is 98.43%. The rate constants have been found out by using standard methods and have been compared with those mentioned in the standard literatures and previous works.

^ccr3 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

004348   Dhankhar R;Sushma (M D University, Department of Bioscience, Rohtak-124 001) : Impact of thermal power plant discharge on effect crop plant harvested soils. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(5), 519-24.

Physicochemical properties of the thermal power plant effluent has been determined and its effects on soil have also been studied. The effluent was found slightly alkaline in nature with moderate electrical conductivity. The effluent was found to be responsible for altering the chemical composition of soils. The soils irrigated with effluent exhibited an increase in PH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, phosphorus and water holding capacity, while potassium and calcium decreased.

^iia6 tables, 18 ref

004347   Dash S K (Environment Management Department, Desein Pvt. Ltd., G K-II New Delhi) : Study of air quality at an industrial area in coastal India. Mausam 2004, 55(4), 611-24.

After privatization of the power sectors in India, the fossil-fuel based power industries have an important role to play in the liberalization of the economy of the country.Modeling efforts will help a great deal in designing stacks and in taking appropriate pollution control measures for the proposed power plants. A case study has been cited with short-term (24-hour) use of dispersion model in assessing Ground Level Concentration (GLC) of the pollutants due to existing and proposed major industries, and their impact on large human settlement close to the power plants. The results of the new Design Dispersion Model (DDM) are compared with those of Industrial Source Complex Short-Term, ISCST (version 3) model of the US Environment Protection Agency. In DDM, the reflection coefficient terms has been used in calculating GLCs. This has the advantage of including the impact of gravitational settling on the pollutants close to the site. Hourly meterological data of wind direction (degree), wind speed (ms^-1), temperature (K), stability class, and mixing height (m) have been used as input for both the models. Short-term GLCs of SO₂ and NO_x due to major industries have been assessed during monsoon, post-monsoon, summer and winter under worst meterological conditions. Comparison of the 8 hourly model predicted concentrations of SO₂ and NO_x with the corresponding observed values at nine locations around the pollution source indicates that DDM results are more suitable for Indian conditions than those of ISCST3 model.

8 illus, 7 tables, 23 ref

004346   Chattopadhyay N;Samui R P;Banerjee S K (Meteorological Office, , Pune-411 005) : Weather based operational plant protection on rice hispa and blast of paddy. Mausam 2004, 55(4), 637-48.

Studies were made to explore the possibility of control/minimise the damages caused by the rice hispa and blast disease of rice by issuing timely weather based forecast. From the survey conducted by the Department of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage (PPQ&S) Faridabad from 1988-93, it was observed that both rice hispa and blast incidences were comparatively more in kharif than rabi/summer season. Rice hispa appeared more frequently in moderate to severe intensity particularly in Orissa, Assam, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. Blast disease appeared more in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh. Drop in maximum (<60>32° C) and minimum tempeature (<60>24.5° C) under humid condition (morning RH <62> 90%; and afternoon RH<62> 80%) and cloudy condition was found to be the congenial weather condition for the incidence of rice hispa: Blast incidences on the crop were found to be favoured by the decrease in minimum temperature (<60>23.5° C) in association with increase in morning relative humidity (<62> 90%) under cloudy condition. The findings of this study validated fairly well with the pest and disease observation made after 1993. It is concluded that forewarming of the incidence of the rice hispa and blast on rice could be possible, well in advance, through Agromet Advisory Service based on the prevailing weather parameters.

9 illus, 21 ref

004345   Chakraborty S;Paul P K (Department of Mining & Geology, Bengal Engineering College (D U), Howrah 711 103) : Identification of potential groundwater zones in the baghmundi block of purulia district of West Bengal using remote sensing and GIS. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(1), 69-75.

Remote sensing techniques using satellite imagery have proved to be an indispensable tool in morphometric analysis and groundwater studies. Remote sensing techniques with an emphasis on lineament identification plays a great role in groundwater prospecting and applied on hard rock areas of Purulia district. In this work, Morphometric and Hydrogeomorphic analysis has been done to determine the potential water-bearing zone in the study area. Groundwater occurs at shallow depth under water table condition within the weathered mantle, fractured hard rock and the narrow zone of unconsolidated sediments, along major river valleys. High fluctuation of water table is observed mostly from valley fills to weathered pediments.

4 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

004344   Bastia R (Reliance Industries Ltd, , `H' Block, DAKC, Thane Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai 400 709) : Depositional model and reservoir architecture of tertiary deep water sedimentation, Krishna-Godavari offshore Basin, India. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(1), 11-20.

The Krishna-Godavari basin is located along the east coast of India bordering the state of Andhra Pradesh and covers an area of 100,000 sq. km both on-land and offshore. The basin evolved through crustal rifting and subsequent drifting during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The basin comprises a vast range of depositional seting such as coastal plains, deltas, shelf-slope aprons and deep-sea fans. Study deals with the Tertiary deep-water sedimentation of the Krishna-Godavari basin. An innovative approach has been adopted for the first time in India to understand in detail the architecture of the potentially reservoir lithologyprone geo-bodies (depositional elements) and play types in the basin, and the workflow included 3D seismic data acquisition, processing and interpretation in an interactive workstation environment, integrated subsequently with wire-line logs, coring and formation evaluation by utilizing the state of-the-art techniques. By combining the structural, stratigraphic and sedimentological features of the basin, a generic depositional model has been constructed for the formation of various geo-bodies in the Tertiary deep-water intervals of the basin. This model envisions a point source feeding a canyon that leads down-dip into several sinuous channels. Each of these sinuous channels in turn branches into distributaries that terminate in lobes. By using the methodology outlined here, one of the largest gas reserves of the world in recent years has been discovered in a multi-storied channel-levee facies in the basin. Based on the identified play types thus far, it is believed that a huge potential future treasure of hydrocarbons is in store in the Krishna-Godavari basin to place India firmly on the deep-water hydrocarbon map of the world.

7 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

004343   Banerjee S K;Kundu S K;Singh H A K (Meteorological Office, , Pune-411 005) : A study of 12th November 2002 cyclonic storm in the Bay of Bengal using doppler weather radar. Mausam 2004, 55(4), 671-80.

For the first time in India, Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) has been used to track a cyclonic storm, which formed over Bay of Bengal. Selected few radar images of the cyclone have been discussed here to bring out some of the important features of this storm.

18 illus, 3 ref

004342   Ballukraya P N (Department of Applied Geology, University of Madras, Chennai 600 025) : Characterizing bounded and weathered/jointed rock aquifers: a case study from Alathur village, near Chennai city. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(6), 784-90.

Presence of a hydrogeological barrier boundary was identified from the interpretation of time-drawdown data obtained by conducting pumping test in an area underlain by hard rocks. Interpretation of electrical resistivity data also confirmed that a geological boundary exists in the zone identified as barrier boundary, indicating a role for resistivity surveys in the characterization of hard rock aquifers.

3 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

004341   Ahmad A H M;Masroor Alam M;Khan M H A;Saeed A S M (Department of Geology, Geology Section, Department of Civil Engineeing, Aligarh Muslim University, ALigarh 202 002, U P) : Petrofacies and diagenetic study of rewa sandstone, baretha area (Bayana), Bharatpur, Rajasthan. J Geol Soc India 2004, 64(6), 731-8.

The studied rocks form a part of Upper Rewa Sandstone, which overlies the Kaimur Sandstone in northwest part of the Vindhyan basin, exposed in various isolated ridges around Baretha area of Bayana, Bharatpur district of Rajasthan. The sandstones are medium to fine grained and moderately well sorted. The sandstones consist of various types of quartz followed by feldspar, rock fragments, mica and heavy minerals. The petrofacies in Qt-F-L, Qm-F-Lt,Qp-Lv-Ls and Qm-P-K ternary diagrams suggest mainly basement uplift source of craton interior in rifted continental margin type basin setting with very low input from recycled orogen provenance. The sandstones are well compacted and dominated by interpenetrative contacts and are mainly cemented by silica with very small amount of carbonate and iron oxide. Quartz overgrowths are well developed on monocrystalline quartz than polycrystalline ones. Coarser fraction of detrital quartz grains have sequestered authigenic overgrowths covering more if its grain boundary are thicker as compared to finer grains. Dissolution of quartz along grain boundaries and silica rich compaction pore water seems to be the main source of silica.

8 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

003216   Tyagi P;Buddhi D;Sawhney R L (Water Quality Lab, Sch of Energy and Envir Studies, Devi Ahilya Univ, Khandwa Road, Indore-452 017) : Forecasting of ground water quality of Pithampur industrial area of M.P.. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(3), 293-303.

A time series techniques has been used to asses the future conditions for the ground water quality of the Pithampur industrial area of M.P. Using 2 year experimental data (September 1999 - May 2001) of ground water, prediction is made for the year 2004-2005. From the predicted values it was found that if the rate of contamination of the ground weter remains the same in forthcoming years, then, in future the ground water of the area would not be suitable for drinking and agriculture purpose.

1 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

003215   Tripathi J K;Bock B;Rajamani V;Eisenhauer A (Sch of Envirn Sci, , New Delhi-110 067) : Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? geochemical constraints. Curr Sci 2004, 87(8), 1141-5.

The identity of the river along which the famous Harappan Civilization developed and the causes of the demise of this culture are topics of considerable debate. Many of the Harappan sites are located along the ephemeral Ghaggar river within the Thar Desert in the northwestern India and adjacent Pakistan. the Ghaggar was also thought to be the mythical river Saraswati, which was described as glacial-fed river. Sr and Nd isotopic composition of the Ghaggar alluvium as well as Thar Desert sediments suggests a Sub Himalayan sediment sources, with no contribution from the glaciated regions. The development of extensive Harappan Civilization all along the Ghaggar suggests a catchment with high monsoon rainfall. It is likely that with the changes in the monsoon scenario after 3500 BC could have gradually dried up the Ghaggar river and resulted in the migration and/or extinction of the Harappan Civilization on this river.

2 illus, 35 ref

003214   Srivastava R K;Srivastava S (Botany and Envir Sci Dep, Envir Res Lab, Govt Model Sci Coll, Jabalpur-482 001) : Assessment of water quality of river Gaur at Jabalpur. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(3), 282-5.

The present investigation is an attempt to determine the physico- chemical properties of water of river Gaur to evaluate the quality of the water. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent and reasons of seasonal variations in water quality at different sampling sites of river Gaur at Jabalpur. In the present communication, the variation in water quality are studied with regard to the several water quality variables and water quality index (WQI) representing the integrated effect of the variables used to denote the degradation of the river quality. Water quality index enables large amount f water quality data to be reduced to a single numerical values in an objective, rapid and reproducible manner. WQI allows the objective assessment of water quality and permits a spatial and temporal variation. This allows the quantification of `good' and `bad' water quality.

1 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

003213   Singh A K (Applied Geology dep, Barkatullah Univ, Bhopal) : Concentration of copper in surface and sub - surface waters of the Rawanwara Colliery Area of Pench valley coalfied and its environmental impact on human health. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(3), 313-6.

Rawanwara Colliery area is an important part of Pench valley coalfied. A study has been carried out to assess to source of copper in surface and sub-surface waters of the area and its impact of human health. The chemical analysis was done on GBC - 902 double beam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), at the Centre of Mining Environment, ISM, Dhanbad. the data reveals that the concentration of copper varies from 0.092 to 1.999 ppm. the cencentration of copper in water were compared with drinking water specification laid down by ISI: 10500 (1983) to asses the toxicity limits. The majority of water samples were found above the permissible limit.

1 illus, 1 tables, 7 ref

003212   Sharma P;Sharma R C (Natnl Centre for Agric Economics and Policy Res, , Pusa, New Delhi-110 012) : Groundwater markets across climatic zones: a comparative study of arid and semi-arid zones of Rajasthan. Indian J agric Econ 2004, 59(1), 138-50.

9 tables, 18 ref

003211   Shankar U;Satyavani N;Sinha B;Thakur N K (Natnl Geophys Res Inst, , Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007) : Seismic reflection data: their utility in estimation of gas hydrates in deep marine sediments. Curr Sci 2004, 87(4), 515-20.

The occurrence and significance of low-velocity sedimentary layer corresponding to free gas in the sediment beneath the bottom simulating reflector have long been a subject of debate. Either velocity or amplitude information in isolation is inadequate to estimate hydrate concentration. Reduction in amplitude (amplitude blanking) calibrated by interval velocity has been used to quantify hydrate concentration in the Kerala-Konkan area of western continental margin of India. The tentative estimate of hydrate in the representative sediment has been made using the time average equation, in which the velocity structure of pure methane hydrate is inferred from the seismic data and known properties of pure hydrate.

6 illus, 28 ref

003210   Reddy K M;Prasad J R;Muralidhar M (Geology Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007) : Groundwater quality characterization in Wazirabad - Damaracherla Area, Nalgonda District. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(3), 274-81.

Studies of groundwater quality in the Wazirabad - Damaracherla area of Andhra Pradesh indicate that the waters of HCO₃ dominating mixed cation - anion, HCO₃ dominating mixed cationnic, Na dominating bicarbonate mixed cationic, Na dominating mixed cation - anion, Ca dominating bicarbonate mixed cationic, Ca dominating mixed cation - anion, CI dominating mixed ction - anion. Of them, HCO₃ dominating mixed cation - anion HCO_{3 dominating mixed cationic, Na dominating mixed cation - anion types of waters are more prevalent. Isocone mapping of specific conductance indicates that ionic concentration increases from west to east in teh area. Graphical analysis of chemical data reveals that in general the area has basic water, whereas a few samples show secondary alkalinity, Graphical representation further shows that most of the area has low salinity - low salinity - low sodium (CISI) and medium salinity - low soidium (C2S1) water useful for irrigation purposes. High salinity - low sodium waters are present in Wadapalli, which need adequate drainage to overcome the salinity problem.}

4 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

003209   Ravan S;Kale M;Roy P S (Centre for development Advanced Computing, Pune Univ Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 007) : Identification of potential sites for in situ conservation of landraces associated with forest ecosystem Geomatics approach. Curr Sci 2004, 87(8), 1115-22.

Landraces may be defined as a locally adapted strain of a species bred through traditional methods of direct selection. There has been a continuous threat to these landraces due to outcrossing, migration of cultivators to the urban areas as replacement of high yielding varieties with traditional crops. Among many reasons to conserve forest ecosystem, landraces can be one of the important reasons, which focuses on protectiong agro-biodiversity existing in the vicinity of forest ecosystem. One of the important observation was that, these landraces were present in proximity of forest areas where forest floor litter serves as source of manure. So it is implicit that without forests these crops cannot sustain. Forest floor litter, which is generally abundant in the study area, is gradually converted to humus, which during rainy seasons goes down-streams to agricultural areas. No chemical fertilizers are used for growing these crops. Since mapping of landraces using remote sensing data is difficult, an alternative approach is proposed for `Mapping Potential Land Race zone' rather than delineating agricultural patches. Land races are governed largely by terrain complexity and remoteness of villages. This information coupled with land-use land cover map provides basis to perform multi criteria modeling, thus helping in identifying potential land race zones.

5 illus, 8 tables, 11 ref

003208   Prasanna Kumar Y;King P (Chem Dep, Coll Engng GITAM, Visakhapatnam-530 045) : Assessment of ground water quality in Visakhapatnam area of Andhra Pradesh, India. Indian J Envir Ecoplann 2004, 8(2), 327-30.

An attempt has been made to study the physico-chemical characteristic of ground water in Visakhapatnam area. The quality parameter viz. pH, Total Dissolved solids (TDS), Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Potassiu, Sodium and Fluoride were investigated. The study indicates that some modifications and remedial steps in existing water supply are needed. It is observed that the main sources of ground water contamination are urban pollution are due to land fill municipal wastes, sewage of septic tank and drainage wastewater. Industrial pollution due to sewage of chemical effluents and agricultural pollution due to expensive use of fertilizers and pesticides.

2 tables, 5 ref

003207   Patadia F;Kishtawal C M;Pal P K;Joshi P C (Atmospheric Sci Div, Meteorology and Oceanography Group, Space application Centre, Ahmedabad-380 015) : Geolocation of Indian Ocean tropical cyclones using 85 GHz observation from TRMM microwave imager. Curr Sci 2004, 87(4), 504-9.

High resolution observation from 85 GHz channel of TRMM microwave imager have been used for the determination of the centre of tropical cyclones over the Indian Ocean. Upwelling microwave radiation at higher frequencies (e.g 85 GHz) is highly sensitive to the scattering due to ice and snow particles that are generally associated with the deep convection in the inner core and convective bands of a tropical cyclone. Moreover, the microwave radiation is not affected by the presence of cirrus clouds that often obscure the view of the central features of cyclone in visible and infrared observtions. Three characteristics features in microwave observations were used to determine the centre of the Indian Ocean cyclones and compared the results with the operational analysis. The comparison indicates that the differences between the above two positions of cyclone centres are significant, considering the impact of initial position error on the forecast of the future position of cyclones.

5 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

003206   Mohanty M;Sahoo K C;Jena S K;Dash P C;Mohandy B K (Geological Survey of India, , Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar-751 012) : Meteoritic shower in coastal Orissa. Curr Sci 2004, 87(4), 428-9.

2 illus, 3 ref

003205   Mishra A K;Gnanaseelan C;seetaramayya P (Indian Inst of Tropical Meteorology, , Pune-411 008) : A study of rainfall along the west coast of India in relation to low level jet and air-sea interactions over the Arabian sea. Curr Sci 2004, 87(4), 475-85.

Indian summer monsoon has a large inter-annual as well as intra-seasonal variability over temporal and spatial scales. Onset dates, monsoon activity within a monsoon season and quantity of monsoon rainfall are also found to vary from year to year. One important synoptic feature associated with the onset of monsoon is the existence of a strong cross equatorial low level jet (LLJ), with its core around 850 hPa over the Indian Ocean and South Asia. This LLJ generally supports the large-scale moisture and momentum transport from ocean to atmosphere and the consequent rainfall over the Indian mainland. In the present study, buoy data at a stationary position in the Arabian Sea (15.5°N, 61.5°E) have been used to understand the air-sea interface processes before, during and after the onset of monsoon 1995.

6 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

003204   Mir A Q;Pandey G C;Sarwar S G (Envir Sci Dep, Dr R M L A Univ, Faizabad-224 001) : Impact of skims effluent on the water quality of Anchar lake, Kashmir. Indian J Envir Ecoplann 2004, 8(2), 389-94.

Increased anthropogenic pressure in the catchment, especially the effluents from the SKIMS complex, has resulted in the deterioration of the water quality of Anchar lake, Kashmir (especially at the SKIMS site). the present study was an attempt to investigate the existing water quality of the lake and in this connection, study of its physico-chemical characteristics was under taken selecting various sites. The study reflected lower values of water depth, transparency, pH and dissolved oxygen while as higher values of Sp. socnductivity, temperature, ammonical-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, free CO₂, total alkalinity and COD at the SKIMS sites in comparison to the other sites of the lake.

3 tables, 9 ref

003203   Minakshi De (NO, , 35 Garpar Road, Kolkata-700 009, Email: minakshide_2004@yahoo.co.in) : Landslides at Karnaprayag: another Uttarkashi in the making?. Curr Sci 2004, 87(8), 1031-3.

2 illus, 3 ref

003202   Mathur U B;Pandey D K;Bahadur T (NO, , A-25, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur-302 017) : Falling late holocene sea-level along the Indian coast. Curr Sci 2004, 87(4), 439-40.

1 illus, 24 ref

003201   Martin P;Haniffa M A (Centre for Sustainable Envir, , 108, Ram Nagar Extension, Maharaja Nagar, Tirunelveli-627 011) : Water quality profile in the South Indian river Tamiraparani. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(3), 286-92.

The stretch of the river Tamiraparani from Pabanasam to Srivaikundam is polluted by both point sources (PS) and non-point sources (NPS) of pollutants. Elevated temperature (30.94°C) and total solids (766.07 mg/L) were noticed in sation 2 because of the impact of textile - mill effluent. High alkalinity and low DO value were observed in station 2. The high free carbon dioxide level was observed in station 2 followed by station 3 and station 9. BOD, COD and conductivity values also high in the textile - mill effluent entry site during the year 1992. Using cluster analysis water quality profile in different stations were classified.

2 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

003200   Mandal P;Narsaiah R;Raju P S;Chadha R K (Natnl Geophysical Res Inst, , Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007) : Coda duration magnitude scale of 2001 Bhuj aftershocks, India. Curr Sci 2004, 87(4), 520-7.

Analogue seismograms of 120 aftershocks of magnitude exceeding 4.0 recorded on the short-period vertical seismometer at Hyderabad seismic observatory have been used to obtain a coda duration magnitude scale for Bhuj earthquakes, which includes the higher order terms of log₁₀T, where T is the coda length in seconds. In order to reduce the ambiguity in estimating coda duration, four background noise levels (1,2,6 and 10 mm) are experimented. It was found that the duration magnitudes for 2 mm background level are more stable than those for 1, 6 and 10 mm. The new coda duration magnitude (M_d) scale for 2 mm level was obtained using regression analysis. The estimated M_d values are compatible with the reported m_b and M_s values of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) observatory. These magnitudes can be obtained within the standard devaiation of ±0.24 units of m_b (USGS) and ±0.28 units of M_s (NGRI) respectively. A new relatively homogeneous catalogue for Bhuj aftershocks of M_d≥4.0 is obtained.

5 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

003199   Kumar A;Singhal V;Joshi A D;Rai J P N (Envir Sci Dep, G B Pant Univ of Agric and Technol, Pantnagar-263 145) : Suitability evaluation of ground water in tarai and Bhabhar region of Kumaun. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(3), 309-12.

1 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

003198   Kulshrestha S;Chaturvedi S;Dave S;Dhindsa S S;Singh R C (Chem Dep, Univ of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004) : Important studies on the assessment and impact of industrial effluents of Sanganer town of Jaipur city on the quality of soil and water. Indian J Envir Ecoplann 2004, 8(2), 485-90.

Presents the important results of physico-chemical analysis of nallaha water samples, ground water sample and the surrounding soil from Sanganer of Jaipur city with reference to their suitability for various uses and provide strategy for the prevention and control of ground water contamination during the monsoon season 2002. Sanganer is a satellite town of Jaipur city nearby 12 km south of Jaipur. Sanganer is a dveloping town of the area providing ancillary industries, food vegetables, fruits and milk products of Jaipur. A large number of dying and printing industries have come up in Sanganer in the past few years. The waste of these industries is flushed into nallaha without any treatment. These waste polluted the nallaha water, ground water and surrounding soil of Sanganer. The water from the nallaha is used by farmers to irrigate their fields. The vegetables, so produced, are consumed by human beings resulting in a number of health hazards. The various parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, colour, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, carbonate, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, fluoride, total dissolved solid, DO, BOD and COD are monitores. Overall, the quality of water is unsatisfactory of drinking purposes and other human consumption. It is expected that te possibilities of diseases like eczema, contact dermatitis, asthama and chronic bronchitis may be controlled in this area by checking the said pollution.

5 tables, 8 ref

003197   Khan M A (Central Arid Zone Res Inst, , Jodhpur-342 003) : Groundwater prospecting: tulesar-baorli watershed. Ann Arid Zone 2003, 42(1), 21-6.

The potentiality of groundwater resources can be studied using geophysical methods. In the present study, an extensive fieldwork was undertaken by taking 30 geoelectrical soundings at a close spacing and interpretation of sounding data were carried out. The interpreted results shows that the aquifer has very low resistivity which is attributed to saline water content.

3 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

003196   Jain C K;Bhatia K K S;Kumar C P;Purandara B K (National Inst of Hydrology, , Jal vigyan Bhawan, Roorkee-247 667) : Ground water quality in Malaprabh Sub - basin, karnataka. Indian J envir Prot 2003, 23(3), 321-9.

A hydrochemical study of ground water of Malaprabh Sub - basin of Krishna basin has been carried out to examine the suitablity of ground water for domestic applications. The suitability of ground water has been evaluated with reference to Indian standards. The ground water of the basin has also been classifed according to their hydrochemical facies. As per the Stiff classification, most of the samples were found to be the either calcium bicarbonate type or sodium chloride type. In the piper trilinear diagram, majority of the samples fall in Ca - Mg - Cl - SO₄ hydrochemical facies followed by Ca Mg - HCO₃ and Na - K - Cl - SO₄ facies. The results of the study will be useful for ground water quality management of the region.

5 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref