009690   El. Shazly S M (Deptt. of Physics, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena/A.R. Egypt) : Diffuse component of the global solar radiation at Qena/Egypt. Mausam 1999, 49(4), 469-74.

Diffuse solar radiation on a horizontal surfaces is estimated at Qena/Egypt. The basic procedure is to develop relationships of the widespread use Liu & Jordan types between the daily global horizontal radiation (G) and its diffuse component (D) using measured values of these two quantities. An error analysis has been done for the results of diffuse radiation calculated using the regression model obtained and those estimated from other known ones of the Liu & Jordan type. According to statistical evaluation of the various relationships, it is seen that models provide the best estimation of the diffuse radiation. Effect of climatic conditions was considered in the discussion.

14 ref

009689   Dhanna Singh;Goyal S (NO, Meteorological Office, New Delhi-110 003) : Forecasting the onset date of southwest monsoon over Delhi. Mausam 1998, 49(2), 217-22.

Using latest 32 years (1964-95) data, upper air temperatures and zonal and meridional components of winds of several selected stations for various standard isobaric levels (850 to 10 hPa) are screened for the premonsoon months of April & May in order to study their association with onset date of southwest monsoon at Delhi. Data for temperature and wind components for May for several stations exhibit significant correlations with onset-date. Some well known parameters presently in use in long range forecast models of monsoon seasonal rainfall have also been screened similarly. With a multiple regression technique, equations have been developed using suitable parameters from those showed significant linear correlations.

009688   Dewangan K N;Shrivastava S K;Khusre B C (Department of Agril. Engng. North-Eastern Regional Institute of Scien, , Nirjuli-791 109) : Infiltration characteristics and modelling in Rani Awanthibai Sagar Pariyojana of Madhaya Pradesh. Indian J Soil Conserv 1999, 27(2), 112-17.

Infiltration studies were conducted in Khulri minor of Rani Awanthibai Sagar Pariyojana (RASP), jabalpur (M.P.) at 11 different locations based on soil texture, cropping pattern and distance from the water source. The steady state infiltration rate varied from 0.5 to 3.6 cm ha^-1. The initial, steady state and cumulative infiltration were found to be lowest (1.2, 0.5 cm ha^-1 and 2.8 cm, respectively) at location No. 5. The highest initial infiltration rate (42.0 cm hr^-1) was observed at location No. 2, whereas the steady state and cumulative infiltration were highest (3.6 cm hr^-1 and 25.2 cm, respectively) at location No. 7. Apparently there are some other factors influencing the infiltration process of soil. Among the models tried, the model i = axt^x-1 emerged the best in describing the infiltration process of soil at Khulri minor of Rani Awanthibai Sagar Pariyojana.

10 ref

009687   Devendra Singh (NO, Meteorological Office, Pune-411 005) : Rain water composition at two BAPMoN stations in India. Mausam 1998, 49(2), 183-6.

Six years of rain water composition data from two BAPMoN regional stations in India are analysed using Factor Model Analysis. It gives four factors representing different source type contributing to water soluble pollutants in precipitation. The major influence on rain water composition at both sites are Sea-salt and continental source such as soil dust, ammonia and low levels of sulfate and nitrate which presumably have both natural and anthropogenic components. The long term mean values of pH of rain water at both sites were found to be greater than the pH value of selected polluted northern hemisphere sites.

11 ref

009686   Desikan V;Chivate V R (NO, Meteorological Office, Pune-411 005) : Effective terrestrial radiant energy at the ground at Pune. Mausam 1998, 49(2), 203-10.

Effective outgoing terrestrial radiant energy controls the variations in other meteorological parameters near the ground surface. In the absence of direct measurements of this energy, the values are derived from other radiation parameters that are being measured at Pune. On an average day the loss of this terrestrial energy is of the order of 8.5 MJm^-2. The Maximum of 12.53 MJm^-2 is reached in April and the minimum of 3.87 MJm^-2 during August. The daily maximum occurs at noon or just after that. Year-to-year variations however depend on the rainfall distribution and the moisture in the air.

13 ref

009685   Biswas N C;Dutta S N (NO, Meteorological Office, Pune-411 005) : Sub-divisionwise probabilistic variability and extreme rainfall analysis of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Mausam 1998, 49(2), 235-46.

Statistical analysis based on past data on probability of normal/excess rainfall,the probable future rainfall for smaller areas at different stages ofthe monsoon period will serve as an appropriate information system for efficient management of available surface water resource at the state and the national levels. An attempt in that direction and have brought out some important features of the monsoon rainfall. It is found that the probability of monthly rainfall becoming normal or excess is high in maximum number of sub-divisions in July and August and is least in September. It is further observed that the normality of rainfall as highly probable to the north of the monsoon trough in July and that to the south of the trough in August besides the west coast. The rainfall extreme values over a long period will be useful in determining the minimum assured and maximum probable future rainfall at different stages of the monsoon period. These information will be valuable to decision makers, managers, etc. in their decision making process on real time basis.

15 ref

009684   Balachandran S;Pai D S;Prasad S K (NO, Meteorological Office, Pune) : Some features of an inverted V-type easterly wave over Indian seas. Mausam 1998, 49(2), 266-8.

^ssc

009683   Asoi Lal;Sundar R S (NO, Meteorological Office, Pune-411 005) : Effect of monsoon depression of east coast at some distant region in west. Mausam 1999, 49(4), 453-60.

Whenever a vortex or system of low or depression forms over head bay during Monsoon months, the west coast experiences heavy rainfall. These heavy rainfall occurrences are usally higher than the normal rainfall. An attempt has been made in this study to visualise the easterly wave model during monsoon months with the help of satellite imageries. The rain is expected heavy and wide spread over Madhya Maharashtra and South Gujarat when third sector of the wave covers these areas, as visualised in satellite wave and depression or vortex lies in the 5th or 6th sector of the wave.

009682   Arulraj S;Dharmaraj T;Debaje S B;Bagavath Singh A;Vernekar K G (NO, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune-411 008) : Dynamics of surface boundary layer during total solar eclipse 1995. Mausam 1999, 49(4), 475-80.

Microclimatological tower of 1.6 m height with six instrumented booms at different heights carrying wind speed, temperature and humidity sensors was set up at Robertsgunj (24°42'N, 83°4'E, 312 m amsl) to study the implication of the total Solar eclipse on the dynamics of Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL). Apart from this, the soil temperature and heat flux were also measured during the same time. The observations were taken with a one minute average interval and recorded continuously with the data logger and then transferred to a PC for later use. The data were collected during 21 - 26 October 1995. During the eclipse period decrease of surface temperature and soil temperature by 6.2°C and 3.5°C respectively and increase of humidity by nearly 60% were observed. Due to the decrease in velocity fluctuations, the mean wind speed showed the sharp increase compared to other days. The setting of stable atmosphere before the total solar eclipse was observed.

009681   Anil Kumar (NO, Hill Campus, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Rani Chauri, Tehri Garhwal-249 199) : Probability analysis for prediction of annual maximum daily rainfall for Pantnagar. Indian J Soil Conserv 1999, 27(2), 171-3.

009680   Akhilesh Kumar;Choudhary N K;Alok Singh (Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Technology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technol, Pantnagar-263 145) : Development of nomograph for contour bund design. Indian J Soil Conserv 1999, 27(2), 122-30.

Two separate nomographs for designing contour bund parameters based on side slope and seepage line slope for various soil type, land slope, rainfall and vegetative cover have been developed. The design procedure based on the developed nomographs is simple, accurate and is applicable to all possible range of variables, required to be considered during the design. It is likely to be very useful for the persons working in the area of soil and water conservation under actual field conditions. The developed design procedure has been verified by comparing it with the existing design procedure through an example.

007503   Basak P;Sengupta P R (NO, Indian Institute of Mechanics of Continua, 201, Manicktala Main Road, Suite No 42, Calcutta-700 054) : Some studies of southwest monsoon rainfall. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad-Pt A 1998, 64(6), 737-45.

Study of variability of southwest monsoon (SWM) rainfall in Indian region, though scientifically important, is complex due to strong space-time variation involved in phenomenon. Thus, as a first step, it requires identification of spatially homogeneous regions with respect to SWM rainfall. The SWM rainfall data of 200 stations spread over Indian region for 80 years (1901-8) have been analysed for interannual variability (IAV). Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to derive that IAV over the Indian region may be represnted by six significant principa components (PC). Based on a correlation criteria, four statistically distinct broad principal regions connected to these principal components have been delineated. A statistical study of eara-weighted southwest monsoon (SWM) rainfall series for 80 years (1901-80) of the principal region and the connected principal components is presented. It may be conclded that the series are gaussian white noise processes. A marginal periodicity of 3 years is observed in a few series. A statistically significant interannual variability signal is found to exist in a region located exactly at the foot of the Himalayas.

30 ref

007502   Balaram V;Ramesh S L (NO, National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad-500 007) : Rapid dissolution of larger amounts of rock and ore samples by microwave digestion for the estimation of gold by ICP-MS for geochemical prospecting studies. J Indian Chem Soc 1999, 76(10), 491-4.

Microwave dissolution method for the determination of gold in sample weight as high as 10 g has been described The gold concentrations in several field samples and gold reference samples are estimated using ICP-MS after microwave dissolution. ¹⁰³Rh is used as an internal standard. The gold values obtained compare well with the certified values. The average values obtained on the replicate determinations are within 10% RSD with comparable accuracy. The efficiencies of the microwave dissolution and the open-acid-digestion for the extraction of gold in a few field samples are compared. Microwave dissolution is found to be more efficient apart from giving faster dissolution. The detection limit of gold is found to be 0.02 ng/g using this method.

006595   Sravanthi K;Sudarshan V (Department of Applied Geochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007) : Geochemistry of groundwater, Nacharam Industrial Area, Ranga Reddy district, A.P., India. Envir Geochem 1998, 1(2), 81-8.

Hydrogeochemical investigations were carried out in 81 sq km industrial area of Nacharam, NE of Hyderabad city. The major lithounits of the area are grey and pink granitoid varieties of Archaean age. Post-monsoon (101) and Pre-monsoon (52) representative water samples were collected and analysed for pH, EC, TDS, TH, SO4^-2, NO3^-, Cl^-, F^-, Ca^{+2, Mg+2, Na+ and K+. The results showed that the concentrations of these ions are more than the permissible limits for drinking purposes. Based on the levels of various chemical and physical constituents in the groundwater the estimated degree of pollution of groundwater is extreme. The pollution with respect to Cl-, NO3-, F- and other cations is attributed to the large scale discharge of municipal wastes, industrial effluents and sewerage water into the open drainage system of this area. Shaded contour maps are used to demarcate the areas of high concentrations.}

13 ref

006594   Ramadoss K;Murty D S R;Usha Nathan;Sunil Kumar;Rangaswamy R (Atomic Minerals Division, Department of Atomic Energy, Nagarabhavi, Bangalore-560 072, ) : Geochemical studies of groundwater and implications for uranium mobilisation in fracture controlled host rocks from Chenchalapalle, Mulapalle, Cuddapah district, Andhra Pradesh. Envir Geochem 1998, 1(2), 51-4.

Exploration geologists and geochemists collected 427 groundwater samples from the target area, Chenchalapalle, Mulapalle of Cuddapah district, A.P. Study area comprises Archean basement granite/gneisses (older), younger granite of closepet phase and several intrusive basic dykes. A number of uraniferous fracture zones have been delineated in this area, near Chenchalapalle, Mulapalle etc. The groundwater samples were analysed for Na, K, Ca, Mg, CO3, HCO3, Cl, SO4, P, pH, electrical conductivity, uranium and few trace elements. Against a threshold value of 65 ug/L (n = 427), 34 samples recorded high anomalous uranium content and low electrical conductivity. Fluoride content was around 1.5 mg/L. Studies were made using normalised calcium (NCa) and also by saturation index (S.I.) of calcium carbonate for highly anomalous samples (n = 34). It is inferred that the groundwater is in contact with calcium rich dykes. Anomalous uranium values and saturation of calcium carbonate (Log S.I. nearing zero) are well correlated in the high uranium anomaly zone. Also reveals that uranium is transported as carbonate complexes in groundwater.

13 ref

006593   Rajmohan N;Elango L;Elampooranan T (Division of Geology, Anna University, Madras-600 025) : Groundwater quality of Nagai Quaid E Milleth district and Karaikal, South India. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 1997, 17(4), 25-30.

Nagai Quaid E Milleth District and Karaikal are mainly on agricultural region. In this region, groundwater is important source for cultivation as well as domestic purposes. The irrigation suitability of these waters were determined from various quality parameters like EC, SAR, RSC and SSp. The collected waters were analysed in the laboratory and found the chemical composition. The suitability of domestic purposes was estimated from the comparison of chemical parameters with the recommended values of Indian Standards. In most parts of the study area the groundwater is suitable for domestic and irrigation use. However, there are few places where the water is not suitable even for irrigation. This may be sea water intrusion due to the excessive pumping in the coastal aquifer.

006592   Purandara B K;Choubey V K (Regional Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, Belgaum-590 001) : Remote sensing application in optimal use of water resources. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 1997, 17(2), 1-6.

Attempt has been made to study the conjunctive use of surface and ground water of a mountainous catchment. The Ghataprabha catchment (upto Hidkal dam) with an area of 1434 sq. km has been selected for the study. Land use and soil maps were prepared using IRS-1A-LISS II images. Other relevant information such as hydrometeorological, ground water levels and other hydrological parameters were collected from the various government agencies. The farmers of the region have been contacted for information pertaining to the crop pattern followed and usage of surface and ground water. Due to the steep slope and geology of the catchment area (basaltic terrain), water flows down the rivers and stored in the reservoir at Hidkal. The surface and ground water potential are estimated to be 1815 MCM and 171 MCM respectively. It is observed that the ground water is utilized excessively as it shows a gradual decline during the study period. It is estimated that only 27% of the catchment area is under cultivation for both Kharif and Rabi seasons. The soil types observed in the region are mainly course shallow black soil, lateritic soil and medium black soil. The major crops under the rainfed condition are jowar, bajra, millet, pulses sunflower and linseed. Under irrigation the crop grown are paddy, sugarcane, chillies, wheat, turmeric and vegetables. However it is found that yields of crops are poor in the shallow black soils which

14 ref

006591   Patwary B C;Ramasastri K S;Rao S V N;Omkar; Sharma M K (Western Himalayan Regional Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, Jammu-180 003) : Infiltration characteristics under various land uses in Jammu region. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 1997, 17(1), 28-34.

Infiltration rates vary under different land uses and soil types in different hydroclimatic environments. Determination of infiltration characteristics of a region is a pre-requisite for evolving suitable water management practices. Such information is also essential for use in agriculture and hyddrological modelling. In the absence of any such information for the Jammu region, the National Institute of Hydrology carried out infiltration studies as part of the hydrological studies taken up by the regional centre at Jammu. Double ring infiltrometer tests were done at 19 sites in Jammu region of J & K State to represent different soil vegetation and land use systems. Some of the most popularly used infiltration models were tried for arriving at best fit relationships.

13 ref

006590   Patra K C (NO, College of Engg. and Technology, Q.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar-751 003) : Pragmatic approach to Mahanadi river basin planning. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 1997, 17(4), 12-19.

Time has come to think and improve the planning and management of water-uses of various sectors, such that the demand for water from all sectors are satisfied and at the same time, the development activities of the basin as a whole does not suffer. Study of a river basin planning is mainly based on three aspects viz assessment of water resources, water demands and the balance of resources in the multi-user complex of the basin. Deals with the basin planning of Mahanadhi river basin in Orissa state. The balance of water resources has been carried out separately for the years 1991, 2001, 2025 and 2050 AD. after meeting the projected water demands for irrigation (at each of existing/ongoing/identified project nodes), demography and industry. The ground water potential and uses at the block levels has also been studied in detail. Agriculture sector being the largest consumer of water resources, the availability and demand scenarios have been assessed at the irrigation project nodes in a micro level approach.

15 ref

006589   Padma S;Periakali P (Department of Applied Geology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Madras-600 025) : Cadmium in Pulicat lake se diments, east coast of India. Envir Geochem 1998, 1(2), 55-8.

Twelve sediment and water samples have been collected for each season (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) from Pulicat lake. Fe, Mn and Cd concentrations, organic carbon, sand, silt, clay percentages in the sediments and salinity in the water samples were analysed. The analytical results indivate that the organic carbon percentage, Fe, Mn, and Cd concentrations, and the percentage of clay was more during post-monsoon period when compared to pre-monsoon. This may be attributed to heavy rainfall, high runoff and the river water input during monsoon period. Trace elements viz., Fe, Mn, and Cd are supplied from the river during monsoon period. A part of Cd in the sediments may also have been derived from the nearby Ennore thermal power plant due to coal burning.

006588   Murty K N;Faheem A M (I & CAD Department, Water and Land Management Training and Research Institute, Hyderabad-500 030) : Statistical analysis of ground water salinity for typical canal irrigated terrains in Andhra Pradesh, India. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 1997, 17(2), 20-3.

Frequency distribution of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) represented by salinity of groundwater in ten geologically and climatologically homogenous terrains in Andhra Pradesh, India is found to approximate a longnormal distribution. A graphic method for logarithmic transformation in which TDS is plotted against percent frequency permits calculation of approximate values of the mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation without extensive computations. Statistical parameters calculated agree with known physical conditions in study areas and serve as a measure of variability of groundwater at the planning stage.

006587   Mohammad A;Eram Iraqi (Dept. of Applied Chemistry, Z.H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002) : Possible applications of thin layer chromatography in analysis of geological samples. Envir Geochem 1998, 1(2), 101-4.

Encapsulates the work published during last 30 years on the application of thin layer chromatography (TLC) in the analysis of geological samples. An attempt has been made to cover salient features of thin layer chromatographic methodology as applied to the analysis of geological samples (rock, ores, minerals, monazite sand etc.). Spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, densitometry and extraction techniques have been combined with TLC for sensitive identification, quantification and selective separation of heavy metals in a variety of geological matrices. Special sample preparation methods have been used by several workers.

^iia29 ref

006586   Mathew B;Chandrasekharam D (Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai-400 076) : Trace element distribution and cobalt content in sulphide ores of Kalyadi, Karnataka. Curr Sci 1999, 77(11), 1413-6.

^ssc15 ref

006585   Mahesh H M;Avadhani D N;Somashekarappa H M; Karunakara N;Narayana Y;Siddappa K (Department of Studies in Physics, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574 199) : <. Envir Geochem 1998, 1(2), 59-62.

Systematic studies on concentration and distribution of the primordial radionuclide ²³⁸U and its daughter products ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po in water samples of river, borewell, rain estuary etc. have been carried out in the environment of coastal Karnataka and Kaiga. The concentration of ²³⁸U has been estimated by using Laser Fluorimeter and the activity of ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po have been carried out by co-precipitation of these radio nuclides on Fe(OH)3 by batch technique followed by chemical deposition onto a silver disc. ²³⁸U concentration in borewell water varies from Below Detection Limit (BDL) to 17.0 mBq l^-1, in rain water samples from BDL to 10.0 mBq l^-1 and in river water it is found to be BDL.²¹⁰ Pb concentrations in borewell water varies from 1.41±0.3 to 4.52±0.5 mBq l^-1, in river water from 1.70±0.3 to 2.57±0.4 mBq l^-1 and in sea water it is found to be 4.81±0.5 mBq l^-1. The concentration of ²¹⁰Po in borewell water varies from 0.84±0.3 to 2.11±0.6 mBq l^-1, in rain water from 0.59±0.2 to 4.00±0.5 mBq l^-1 and in river water from 2.00±0.4 to 16.52±1.5 mBq l^-1. The results obtained from these systematic investigations are discussed in the light of literature values reported for other environments.

006584   Kumar C P (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee-247 667) : Effect of water table depth on recharge due to rainfall. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 1997, 17(2), 13-19.

Reliable estimates of recharge rates to an aquifer are often a pre-requisite to the development of efficient plans for management of a ground water resource. Ground water recharge is a complex function of meteorological conditions, soil, vegetation, physiographic characteristics, antecedent soil moisture regime and properties of the geologic material within the paths of flow. Soil layering in the unsaturated zone plays an important role in facilitating or restricting downward water movement to the water table. Depth to water table is also important in ground water recharge estimations. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of water table depth on recharge due to rainfall by studying one-dimensional vertical flow of water in the unsaturated zone. A model has been formulated for finite difference solution of the non-linear Richards equation applicable to transient, one-dimensional water flow through the unsaturated porous medium. The ground water recharge has been estimated for various depths of the ground water table using appropriate initial and boundary conditions to study the influence of water table depth.

006583   Jain S K;Goel M K;Senthil Kumar A R (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee-247 667) : Policy development for operation of a trans-basin diversion system. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 1998, 18(2), 17-24.

Efficient use of water resource is emphasized to meet the increasing conservation demands. Systems analysis has proved to be a important tool to derive operation policies for meeting the demands to the maximum possible extent. A general solution methodology is not available to manage the reservoir as it is involved with uncertainties. Mathematical models are constructed to evolve integrated operation policy. Simulation models are constructed to analyse the performance of systems and to evolve optimum operation policy by repeated run with different policies. The Periyar Vaigi System, located in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in India, has been studied. The main purpose of the system are to irrigate the lands and supply water for Madurai city. Hydropower development is incidental. A simulation model has been developed to analyse the reliability of the system using 26 years of data. It has been concluded that timely selection of appropriate cropping pattern is a very important criterion to achieve high reliability of this system. Rule curves have been prepared and detailed guidelines have been suggested.

10 ref

006582   Islam A;Ashwini Kumar (College of Agricultural Enggg., R.A.U., Pusa-848 125) : Rainfall analysis for drainage planning. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 1997, 17(3), 31-3.

Rainfall data for 21 years of Bettiah (Bihar) were analyzed to find out the best fit distribution. The Gumbel, Pearson Type III, Log-Pearson Type III, Normal, Log-Normal and Gamma distributions were tried. The Gumbel distribution was found to give better estimate followed by Pearson Type -III and Log Pearson Type-III distribution. A linear relationship was developedd for prediction of different consecutive days maximum rainfall from one day maximum rainfall.

006581   Hooja R;Srinivas V;Sharma G (CAD & Water Utilization Deptt., Govt of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004) : Prevention and remedies for waterlogging problems in parts of stage - I of IGNP, Rajasthan. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 1997, 17(4), 20-4.

Indira Gandhi Canal Project(IGNP) is a multidisciplinary Irrigation-cum-area development project with an intergrated multi-sectoral Implementational agency under the Area Development Commissioner Command Area Development CAD, Bikaner. When all the canals get constructed the CCA would be 5.42 lac ha with 110% intensity in Stage-I and 13.17 lac ha with 80% intensity in stage II. Actual irrigation achieved in any one year has been 6.59 lac in state-I and 1.34 lac ha in state II. However it is only intended to concentrate on one of CAD IGNPs, varied aspects, that related to preventing and controlling water logging some parts of stage-I. Phase I of IGNP. Touches on measure like monitoring of watertable and of water quality and conduct of hydrogeological barrier studies and other planning studies which help the project authorities to plan for control of possible waterlogging as part of its overall water management and area development strategy. Thereafter 16 reasons for waterlogging in parts of IGNP Stage-I have been identified and some recommendations for tackling and preventing the problem set forth. Steps presently being under taken have also been enumerated including the multi pronged Antiwater-logging Action Plan for CAD-IGNP which includes pilot drainage trials, testing of soil and water quality, installation of piezometers improved on-farm water application, removal of oversized and excess outlets in canals, ....

^ccr19 ref

006580   Debaje S B;Jadhav D B (NO, Indian Institute of Tropical Meterorology, Pune-411 008) : Eulerian photochemical model for tropospheric ozone over the tropics. Curr Sci 1999, 77(11), 1537-41.

Time-dependent Eulerian photochemical model for the highly reactive tropospheric trace species is formulated to gain insight into the observed trace species (ozone, NOx, PAN, HOx, etc.) over the tropics. The model is designed to simulate a dirunal variation of surface ozone and vertical profile of the tropospheric ozone up to 15 km by considering the chemical and physical processes. The basis for this model is the mass balance of the concerned species (ozone in this study) and it is solved by using Euler's numerical techniques assuming quasi steady state approximation (QSSA) as suggested by Hov¹. The various terms like advection, turbulent diffusion, chemical transformations, emission and removal in mass balance equation can be solved independently. Therefore, emphasis is on the chemistry of the mass balance equation of tropospheric ozone. The model results are compared with ozone measurements made at Pune. The simulated ozone concentrations for clear sky agree within less than 20% differences except for monsoon season (cloudy days). The high tropospheric ozone observed usually in March (summer season) is shifted to monsoon season in model results. This shift in ozone is due to the neglect of the impact of cloud and aqueous phase processes on tropospheric ozone production in the model.

15 ref

006579   Chaube U C;Ramaseshan S (WRDTC, University of Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667) : Inverse analysis of rainfall excess-surface runoff process. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 1997, 17(2), 24-9.

Empirical procedures are generally used for separating effective rainfall from storm precipitation. Inverse analysis deals with the estimation of input given the output and the system. For a lumped linear system with single input, the detected input is unique. All tools and procedures used for system identification can be used for inverse analysis. In contrast to empirical procedures, inverse analysis leads to an apparent effective rainfall which occurs during the entire duration of flood and which indicates abstraction and recharge that occur even after the end of precipitation. A qualitative model is available for the processes of abstraction and effective rainfall during a storm-flood event. On the basis of the detected input, it is possible to validate hydrological system models, to compare different models and choose among alternative models. It may be possible to identify modelling and data errors. The use of inverse analysis is illustrated with examples.

25 ref

006578   Chanrasekhar Rao G;Rajeswara Reddy B (Department of Applied Geochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007) : Application of remote sensing for mapping of irrigated areas using treated effluent water in the Hyderabad and environs. Envir Geochem 1998, 1(2), 91-2.

Remote sensing technique has given a new dimension by providing spatial extent of the mapping units. An attempt has been made to map the irrigated areas along Musi river bed utilising treated effluent downstream of Amberpet using digital classification technique throught specification approach, with limited ground truth for mapping the broad categories and their areal extent and location around north of Kottapet, South of Uppal Village and down stream of Nallacheruv and Peddacheruv.

006577   Camerlengo A L;Demmler M I (Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia Terengganu, Mengabang Telipot 21030 Kuala Terenggany MALAYSIA) : Precipitation minus evaporation anomalies induced by the 1982-83, the 1986-87 and the 1991-92 ENSO events in peninsular Malaysia. Ultra Scient phys Sci 1999, 11(1), 50-4.

Variation of the climatological pattern of certain meteorological parameters due to ENSO events in Peninsular Malaysia is addressed for this case the 1982-83, the 1986-87 and the 1991-92 ENSO events are considered. The results of this investigation show that a significant increase of both the temperature and the surface pressure is recorded, while an erratic behaviour of the monthly distribution pattern of precipitation minus evaporation, P-E, during these three ENSO events is observed. It may be concluded that the early arrival (or the delay) of both the ITCZ and the monsoon winds play a more important role in the monthly distribution of P-E than the effects induced by ENSO events.

006576   Camerlengo A L;Demmler M I (Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia Terengganu, Mengabang Telipot 21030 Kuala Terengganu MALAYSIA) : On the bahaviour of the precipitations minus evaporation pattern during the 1975 and the 1988 cold phases of the southern oscillation in peninsular Malaysia. Ultra Scient phys Sci 1999, 11(1), 30-5.

Response of the monthly distribution of precipitation minus evaporation, P-E, to the cold phase of the Southern Oscillation, also known zas El Viejo events, in Peninsular Malaysia is addressed. For this purpose, two stations, for the 1975 and the 1988 events, are selected. It is shown that a moderate increase of P-E occurs during the cold phase of the Southern Oscillation. Meaning, that inter-annual variability is more significant than Il Viejo events. A reinforcement of the Indonesian Low, given by a decrease of the surface pressure, is also recorded.

006575   Camerlengo A L;Awang M;Demmler M I (Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia Mengabang, Telipot 21030 Kuala Terengganu MALAYSIA) : 1968-69 ENSO event in peninsular Malaysia. Ultra Scient phys Sci 1999, 11(1), 16-22.

Effect of the 1968-69 ENSO event in the climatic pattern of Peninsular Malaysia is addressed. In doing so, monthly anomalies of precipitation, surface pressure, temperature, upper air wind and insolation of Kota Bahru and Penang are analyzed. Both coasts of Peninsular Malaysia show identical behaviour as other ENSO events been analyzed. While interannual variability plays a more significant role than ENSO forcing at the east coast, ENSO forcing plays a weaker role at the west coast. These results are in perfect agreement with previous investigations. The role played by both the Kelvin and the Rossby waves in ENSO dynamics is also addressed.

36 ref

006574   Camerlengo A L (Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia Terengganu, Mengabang Telipot 21030 Kuala Terengganu MALAYSIA) : On the first baroclinic mode. Ultra Scient phys Sci 1999, 11(1), 70-3.

Nondimensional inviscid, enforced, linear equation for the first baroclinic mode, for an equatorial ocean are employed. Using Camerlengo & O' Brien¹ model equations, an analytical solution for the first baroclinic mode is derived, as suggested by Matsuno⁴ for a related problem.

006573   Bhaskara Rao S V N;Arathe S M;Shivanna K; Navada S V (Spectroscopy Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085) : Concentration levels of arsenic in ground water of West Bengal zone. Envir Geochem 1998, 1(2), 89-90.

Over hundred water samples are collected from three districts, vizs., Murshidabad, Nadia and South 24 Paraganas and Analysed for arsenic by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). An ICP-AES method is standardised for the analysis of arsenic in the concentration range 0.1 to 5 milligram per litre in water.

006572   Babu P N;Lakshminarayana P (NO, Agriculture Finance Corpn. Ltd., Hyderabad) : Rainfall analysis of a dry land watershed - polkepad. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 1997, 17(3), 34-8.

Polkepad watershed is one of the typical dryland watersheds of Mahabubnagar, which is a frequently drought prone district of Andhra Pradesh. South West Monsoon is the chief source of rainfall which is in turn subjected to a high degree of erraticity in terms of onset and amounts from year to year. Rainfall is the only source of water for agriculture and hence farmers in the study area more or less follow rainfed farming. An effort is made to evolve a rational and scientifically based analysis of available daily rainfall data for twenty six years (1969-1994). In includes determination of cropping period, weekly rainfall amounts at various probability levels by Gamma distribution method, initial and conditional probabilities using Markov chain model, probabilities for consecutive dry or wet spells which are needed for effective agricultural planning.

^ccr

006571   Adhikari A;Panda G C (NO, , ) : Hydrologic model studies of flows of two streams of a basin in Orissa state. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 1997, 17(1), 21-7.

Flows of two streams of a basin in Orissa state have been analysed. From the significance tests, it was concluded that the observed sequences to both the streams are persistent with the hypothesis of randomness but fits best to different probability density functions. Model equations for generated flows were derived using two models namely Autoregrssive model of first order, and Thomas Fiering model and their statistical properties were compared.

005415   Sankaranarayanan V N;Jayalakshmy K V;Joseph T (NO, National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Cochin-682 018) : Particulate trace metals in Cochin backwaters : distribution of seasonal indices. Indian J Fish 1998, 45(3), 321-9.

Seasonal analysis of particulate trace metals, viz. iron, manganese, zinc, copper, cobalt and nickel collected from 4 stations in Cochin backwaters are presented. The spatial trend for cobalt, iron and nickel was stationary at surface whereas the metal, zinc and manganese showed spatial variations. At subsurface all the trace metals showed relatively an increasing trend at station 4, but for zinc and nickel, station 2 also showed higher values during the period of study. This indicated that surface distribution pattern of the trace metal concentration of cobalt, nickel and iron was almost similar at the four stations thereby stressing the fact that seasonal fluctuations contributed a major part in the surface distribution of these metals while in the case of other metals at surface and all the trace metals at subsurface, concentration varied both spatially and seasonally. Seasonal variations were maximum during August to December which remained almost uniform for all the metals. The rate of increase in the concentration during this period was less than the rate of decrease during the remaining period. Possible causes for this short term fluctuations are discussed. Deseasonalised effects were the least for iron, copper and nickel at subsurface but significant adverse effects were observed for copper and cobalt at surface.

13 ref

005414   Roy A K (Department of Geology, Asutosh College, Calcutta-26) : Chemistry of arsenic and arsenic minerals relevant to contamination of groundwater and soil from subterranean source. Everymans Sci 1999, 34(1), 15-21.

Arsenic contamination of water is a growing threat to the public health and development programme of West Bengal, Tripura and Bangladesh. This article throws light on the possible nature of the source material together with chemical and biochemical processes involved in the contamination.

004464   Yamuna Singh (NO, Atomic Minerals Division, Begaumpet, Hyderabad-500 016) : Agricultural utility of ground water from parts of Rewa district, Madhya Pradesh. Indian J envir Hlth 1998, 40(3), 261-70.

Evaluation of physiochemical data of 38 groundwater samples from Vindhyan aquifers (sandstones, shales, and limestones) in Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh reveals that the grounwater it suitable for agricultural purposes. The groundwater is low sodium; and medium to high to very high salinity water, with calculated values of percent sodium, residual sodium carbonate and magnesium hazard being in the range of 4.39 to 41.50, 0.0 to 0.27 and 47.66 to 49.68, respectively. Assessment of usefulness of the groundwater in relation to topography, soil characteristics, and hydrological conditions in the area further indicate that the applications of groundwater, for irrigational purposes, would not pormote development of any hazardous salinity in the soil profiles. However, it is cautioned that in areas where fine textured clayey soil predominates, grounwater (very high salinity water) from deep of quiferzones needs judicious application for irrigational purposes to avoid development of salinity in soil profiles in long run.

14 ref

004463   Virendra Kumar;Singh U P (Economic Geology Division V, Geological Survey of India, , Jhalana Dungri, Jaipur-302 004) : Polyhalite resources in Nagaur-Ganganagar Evaporite basin, Rajasthan with special reference to its utility as potash fertilizer. Indian Miner 1998, 52(1&2), 45-52.

Sylvite (KCl) is the major potash mineral used as potash fertilizer under commercial name muriate of Potash. Polyhalite [K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4.2H2]is another important potash mineral occurring in marine evaporite halite sequences all over the world, but is not used as commercial potash fertilizer at present as extraction of K⁺ from polyhalite and conversion of the same into KCl or KNO3 remained economically unfeasible. In Nagaur-Ganganagar evaporite basin, Rajasthan more than 8900 million tonnes of polyhalite with 1.2% K resources have been estimated to be associated with more than 2400 million tonnes of sylvite with 4.70% K and 23.5% Na. Keeping in view the availability of large resources of low-grade potash deposits in this basin an attempt has been made to convert polyhalite into KCl chemically in laboratory. 100% K⁺ from polyhalite could be extracted and then the same converted to KCl with 99.0% purity. It has been estimated that the three explored sub-basins (viz. Satipura, Bharusari and Lakhasar contain about 3057 million tonnes of polyhalite containing 51.59 million tonnes of K, which on coversion can yield about 98 million tonnes of KCl (i.e. muriate of potash). On laboratory scale, an experimental processing of polyhalite has been tried successfully to extract potash from polyhalite in the form of KCl (sylvite)....

004462   Ugarkar A G (Department of Geology, Karnataka University, Dharwad-580 003) : Hydrothremal alteration of pyrrhotite in the Auriferous zones of Mangalur greenstone belt, Karnataka. Indian Miner 1998, 52(1&2), 83-8.

Gold and sulphite mineralisation in Mangalur greenstone belt is structurally-controlled and hydrothermal epigenetic in nature. Gold occurs in native form and the dominant sulphide minerals associated with its are pyrrhotite and pyrite followed by arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite in the order of decreasing abundance. Pyrrhotite along fractures exhibits a distinct hydrothermal alteration to pyrite-marcasite-siderite, produced during late stages of deformation and metamorphism with falling temperature.

17 ref

004461   Surendar Kumar (NO, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun-248 001) : Chhota Shigri Glacier: its kinematic effects over the valley environment, in the northwest Himalaya. Curr Sci 1999, 77(4), 594-8.

Relation of surface lowering, net balance and flow dynamics reflects that vertical component of ice flow is downward in and around the equilibrium line whilt it is upward in the lower part (ablation zone) of Chhota Shigri Glacier. The submergence velocity in accumulation area is higher than the rise of surface and emergence velocity is lower than that of negative net balance. The basal sliding velocity is responsible for the movement of the glacier. The over-extension of the glacier at average snout position is one of the factors in controlling the temperature variation of the main Chandra river valley.

004460   Sivaramakrishnan T R;Prasad J R (Cyclone Radar Station, , Paradeep) : Precipitation characteristics over Paradeep. Mausam 1998, 49(3), 321-4.

Daily rainfall records since 1976 and the SRRG records after its installation in 1982 at paradeep have been analysed and rainfall climatology has been worked out. The heaviest 24-hour rainfall recorded at the station is 264 mm on 4 June 1982. The mean annual rainfall is 1475 mm. January and December are near dry months while August is the wettest month getting about 339 mm rainfall. The variability of annual rainfall here is 20%. Light rainspells giving a total rain of 10 mm or less form about 50% occasions in premonsoon period and 63% of occasions in monsoon period. The extended rainspells lasting for more than 4 hours from about 10% of occasions in premonsoon season and 6% occasions in monsoon season. While morning (04-08 hr IST) period gets the rainfall in both premonsoon and monsoon months, early night gets the peak rainfall activity during the premonsoon months.

004459   Singh S P;Nim S P (NO, Geological Survey of India, Operations Bihar, Lohianagar, Kankarbagh, Patna-800 020) : Stratigraphy of the lower proterozoic sequence of Patharchakri-Mosaboni area, Singhbhum, Bihar. Indian Miner 1998, 52(1&2), 1-14.

Lithostratigraphic succession worked out for the metavolcano-sedimentary assemblage of the Lower Proterozoic Singhbhum. Supergroup of Patharchakri-Mosaboni area includes Damudih Conglomerate, Patharchakri Phyllite, Rangamati quartzite, Rajdah Phyllite, Samaidih Volcanics, Sideshar Formation and Ghatsila Formation. Apart from the major unconformity at the base of this sequence, two unconformities, one each at the base of the Sideshar and Ghatsila Formations, have been recognised. The former unconformity defines the Dhanjori-Chaibasa contact. These stratigraphic units formed in fluvial to marginal marine environments. Gravity-controlled sedimentation is also indicated in some parts. Primary copper-apatite-uranium mineralisation seems to have been controlled by synsedimentary volcanism and depositional milieu.

36 ref

004458   Singh R P;Sudipa Roy;Prasanjit Dash (Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208 016) : Discrimination of cloud and snow covered regions using IRS-P3 MOS data. Curr Sci 1999, 77(4), 505-7.

004457   Singh O P (NO, Meteorological Centre, Bhubaneswar) : Association between the north Indian Ocean and summer monsoon rainfall over India. Mausam 1998, 49(3), 325-30.

Utilizing the marine meteorological data of the period 1961-81, the sea level pressure (SLP) and sea surface temperature (SST) distributions have been obtained on a 5° grid-mesh over the north Indian Ocean area bounded by 0° - 25°N, 50° - 100°E for each individual year. It has been found that the SLP and SST fields for the month of May provide predictive indications of subsequent summer monsoon rainfall over India. Significant negative correlations have been found between the mean SLPs of May over the latitudinal belts 5°-10°, 10° - 15°, 15° - 20° and 20° - 25°N of Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal and all India rainfall departures of succeeding summer monsoon season. The mean SST gradient over the Arabian Sea between 7.5°-17.5°N during May has been found to have significant positive correlation with all India rainfall of subsequent monsoon. The study suggests that certain functions of SLP and SST of May over the north Indian Ocean can prove to be useful predictors for subsequent summer monsoon rainfall over India.

004456   Selvaraj K (Department of Geology, University of Madras, A C College Campus, Chennai-600 025) : Total dissolvable copper and mercury concentrations in innershelf waters, off Kalpakkam, Bay of Bengal. Curr Sci 1999, 77(4), 494-7.

36 ref

004455   Saxena A S (Geophysical Division, Geological Survey of India, Lucknow-226 020) : Thermal conductivity measurement on rocks of Tattapani, Unhavre Khed), Tapti valley and Sativli Geothermal fields on divided bar apparatus. Indian Miner 1998, 52(1&2), 95-102.

Thermal conductivity measurement on different rock types encountered in 8 bore holes in Tattapani 2 bore holes in Tapti valley-one bore hole in Sativli and another in Unhavre (Khed) geothermal fields - has been conducted to aid the investigation of thermal state of crust in these parts of country where surface manifestations of a number of hot springs, active or extinct, occur. The area-wise (mentioned above) mean heat-flow values are 5.6, 2.3, 2.9 and 2.6 H.F.U, respectively which have been derived using laboratory measurements. Out of these areas, Tattapani appears to be geothermally most anomalous.