022510   Mir A I;Kumar B;Tasduq S A;Gupta D K;Bhardwaj S;Johri R K (Pharmacology Div, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Tawi-180 001, Email: johri.rk@gmail.com) : Reversal of hepatotoxin-induced pre-fibrogenic events by Emblica officinalis- a histological study. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(7), 626-9.

Efficacy of a herbal product of E. officinalis (fruit) (EO) has been evaluated against carbon tetrachloride (CC1₄) and thioacetamide (TAA) induced changes in rat liver. Chronic treatment of CC1₄ and TAA revealed abnormal histopathology indicative of pre-ftbrogenic events. EO reversed such alterations with significant regenerative changes suggestive of its preventive role in prefibrogenesis of liver.

7 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

022509   Mehla B S;Dahiya B S;Dahiya D S (Plant Breeding Dep, CCS Haryana Agric Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Genetic variation for production and distribution of biomass at different phenological stages of crop growth. Ann agric biol Res 2008, 13(1), 25-9.

The production and distribution of biomass in chickpea at four phenological stages, S₁ (opening of 1st flower). 1 initiation), S₃ (beginning of seed development) and S₄ (physiological maturity) were studied in P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, B₁ and B₂ generations of two crosses at CCSHAU, Hisar. The material was planted in plastic pots having three replications. The backcross generation, B₁ of cross-II had highest mean values for biological yield, pud yield, seed yield and harvest index. Dry matter accumulation varied from 15-17% in the roots, 47-48% in the shoots (stem and leaves). 14-15% in the leaves and 35-38% in the seeds. Branch number was positively and significantly correlated with shoot dry weight (SOW) and root dry weight (ROW) at S₂ (cross-I) and S₃ (cross-ll) stages. SOW was correlated with ROW; RDW showed a positive and significant correlation with H. 1. at S₄ in cross-I. Both SOW and RDW increased from S₁ and S₃ but decreased at S₄. The observations indicated that the stored metabolites in vegetative parts were transferred to seed and the dry matter produced during seed development initiation to physiological maturity was transferred only to seed.

2 tables, 7 ref

022508   Maya C;Muniraju M;Sevitha C;Lakshman M; Jayaram H D;Raviprasad G (Botany Dep, Bangalore Univ, Bangalore-560 056) : Evaluation of physico-chemical and coliform variations in different locations of Yellemallapa chetty lake (YCL) located in silicon City (Bangalore District) Karnataka, India. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2008, 10(1), 163-6.

Physico-chemical and coli form counts have been studied in the Yellemallappa Chetty Lake during summer season (February 2004 to June 2004) to evaluate lake water quality for Fish culture, Irrigation and for Recreational purposes. The three different locations were selected for variation studies, namely (i). Inlets of the lake (ii). Within the lake and (iii). Outlets of the lake, and a total of 18 parameters were studied in all the three locations. Based on the Carlson's status indices the lake was classified as eutrophic during the study period. Other parameters were in normal range but show drastic changes from month to month and location to location.

3 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

022507   Martyniuk S;Bialy Z (Biochemistry Dep, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation State Research Instit, PL 24-100 Pulawy, Poland, Email: sm@iung.pulawy.pl) : Antifungal activity of various saponins from Medicago arabica. Allelopathy J 2008, 21(2), 411-7.

Eight saponins isolated from the aerial parts of M. arabica were tested for their antifungal activity against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici which causes take-all disease in cereals. Three of the test compounds were monodesmosides (sugars linked at the C-3 position) of bayogenin and hederagenin and were most stronger inhibitors of mycelial growth of the fungus than bidesmosides (with sugars linked at C-3 and C-28 positions of aglycones). The most inhibitory compounds were 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1 → )- α-L-arabinopyranosyl] hederagenin and 3-0- α-L-arabino-pyranosyl bayogenin with EC₅₀equal to 11.9and 13.7, respectively.

3 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

022506   Madhusudan G P;Dev R;Sharma M K;Dheer Singh (Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Div, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Email: mks_scientist@yahoo.com) : Expression of mRNAs encoding tumor necrosis factor-α and its receptor-1 in buffalo ovary. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(8), 669-75.

The tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) plays an important role in ovarian follicular development and ovulalion process and acts through its receptor (TNFRI). Dascribes the expression of mRNAs encoding TNF-a and TNFRI in relation to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) and β-actin as control genes, using RT-PCR, in granulosa cells, intact follicles and luteal tissues from buffalo ovary. There was significant higher expression of mRNAs encoding TNF-α in granulosa cells from medium follicles and TNFRI expression increased with increase in size of follicles. Post-ovulatory structures (corpus luteum and corpus albicans) exhibited significantly higher expression of TNFRI mRNAs as compared to that obtained in intact follicles suggesting its immediate and critical role just after ovulation, for mediating TNF-a action on these tissues. Though the expression of TNF-a mRNA was stimulated by treatment of granulosa cells with FSH during culture, the expression of TNFRI mRNA did not change. The FSH alongwith IGF-I did not exert any effect. These results suggested an important role of TNF-α and its receptor in buffalo ovarian functions.

4 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

022505   Madhavan S;Vijayabharathi B;Indira Gandhi K (P G & Research Dep of Microbiology, Sengamala Thayaar Educational Trust Women's College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi-614 001) : In vitro antimicrobial activity of Sesbania sesban (Linn.) Merrill-A valuable medicinal plant. Adv Pl Sci 2008, 21(1), 31-2.

Antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of grown callus of Sesbania sesban in vitro exhibited no significant result in the study of antibacterial activity. But the isolated ethanolic extract from the S. sesban showed tremendous antifungal activity. These results confirm the traditional uses of S. sesban in the treatment of disease conditions due to microbes.

1 table, 14 ref

022504   Lakshmi Devi S;Kannappan S;Anuradha C V (Biochemistry and Biotechnology Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Email: cvaradha @ hotmail.com) : Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant of Indian bay leaf, Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T. Nees & Eberm using rat brain synaptosomes as model system. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(9), 778-84.

Investigated the perturbation of oxidant-antioxidant balance in brain synaptosomes of diabetic rats and determined the antioxidant and free radical-scavenging property of the Indian bay leaf. Brain synaptosomes were isolated from control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals and oxidative stress parameters were assayed. A methanolic extract of bay leaf (BLE) was tested for the polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity by in vitro assays. A significant increase in the levels of lipids and lipid peroxidation products and a decline in antioxidant potential were observed in diabetic rat brain synaptosomes. The total polyphenolic content of BLE was found to be 6.7mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100g. BLE displayed scavenging activity against superoxide and hydroxyl radicals in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, BLE showed inhibition of Fe²⁺-ascorbate induced lipid peroxidation in both control and diabetic rat brain synaptosomes. Maximum inhibition of lipid peroxidation, radical scavenging action and reducing power of BLE were observed at a concentration of 220 μg GAE. These effects of BLE in vitro were comparable with that of butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), a synthetic antioxidant. It can be concluded that synaptosomes from diabetic rats are susceptible to oxidative damage and the positive effects of bay leaf in vitro, could be attributed to the presence of antioxidant phytochemicals.

5 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

022503   Lagishetty Chakradhar V;Naik S R (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Pin. K.M. Kundnani College of Pharmacy, Jote Joy Building, Rambhau Salgaonkar Marg, Cuffe Parade, Mumbai-400 005, Email: srnaik5@rediffmail.com) : Polymines in inflammation and their modulation by conventional anti-inflammatory drugs. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(7), 649-53.

Significant increase in polyamines levels in inflamed tissue was observed in the experimental animal models of inflammation. Treatment with dexamethasone positively modulated the levels of polyamines whereas non-steroidal drugs, diclofenac and valdecoxib negatively modulated their levels.

3 tables, 21 ref

022502   Kulkarni S K;Kaushal A;Dhir A (Pharmacology Div, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: skpu@yahoo.com) : Effect of withdrawl of diazepan or morphine treatment on gastric motility (charcoal meal test) in mice: possible role of different central and peripheral receptors. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(7), 642-8.

Increased gastrointestinal motility in mice as one of the withdrawal symptoms of commonly abused drugs like diazepam or morphine and its possible mechanism of action was studied. Male Laka mice (20-25 g) were made addict to either diazepam (20 mg/kg, ip for 7 days) or morphine (10 mg/kg, sc for 9 days). Withdrawal symptoms were noted 24 hr after the last injection of diazepam or morphine. The animals were injected with Ro 15-1788 (flumazenil) (1 mg/kg, ip) or naloxone (2 mg/kg, ip) in the respective group to precipitate the withdrawal symptoms. Gastrointestinal motility was assessed by charcoai-meal test. Animals developed tolerance to acute sedative effect of diazepam, and similarly to the acute nociceptive action of morphine. On abrupt cessation of these drugs after chronic treatment the animals showed hyperlocomotion and hyperreuctivity in diazepam withdrawal group and hyperalgesia on hot plate in morphine withdrawal groups, respectively. Increase in gastrointestinal motility was observed in all the drug withdrawal groups. Treatment with respective antagonists, Ro 15-1788 (flumazenil) and naloxone precipitated the withdrawal symptoms. The results suggest the involvement of both central and peripheral receptors of benzodiazepines and opioid (mu) receptors in the withdrawal symptoms of the benzodiazepines and morphine, respectively.

1 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

022501   Kujawska M;Jodynis-Liebert J;Ewetrowska M; Adamska T;Matlawska I;Bylka W (Toxicology Dep, Poznam University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland, Email: kujawska@amp.edu.pl) : Protective effect of Aquilegia vulgaris (L.) on carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress in rats. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(8) , 702-11.

The ethyl ether extract of A. vulgaris inhibited in vino microsomal lipid peroxidation (1C₅₀ 58.8 μg/ml) and showed moderate ability to scavenge superoxide radicals and to chelate iron ions. The extract (100 mg/kg body weight, po) decreased uninduced and enzymatic microsomal lipid peroxidation in the liver of male rats pretreated with CC1₄ (1 ml/kg body weight) by 27 and 40%, respectively. Activity of antioxidant and related enzymes (catalase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) inhibited by CC1₄ was significantly restored after administration of the extract. The extract itself significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase activity. There was no effect of the extract on hepatic glutathione level and cytochrome P450 content, both were decreased by CC1₄. Neither CC1₄ nor the tested extract affected activities of NADPH-cytochronne P450 reductase and two monooxygenases, aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine n-demethylase. It can be concluded that the protective effect of the A. vulgaris extract in CCl₄-induced liver injury is mediated by inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation and restoring activity of some antioxidant and related enzymes.

1 illus, 3 tables, 58 ref

022500   Kubo H (Biology Dep, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto-390 8621, Japan) : Promoter activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene of Pharbitis nil in Arabidopsis. J Pl Biochem Biotechnol 2007, 16(2), 109-11.

Promoter activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene of Pharbitis nil was examined by introducing a PAL:GUS construct into Arabidopsis. GUS staining was -observed in vascular bundles of hypocotyl and cotyledons, endodermal cells of the primary root, hydathodes, stigma and pollens of mature flower, abscission zones of petals and sepals and inner layer of seed coat. Light induced GUS expression in cotyledons and the upper part of hypocotyl in which anthocyanin was accumulated. Wounding also induced GUS expression. Endogenous PAL activity increased earlier than the GUS activity directed by the PAL promoter.

^ssc3 illus, 15 ref

022499   Khushalani H N;Tatke P A;Singh K K (C.U.Shah College of Pharmacy, S.N.D.T. Women's Univ, Santacruz (W), Mumbai-400 049, Email: patatke@yahoo.com) : Antimicrobial activity of dried flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2008, 10(1), 155-6.

Dried powdered flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz. were extracted successively with various solvents and evaluated for various phytoconstituents and their percentage yields. The alcoholic extract showed dose dependant, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. 100 mg of extract showed comparable activity to that of the standards.

3 tables, 5 ref

022498   Kannan M;Ranjit Singh A J A;Narayanan M (Microbiology Dep, V.H.N.C.N. Coll, Virudhunagari, Tamil Nadu) : Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from nosocomial samples in a primary care hospital at Kadayanallur. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2008, 10(1), 87-90.

Multidrug resistant nosocomial pathogens are a matter of serious concern today. In the present study methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were isolated from some of the materials like door, wheel chair, fence, toilet surface, stricture, water tap, tablet container, floor, air and water from an hospital at Kadayanallur of Thirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu. In metallic objects like wheel chair, water tap and fence MRSA load was higher than non metallic objects. Except water, all other samples in the hospital environment had MRSA contamination. Multidrug resistance was also observed in S. aureus. Molecular characterization of MRSA isolate showed the presence of resistant (r) plasmid.

3 tables, 14 ref

022497   Kachhwaha N;Singhvi P M;Gehlot L;Jain M (Zoology Dep, J.N.V. Univ, Jodhpur-342 003) : Effect of plant extracts on the repellency behaviour of Oryzaephilus surinamensis. Adv Pl Sci 2008, 21(1), 281-2.

Effect of plant extracts of Azadirachta indica, Lantana camara, Punica gronatum, Vitex negundo, Maytenus emerginata and Chenopodium album on the repellency behaviour of oryzaephilus surinamensis shows significant results when compared to control.

1 table, 6 ref

022496   Joseph S;Zuhara K F (NO, Biosciences School, Mahatma Gandhi Univ, Priyadarshini Hills P.O-686 560, Email: stephen7joseph@hotmail.com) : Pre and post operative conjunctival bacterial flora and their antibiogram pattern in ophthalmic surgery cases. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2008, 10(1), 5-9.

Cojunctival specimens of total 101 patients undergoing surgery were cultured pre operatively and post opera tively. Eighty-three potential pathogenic bacterial isolates obtained from pre surgery smears and predominant organisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis (49.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (26.5%), Pseudomonas sp. (13.3%) and β-hemolytic Streptococci (10.8%). Out of the 38 post surgery isolates, important organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (34.3%), β-hemolytic Streptococci (28.9%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (18.4%) and Pseudomonas sp. (18.4%). Both pre and post operative cultures were positive in 25% of patients. Antibiotic sensitivity studies revealed ciprofloxacin and gentamycin as the drug of choice against ocular bacterial pathogens. Multiple drug resistance was a common character among post surgery isolates.

2 tables, 12 ref

022495   Jayaraman V K;Rajendran A;Thangavelu V (Biochemical Engineering Lab, Chemical Engineering Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Email: donaravind@yahoo.com) : Poly lactic acid as an ecofriendly bio polymer for industrial applications. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2008, 10(1), 15-17.

Poly lactic acid is an important biodegradable polymer, which is polymerized through the self-condensation of lactic acid. Lactic acid is a highly versatile material and is made from renewable resources like corn, sugar beets, wheat and other starch-rich products. Polylactic acid exhibits many properties that are equivalent to or better than many petroleum-based plastics, which makes it suitable for a variety of applications. This article explains the various industrial applications of poly lactic acid.

4 ref

022494   Immanual Gilwax Prabhu D;Selvaraj Pandian R; Thirumalai Vasan P (Immunology and Microbiology P G Dep, The American College, Madurai-625 002, Email: panpuni@yahoo.co.in) : Pathogenicity, antibiotic susceptibility and genetic similarity of environmental and clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(9), 817-23.

Isolates of Vibrio cholerae were obtained from clinical and environmental samples and the pathogenicity of these isolates was confirmed by hemolytic assay. The clinical isolates were more pathogenic than environmental isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility of V. cholerae to a set of antibiotics showed a marked variation. The environmental isolates exhibited more resistance to the antibiotics than clinical isolates. The plasmid curing technique was used to check the encoding of antibiotic resistance gene in genome. In both isolates, the resistance to vancomycin and co-trimaxazole was not mediated by plasmid and it may probably be encoded in genome. RAPD method was adopted to find out the variation in the genome of the clinical isolates and environmental isolates of V. cholerae. The genomic similarity pattern revealed that the environmental Ogawa isolates were closely related to clinical Ogawa isolates. This study confirmed the existence of the complex nature of V. cholerae in its pathogenicity, response to a set of antibiotics and genetic similarity.

4 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

022493   Hu M Y;Zhong G H;Sun Z T;Luo J J;Gao Y;Weng Q F (Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural Univ, 510642 Guangzhou, China, Email: humy@scau.edu.cn) : Insecticidal metabolites produced by Penicillium spp., an endophytic fungus in Derris elliptica Benth. Allelopathy J 2008, 21(2), 349-59.

One strain of endophytic Penicillium sp. with insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella and Lipaphix erysimi, was screened out from the fresh roots of Derris elliptica Benth. The total 12 fractions isolated from the chloroform extract of endophytic Penicillium sp. mycelia through silica gel column were bioassayed. The fraction E-4, E-5 and E-10 showed strong insecticidal activities, and their AFC₅₀ values against 3rd-instar P. xylostella larvae in no-choice test were 2.2209, 1.7485 and 2.0785 mg/mL after 24 h, respectively. Fraction E-4, E-5 and E-10 caused 81.8%, 89.1% and 92.3% contact mortalities of L. erysimi, respectively at 2.5 mg/mL. Furthermore, the efficiency of control at 10 mg/mL chloroform extract of endophytic Penicillium sp. was 90.0% after 7 days of treatment in greenhouse bioassay. Results in laboratory suggested that 2 h after treatment, both fraction E-4 and rotenone inhibited the respiration of the 4th-instar larvae of Bombxy mori. The respiratory restraining rate of fraction E-4 at a dosage of 200 μg/larva was 49.2%, that was the similar respiratory restraining effect of rotenone at 5 μg/larva. Both HPLC analysis and bioassay confirm that the fraction E-4 contains rotenone and its analogues.

4 illus, 5 tables, 28 ref

022492   Hosseini M;Sharifi M R;Alaei H;Shafei M N (Physiology Dep, Medicine School, Medical Sciences Mashhad Univ, Mashhad, Iran, Email: smhosseini49@hotmail.com) : Effects of angiotensin II and captopril on rewarding propreties of morphine. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(9), 770-7.

The effects of captopril and Ang II on morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and morphine self-administration in male Wistar rat were investigated. In CPP experiment, injection of captopril before test significantly decreased the difference of the time spent in compartment A between pre- and post-conditioning compared to morphine group. In self- administration experiment number of active lever pressing was significantly greater than passive in morphine group. In captopril group number of active lever pressing was significantly lower than morphine group however, there was not significant difference between active and passive lever pressed number. The results showed that captopril significantly decreased morphine-induced conditional place preference and morphine self-administration but the effect of Ang II was not significant. It can be concluded that RAS may have a role in rewarding properties of morphine.

2 illus, 45 ref

022491   Haritha Devi S;Vijayalakshmi K;Prasanna N D (Applied Microbiology Dep, Sri Padmavathi Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, Email: vijaya_k2004@rediffmail.com) : Comparative assessment of nitrogen mineralization potentials of normal compost and vermicompost. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2008, 10(1), 167-71.

Changes in nitrogen mineralization potentials were studied during the normal composting and vermicomposting of fruit pulp, vegetable waste, groundnut husk and cow dung. The nitrogen mineralization potentials showed variation between normal composting and vermicomposting where the rates were increasingly more abundant in vermicomposting. The NH⁺₄- N concentrations were found to be highest of 318 μg.g^-1 on 21st day of vermicompost whereas the maximum recorded concentration of NH⁺₄ N in compost was found on 42 day of 230 μg-g^-1- In vermicompost earthworms had significant effects on amount of extractable NO₃-, which increased with time. At the end of vermicomposting the NO₃-N and NO₃-N concentrations increased from 23 to 89 μg.g^-1 and 38 to 182 μg.g^-1 respectively. On the final sample day i.e., on 49th day, earthworms increased amount of extractable NO₃-N by 5.00 folds in vermicompost where as the amount of extractable NO₃ in normal compost was increased by 3.4 folds. These results indicate that the mineralization of nitrogen and the rate of nitrification all increased with earthworm activity.

3 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

022490   Haouala R;Khanfir R;Tarchoune A;Hawala S;Beji M (Statistical Research Div, U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Dep of commerce, , Washington, DC,USA, Email: rabiahaouala@yahoo.fr) : Allelopathic potential of Trigonella foenum- graecum L.. Allelopathy J 2008, 21(2), 307-16.

Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum L.) contains substances of medicinal value. Aqueous extracts of its various parts (leaves + shoots, roots, seeds and ground seeds) were bioassayed in laboratory conditions to determine their allelopathic effects on seed germination and early seedling growth of 9 test crops (Pisum sativum L., Cicer arietinum L, Phaseolus vulgaris L., Lens esculentum M., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Linum usitatissimum L, Hordeum vulgare L., Triticum aestivum L. and Zea mays L). The Phaseolus vulgari.s was the most resistant species and Foeniculum vulgare, Hordeum vulgare and Zea mays were the most sensitive. Incorporation of residues from aerial plant parts in peat stimulated the root and shoot growth of P vulgaris by 4 and 8 times, respectively. Thus, aqueous extracts or residues of fenugreek plants had potent allelopathic activity and the activity differed with target species and plant parts. The inhibitory effect was in the following order: leaves and shoots <62> ground seeds <62> seeds <62> roots. Its biomass stimulated the germination and growth of test crops.

4 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

022489   Gu Y;Li H B;Kong C H (Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China, Email: kongch@iae.ac.cn) : Allelopathic potential of barnyard grass on rice and soil microbes in paddy. Allelopathy J 2008, 21(2), 389-95.

Allelopathic potentials of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) on rice (Oryza saliva) and soil microbes in paddy were investigated'. In the barnyard grass infested soil, the growth of non-allelopathic rice variety Liaojing-9 was considerably reduced than allelopathic rice variety PI 312777. Further experiments showed that barnyard grass germinating seeds exudates and their one component p-hydroxymandelic acid suppressed the germination and growth of rice. The inhibitory effects depended on concentrations, the maximum inhibition occurred at 2000 barnyard grass seeds 10 ml water per dish (barnyard grass germinating seeds exudates) and 500 fig/g soil of p-hydroxymandelic acid. Similarly, soil microbial populations in paddy soil varied with concentrations of barnyard grass germinating seeds exudates and p-hydroxymandelic acid. Actinornycetes and fungi were less sensitive than bacteria to the exogenous application of barnyard grass germinating seeds exudates, but fungi were more sensitive to p-hydroxymandelic acid. These results suggested that allelopathic interference could occur from barnyard grass on rice growth and soil microbial population in paddy ecosystem.

2 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

022488   Grewal R K;Prabha V;Malhotra S K;Gupta K G (Microbiology Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: satishvijay11@yahoo.com) : Decapitation of spermatozoa by endocervical isolates from cases of unexplained infertillity. J Obstet Gynec India 2007, 57(5), 426-30.

Explores the effect of extracellular products of cervical isolates from the cases of unexplained infertility on spermatozoa. Thirty endocervical isolates obtained from 1 1 cases of unexplained primary infertility were studied for the effect of culture supernatants on motility and decapitation of human spermatozoa. Effect on rat, cow bull and buffalo bull spermatozoa was similarly studied. Sixteen isolates showed significant decrease in motility of spermatozoa. Out of 16 isolates, 5 isolates not only showed a decreased the motility of spermatozoa but also decapitated a few spermatozoa. This effect was more pronounced on rat spermatozoa where 100% decapitation could be observed whereas in humans only 14-17% spermatozoa were decapitated. There was no prominent effect on cow bull and buffalo bull spermatozoa. Decapitation of spermatozoa occurred with supernatants of Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.

4 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

022487   Goswami P N;Khan M;Moinuddin (NO, Shobhit Institute of Engg. & Technology, Modipuram, Meerut) : Human body composition methods: recent advances and directions of research. Pure appl Math Sci 2008, 67(1-2), 63-81.

This article provides an overview of non-invasive in-vivo body composition methods that have potential for use both in the field or clinical settings Models of body composition have been reviewed and principles of the methods and their advantages and limitations are discussed and compared. The methods have been divided into two categories namely clinical/reference methods and field methods. Some recent advances like fan-beam DXA, NMRI, MRS, BIS, BIVA and BIA phase angle have been highlighted for body composition research. Based on these new developments, possible future directions of research have been suggested which could provide a new pace to this truly interdisciplinary research area.

6 illus, 2 tables, 49 ref

022486   Gilhotra N;Sharma A;Manjeet Singh;Dhingra D (NO, Jaipur College of Pharmacy, ISI-15, Sitapura Industrial Area, Tonk Road, Jaipur-3002 022, Email: neeraj_gilhotra@yahoo.co.in) : Involvement of p38 MAP kinase in attenuation of antinociceptive effect of morphine in diabetic mice. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(7), 654-6.

Experimental diabetes induced by streptozotocin (200 mg/kg, ip) markedly decreased the antinociceptive effect of morphine and significantly increased the urinary nitrite concentration. Administration of FR-167653 (a selective p38MAPKinase inhibitor) in a dose of 4 mg/kg improved the antinociceptive effect of morphine and attenuated the increase in urinary nitrite concentration in diabetic mice. It may be concluded that diabetes-induced decrease in antinociceptive effect of morphine may be due to induction of p38 MAPKinase activity.

2 illus, 16 ref

022485   Gaikwad R V;Gaonkar R K;Jadhav S A;Thora V M; Jadhav J H;Balsara J J (Pharmacology Dep, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad-415 110, Email: jehangirbalsara@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of dextromethorphan on dopamine dependent behaviours in rats. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(8), 712-19.

Dextromethorphan, a noncompetitive blocker of N-methyl-D- aspartate (NMDA) type of glutamate receptor, at 7.5-75 mg/kg, ip did not induce oral stereotypies or catalepsy and did not antagonize apomorphine stereotypy in rats. These results indicate that dextromethorphan at 7.5-75 mg/kg does not stimulate or block postsynaptic striatal D2 and Dl dopamme (DA) receptors. Pretreatment with 15 and 30 mg/kg dextromethorphan potentiated dexamphetamine slereotypy and antagonised haloperidol catalepsy. Pretreatment with 45, 60 and 75 mg/kg dextromethorphan, which release 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), however, antagonised dexamphetamine stereotypy and potentiated haloperidol catalepsy. Apomorphine stereotypy was not potentiated or antagonised by pretreatment with 7.5-75 mg/kg dextromethorphan. This respectively indicates that at 7.5-75 mg/kg dextromethorphan does not exert facilitatory or inhibitory effect at or beyond the postsynaptic striatal D2 and Dl DA receptors. The results are explained on the basis of dextromethorphan (15-75 mg/kg) -induced blockade of NMDA receptors in striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta. Dextromethorphan at 15 and 30 mg/kg, by blocking NMDA receptors, activates nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and thereby potentiates dexampetamine stereotypy and antagonizes haloperidol catalepsy: Dextromethorphan at 45, 60 and 75 mg/kg, by blocking NMDA receptors, releases 5-HT and through the released 5-HT exerts an inhibitory influence on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons with resultant antagonism of dexampetamine stereotypy and potentiation of haloperidol catalepsy.

2 tables, 34 ref

022484   Elizabeth K M;Kranthi Pallavi P;Jagannadha Rao D (Microbiology Dep, GITAM Institute of Science, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Managem, Visakhapatnam-530 045, Email: kmelizabeth@yahoo.com) : Isolation, identification and characterization of bacteria from throat infections. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2008, 10(1), 131-3.

The study deals with the isolation, identification and characterization of a few microorganisms from two victims of throat infection. The most predominant microorganisms were identified as Streptococcus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Bacillus and Pediococcus species in the order. A few bacterial isolates were characterized biochemically and some of their virulence contributors such as amylase, protease, haemolysis, tryptophanase, urease, antibiotic sesitivity were studied. The amylase, protease productions ranged between 0 - 280 μg/mL and 178-536 μg/mL with a maximum production by Bacillus and Staphylococcus species respectively. These results clearly indicate that these virulence factors are responsible for pathological status of the victims.

3 tables, 10 ref

022483   El-Tantawy W H;Hassanin L A (Drug Bioavailability Center, National Organization For Drug Control & Research, P O 29 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, Email: wldhmdy@yahoo.com) : Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of alcoholic extract of Tribulus alatus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: A comparative study with T. terrestris (Caltrop). Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(9), 785-90.

The extracts of both T. alatus and T. terrestris significantly decrease fasting glucose level in diabetic rats. After 4 and 6 hr, T. alatus extract showed significant reduction in glucose level as compared to T. terrestris. After 3 weeks of treatment with T. alatus extract, glucose level was significantly decreased to the normal level. Both the extracts also caused a significant decrease in the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol. The percent of reduction in rats treated with T. alatus extract was significantly higher than that of the rats treated with T. terrestris. The results indicate that alcoholic extract of T. alatus possesses hypoglycemic activity in type-1 model of diabetes.

1 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

022482   El-Ansary A K;Ahmed S A;Aly S A (Medicinal Chemistry Dep, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, Email: Sanaa_ahmedibrahim@yahoo.com) : Antischistosomal and liver protective effects of Curcuma longa extract in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(9), 791-801.

With a view to clarify the induction of the "Crabtree consequence" in liver cells of S. mansoni infected mice, the curative effect of oil extract of C. longa was tested and compared to praziquantel (PZQ) the effective drug against all schistosome species occurring in man. Protein, glucose, glucose-6-phopsphatase, AMP-deaminase, adensoine deaminase, urea concentration, pyravate kinase (PK), phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and PK/PEPCK ratio were estimated. In addition, worm burden and ova count in mice infected with S.mansoni were elucidated. The result showed that C. longa normalized the concentration of protein, glucose, AMP-deaminase and adenosine deaminase, which were changed by infection. Moreover, it lowered pyruvate kinase level, while PZQ-treatment induced more elevation of this enzyme. PZQ was more effective in lowering worm burden while C. longa extract was more potent in reducing egg count.

6 tables, 85 ref

022481   Dhingra D;Valecha R (Pharmacology Div, Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-125 001, Email: din_dhingra@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of antidepressant-like activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Terminalia bellirica Roxb. fruits in mice. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(7), 610-16.

Study was undertaken to investigate the effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of T. bellirica on depression in mice using forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). The extracts were administered orally for 10 successive days in separate groups of Swiss young male albino mice. Aqueous extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner and ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time of mice in both FST and TST. The extracts were without any significant effect on locomotor activity of mice. The efficacies of aqueous extract (200 mg/kg) and ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg) were found to be similar to that of imipramine (15 mg/kg. po) and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg, po) administered for 10 successive days. Both extracts reversed reserpine-induced extension of immobility period of mice in FST and TST. Prazosin (62.5 μg/kg, ip; an α₁-adrenoceptor antagonist), sulpiride (50 mg/kg, ip; a selective D₂ receptor antagonist) and p-chlorophenylalanine (100 mg/kg, ip; an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis) significantly attenuated the aqueous and ethanolic extract-induced antidepressant-like effect in TST. Thus, both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of T. bellirica elicited a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice by interaction with adrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems.

7 tables, 26 ref

022480   Dhandapani R (Medicinal Plants Research Unit, P.G. and Research Department of Microb, Thanthai Hans Roever College, Perambalur-621 212, Email: paniroever2007@rediffmail.com) : Hypolipidemic activity of Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. leaf extract in atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemic rats. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(7), 617-19.

In atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemic model, the rats receiving treatment with the aqueous extract of the leaves of E. prostrata showed significant reduction in total cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein and elevation in high density lipoprotein cholesterol .The aqueous extract of E. prostrata was found to possess significant hypolipidemic activity. The results also suggest that E. prostrata leaf extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt. concentrations is an excellent lipid-lowcring agent.

3 tables, 16 ref

022479   Devasahayam M (INSERM U580, Necker Institute, 161 rue de Sevres, Paris 75015, France) : Factors affecting the presentation of exogenous hepatitis B virus core antigen. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(8), 689-95.

Hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAg) plays a critical role in terminating acute Hepatitis B virus infection and may be used as a potential vaccine candidate. The cell surface major hislocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 molecules are thought to be involved in the presentation of HBcAg. Surface MHC class 1 HLA A2 heavy chain (HC) and trimeric molecules were characterized on transfected Hela cells used as antigen presenting cells (APC) for the presentation of HBcAg. The results show that antibodies against HC HLA A2 and trimeric HLA-A2 molecules resulted in increased activation of HBcAg 18-27 minimal peptide specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), while the addition of exogenous β2-microglobulin decreased the activation of HBcAg specific CTLs. Further, specific CD8⁺ T cells were activated only when Hela cells as APCs were primed with HBcAg (peptide. soluble or embedded on virosomes) at pH 6.5.

4 illus, 33 ref

022478   Debnath S;Guha D (S N Pradhan Center for Neurosciences, Calcutta Univ, 244 B A.J.C. Bose Road, Kolkata-700 020, Email: debjaniguha@rediffmail.com) : Role of Moringa oleifera on eterochromaffin cell count and serotonin content of experimental ulcer model. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(8), 726-31.

The study has been undertaken to observe the effect of aqueous extract of M. oleifera (MO) leaf (300 mg/kg body weight) on mean ulcer index, enterochromaffin (EC) cells and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) content of ulcerated gastric tissue. Ulceration was induced by using aspirin (500 mg/kg, po), cerebellar nodular lesion and applying cold stress. In all cases increased mean ulcer index in gastric tissue along with decreased EC cell count was observed with concomitant decrease of 5-HT content. Pretreatment with MO for 14 days decreased mean ulcer index, increased both EC cell count and 5-HT content in all ulcerated group, but treatment with ondansetron, a 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist, along with MO pretreatment increased mean ulcer index, decreased 5-HT content without any alteration in EC cell count. The results suggest that the protective effect of MO on ulceration is mediated by increased EC cell count and 5-HT levels which may act via 5-HT3 receptors on gastric tissue.

1 table, 34 ref

022477   Dayal R;Sharma M;Sharma R (Chemistry Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun-248 006, Email: dayalr2002@yahoo.com) : Fatty acid composition of Heteropanax fragrans and Heynea trijuga seeds. J Lipid Sci Technol 2007, 39(2), 61-2.

The fatty oil content in the kernels and seeds of Heteropanax fragrans and Heynea trijuga was found to be 36.16 and 33.1% respectively. Oleic acid (91.20%) was identified to be the major constituent of Heteropanax fragrans and oleic acid (62.8%) and linoleic acid (21.3%) that of Heynea trijuga seed oils.

2 tables, 6 ref

022476   Dave A;Patel H H (Life Sciences Dep, Bhavnagar Univ, Bhavnagar-364 002, Email: artidavead1@sancharnet.in) : Phosphorus up-take by P. fluorescens and effect of external phosphate on microbial phosphate solubilization. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2008, 10(1), 1-4.

Pseudomonas fluorescens, a farm soil isolate, was tested for its phosphate solubilizing (PS) activity in presence of increasing concentrations of phosphate (25-250mg P₂O₅) for both tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and rock phosphate (RP) in the Pikovskaya's medium and as well as for P uptake by the organism it self from soluble phosphate source (KH₂PO₄) present in the medium. PS activity was significantly higher with 50 mg P₂O₅ for both TCP & RP and showed drastic reduction thereafter. P consumption from the soluble phosphate was found maximum on 9th d on which maximum growth of the organism in term of O.D. was also highest.

2 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

022475   Das S K;Gupta G;Rao D N;Vasudevan D M (Biochemistry Dep, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Elamakkara P.O., Cochin-682 026, Email: subirkumardas@aims.amrita.edu) : Effect of lecithin vitamin-B complex and tocopheryl acetate on long term effect of ethanol induced immunomodulatory activities. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(8), 683-8 .

The alcoholic liver disease usually causes overall immunological alterations which might be attributed to hepatic disease, to ethanol action, and/or to rnalnourishment. In the study, efficacy of lecithin with vitamin-B complex to treat ethanol induced immunomodulatory activity was compared with the effect of lecithin alone and tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E). Ethanol (1.6 g/kg body wl/day for 12 weeks) exposure increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TEARS) level, while decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) content in whole blood hemolysate of 8-10 week-old male BALB/c mice (weighing 20-30 g). The activities of transaminase (AST and ALT; enzymes, interleukin (IL)-IO and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) elevated, while IL-2 and IL-4 reduced in mice serum due to ethanol exposure. These suggested that oxidative stress and immunomodulatory activities were interdependent and associated with ethanol induced liver damage. Lecithin treatment significantly reduced AST (32.44%), ALT (32.09%), IL-10 (25.63%) activities and TBARS content (12.76%) compared to ethanol treated group. However, lecithin with vitamin-B complex treatment, significantly reduced AST (62.83%); ALT (61.96%); IL-10 (35.88%): IFN-α (22.55%) activities and TEARS content (31.58%), while significantly elevated GSH content (36.49%) and SOD activity (61.21%) Tocopheryl acetate treatment significantly reduced AST (62.83%); ALT (61.54%); IL-10 (36.35%); IFN-γ (23.28%) activities and TEARS content (35.84%). while significantly elevated GSH content (28.76%) and SOD activity (62.42%) compared lo ethanol treated group. These findings persuasively argued that lecithin with vitamin-B complex was a new promising therapeutic approach in controlling ethanol induced immunomodulatory activities involving liver damage processes. Prevention of oxidative stress with correction of nutritional deficiency caused alteration in the elhanol-induced. immunomodulatory activities and associated liver diseases.

2 tables, 39 ref

022474   Chandrashekharaiah P S;Jagadeesh K S (Agricultural Microbiology Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Dharwad-580 005) : Biosynthesis of PHB by promising native bacterial isolates: optimization of process parameters. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2008, 10(1), 117-21.

Out of ten promising PHB accumulating native bacterial isolates, Pesudomonas DJC6 was found to be the most efficient isolate. The process parameters were optimized. Glucose (1%) and ammonium sulphate (0.1%) were found to be the best C and N sources respectively. A C/N ratio of 20:1 and a pH of 7.0 were found to be optimum. Under the optimized conditions, in 3L bench scale digesters, the strain produced a PHB yield of l.l0g/l00mL which was marginally higher than the PHB produced by the reference strain, Ralstonia eutropha.

6 tables, 13 ref

022473   Chakraborty U;Lahon B (Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Botany Dep, North Bengal Univ, Siliguri-734 013, Email: chakrabortyusha@hotmail.com) : Changes in growth, tolerance and metabolism of Abelmoschus esculentus varieties subjected to heavy metal stress. J Pl Biol 2007, 34(1), 13-20.

Three varieties of Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] - Arka Anamika, Deepti and Najuka Fl hybrid were subjected to Cd, Cu and Hg stress. AH varieties showed a decrease in biomass yield and leaf area. The tolerance index showed a variation depending on the variety and also on the plant part, with roots showing least tolerance. There was a significant accumulation of proline and lipid peroxide content in all the varieties treated with heavy metals. Among the heavy metals applied, mercury had the most deleterious effect on the plants. Oxidative stress, induced by heavy metals, led to an increase in peroxidase and glutathione reductase and a decrease in catalase activity. Superoxide dismutase activity increased in the genotypes Deepti and Najuka Fl, fol-lowing all three treatments. In Arka Anamika, there was an increase following Cd treatment, and a decrease by Cu and Hg. This study revealed that varietal differences play an important role in the plant's response to heavy metals.

4 illus, 5 tables, 41 ref

022472   Chakraborty D;Mandal S M;Chakraborty J; Bhattacharyaa P K;Bandyopadhyay A;Mitra A;Gupta K (Botany Dep, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713 104, Email: kg_dsabu@yahoo.co.in) : Antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of Basilicum polystachyon (L) Moench. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(8), 744-8.

Phenolic extract of leaves of Basilicum polystachyon (L) Moench was tested for in vitro antimicrobial activity against five bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus leuteus) and three fungi (Fusarium oxysporwn, Aspergillus niger, Helminthosporiwn oryzae). Efficacy of organic solvents, methanol and ethanol, as agents for extraction was compared with acidic water (2M; HC1). High-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) data showed that acidic extraction (2M; HC1) resulted in higher yield of caffeic acid (0.437 mg g^-1) and rosmarinic acid (0.919 mg g^-1). Acidic extract showed high activity against Gram (+) ve bacteria, but was less active against Gram (-) ve bacteria. Amongst the tested fungi, maximum activity was exhibited against Aspergillus niger. This is the first report on the phenolic constituents and bioactivity of B. polystachyon.

4 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

022471   Chakrabarti S;Guria S;Samanta J;Das M (Zoology Dep, Calcutta Univ, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700 019, Email: madhuzoo@yahoo.com) : Thyroid dysfunction modulates glucoregulatory mechanism in rat. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(6), 549-53.

The role of the thyroid gland in glucose homeostasis remains incompletely understood. To get a better insight hypo-and hyperthyroid conditions were experimentally induced in rat and found severe defects in glucose homeostasis. While blood glucose level returned to normal level after 2.5 hr of oral glucose challenge in control rats the blood glucose level remained high even after 24 hr of glucose load in both hypo- and hyperthyroid rats. These experimentally manipulated rats displayed higher levels of liver glycogen (10.45-22.8-fold) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (1.48-9.8-foId). Liver histology of hyperthyroid treated rats revealed hepatotoxicity. From the results it can be concluded that thyroid gland plays an important role in glucose homeostasis.

5 illus, 31 ref

022470   Bishnoi N R;Rajendra Kumar;Bishnoi K (Envinmental Science and Engineering Dep, Guru Jambheswar of Science & Technology, Hisar-125 001, Email: nrbishnoi@gmail.com) : Biosorption Cr (V1) with Trichoderma viride immobilized fungal biomass and cell free Ca-alginate beads. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(7), 657-64.

Ability of Cr (VI) biosorption with immobilized Trichoderma viride biomass and cell free Ca-alginate beads was studied in the present study. Biosorption efficiency in the powdered fungal biomass entrapped in polymeric matric of calcium alginate compared with cell free calcium alginate beads. Effect of pH, initial metal ion concentration, time and biomass dose on the Cr (VI) removal by immobilized and cell free Ca-alginate beads were also determined. Biosorption of Cr (VI) was pH dependent and the maximum adsorption was observed atpH 2.0. The adsorption equilibrium was reached in 90 rain. The maximum adsorption capacity of 16.075 mgg^-1 was observed at dose 0.2 mg in 100 ml of Cr (VI) solution. The high value of kinetics rate constant K_ad (3.73 x 10^-2) with immobilized fungal biomass and (3.75 x 10^-2) with cell free Ca-alginate beads showed that the sorption of Cr (VI) ions on immobilized biomass and cell free Ca-alginate beads followed pseudo first order kinetics. The experimental results were fitted satisfactory to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The hydroxyl (-OH) and amino (-NH) functional groups were responsible in biosorption of Cr (VI) with fungal biomass spp. Trichodenna viride analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer.

6 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

022469   Bhoj Raj Singh;Mudit Chandra;Agarwal R;Babu N (National Research Centre on Equines, , Sirsa Road, Hisar-125 001, Email: brs1762@yahoo.co.in) : Infertility associated with sub clinical salmonellosis. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(9), 834-6.

Subclinical infection of guinea pigs with isogenic wild type and aroA, htrA and aroA-htrA mutants of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Abortusequi (S. Abortusequi) induced infertility, while mutants had little or no effect on conception rate in guinea pigs. Conception rate was significantly lower in guinea pigs inoculated with wild type (S-787) and aroA mutant of S. Abortusequi than those inoculated with intracellular survival deficient htrA or aroA-litrA mutants of S. Abortusequi. Chi-test analysis revealed that none of the three mutants could be attributed to low conception rate, but wild type Salmonella inoculation and chronic carriage of the pathogen were significant cause of low conception rate in guinea pigs. Role of 5. Abortusequi in causation of infertility was proven from the experiment for the first time.

1 table, 16 ref

022468   Bhatia R;Rakesh Kumar;Vasudeva M;Saharan B S; Bansal R K;Narula N (Microbiology Dep, Basic Sciences and Humanities Coll, CCS Haryana Agric Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Production of microbial inoculants: Comparison of liquid and charcoal based biofertilizer technology. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2008, 10(1), 91-6.

In this investigation; describes the use of different available carriers suitable for the use of bioinoculants (Azotobacter). Most widely used charcoal based technology was compared with liquid based technology under laboratory and field conditions on cotton crop. Under laboratory conditions, survival of Azotobacter in charcoal and liquid based conditions was studied at three different temperatures (30, 37 and 45°C) up to 7 months. Maximum count was obtained by Ala27 (6.06 x 10⁸ cfu ml^-1 at 30°C on 50 days, 5.06 x 10⁸ cfu ml^-1 at 37°C on 40 days), AVK51 (6.65 x 10⁸ cfu ml^-1 at 30°C on 50 days, 7.36 x 10⁸ cfu ml^-1 at 37°C on 40 days) as liquid based cultures. At 45°C, after 50 days, liquid based cultures HT54 (1.34 x 10⁸ cfu ml^-1) and HT57 (1.06 x 10⁷ cfu ml^-1) were better than charcoal based cultures. Yield increased with liquid based bio-inoculants (403.71 kg ha^-1 with HT54) as compared to charcoal based cultures (303.71 kg ha^-1 with AVK51) under field conditions. Our. results reveal that charcoal based, technology can be successfully replaced by liquid based technology.

4 tables, 13 ref

022467   Bala Tripura Sundari S;Venu L;Sunita Y; Raghunath M (Endocrinology and Metabolism Div, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: manchalar@yahoo.com) : Chronic maternal dietary iodine deficiency but not thiocyanate feeding affects maternal reproduction and postnatal performance of the rat. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(7), 603-09.

Iodine deficiency disorders affect reproductive performance in the afflicted populations. Environmental iodine deficiency (ID) and goitrogens are important in their aetiology. We observed earlier that chronic maternal dietary ID but not goitrogen feeding altered the blood-brain barrier nutrient transport in adult rats. Whether similar differences exist in their effects on reproduction of dams and postnatal performance of the offspring has been assessed. Inbred, female, weaning WNIN rats were rendered hypothyroid by feeding for 8-12 weeks, a low iodine test diet or a control diet with added potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) (@ 25 mg/rat/day). Following mating with control males, they continued on their respective diets till their pups were weaned. Indices of reproductive performance such as percentage of conception, mortality of dams during pregnancy and parturition, litter size, and survival of pups till weaning were affected markedly by ID but not thiocyanate feeding. Neither ID nor thiocyanate feeding from conception or parturition affected their reproductive performance. Nevertheless, postnatal weight gain of pups was less in all the three ID groups but not thiocyanate fed dams. Rehabilitation of chronically ID pregnant dams from conception or parturition did not improve their pregnancy weight gain, litter size or birth weight of pups but decreased abortion and mortality of mothers during pregnancy and parturition. Rehabilitation improved the pups' postnatal weight gain but the effect was only moderate. Based on the results of the present study it may be suggested that maternal ID but not thiocyanate feeding affects reproductive performance and postnatal performance of their offspring.

4 tables, 25 ref

022466   Asokan R (Biotechnology Div, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hessaraghatta Lake (PO) Bangalore-560 089) : Genetic Engineering of Insects. Resonance 2007, 12(10), 46-56.

Insects, which constitute one of the most abundant groups of living creatures on Earth, are significant to human life in numerous ways. There are many beneficial ones like the honey bee, silk worm, etc. and quite a few that are harmful and cause direct or indirect damage to the well being of human beings. Researchers have been continuously trying to find new ways to mitigate problems of harmful insects like crop pests and also to harness the potential of beneficial ones. In this regard, advances made in genetic engineering have enabled the genetic modification of insects for various purposes. Some of the potential applications of this lie in crop pest management, vector management in public health, production of medically important proteins and genetic improvement of beneficial insects like parasitoids, predators, silk worm and honey bee. The proposed release of genetically engineered insects is evoking serious debate among researchers and environmental groups on safety issues as is happening with transgenic plants and engineered microbes.

4 ref

022465   Asha K K;Anandan R;Viswanathan Nair P G (Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, , Cochin-682 029, Email: omanas@sify.com) : Effect of fish protein on isoprenaline-induced alterations in lipid and antioxidant status in adipose tissue of rats. Fish Technol 2008, 45(1), 63-72.

The study was designed to examine the protective effect of 20% fish protein in adipose tissue of isoprenaline-treated male albino rats. The protective effect was determined based on the following criteria: total body and adipose tissue weight, protein concentration in adipose tissue, total lipid in adipose tissue, concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids of serum and adipose tissue and anti-peroxidative enzymes in adipose tissue. Fish protein feeding brought about a significant decrease in the total body weight and adipose tissue weight and in levels of adipose tissue total lipid, cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids. Fish protein fed rats showed significant rise in adipose tissue protein content. It also prevented a rise in antiperoxidative enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase and elevated the levels of reduced glutathione which indicates that fish protein protects against lipid peroxidation. Fish protein feeding has also led to lowering of serum cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids and increased the proportion of HDL cholesterol. The protective effect of fish protein is believed to be due to its unique amino acids content namely, the reduced methionine: glycine and lysine: arginine ratios and increased sulphur containing amino acids.

6 tables, 44 ref

022464   Anil Kumar;Kalonia H (Pharmacology Div, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciecnes, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: kumaruips@yahoo.com) : Protective effect of Withania somnifera Dunal on the behaviour and biochemical alterations in sleep-disturbed mice (grid over water suspended method). Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(6), 524-8.

Sleep disruption involves extensive changes in physiological function, including EEC, motor, metabolic, autonomic processes physiological homeostasis and psychological balance that are necessary for physical health. Benzodiazepines are the most widely used drugs for the sleep related problems in spite of their limitations and side effects. Objective of the study was to investigate the protective effect of W. somnifera on the behavioral and biochemical alterations in sleep-disturbed mice. Pretreatment with W. somnifera root extract (100. 200 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.5 ing/kg) significantly protected reduction in body weight, improved the reduced locomotor activity and anxiety levels in animals. Biochemical studies also revealed thai W. somnifera (100 and 200 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) pretreatment for five days decreased significantly lipid peroxidation, nitrites leveis and improved catalase, and reduced glutathione levels. Co-administration of W. somnifera (100 mg/kg) with diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) improved significantly all the biochemical parameters as compared to their effect per se. Preliminary results suggest that Withania root extract can be used in the management sleep loss and associated axidative stress.

2 tables, 32 ref

022463   Anand P;Murli K Y;Tandon V;Ramesh Chandra; Murthy P S (B R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007, Email: acbrdu@hotmail.com) : Preliminary studies on antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous extract of Brassica nigra (L.) Koch in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(8), 696-701.

In the streptozotocin induced diabetic rats treated separately with aqueous, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of the seeds of B. nigm, the increase in serum glucose value between 0 and 1 hr of glucose tolerance test (GTT) was the least (29 mg/dl) in aqueous extract treated animals while it was 54, 44 and 44mg/dl with chloroform, acetone and ethanol extracts respectively. In further studies carried out with aqueous extract, the effective dose was found to be 200 mg/kg body weight in GTT. Administration of 200 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract to diabetic animals daily once for one month brought down fasting serum glucose (FSG) levels while in the untreated group FSG remained at a higher value. In the treated animals the increase in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc) and serum Hpids was much less when compared with the levels in untreated diabetic controls. These findings suggest that further studies with the aqueous extract of 8. nigra seeds on its antidiabetic activity would be useful.

5 tables, 14 ref

022462   Akula K K;Dhir A;Kulkarni S K (Pharmacology Div, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab Univ, Chnadigarh-160 014, Email: skpu@yahoo.com) : Pro-convulsant effect of cefazolin sodium against penthylenetetrazolor picrotoxin-induced convulsions in mice. Indian J expl Biol 2007, 45(8), 720-5.

Cefazolin injection (3000 mg/kg, iv) in mice showed several behavioral excitations such as wild running, jumping, rolling, and finally undergoing severe convulsions followed by death. It's lower doses (500-2000 mg/kg, iv) were unable to produce any convulsions or behavioral excitations in mice. However, cefazolin (500 or 1000 mg/kg, i.v.) when administered before different doses of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ: 40 or 60 mg/kg. ip) or picrotoxin (PTX: 4 or 8 mg/kg, ip.). it produced severe tonic-clonic convulsions in mice. The convulsions or behavioral excitations produced by 3000 mg/kg. iv cefazolin was also reversed by different doses of diazepam (0.5-2 mg/kg, ip) further proving the GABAergic modulatory effect of cefazolin. The results conclude the pro-convulsam action of cefazoiin on PTZ- or PTX-induced convulsions, and funher confirm the clinical reports.

4 illus, 44 ref

022461   Agnihotri R K;Palni L M S;Pandey D K (NO, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora-263 643, Email: rk_agnihotri@rediffmail.com) : Germination and seedling growth under moisture stress: screening of landraces of rice (Oryza sativa L.) from Kuman region of Indian Central Himalaya. J Pl Biol 2007, 34(1), 21-7.

The effect of moisture stress caused by treatment with polyethylene glycol, in laboratory based test, was investigated for seed ger-mination and seedling growth in 30 landraces of rice (Oryza saliva L.) using three concentrations of osmoticum (-0.40, -0.50 and -0.75 MPa). Decreasing the water potential from -0.40 to -0.75 MPa resulted in decreased percentage of germination and seedling growth in most landraces. Overall Tilansi showed higher germination (83%) even at ψ of -0.75 MPa whereas only 8% germination was recorded in Syaudhan. More than 80% germination was observed in 40% landraces at ψ of-0.40 MPa and 40% germination or less was observed at ψ of -0.75 MPa in 23% of the total landraces examined. The per cent and rate of germination was consis-tently and significantly reduced in all the landraces whenever the osmotic potential was reduced. In control seedlings, the difference in root length over initial values ranged between 0.07 cm (Dudhikapkoti) and 2.37 cm (Kaladur), while that of seedling (shoot) length ranged from 0.60 (Dehradoonibasmati) to 4.59 cm (Kaladur). When a critical osmotic potential (-0.75 MPa) was applied, very limited root length increment took place and ranged between 0.02 and 1.66 cm in Anjani and Syaudhan, respectively. A similar trend was also found for seedling growth at the same osmotic potential (-0.75 MPa) and the increment in shoot length ranged from 0.01 cm (Bindudhan, Kantolia and Thapchini) to 2.67 cm in Saunji. The results of the present investigation revealed that a few landraces of rice from those still being cultivated in the hilly region of Kumaun Himalaya may prove useful for introgression of genes for osmotic stress tolerance landraces in future breeding programmes.

1 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref