006149   Prabhu S;Sathiyaseelan R;Aron S;Murugan C (Botanical Survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Port Blair-744 102, Email: sivanthimurugan@rediffmail.com) : Review of the genus Artabotrys R. Br. (annonaceae) from Andaman and Nicobar islands, with a new record for India. Indian J For 2015, 38(2), 159-64.

Taxonomic account of the genus Artabotrys R. Br. from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands along with a new record for India is presented. Of the three species recorded from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari is widely distributed; A. speciosus Kurz and A. nicobarianus D. Das are endemic to Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India and Artabotrys suaveolens (Bl.) Bl. is reported here as a new record for India from Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve.

^iia2 illus, 20 ref

006148   Polar R;Cakilcioglu U;Ulusan M D;Paksoy M Y (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Dep, Giresun Univ, Espiye Vocational School, Espiye, Giresun-286 00, Email: rpolat10@hotmail.com) : Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Elazig (Turkey). Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2015, 14(1), 69-75.

This study aims to record accumulation of knowledge on plants which are used as food by local people of Elazig that has a rich culture and a very natural environment. Field study was carried out over a period of approximately two years (2010-2011). During this period, 92 vascular plant specimens were collected. The plants were pressed in the field and prepared for identification. A total of 62 food plants belonging to 28 families were identified in the region. There is no detailed information in the literature with regard to the use of brevipes for human nutrition. It is certained that wild plants being used for nutritional purposes by human beings are also used for medicinal purposes. Highlighting the importance of flora and ethnobotanical inventory studies in terms of the protection and use of plant sources, what is required is the cultivation of endangered plant species, establishment of seedbanks for these plants, recording of their natural habitat as well as conducting studies in order to raise public awareness.

2 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

006147   Phurailatpam A K;Singh S R;Nongthombam R (College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural Univ, Pasighat-791 001, Email: romensenjam@yahoo.com) : Conservation of medicinally important plants by the indigenous people of Manipur (Meiteis) by incorporating them with religion and nature worship. Curr Sci 2015, 109(1), 25-30.

2 illus, 25 ref

006146   Padalia K (Botany Dep, DSB Campus, Kumaun Univ, Nainital-263 001, Email: kirtika.padalia89@gmail.com) : Gewai saag: A folk medicine used by the trible people of Central Himalayan region. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2015, 14(1), 144-6.

Gewai saag is a folk medicine prepared by the leaves and the young stem of the Solanum nigrum L. This medicine is frequently used by the tribal and the local community of Uttarakhand state to relief of various sort of body pain. The medicine is highly effective in the joint pain and rheumatism. This article describes the method of preparation of the medicine and its applications along with an objective to conserve the practices of traditional knowledge of plant and plant's products.

5 illus, 11 ref

006145   Murugan C;Ganthikumar S;Arulanandam L J P; Gopalan R (Botanical Survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Port Blair-744 002, Email: sivanthcm@gmail.com) : Rediscovery of Miliusa wightiana Hook. f. and Thomson (Annonaceae) from type locality and its environ. Indian J For 2015, 38(1), 57-60.

Miliusa wightiana Hook.f. & Thomson (Annonaceae) is rediscovered after type collection from type locality (Courtallum Hills, Southern Western Ghats) and its environs (Mancholai and Papanasam Hills of Tamil Nadu state).

1 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

006144   Murugan C;Alappatt J P;Arisdason W (NO, Forest Training Institute, Wimberligunj, Port Blair-744 206) : Rediscovery of Prismatomeris fragrans Subsp. andamanica (Ridl.) J.T. Johanss. (rubiaceae) from Andamans, India. Indian J For 2015, 38(2), 171-2.

Prismatomeris fragrans subsp. andamanica (Ridl.) J.T. Johanss. has been rediscovered from other than its type locality, after a lapse of about 100 years. A short description along with relevant notes is provided here for further collection and identification in field.

1 table, 7 ref

006143   Mathur A;Joshi H (Botany Dep, Kumaun Univ S.S.J. Campus, Almora-263 601, Email: anjalimathur.rs@rediffmail.com) : Conservation priorities, necessity in the tarai region of Kumaun, Uttarakhand. Indian J For 2015, 38(2), 129-33.

Threatened species is any plant or animal species that is at risk of extinction. The present study was conducted in tarai region of Kumaun, Uttarakhand between the years 2008 to 2011 in three different sites and eight communities. During the study it was found that 28 plant species belonged of threatened categories. The present study concluded that, conservation is urgent necessity in this area.

1 table, 25 ref

006142   Ma X;Kang J;Nontachaiyapoom S;Wen T;Hyde K D (NO, Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Bio-pharmaceutical Resou, China, Email: bcec.jckang@gzu.edu.cn) : Non-mycorrhizal endophytic fungi from orchids. Curr Sci 2015, 109(1), 72-87.

Orchidaceae is one of the largest flowering plant families of the plant kingdom. The habitats of orchids are highly diverse, ranging from tree bark and damp forest floors to rock crevices, sandy dunes and semi-arid deserts. The diversity of endophytes (internal symbiotic fungi) associated with orchids is enormous. Most studies of endophytic fungi from orchids in the past have focused on mycorrhizal endophytes (internal symbiotic fungi associated with plant roots). There has, however, been an increasing trend to study non-mycorrhizal endophytes from orchids because of their physiological roles and their potential as sources of novel bioactive compounds. This review discusses the methods used in the isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from orchids, their diversity and host-specificity, their significance in orchid conservation and cultivation, and their potential application in the discovery of bioactive compounds.

3 tables, 168 ref

006141   Kour S;Kour H;Sharma Y P (Botany Dep, Jammu Univ, Jammu-180 006, Email: yashdbm3@yahoo.co.in) : New records of Clitocybe species from Jammu and Kashmir, India. Indian J For 2015, 38(1), 43-6.

In this paper taxonomic account of three species of Clitocybe viz., C. dilatata, C. hydrogramma and C. nebularis collected from various locations of Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir have been presented. Of these, Clitocybe dilatata and C. hydrogramma are a new report from India while Clitocybe nebularis is being reported for the first time from Jammu and Kashmir.

2 illus, 15 ref

006140   Kottainmuthu R;Kalidass C (Botany Dep, Saraswathi Narayanan College, Madurai-625 022, Email: kalidassindia@gmail.com) : Physalis pruinosa L. (Solanaceae)-addition to the flora of Tamil Nadu. Indian J For 2015, 38(1), 77-8.

The present paper puts on recorded Physalis pruinosa L. as new to the flora of Tamil Nadu state.

1 illus, 13 ref

006139   Kalidass C;Srivastava A (Taxonomy & Conservation, Regional Plant Resource Centre, Bhubaneswar (Odisha), Email: kalidassindia@gmail.com) : Trichodesma amplexicaule Roth (boraginaceae) - a new record to the flora of Orissa. Indian J For 2015, 38(2), 153-4.

Trichodesma amplexicaule Roth (Boraginaceae), is reported here as a new record to the flora of Orssia. Brief description and photographs are provided.

7 ref

006138   Joshi P;Joshi S P;Jain R K (Botany Ecology Research Laboratory Dep, DAV (PG) College, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, Email: pandeypragya6@gmail.com) : Diversity, distribution, habitat preference and conservation of the fern flora of tungnath and adjoining areas, Rudraprayag district, Garhwal himalayas, Uttarakhand. Indian J For 2015, 38(2), 187-94.

Study is based on exhaustive collection and enlisting of 139 species of ferns occurring at Tungnath and 20 other adjoining localities ranging from 1000-4000m altitude. It is an important part of Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary (also known as the largest Protected Area in Western Himalayas) situated in Rudraprayag district of Garhwal Himalayas. The entire area from Rudraprayag to Tungnath is provided with unique ecological sites that favours the occurrence of great many ferns over here and quite many species are of rare status. Chandra (1979) mentioned 71 species, Joshi et al. since 2002 revealed the occurrence of 64 species from the area. The recent collections of pteridophytes carried out during 2011-12, based on which the diversity and distribution patterns, habitat preference, altitudinal distribution, rarity, ecological sites and conservation status are worked out.

4 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

006137   Jose P A;Sumod M;Varghese T H K (NO, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur-680 653, Email: pajosekfri@gmail.com) : Clonal propagation of Drypetes malabarica (Bedd.) airy shaw an endemic and endangered tree of Southern Western Ghats. Indian J For 2015, 38(1), 35-8.

The juvenile plants of Drypetes malabarica have resulted 100% rooting success for both stem cuttings and air layering by the application of NAA 3000 and IAA 1000 ppm respectively. The rooted plants were also survived with cent percent success rate. Since the tree is being prone to high degree of fruit predation, seed infestation and overall poor natural regeneration in situ restricts, the soil seed and seedling bank and merit extend clonal propagation of the species. The propagation methods thus developed first time could be adopted for the large scale multiplication, establishing clonal gene banks ex situ which in turn ensures the availability of materials for conservation, evaluation and management practices without affecting natural populations of the species in the long run.

3 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

006136   Johari A;Priyanka;Kawatra A (Foods and Nutrition Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: johariaanchal@gmail.com) : Medicinal value of Emblica officinalis. Ann Biol 2015, 31(1), 154-6.

Medicinal plants are natural gift to human lives to promote disease free healthy life. Emblica officinalis (EO) is widely distributed in tropical and sub-tropical areas and has been extensively used in the Indian system of medicine due to its therapeutic potential against deleterious diseases. It becomes a notable fruit for its rich amount of vitamin C, polyphenols such as tannins, gallic acid, ellagic acid, flavonoids like quercetin and rutin. This communication will review applications of EO in cancer, diabetes, heart disease and various other ailments. Uses of EO as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory were also reviewed. Additionally, utilization of EO in memory enhancing, lowering cholesterol level and in neutralizing snake venom were also included.

^iia15 ref

006135   Jayanthi J;Jalal J S (Botanical Survey of India, Westren Regional Centre, Pune-411 001, Email: jayanthi.bsi@gmail.com) : Invasive alien species of the Great Indian Bustard Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra, India. Indian J For 2015, 38(1), 51-6.

Present study gives an account of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) of Great Indian Bustard Wildlife Sanctuary (GIBWLS) in Maharashtra. A total of 109 invasive alien species under 86 genera, belonging to 41 families have been recorded. The study can be helpful in management of this grassland habitat for critically endangered Great Indian bustard bird.

1 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

006134   Janaki T;Nayak B K;Ganesan T (Botany Dep, K. M. Centre for P.G. Studies (Autonomous), Puducherry-8) : Anti-bacterial activity of mangrove actinomycetes isolates by eight different pre-treatment methods from backwater estuary, Ariyankuppam, Puducherry. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2014, 3(6), 132-49.

Totally 100 actinomycetes were isolated by 8 different pre-treatment methods like CaCo₃ (0.3%), Phenol (1.5%), dry heat (70°C), wet heat (50°C), SDS (0.05g), electromagnetic waves (2460 MHz, 45 sec), Centrifugation (1600xg, 20 min) and by No treatment on 8 diffferent media, from the soil sample nearer to the root region of the mangrove Rhizophora mucronata from the back water estuary, Ariyankuppam, Puducherry (UT). Among the 100 actinomycetes, 14 were anaerobes. 86 actinomycetes were subjected for primary screening against the 10 gram negative bacteria, 2 gram positive bacteria by Agar plug method. Broad spectrum antibacterial activity was confirmed by Cross streak method for selected antagonistic actinomycetes. The total percentage of inhibition by actinomycetes against bacteria in primary screening were noted as E.coli-33.7%, K. pneumoniae-5.8%, P.vulgaris-5.8%, P.aeruginosa-55.8%, S.typhi-12.7%, S.flexneri-16.3%, V.cholera-11.6%, B.bronchiseptica-41.9%, P.fluorescens-4.7%, E.faecalis-8.2%, B.subtilis-48.8%, S.aureus-23.3%. Totally 90.7% of actinomycetes showed antagonistic activity towards tested bacteria, 9.3% of actinomycetes showed no antagonistic activity. Influence of eight different media and eight different pre-treatments on antibacterial activity also noted. Only 19 actinomycetes were selected and that were subjected for secondary screening by well diffusion method. The antibacterial activity differed based on the isolates isolated from 8 different pre-treatments on 8 different media. The most active actinomycetes were obtained by SDS, Phenol, Dry heat, Electromagnetic induction followed by Centrifugation methods on HVA, PYIEA (PEP), WA, SCA and YME agar media.

32 ref

006133   Jagadeesh Ram T A M (Botanical Survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Port Blair-744 102, Email: tamjagadeesh@gmail.com) : Additional lichen records from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands-1. Indian J For 2015, 38(1), 63-9.

Eighteen species of lichens are added to the flora of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. This includes 16 foliicolous and 2 corticolous. Of the foliicolous, 8 species: Aulaxina dictyospora R. Sant., A. opegraphina Fee, Byssoloma vezdanum Serus., Calenia graphidea Vain., Cryptothecia irregularis Lucking et al., Porina sphaerocephala Vain., Strigula microspora Lucking and Trichothelium bipindense F. Schill. are reported as new records for India. Brief descriptions and photographs of new records are provided.

26 illus, 15 ref

006132   Hussain A (NO, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute Palo, Thiruvanathapuram-695 562, Email: hussainshiji@gmail.com) : Vegetative propagative through stem cutting and air layering in Salacia malabarica Gamble, bull.- an endemic climber of Sothern Western Ghats. Indian J For 2015, 38(1), 91-3.

Salacia malabarica (Celastraceae), an important endemic climber of the Southern Western Ghats is found very poor seedling bank in this natural habitats. This will lead to the untimely endangerment of the species in near future. The present study is therefore, aimed to develop and standardize the clonal propagation techniques through stem cuttings and air layering methods with the aid of auxins. The highest rooting of 90% was achieved with the use of NAA-1000 ppm from tender stem cuttings of 10-12 years old plant and air layering success was also found to be 80% by the use of NAA-1000 ppm from the same age of plants used for stem rooting.

2 illus, 2 table, 7 ref

006131   Flewelling A J;Currie J;Gray C A;Johnson J A (Biology Dep, New Brunswick Univ, 100 Tucker Park Rd, Saint John, NB, Canada, E2L 4L5, Email: jaj@unb.ca) : Endophytes from marine macroalgae: promising sources of novel natural products. Curr Sci 2015, 109(1), 88-111.

Endophytic fungi are emerging as an excellent source of bioactive natural products. Though much of the research on endophytes and the natural products that they produce has focused on those isolated from terrestrial plants, endophytes of marine macroalgae have recently gained attention as an untapped source of biodiversity with the potential to yield novel bioactive metabolites. Recent work on the endophytic fungal assemblages of macroalgae has highlighted the scale of biodiversity and chemical diversity associated with fungal endophytes of macroalgae. The array of fungal species isolated and the discovery of new natural products exhibiting antimicrobial, anticancer and antiviral activities give a glimpse of the potential of macroalgal endophytes. The aim of this review is to highlight recent findings relating to endophytes of marine macroalgae with particular focus on the biodiversity of the endophytes associated with each macroalgal host, the geographical location of host alga and the biological activities exhibited by the natural products of these endophytic fungi.

3 tables, 90 ref

006130   Estrada C;Degner E C;Rojas E I;Wcislo W T; Bael S A V (NO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Republic of Panama, Email: estradac@si.edu) : Role of endophyte diversity in protecting plants from defoliation by leaf-cutting ants. Curr Sci 2015, 109(1), 55-61.

Plants host a vast diversity of fungal symbionts inside their tissues that live in close proximity with each other to form rich and dynamic communities. Although endophytes can affect plant-herbivore interactions in several ways, it is still not known to what extent such effects are influenced by the properties of endophyte communities or by particular species traits. Here we compared the effects of high versus low foliar fungal endophyte diversity on the preferences of laboratory and wild colonies of leaf-cutting ants. Authors found that when endophyte densities were high, the responded similarly to leaves hosting one endophyte species, Col-letotrichum tropicale, or those hosting a species-rich endophyte community. Results were also consistent when comparing the laboratory versus wild ant colonies. We discuss the significance of these results with respect to the ecological effects of plant-endophyte interactions in natural and agricultural ecosystems.

3 illus, 1 table, 44 ref

006129   Dorjey K;Sanjeev Kumar;Sharma Y P (Botany Dep, Jammu Univ, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir-180 006, Email: dorjeyusa@gmail.com) : New record to two interesting taxa of Scutellinia from Ladakh (Jammu & Kashmir), India. Indian J For 2015, 38(2), 125-8.

Two taxa of the genus Scutellinia (Pyronemataceae, Pezizales) are recognized in Ladakh by analysis of macro-and micro-morphological characteristics, substrates and geographical distributions. These include Scutellinia setosa and S. setosa var. muscivorum var. nov., which are new records for India.

2 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

006128   Chaurasia H K;Anand Kumar;Gopal Krishna (Botany Dep, T N B College, Bhagalpur-812 007) : Wrightia cocinea (Roxb. ex Hornem) sims (Apocynaceae): An addition to the flora of Bihar. Indian J For 2015, 38(1), 85-6.

Wrightia coccinea (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Sims (Apocynaceae) is here recorded for the first time from Bihar. Detailed morphological description, distribution and photograph of the species are provided to facilitate easy identification of the species in the field.

1 illus, 12 ref

006127   Chaukiyal S P (Plant Physics Discipline, Botany Div, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun-248 006, Email: chaukiyalsp@icfre.org) : Vegetative propagation studies in Myrica esculenta (Kafal) - A non-legume nitrogen fixing species. Indian J For 2015, 38(1), 39-42.

Myrica esculenta is a wild nitrogen fixing tree, growing naturally in the forest edges at high elevation rain fed areas. This species is generally propagated via seeds but physical dormancy caused by impermeable seed coat causes an unreliable germination pattern. In the present study different types of cuttings were collected and planted in an open side area at Khirsu as well as in mist chamber after treating with different hormonal (IBA) doses i.e. 1000 ppm; 2000 ppm; 4000 ppm; 6000 ppm and one set was soaked in water and kept as control. No rooting was observed from any type of cutting however, only few cuttings at 4000 ppm 1BA treatment in the June month were sprouted and died after three weeks of transplanting. In case of air layering, maximum roots were sprouted in the air layered treatments done during post summer or rainy season whereas, air layered done during winter season or pre summer season, no response was observed. Maximum (15.83%) rooting was recorded in the 4000 ppm IBA followed by 6000 ppm (9.17%), 2000 ppm (6.67%) and minimum in 1000 ppm (4.17%) treatments. In this study overall 7.17 per cent rooting was recorded in first year and 1.67 per cent in second year. The air layering done in the VMG at Dehradun all air layered branches except control showed rooting and better performance was recorded in 4000 ppm IBA than other. Both seed and air layered raised plants when planted in the field their growth and survival percentage was almost similar.

1 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

006126   Bi X D;Dai W;Zhang S L;Pang Y;Xing K Z;Zhang D J (Key Laboratory for Aquatic Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin. Fisheri, Tianjin Agricultural Univ, Jinjing Road 22, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China, Email: hy_101018@yahoo.com) : Inhibition of photosynthesis-related gene expression by berberine in Microcystis aeruginosa. Allelopathy J 2014, 34(2), 335-40.

Effects of berberine on the expression of six key photosynthesis-related genes in M. aeruginosa was examined. Berberine induced the expression of psaA and psaB at 1 mg.L^{-1, psbA at 2 mg.L-1, but repressed at higher concentrations. It inhibited the transcription of psbD1, rbcL and rbcX significantly (p <60>0.05). This inhibition of transcription of key photosynthesis-related genes by berberine led to disturbed photosynthesis, specially by blocking the electron transport chain, affecting carbon assimilation and photo-respiratory carbon oxidation.}

4 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

006125   Bheemalingappa M;Chennakesavulu Naik M;Prasad K;Suresh Babu M V;Ganeshaiah K N;Ravi Prasad Rao B (Biodiversity Conservation Div, Botany Dep, Sri Krishnadevaraya Univ, Anantapuram-515 003, Email: biodiversityravi@gmail.com) : Seven angiosperm species, new records for Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Indian J For 2015, 38(1), 71-3.

Seven angiosperm species collected from Middle and South Andaman Islands are being reported as additions to the flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands after Pandey and Diwakar (2008). Brief description, phenology, and distribution pattern are presented along with photographs for the species.

3 ref

006124   Bhattacharjya D K;Kar A;Sharma H;Patowary K N (Botany Dep, M C College, Barpeta-781 301, Email: dipkrbhatta@gmail.com ) : Notes on herbal treatment practiced by the people of fringe villages of Manas National Park, India. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2015, 14(1), 155-60.

The Manas National Park spread across Baksa and Chirang districts in Assam where the Bhutan Hills rolls down towards the northern part. Altogether 62 fringe villages are located on the southern side of the Park. The present communication deals with the herbal recipes of 49 plant species belonging to 35 families administered against 30 diseases/ailments among the people of the fringe villages. The recipes along with mode of preparation and use, and dose presented in the paper are part of the empiric knowledge confined to the common people of the area.

1 table, 22 ref

006123   Ambrish Kumar;Srivastava S K (Botanical Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun-248 195, Email: ambrishbsi@yahoo.co.in) : New plant records of family fabaceae for Uttarakhand. Indian J For 2015, 38(2), 151-22.

Four taxa of family Fabaceae viz. Eriosema chinense Vogel, Indigofera exilis Grierson & Long, Desmodium concinnum var. retusum (D. Don) Ohashi and Crotalaria medicaginea Lam. var. herniarioides (Wight & Arn.) Baker, are being reported for the first time from Uttarakhand.

9 ref

006122   Alvarez-Iglesias L;Puig C G;Garabatos A; Reigosa M J;Pedrol N (Plant Biology and Soil Science Dep, Vigo Univ, 36310, Spain, Email: pedrol@uvigo.es) : Vicia faba aqueous extracts and plant material can suppress weeds and enhance crops. Allelopathy J 2014, 34(2), 299-314.

Phytotoxic potential of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) was evaluated by both soil-Based and aqueous extract laboratory bioassays. A preliminary bioassay was conducted in Petri dishes filled with faba bean-amended soil. The results revealed strong inhibitory effects on the early growth of the model species lettuce. The phytotoxic potential of aqueous extracts of faba bean aerial biomass was then determined on lettuce, maize and soybean as model crops in a temperate forage-based system, and Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed), Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) and Digitaria sanguinalis (large crabgrass) as the most common associated weeds. Dose-response curves and IC₅₀ and IC₉₀ values for faba bean aqueous extracts were obtained. The results indicate that faba bean aqueous extracts significantly inhibited the germination and early growth of weeds. Except for the highest concentration, crops were not affected, or crops growth was enhanced by the aqueous extracts at concentrations that suppressed the weeds. Thus faba bean aerial biomass may be a promising material for weed control in sustainable-based crop systems.

2 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

006121   Aliki H M;Reade J P H;Back M A (Crop and Environment Sciences Dep, Harper Adams Univ, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire, TF 10 8NB, UK, Email: hshingaly@yahoo.com) : Effects of concentrations of Brassica napus (L.) water extracts on the germination and growth of weed species. Allelopathy J 2014, 34(2), 287-97.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) contains allelochemicals that reduces the germination and growth of weed species. An in-vitro experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different concentrations of B. napus (L.) water extracts from leaves, stems, roots and flowers on the seed germination and seedling growth of Phalaris minor (Retz.), Convolvulus arvensis (L.) and Sorghum halepense (L.) weeds. All treatments significantly inhibited seed germination, root length, fresh root weight, shoot length and fresh shoot weight of all weed species over the control. The inhibitory effects were concentration dependent. Flower and stem water extracts were most inhibitory to seed germination and root length of all weed species. This work highlighted the allelopathic potential of B. napus extracts for the management of weeds.

4 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

006120   Agrawala D K;Lawkush;Vikas Kumar (Botanical Survey of India, Sikkim Himalayan Regional Centre, Gangtok-737 103, Email: drdkbsi@gmail.com) : New synonym of Herminium monorchis (orchidaceae). Indian J For 2015, 38(2), 155-8.

Critical study of Types, protologues, fresh and herbarium specimens of Herminium monorchis (Linnaeus) Robert Brown and Herminium haridasanii Nageswara Rao has revealed their conspecificity. Accordingly, the later has been reduced here as a heterotypic synonym of Herminium monorchis. Taxonomic consequences of both the taxa have been discussed. A detail of taxonomic citations, synonymy, description, illustrative photo plate, distribution and specimens examined is provided here for easy understanding of this species.

5 ref

005089   Verma N;Chopra S;Pedapati A;Khan Y J (NO, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi-110 012) : Global policies on achievement and utility of plant genetic resources. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2015, 23(1), 71-7.

Green Revolution triggered the world's potential to meet its food, fodder and fibre needs at the time when several parts of the world were badly food insecure. Later, many new plant varieties were being developed using better application of technology in a more participatory way to address the farmer's needs. Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) is the building block of crop improvement and in those days they were freely exchanged between the countries. There were no major legal impediments for acquisition of PGR and related knowledge. The earlier policies on access to PGR were based upon the concept of the 'Heritage of Mankind' for use of the benefit to all mankind; however post Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992 it is now considered as the Sovereign rights of the nations. The access to genetic resources is regulated by new national and international laws and access to technologies depends upon the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). In recent years, modern science of biotechnology and bioinformatics has paved way for a faster rate of generating and modifying resources for crop improvement. PGR, a component of biodiversity is the basic raw material for use in the biotechnological tools and techniques. The access regulations usually apply to all biodiversity and it is also sometimes posing obstacles or delays in the use of PGR in agriculture. Different policies are being developed in different regions emphasizing either limited access or facilitated access to all PGR. This paper aims to give an overview of the recent policies and regulations governing the access and benefit sharing of PGR and its long term impact on agriculture as a whole.

7 illus, 11 ref

005088   Singh A K;Singh N (NO, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, Email: ashutosh.evst11@gmail.com) : Application of Lantana camara L. in villagers of Sonebhadra, India: a possible management strategy to control invasion. Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(1), 257-9.

It should be noted that promoting application of L. camara does not means to increase production or cultivation in agriculture land but to minimize its infestation in the tropical forests. Although, this kind of application cannot eradicate or remove L. camara from forest but of course potentially minimize their infestation, and eventually provides space for perpetuation of seedlings of other native species. Government, NGOs and private owners should come in front to support such efforts for the well being of environment and biodiversity.

2 illus, 10 ref

005087   Sachan N K;Srivastava U;Sachan A K (NO, Univ Grants Commission, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi) : Livelihood empowerment opportunities through planned tapping of medicinal plants as minor forest produce. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2015, 23(1), 24-30.

Forests are the incredible gift of nature. These have benefited humanity not only by providing water, oxygen and soil conservation but also offer financial support to human being through articles of day-to-day utility like wood, fodder, fruits, flowers, herbs honey, wax etc. The directly found products in abundance from forest like wood, fodder (forage, bait) etc. are spoken as to be major forest produce. Whereas the products that are available comparatively in minute quantity such as amla, fruit, gum, honey, wax, flower, herbs and nectar etc. are called minor forest produce. Now-a-days when biodiversity and forest conservation is focused all around and there is utter need aforethought resources towards eradication of famishment and unemployment. Under such circumstances harnessing the available forest minor produce particularly herbs, flowers, honey and wax etc. in proper manner can be an option for the sustained livelihood to territorial community. In the present scenario livelihood empowerment through planned tapping of minor forest produce could serve a joint conciliation for effective management of poverty, starvation and forest conservation. In spite of the rising demands of natural products day-by-day, the biodiversity (especially forest produce) could have not been utilized optimally for long term opportunity for livelihood empowerment as expected. Hence, the objective of present paper is to evolve prosperity and equity in society and to encourage simultaneously the conservation and promotion of natural resources and environment by imparting public interest towards forests with involvement of families around forest area and rural community primarily women and paupers providing them option for empowerment of their livelihood through forest resources.

1 table, 13 ref

005086   Paliwal D P;Chandrakanta;Paliwal A K;Deepa Kumari;Joshi G (NO, Central Silk Board, Research Extension Centre, Bageshwar, Uttarakhand, Email: chandrakanta11oct@yahoo.co.in) : Occurrence of a lepidopteran species Samia cynthia drury on primary host plant species Litsea monopetala Roxb. of muga silkworm in district Bageshwar, Uttarakhand, India. Pl Archs 2015, 15(1), 89-91.

The present study deals with the occurrence of wild silkmoth Samia cynthia Drury on nature grown one of the primary host plant species Litsea monopetala Roxb. of muga silkwormspecies Antheraea assamensis Helfer, which is exclusively cultivated in Assam for production of precious muga silk fibre in India only in the world. The detailed biology of insect was carried out on nature grown host plant under natural weather in District Bageshwar of State Uttarakhand, India. The incidence of the wild silk moth recorded during onset of winter at an altitude of 3000ft. The larval period on an average recorded 30 days. The spun cocoons were in tan-brown colour and the average cocoon weight for male and female was recorded 1.5g and 1.92g, respectively.

1 illus, 7 ref

005085   Mary Kensa V;Neelamegam R (Botany Dep, PG and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, Email: surejkensa@gmail.com) : Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Ruellia tuberosa L. grown in unpolluted and polluted areas. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2015, 17(1), 193-7.

Experiments were carried out to evaluate andcompare the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic whole plant extract of Ruellia tuberosa L. collected from unpolluted and polluted areas by using a carrageenan induced paw oedema method. The results showed that the reduction of carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats treated with ethanol extract wasdose dependent. The carrageenan induced paw oedema volume was increased up to 5 days followed by a reduction. The rate of paw oedema volume reduction was more in indomethacin treated rats (59.47%) as compared to carrageenan treated rats (46.08%). The ethanol extract of R. tuberosa from unpolluted soil showed maximum reduction of paw oedema volume (57.66%) at high dose (400 mg/kg body wt) oral administration in rats on 15th day after treatment as compared to other treatments. The result indicates the efficacy of R. tuberosa as an anti-inflammatory agent and justifies the use of this plant as an anti-oedematousagent.

1 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

005084   Lohidas J;Sujin D (Botany and Research Centre Dep, Scott Christian College (Autonomous), Nagercoil-629 003, Email: lohiscott@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of growth hormones in the micropropagation of banana cv. matti. Pl Archs 2015, 15(1), 307-14.

Banana is an important fruit crop of the family musaceae. In Kanyakumari District, many varieties of banana are cultivated. Matti is one among them which fetches good price in the market and farmers called, it as money spinner. This study carry out the micro propagation of banana cv. Matti. The sword suckers of three months old were used as explants. The explants sterilised thoroughly and MS media supplemented with the cytokinins like BAP, kinetin, zeatin and adenine sulphate in different concentration (0.5 to 5.5 mg/l) were used for the multiple shoot generation and shoot growth. Among the tested cytokinins BAP in medium concentration performed well and higher concentration of all tested cytokinins showed declining effect. Generated shoot initials were transferred to the rooting media after three sub cultures. For rooting MS media was supplemented with different levels of IBA. Rooting was highly promoted in the medium concentration of IBA. After 115th day of inoculation the plantlets were transferred to green house for hardening and subsequently planted in the field after 30 days of acclimatization.

4 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

005083   Lohidas J;Parthipan B;Bency A (Botany and Research Centre Dep, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil-629 003, Email: a.bencyprince@gmail.com) : Medico-Botanical studies of angiosperms from AVM canal bank in Kanya Kumari district, Tamil Nadu, India. Pl Archs 2015, 15(1), 93-100.

This article deals with the medicinal plant diversity of Anantha Victoria Marthandavarma canal of Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India. The AVM canal is a prestigious water canal constructed by Marthandavarma, the king of former Travancore State. Eighty five medicinal plants were identified from the study area. All the plants studied have medicinal values, which are used to treat various human diseases. Some of them have antibacterial, antiviral and anti-poisonous effect. A threatened medicinal plant Calophyllum inophyllum identified from the study area is in the verge of extension. Therefore, the conservation of the medicinal plants is very important for the near future generation.

1 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

005082   Khare P B;Behera S K;Singh A P (Pteridology Laboratory, Plant Diversity, Systematic & Herbarium Div, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001) : Fern house of CSIR-national botanical research institute and its significance. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2015, 23(1), 59-70.

Pteridophytes (Ferns and fern allies) are the non-flowering vascular plants and hold intermediate position in the plant kingdom. To conserve these plants, a pyramid shaped fern house is established in an area of 593 sq. m. where ideal climatic conditions have been maintained. In this house more than 65 species including economic, exotic, relic and threatened species have been conserved and are being propagated. Notable among these are: Adiantum peruvianum, A.hispidulum, Blechnum occidentale, Bolbitis heteroclita, Diplazium esculentum, Doryopteris ludens, Drynaria quercifolia, Equisetum debile, Lygodium flexuosum, Helminthostachys zeylanica Microsorium alternifolium, Nephrolepis cordifolia, N. cordifolia cv. 'duffii', N. tuberosa, Ophioglossum reticulatum, Psilotum nudum, Pteris cretica cv. 'albolineata', P. vittata and Selaginella bryopteris. Mass multiplication of several significant species has been standardized and is also released for sale.

23 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

005081   Karne A V (Botany Dep, Shahajiraje Mahavidyalaya, Khatav-415 505, Email: dr.avinashkarne@yahoo.com) : Atmospheric concentration of fungal bioaerosols over wheat fields. Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(1), 529-33.

Investigation was undertaken to understand the incidence of different fungal bioaerosols in the atmosphere over Wheat fields during Rabi Season by operating Volumetric Tilak Air Sampler. Altogether, 50 types of bioaerosols were identified of which 45 belonged to fungal spore origin and remaining 5 types belonged to group Other types. Out of the total 45 types, 27 belonged to Deuteromycotina, 11 to Ascomycotina, 3 to Basidiomycotina, 2 to Zygomycotina and 2 to Mastigomycotina. Bioaerosols obtained peak in the month of February with 34174/m^{3 of air and 25.9 spore percentage, when there was record of 24.6°C mean temperature, 51.8% mean relative humidity and 3.5mm rainfall. The allergenic and pathogenic nature of bioaerosols is discussed and the effect of prevailing meteorological parameters on these bioaerosols is presented in this paper.}

3 tables, 25 ref

005080   Kabade K H;Patel Z P (Entomology Dep, N.M. College of Agriculture, N.A.U, Navsari, Gujarat, Email: kailash.kabade1003@gmail.com) : Biochemical constituents of teak leaves and their influence on teak defoliator and skeletonizer. Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(1), 549-53.

In order to determine the biochemical constituents of teak leaves and their influence on teak defoliator and skeletonizer, the study was conducted in the Laboratories of Biotechnology and Agricultural Chemistry of ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat during 2010 and 2011. Result revealed that average phenol, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and protein contents to the tune of (28.81mg phenol/100g), (2.13mg/g tissue), (2.52mg/g tissue) and (7.65mg/100g sample) respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between leaf damage caused by defoliator and skeletonizer and chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b while, it was significant but negative with respect to protein and phenol contents.

2 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

005079   Joshi N;Joshi A (Botany Dep, Rizvi College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mumbai, Email: niteshcjoshi@gmail.com) : Dust monitoring potentials of ruderal vegetation of Mumbai. J Ind Pollut Control 2013, 29(2), 255-60.

Foliar surfaces of the leaf are the first of the plant system to receive the impact of dust particles in the atmosphere. Leaf surfaces characterized by presence of hair, trichomes and wax act as a trap for dust particles. Different plant species capture dust in different quantities depending on their morphology and phyllotaxy. This characteristic can be used to monitor dust in the environment. The city of Mumbai has several areas which lie barren on the side of the roads which are dominated by naturally growing plants. Six most commonly growing plants on the road side in the city of Mumbai were selected to study their dust capturing capacities. These were Abutilon indicum (L.), Achymnthes porphyrystachya (L.), Hyptis sauveolens(L.), Ipomoea carnea (Jacq.), Malachra capitata(L.) and Xanthium strumarium(L.). Foliar dust deposits were collected form ten different sites within and outside the city. Due to the morphological structure of the leaf, Hyptis sauveolens(L.) was found to be the best dust collector, being seven times more efficient at dust accumulation than Ipomoea carnea which collected the least dust (ANOVA, F=2.6, P <60> 0.05). While the remaining plants A. porphyrystachya, M.capitata and X. strumarium did not statistically differ in their dust accumulating capacity. Plants growing along highway showed maximum dust deposition. Hyptis sauveolens can effectively be used to phytomonitor ambient dust load in the city of Mumbai.

3 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

005078   Jazi S B;Oregani K E (Biology Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Boroujerd Branch, Lorestan, Iran, Email: fajryekta@gmail.com) : Role of salicylic acid treatment on the growth, photosynthetic pigment of Brassica napus L. under lead stress. Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(1), 1-8.

Heavy metals pollution is a big problem for the large parts of the world. Lead is a heavy metal with high toxicity that Inhibition of germination and retardation of plant growth are commonly observed due to it toxicity. The very important role of salicylic acid (SA) in response to different stress and modification and decline damages due to stress has established in different studies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different concentration of salicylic acid on enhancement characteristics of Brassica napus L. under lead stress. The lead poisons and also the role of salicylic acid as a modifier on some of the physiological parameters in Colza (Opera and Okapi cultivars) were investigated. Then Colza seedlings were grown for 10 days in hydroponic culture in presence of Pb (NO₃)₂ (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2 mM). For observation of interaction effects of lead and salicylic acid, 3 levels of SA (0, 5 and 10 μM) with three replications were applied. The results indicated that the increase of lead concentration caused a significant reduction (p<60>0.01) in root and stem length, shoot and root dry weights and leaf area. Also photosynthetic pigments significantly decreased (p<60>0.01). The extent of toxicity increased with the increasing concentration of lead. Seedlings treated with both lead and salicylic acid showed an increase in most of the parameters compared to plants without salicylic acid treatment. In two colza cultivars, the application of exogenous salicylic acid counteracted the deleterious effects of lead on most of the parameters.

5 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

005077   Hansda M S;Roy A K (Botany Univ Dep, T.M. Bhagalpur Univ, Bhagalpur, Email: subhasinimary@gmail.com) : Distribution and diversity of vam fungi in rhizosphrere soil ofiron ore mines of Jeraldaburu, Jharkhand. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2015, 17(1), 149-51.

In order to determine the diversity of VAM fungi in the rhizosphere soil of Iron ore mine of Jeraldaburu District West Singbhum Jharkhand, the dominant plant species viz., Shorea robusta, Bauhinia vahli, Dioscorea pentaphylla, Costus speciosus, Emblica officinalis and Phyllanthus sp. were taken into consideration. The percent of root colonization (RC) for confirmation of infectivity and spore population (SP) for diversity of VAM fungi were studied. Root samples were collected randomly from 10 sites numbering 1-5 from mine lease area and 6-10 from outside mine lease area. Highest root colonization and spore population were recorded from site- 4 in the mine lease area, whereas, RC and SP were found maximum in site- 6 and 8 in the surrounding area. Altogether 18 species of AM fungi belonging to five genera viz. Acaulospora, Glomus, Gigaspora, Sclerocystis and Scutellospora were isolated both from mine lease area and surrounding area. Nine different species of the genus Glomus were recorded of which Glomus fasciculatum was found to constitute dominant VAM fungus followed by species of Acaulospora and other species of Glomus.

2 tables, 10 ref

005076   Chakraborty S;Mukherjee D;Baskey S (NO, , 90, Rajdanga School Road, P.O. East Kolkata, Township, Kolkata-700 107) : Paradigm of demographic stochasticity-way to extinction of Valeriana jatamansi Jones, a valuable medicinal plant in North Eastern Himalayan region. Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(1), 521-8.

Valeriana jatamansi Jones a newly introduced medicinal plant from Himachal Pradesh to Kalimpong, north eastern Himalayan region was conserved in the field gene banks of Kalimpong, Regional Research Station for its highly active medicinal properties and endangered listed category of the IUCN list of plants. Morphological characterization and selection of this plant was done in the field gene banks maintained at regional research stations for developing lines and ultimately releasing of composite varieties. Three types of plant phenotype having entire, sinuate and wavy type of leaf margin was observed in the heterogeneous population maintained at field gene bank in Regional Research station. Demographic stochasticity was observed in the population of three morphotypes where sinuate leaf blade plants was found to be lowest among other two types (below fifty in number) in the same environmental condition in this conservation. According to well known paradigm of demographic stochasticity, it is one of the probable causes of extinction of endangered individuals less than the size of 100 individuals in any region of the world. Demographic stochasticity along with allelic effect factors which itself is positive density dependence on growth rate of the plant was found extremely low which is alarming from conservation point of view.

3 illus, 53 ref

005075   Borah R L (Botany Dep, D.H.S.K. College, Dibrugarh-786 001, Email: rajibl_borah@yahoo.co.in) : Updated account of the name changes of the monocotyledonous plant species included in the fifth and final volume of "flora of Assam (1940)". Pl Archs 2015, 15(1), 287-91.

In North East India, "Flora of Assam" is an important flora as it includes result of pioneering floristic work on Angiosperms & Gymnosperms in the region. But, in this flora, the problems of name changes appear before the new researchers. Therefore, an attempt is made here to prepare an updated account of the new names against their old counterparts of the plants included in the 5th volumes of the flora, on the basis of recent standard taxonomic literatures. Earlier, the name changes of the plants included in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd & 4th volumes are already published & this is the final part of the work. In the process, new names of 119 monocotyledonous plant species included in the concerned flora are compiled out.

49 ref

004316   Zoto A;Backa T;Harxhi A;Toti F;Selimi B (Rheumatology Dep, University Hospital Center "Mother Teresa", Tirana, Albania) : Evaluation of treatment with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2014, 3(4), 711-15.

Aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment and adverse effects of rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory by disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs therapies. This is a prospective study involving 50 patients with high activity of rheumatoid arthritis. All patients fulfill the criteria of American College of Rheumatology and the European League Against Rheumatism for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. These patients were hospitalized in the clinic of Rheumatology and followed as outpatients. Rituximab was administered as a 1000-mg intravenous infusion on days 1 and 15. Before treatment, all patients were with high disease activity, DAS 28 <62> 5.1, while after treatment with rituximab at 24 weeks, 5 (10%) patients had no improvement, where DAS 28 was <62> 5.1; 11 (22%) patients had partial improvement, where DAS 28 was <60> 5.1 to <62> 3.2; 34 (68%) patients had significant improvement where DAS 28 was <60> 3.2. Treatment with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory by Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs therapies is effective, tolerabe and stable by controlling the symptoms of the disease and prevent progression of articular damage. Some patients have required repetition of the treatment with rituximab after 6 or 12 months, according to the activity of the disease.

15 ref

004315   Vinod Kumari;Gehlot R K (Botany Dep, Govt Dungar College, Bikaner (Rajasthan), Email: kumari.vinod13@gmail.com) : Estimation of free endogenous ascorbic acid in some threatened plants of the arid region of Rajasthan. Life Sci Bull 2014, 11(2), 129-36.

Free endogenous ascorbic acid contents were analysed in stems, leaves and fruits of three selected threatened plants viz. Monsonia heliotropioides, Psoralea odorata and Seetzenia lanata. Maximum ascorbic acid contents were found in the fruits of Seetzenia lanata (127.13 mg/100 gdw) and minimum in the leaves of Monsonia heliotropioides (93.16 mg/100 gdw).

3 illus, 5 ref

004314   Venu P;Prasad K (Deccan Regional Centre, Botanical Survey of India, , Hyderabad-500 048, Email: pvenu.bsi@gmail.com) : The existential crisis in Indian Brachystelma(Apocynaceae). Curr Sci 2015, 109(4), 680-2.

1 illus, 17 ref

004313   Urkude S E;Gogle D P (Botany Dep, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur-440 033) : Effect of light stress on germination indices of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Int J pharm Res Biosci 2014, 3(4), 716-23.

In the present investigation effect of different colours of light (red, blue, red-blue and silver) on germination indices of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) were studied. In this study seven germination indices i.e. Total germination (also known as final germination percentage) (GT), Speed of germination (S), Speed of accumulated germination (AS), Coefficient of the rate of germination (CRG), Mean germination time (MGT), Speed of germination Index (SGI), Vigour index (VI) were calculated from same data to evaluate their effectiveness in data interpretation. Most of the germination indices were found to have highest value in presence of silver colour light. Present investigation supported the hypothesis that data interpretations depends on the choice of germination Index.

15 ref

004312   Singh J;Gupta S;Panchal S;Rahangdale Y;Rai S (NO, Research Institute Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Biotechnology C, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh) : Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of essential oil Ocimum sp. (tulsi) and extraction of pigment through thin layer chromatography. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2014, 3(4), 377-88.

The Genus Ocimum is a miraculous medicinal plant. The "Queen of Herbs" Tulsi is used as a medicinal plant in India for about five thousand years. In Hindu religion it is considered as a holy plant and especially Hindu women worship Tulsi every day in the early morning.The whole Tulsi plant is a rich source of phytochemicals which possess strong antioxidant, adaptogenic, antibacterial, antiviral, and immune resistance properties that enhance the general health and support the body to fight against disease causing germs. The essential oil is isolated by the steam disitilation using Clevenger-type apparatus from the leaves of the two Ocimum sp. i.e. Ocimum sanctum (Purple Leaf Tulsi) and Ocimum gratissimum (Green leaf Tulsi).The present study was conducted to obtain preliminary information on the antimicrobial activity of essential oil of ocimum sp. The disc diffusion and poisoned food method was applied to be used in this study. In the investigation highest zone of inhibition and food poison were found in powder from fresh leave extract against a the bacteria & Fungi.

6 ref