000864   Khamsen W;Aurasopon A;Sa-ngiamvibool W (Electrical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Mahasarakham Univ, Khamriang, Thailand) : Power factor improvement and voltage harmonics reduction in pulse width modulation AC chopper using bee colony optimization. IETE Tech Rev 2013, 30(3), 173-82.

This paper presents a new pulse width modulation (PWM) switching technique for a single phase AC chopper. In the proposed technique, the switching frequency is fixed and the optimal PWM switching angles are obtained by using bee colony optimization. This process can improve the input power factor and reduce the total harmonic distortion of the output voltage. The - 300 - performance of the proposed technique is compared with that of the conventional PWM through the simulation and experimental results.

15 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

000863   Kannan U;Krishnani P D (Reactor Physics Deisgn Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: uma_k@barc.gov.in) : Energy from thorium-an Indian perspective. Sadhana 2013, 38(5), 817-37.

Nuclear energy as a sustainable resource in India has been very clearly formulated in the three stage nuclear programme. The role of thorium as a potential fuel in the third stage of this programme has also been elucidated. With this aim there have been pioneering research efforts in all aspects of the thorium fuel cycle. Thorium being fertile and not accompanied by the fissile species requires the use of a fissile topping. There have been several studies in India on the use of thorium in different reactor systems from thermal to intermediate and fast spectrum, molten salt reactors, high temperature reactors, compact nuclear power packs and even Subcritical systems. In this paper, authors present some of the research studies on use of thorium in thermal reactor systems. Authors give an overview of the neutronic properties of thorium and the bred fissile material and then proceed to show the performance potential in different reactor systems. Also presented the innovative Indian reactor designs which utilize thorium, namely the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) and the Indian High Temperature Reactors.

15 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

000862   Kakodkar A;Singh R K (NO, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, Email: kakodkar@barc.gov.in) : Integrated safety assessment of Indian nuclear power plants for extreme events: reducing impact on public mind. Sadhana 2013, 38(5), 999-1025.

Nuclear energy professionals need to understand and address the catastrophe syndrome that of late seems to be increasingly at work in public mind in the context of nuclear energy. Classically the nuclear power reactor design and system evolution has been based on the logic of minimization of risk to an acceptable level and its quantification based on a deterministic approach and backed up by a further assessment based on the probabilistic methodology. However, in spite of minimiza-tion of risk, the reasons for anxiety and trauma in public mind that still prevails in the context of severe accidents needs to be understood and addressed. Margins between maximum credible accidents factored in the design and the ultimate load withstanding capacities of relevant systems need to be enhanced and guaranteed with a view to minimize release of radioactivity and avoid serious impact in public domain. A more realistic basis for management of an accident in public domain also needs to be quantified for this purpose. Assurance to public on limiting the consequences to a ' level that does not lead to a trauma is something that we need to be able to credibly demonstrate and confirm. The - 299 - findings from Chernobyl reports point to significant psychological effects and related health disorders due to large scale emergency relocation of people that could have been possibly reduced by an order of magnitude without significant additional safety detriment. A combination of probabilistic and deterministic approaches should be evolved further to minimize consequences in public domain through enhancing safety margins and adding greater precision to quantitatively predicting accident progression and its management. The paper presents the case studies of the extreme external event such as tsunami and its impact on the coastal nuclear plants in India, the containment integrity assessment under the extreme internal event of over-pressurization and aircraft impact along with hydrogen deflagration/detonation-induced loadings. These are at the moment extremely burning issues due to the severe accidents of Fukushima, Chernobyl and Three Mile Island reactors. In the present day context identifying the extreme loadings in a separate category and the corresponding margin assessment is necessary in addition to the implementation of the mitigation and upgraded safety measures. Further, the paper attempts to address the question of public trauma in the event of a serious nuclear reactor accident, a need that has been felt in view of the recent Fukushima and earlier Chernobyl accidents and the resulting large scale relocation due to the present deficient policies and the inherent limitations of Linear No Threshold (LNT) principle.

14 illus, 5 tables, 41 ref

000861   Joshi J B;Nayak A K;Singhal M;Mukhopadhaya D (NO, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400 094) : Core safety of Indian nuclear power plants (NPPs) under extreme conditions. Sadhana 2013, 38(5), 945-70.

Nuclear power is currently the fourth largest source of electricity production in India after thermal, hydro and renewable sources of electricity. Currently, India has 20 nuclear reactors in operation and seven other reactors are under construction. Most of these reactors are indigenously designed and built Heavy Water Reactors. In addition, a 300 MWe Advanced Heavy Water Reactor has already been designed and in the process of deployment in near future for demonstration of power production from Thorium apart from enhanced safety features by passive means. India has ambitious plans to enhance the share of electricity production from nuclear. The recent Fukushima accident has raised concerns of safety of Nuclear Power Plants worldwide. The Fukushima accident was caused by extreme events, i.e., large earthquake followed by gigantic Tsunami which are not expected to hit India's coast considering the geography of India and historical records. Nevertheless, systematic investigations have been conducted by nuclear scientists in India to evaluate the safety of the current Nuclear Power Plants in case of occurrence of such extreme events in any nuclear site. This paper gives a brief outline of the safety features of Indian Heavy Water Reactors for prevention and mitigation of such extreme events. The probabilistic safety analysis revealed that the risk from Indian Heavy Water Reactors are negligibly small.

8 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

000860   Joshi B M;Chandorkar M C (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, Email: bmjoshi@ee.iitb.ac.in) : Two-motor single-inverter field-oriented induction machine drive dynamic performance. Sadhana 2014, 39(2), 391-407.

Multi-machine, single-inverter induction motor drives are attractive in situations in which all machines are of similar ratings, and operate at approximately the same load torques. The advantages include small size compared to multi-inverter system, lower weight and overall cost. However, field oriented control of such drives is a challenge since no two motors will have exactly the same operating conditions at any time. In general, at least some motors in the system will operate away from perfect field orientation. It is therefore important to analyse their torque - 298 - dynamics carefully. This paper discusses existing multi-machine field-oriented control methods, and analyses and compares them from the viewpoint of dynamic performance. For this, an analytical framework based on small-signal analysis is developed to compare multi-machine control methods. This analysis is verified by simulations and experiments.

15 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

000859   Jha R K;Soni B;Aizawa K (NO, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing Dumna Airport Road, PO: Khamariya, Jabalpur) : Logo extraction from audio signals by utilizationfo internal noise. IETE J Res 2013, 59(3), 270-9.

Dynamic Stbchastic Resonance (DSR)-based watermark extraction technique in discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain has been presented for copyright protection of audio signals. Watermark as a logo is embedded into the most prominent peaks of the highest energy segment of the audio DCT coefficients. DSR has been used to improve the robustness of the extraction algorithm by utilizing the degradation that introduces during various signal processing and geometrical attacks. Tuning of the DCT coefficients of the watermarked signal by noise-induced resonance improves the authenticity of the watermarked signal. DSR is an iterative process due to which the effect of noise is suppressed and hidden information is enhanced. Response of the proposed extraction scheme suggests increased robustness against various attacks such as noise addition, cropping, re-sampling, re-quantization, MP3 compression, and echo without trading-off with visual quality of the watermarked logo. Comparison with the existing DCT, DWT, and SVD techniques shows the better performance in terms of correlation coefficient and visual quality of extracted watermark.

8 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

000858   Jan L;Zafar M H;Ali S U;Khan Babar M I (Computer Systems Engineering Dep, Engineering and Technology Univ, Peshawar, Pakistan) : Comprehensive approach toward the feasibility of radio over fiber technology for WiMAX systems. IETE Tech Rev 2013, 30(3), 200-09.

To meet the explosive demands of high-capacity and broadband wireless access, modern cell-based wireless networks have trends, i.e. continuous increase in the number of cells and utilization of higher frequency bands. It leads to a large amount of Base Stations (BSs) to be deployed; therefore, cost-effective BS development is a key to - 297 - success in the market. In order to reduce the system cost, Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology has been proposed since it provides functionally simple BSs that are interconnected to a central Control Station via an optical fiber. The well-known advantages of optical fiber as a transmission medium such as low loss, light weight, large bandwidth characteristics, small size, and low cable cost make it the ideal and most flexible solution for efficiently transporting radio signals to remotely located antenna sites in a wireless network. In addition to its transmission properties, the insensitivity of fiber optic cables to electromagnetic radiation is a key benefit in their implementation as the backbone of a wireless network. This paper will provide an overview of RoF technology, followed by the description of suitable architectures for the deployment of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) networks employing RoF systems. Main issues and challenges in the deployment of WiMAX employing RoF technology will be discussed in detail after reviewing some experimental and theoretical work. Furthermore, a simulation model for IEEE 802.16e is studied and simulation results are shown.

16 illus, 8 ref

000857   Izumi C;Akutagawa S;Sekhar C R;Kataria R;Abe R;Haga H (NO, Oriental Consultant Ltd, Tokyo, Japan, Email: chalumuri.ravisekhar@gmail.com) : On-site visualization monitoring for long span bridge on Delhi metro project. Curr Sci 2014, 106(9), 1280-96.

A new monitoring scheme, based on the concept of on-site visualization (OSV), was successfully applied for monitoring safety conditions during construction of a long span cantilever bridge in Delhi Metro Phase-II project in 2010. The bridge construction with challenging features included a 100 m long span over the Northern Railways tracks passing below, the balanced cantilever construction methodology with a see-saw condition of the pin-connected girder during segment casting processes and a horizontal curvature of the girder with 300 m radius. The light-emitting sensors with dual functions, namely sensing and simultaneous visual output of measured results, were employed in this project and played crucial roles to capture unique behaviours of the bridge under construction and to ensure safety throughout the project.

20 illus, 11 ref

000856   Harpal Singh;Lakhwinder Kaur;Kulbir Singh (NO, Rayat-Bahra Institute of Engineering and Bio-technology, Kharar-141 104, Email: sharpal2013@gmail.com) : Fractional M-band dual tree complex wavelet transform for digital watermarking. Sadhana 2014, 39(2), 345-61.

In this paper, a novel digital watermarking scheme using fractional M-band dual tree complex wavelet transform (Fr-M-band-DT-CWT) is proposed. High frequency channels have wide bandwidth and low frequency channels have narrow bandwidth. These characteristics are suitable for analysing low frequency signal, but not for relatively high frequency signal. The images often contain many edges, which may cause rich middle and high frequency components in the 2-band wavelet domain. Therefore, the ordinary 2-band dual tree complex wavelet transform (DT-CWT) is not well-suited for analysing the image. So, the M-band DT-CWT with the FrFT called Fr-M-band-DT-CWT is proposed in this paper to address this problem. Further, we integrate the Fr-M-band-DT-CWT with singular value decomposition (SVD) in order to enhance the performance. Experimental results of the proposed watermarking scheme are compared with the previously available watermarking algorithms, fractional Fourier transform (FrFT), fractional wavelet transform (FrWT). Further, the proposed watermark extraction scheme is also tested on different attacks. The results of the present investigations show that the proposed watermarking scheme is superior as compared to other existing watermarking schemes.

17 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

000855   Grover R B;Puri R R (NO, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400 094, Email: rbgrover@hbni.ac.in) : Development of human resources for Indian nuclear power programme. Sadhana 2013, 38(5), 1051-64.

The continuing research and development on nuclear technology by research establishments in the country and maturing of Indian industry have brought the nuclear energy programme in India to a stage where it is poised to take a quantum leap forward. The vision of expansion of nuclear power also requires a well-structured specialized human resource development programme. This paper discusses the requirements of the human resource development programme for nuclear energy, the challenges in the way of its realization, its national and international status and traces the history of nuclear education in the country. It brings out the linkage of human resource development programme with the nuclear energy programme in the country. It also describes the initiatives by the university system in the area of nuclear education and support provided by the Department of Atomic Energy to the university system by way of extra-mural funding and by providing access to research - 296 - facilities.

2 tables, 3 ref

000854   Grewal N S;Rattan M;Patterh M S (NO, Guru Nank Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana-141 006, Email: narwant@gndec.ac.in ) : Linear antenna array failure correction with null steering using firefly algorithm. Def Sci J 2014, 64(2), 136-42.

The element failure of digital beam forming array antenna systems used in defence equipment increases the side lobe power level which distorts the beam pattern of the antenna array. The problem of array failure correction becomes more complex when null steering conditions are required to be added. In this paper, the problem of linear antenna array failure has been addressed with multiple wide band null steering using firefly algorithm (FA) by controlling the amplitude and phase excitation of array elements. A fitness function in the form of template has been formulated to obtain the error between original (pre-failed) side lobe pattern and measured side lobe pattern and this error function has been minimized using FA. Numerical example of element failure correction of element failure of array along with multiple nulls is presented to show the capability of this flexible approach.

7 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

000853   Goktepe F;Serdar Kuyuk H;Celebi E (Civil Engineering Dep, Sakarya Univ, Sakarya 54187, Email: fgoktepe@sakarya.edu.tr) : Efficiency of wave impeding barrier in pipeline construction under earthquake excitation using nonlinear finite element analysis. Sadhana 2014, 39(2), 419-36.

Earthquakes have caused colossal casualties and severe damages to engineering structures and especially leading to substantial economic loss to the underground structures and/or infrastructures. Pipelines are one of most important component of lifeline engineering. For instance, the Southern Caucasus- Eastern Turkey energy corridors are formed by several key pipelines carrying crude oil and natural gas from Azerbaijan, via Georgia, to world markets through Mediterranean Sea. Many project accomplished recently and construction of new corridors are still going on. They should be protected from earthquake disaster - 295 - especially when they pass through high seismicity zones. The installation of wave impeding barriers (WIB) below the vulnerable infrastructures as pipelines established in soft soil can be used to reduce the effect of the earthquake induced ground borne vibrations. In this paper, a WIB as artificial bedrock based on the cut-off frequency of a soil layer over bedrock is proposed as isolation measurement in order to mitigate the dynamic response of the buried pipelines under earthquake strong ground motion. The computational simulation of the wave propagation problem is directly achieved by employing nonlinear 2D finite element modelling for prediction of screening performance of WIB on the dynamic response of vibrating coupled soil-pipeline system. Energy absorbing boundaries along the truncated interfaces of the unbounded nature of the underlying soil media are implemented in the time domain along with Newmark's integration. An extensive parametric investigation and systematic computations are performed with different controlling parameters. The obtained numerical results point out that WIB can be very promising as an isolator to protect pipelines when they establish for a certain depth.

11 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

000852   Gaidhane V H;Hote Y V;Vijander Singh (Instrumentation and Control Engineering Dep, NSIT, Delhi Univ, New Delhi, Email: vilasgd612@gmail.com) : A computationally efficient approach for template matching-based image registration. Sadhana 2014, 39(2), 317-31.

Image registration using template matching is an important step in image processing. In this paper, a simple, robust and computationally efficient approach is presented. The proposed approach is based on the properties of a normalized covari-ance matrix. The main advantage of the proposed approach is that the image matching can be achieved without calculating eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a covariance matrix, hence reduces the computational complexity. The experimental results show that the proposed approach performs better in the presence of various noises and rigid geometric transformations.

4 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

000851   Faghih M M;Khosravinia Z;Moghaddam M E (Electrical and Computer Engineering Dep, Shahid Beheshti Univ, G.C, Tehran, Iran, Email: m_faghih@sbu.ac.ir) : A new colour constancy algorithm based on automatic determination of gray framework parameters using neural network. Sadhana 2014, 39(2), 267-81.

Colour constancy is defined as the ability to estimate the actual colours of objects in an acquired image disregarding the colour of scene illuminant. Despite large variety of existing methods, no colour constancy algorithm can be considered as universal. Among the methods, the gray framework is one of the best-known and most used approaches. This framework has some parameters that should be set with appropriate values to achieve the best performance for each image. In this article, we propose a neural network-based algorithm that aims to automatically determine the best value of gray framework parameters for each image. It is a multi-level approach that estimates the optimal values for the gray framework parameters based on relevant features extracted from the input image. Experimental results on two popular colour constancy datasets show an acceptable improvement over state-of-the-art methods.

3 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

000850   Dutta D (NO, Institute for Systems Studies and Analyses, Delhi-110 054, Email: dutta1622@yahoo.co.in) : Probabilistic analysis of anti-ship missile defence effectiveness. Def Sci J 2014, 64(2), 123-9.

Effective missile defence systems are primary requirement for naval ships to counter lethal anti-ship cruise missile attacks in today's naval warfare scenario. Anti-ship ballistic missiles would further add worry to ship missile defence. The paper discusses a probabilistic analysis of missile defence system effectiveness by considering a simple scenario of a single ship defence with multiple interceptors against a single non-maneuvering missile attack. The - 294 - ship's interceptor hard kill lethality is taken as the measures of effectiveness in the analysis. The paper discusses effect of different firing policies, multi-sensor and layered defence to achieve maximum ship survivability.

1 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

000849   Divya K;Renji K (Structures Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Airport Road, Bangalore-560 017, Email: renji@isac.gov.in) : Response of spacecraft with close modes subjected to sine sweep excitation. J Spacecraft Technol 2014, 25(1), 9-19.

Spacecraft experience many types of dynamic loads during launch. The low frequency transients are normally expressed in terms of sine loads. They are simulated using shaker systems through a sine sweep excitation. Though sine sweep excitation is applied during the sine vibration testing of the spacecraft, the acceleration responses are theoretically estimated using steady state estimation techniques. The steady state responses of a single degree-of-freedom system are very much comparable with the responses due to sine sweep excitation and the relations between them are well established. In this work, investigations are carried out on the above behaviour in a multi-degree-of-freedom system like spacecraft. It is shown that when the modes are well separated the response characteristics are similar to that of the single degree-of-freedom system. When the modes are very close, separated by 0.2 Hz, the response of the second mode is very much influenced by the transient response component of the first mode. A suitable time step for estimating the response to sine sweep excitation is also discussed.

14 illus, 10 tables, 5 ref

000848   Devadas Shenoy Y;Intiyas Pasha M;Hareesh N K (Communication Systems Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore-560 017, Email: devadas@isac.gov.in) : Software defined tele-command receiver with digital FM/PSK demodulator for space application. J Spacecraft Technol 2014, 25(1), 21-8.

This paper presents the architecture and performance results of the S-band Digital Tele command (TC) receiver realized for SARAL (Satellite for ARgos and AL tika) satellite. Anew Software Defined Radio (SDR) receiver has been designed with all digital FM/PSK/PCM demodulation with 4 Kbps data rate. The receiver is designed to have full compliance with the CCSDS standard for interoperability. The achieved Tele command threshold is -108 dBm. The FM/PSK demodulation happens in digital domain employing Arc-Tangent Detection algorithm for FM demodulation, Data demodulation using Costas loop and Bit synchronizer for clock recovery. These are implemented using resource saving multiplier less distributed arithmetic architecture on high speed FPGA. The realized receiver is of small size and consumes low DC power. It employs new state of art components, RFICs and digital high speed devices for performance enhancements.

10 illus, 9 ref

000847   Deshpande S;Patnaik M N M;Shankar Narayan S; Mittal V (Structures Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore, Email: sameer@isac.gov.in) : Force measurement device for spacecraft vibration tests. J Spacecraft Technol 2014, 25(1), 45-52.

Conventionally during spacecraft vibration test the input at its global modes is notched to dynamic CLA base forces and moments. Presently at IS AC, the base force during spacecraft vibration test is estimated by indirect methods like from armature current, interfacestrainsetc. However these conventional methods have limitations and fail to accurately estimate the base force/moment in certain cases. This necessitates the requirement for direct base force measurement. Force measurement devices (FMDs) are designed, developed and implemented for spacecraft vibration tests for mini and micro satellites. Basically it uses tri-axial force gauges capable of measurement in all three directions. Detailed design and configuration of the FMD and its application are discussed in this paper. It also gives the details of the implementation of force measurement of for spacecraft vibration tests. Spacecraft CG response and effective masses for major modes estimated from the base - 293 - force measurement are brought out and compared with theoretical predictions.

13 illus, 6 tables, 8 ref

000846   Deshpande S;Kaw P (NO, Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat Village, Gandhinagar-382 428, Email: spd@ipr.res.in) : Fusion research programme in India. Sadhana 2013, 38(5), 839-48.

The fusion energy research program of India is summarized in the context of energy needs and scenario of tokamak advancements on domestic and international fronts. In particular, the various technologies that will lead us to ultimately build a fusion power reactor are identified along with the steps being taken for their indigenous development.

5 illus, 8 ref

000845   Deshmukh A A;Kadam A A;Ray K P (EXTC Dep, DJSCOE, Vile-Parle (West)) : Analysis of slot cut broadband and dual-band rectangular microstrip antennas. IETE J Res 2013, 59(3), 193-200.

Broadband and dual-band rectangular microstrip antenna is realized by cutting pair of toothbrush-shaped or step slots along the non-radiating edges of the patch. The toothbrush-shaped slot is said to introduce TM_d0 mode in between the TM₁₀ and TM₂₀ modes of the rectangular patch and realizes broadband response. In step slot cut configuration, the slot introduces a mode near the TM₁₀ mode resonance frequency of the patch and realizes dual frequencies. In this paper, a detail analysis to study the effect of slots on the broadband and dual-band response in these rectangular microstrip antennas (RMSAs) is presented. It was observed that the slot does not introduce any mode but modifies the resonance frequency of higher order orthogonal mode and realizes broadband and dual-band response. The slot alters the direction of surface currents at higher order mode and gives similar radiation pattern characteristics over the broader bandwidth and at the dual frequencies. In broadband RMSA, a formulation of resonant length at modified TM₀₂ mode is proposed. The frequency calculated using the same closely agrees with the simulated result.

7 illus, 21 ref

000844   Chuah J H;Holburn D (Engineering Dep, Electrical Engineering Division, Cambridge Univ, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, United Kingdom) : Low-noise transimpedance amplifier for pixelated CMOS photon detector in the scanning electron microscope. IETE J Res 2013, 59(3), 226-30.

A low-noise transimpedance amplifier for pixelated CMOS photon detector for the use in the scanning electron microscope is presented. From simulation, this optimized circuit exhibits a total input-referred noise of 1.77 x 10^{-10 A with a bandwidth of 3.5 MHz or equivalent to 95 fA/VHz. The TIA was fabricated in a 0.35 - 292 - μm CMOS technology and dissipates 56:43 mW from a 3.3 V supply. The prototype TIA was proven experimentally to work at a frequency in excess of 3.5 MHz and produce a transimpedance gain of 127.68 dBΩ.}

8 illus, 8 ref

000843   Chetal S C;Chellapandi P (Reactor Design Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102, Email: pcp@igcar.gov.in) : Indian fast reactor technology: current status and future programme. Sadhana 2013, 38(5), 795-815.

Paper brings out the advantages of fast breeder reactor and importance of developing closed nuclear fuel cycle for the large scale energy production, which is followed by its salient safety features. Further, the current status and future strategy of the fast reactor programme since the inception through 40 MWt/13 MWe Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR), is highlighted. The challenges and achievements in science and technology of FBRs focusing on safety are described with the particular reference to 500 MWe capacity Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), being commissioned at Kalpakkam. Roadmap with comprehensive R&D for the large scale deployment of Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor (SFRs) and timely introduction of metallic fuel reactors with emphasis on breeding gain and enhanced safety are being brought out in this paper.

20 illus, 17 ref

000842   Chekuri R S;Anand Raji (NO, defense Avionics Research Establishment, Bangalore, Email: ravishankar@dare.drdo.in) : Registration of airborne infrared images using platform attitude information. Def Sci J 2014, 64(2), 130-5.

In current warfare scenario stealth and passive threat detection capabilities are considered as prime requirements to accomplish desired mission by the fighter aircrafts. To improve the stealth of an aircraft, the trend is towards detecting threats with the help of passive sensors (electro optic or infrared). Current situation caters for systems like infrared search and track (IRST) and Passive missile warning systems (PMWS). Both IRST and PMWS systems detect targets of interest by processing IR images acquired in mid-IR region. The prime challenge in IRST system or PMWS is detecting a moving target of size typically 1~2 pixels in acquired image sequences. The temporal change caused by moving target in consecutive frames can be considered as one important factor to detect them. The temporal change caused by moving target is identified through absolute frame differencing of successive frames. This principle has limitation in application to IRST and PMWS as the imaging sensor with the aircraft is moving. This motion also imparts temporal change in the acquired images. In this paper authors are proposing a method for removing the temporal change caused by the platform motion in two consequently acquired frames using registration process. The proposed method uses the platform attitude information at frame sampling times. Authors have analyzed the sensitivity of registration process to noisy platform attitude information.

2 tables, 8 tables, 24 ref

000841   Chaturvedi S;Saravanan G S;Bhat M K;Bhalke S; Badnikar S L;Muralidharan R;Koul S K (NO, Gallium Arsenide Enabling Tecnology Centre, Vignyana Kancha Post, Hyderabad) : Design and electrical characterization of wafer-level micro-package for GaAs-based RFMEMS switches. IETE J Res 2013, 59(3), 201-9.

Packaging of Micro-Electro-Mechanical system (MEMS) at wafer-level is one of the critical areas for its application, as the MEMS elements are delicate and can easily get damaged during wafer scribing or packaging process. We describe here a novel approach for wafer-level encapsulation of GaAs-based RFMEMS switches. EM simulation of the proposed microcaps has been carried out to study the effect of encapsulation on the switch performance. Both GaAs and Pyrex glass-based caps have been fabricated and the switches were encapsulated. The performance of the packaged switches has been characterized and the measured results show a close agreement with EM simulation.

13 illus, 17 ref

000840   Charles Raja S;Jeslin Drusila Nesamalar J; Venkatesh P (Electrical Electronics Engineering Dep, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Email: charlesrajas@gamil.com) : Transaction charges allocation using sensitivity factor methodology. Sadhana 2014, 39(2), 377-90.

Deregulation of the electricity industry aims for creating a competitive market to trade electricity, which generates a host of new technical challenges among market participants and power system researchers. One of the major challenges is to establish a cost for system services on a nondiscriminatory basis. In this paper, the evaluation of transmission cost is proposed based on sensitivity factor method like AC Power Transfer Distribution Factor (ACPTDF) method for bilateral and multilateral transactions. The transacted power is estimated by ACPTDF method for each transaction. The advantages of the proposed methodology are demonstrated on a sample 6 bus, IEEE 30 bus and Indian Utility 69 bus systems. The solution provides a better pricing approach that can impact a more reasonable economic indicator for transmission cost.

5 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

000839   Chandel A K;Patel R K (Electrical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh) : Bearing fault classification based on wavelet transform and artificial neural network. IETE J Res 2013, 59(3), 219-25.

Hybrid bearing faults classification scheme based on wavelet transformation and neural network is proposed. Basically, the proposed methodology identifies four different types of bearing faults. For classification of the faults, vibration signals have been utilized. The vibration signals are first decomposed into components in different sub-bands using discrete wavelet transformation. Subsequently, variance and variance of autocorrelation value extracted from decomposed signal have been used as input features for the neural network. The time interval between the impacts of original signal is also exploited to characterize the bearing vibration signals. A neural network follows to classify the extracted feature vector. Trained neural networks are able to classify different states of the bearing with 100% accuracy. The proposed procedure requires only a few input features, resulting in simple preprocessing and faster training. Effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated using the bearing vibration data obtained experimentally.

10 illus, 15 ref

000838   Bihari B K;Wani V S;Rao N P N;Singh P P; Bhattacharya B (NO, High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Pune-411 021, Email: bipin.drdo@gmail.com) : Determination of activation energy of relaxation events in composite solid propellants by dynamic mechanical analysis. Def Sci J 2014, 64(2), 173-8.

The shelf life of a composite solid propellant is one of the critical aspects for the usage of solid propellants. To assess the ageing behavior of the composite solid propellant, the activation energy is a key parameter. The activation energy is determined by analysis of visco-elastic response of the composite solid propellant when subjected to sinusoidal excitation. In the present study, dynamic mechanical analyzer was used to characterize six different types of propellants based on hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene, aluminium, ammonium perchlorate cured with toluene diisocyanate having burning rates varying from 5 mm/s to 25 mm/s at 7000 kPa. Each propellant sample was given a multi-frequency strain of 0.01 percent at three discrete frequencies (3.5 Hz, 11 Hz, 35 Hz) in the temperature range -80 °C to + 80 °C. It was observed that all the propellants have shown two relaxation events (α- and β- transition) in the temperature range -80 °C to +80 °C. The α-transition was observed between -66 °C and -51 °C and β-transition between 7 °C and 44 °C for the propellants studied. The activation energy for both transitions was determined by Arrhenius plot from dynamic properties measured at different frequencies and also by time temperature superposition principle using Williams-Landel-Ferry and Arrhenius temperature dependence equations. The data reveal that the activation energy corresponding to α-transition varies from 90 kJ/mol to 125 kJ/ mol for R-value between 0.7 to 0.9 while for β-transition the values are from 75 kJ/mol to 92 kJ/mol. The activation energy corresponding to (3-transition may be used to predict the useful life of solid propellant.

6 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

000837   Bhardwaj S A (NO, Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400 094, Email: sabhardwaj@gmail.com) : Indian nuclear power programme- past, present and future. Sadhana 2013, 38(5), 775-94.

Country is facing energy shortages at present for the - 289 - connected load. A large population even now does not have access to electricity. As the economy expands and the population increases, the country will need to generate even more power to meet the growing demand. Resources of energy are experiencing constraints to meet the current demand. The generating capacities in the country are underperforming at present because of fuel supply constraint. Analysis in the Energy Policy document hints that conventional fuel resources will begin to exhaust by middle of the century. All these indicate that for India to be able to meet its growing demand, nuclear and solar power could provide energy security in the long term. The first stage of commercially successful nuclear power programme has indicated that country has command on the technology through its own R&D base built since the beginning of establishing Department of Atomic Energy. On this strength it could withstand the technology denial regime for years. The second stage (Fast Breeder Reactor) programme has been initiated. Given the scientific and technological capability demonstrated so far, the technology required for optimizing the second stage programme and launching the third stage programme can be developed to assure long term energy security at the desired capacity.

8 illus, 36 ref

000836   Bajaj S S (NO, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai-400 094, Email: ssbajaj@aerb.gov.in) : Regulatory practices for nuclear power plants in India. Sadhana 2013, 38(5), 1027-50.

Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) is the national authority for ensuring that the use of ionizing radiation and nuclear energy does not cause any undue risk to the health of workers, members of the public and to the environment. AERB is responsible for the stipulation and enforcement of rules and regulations pertaining to nuclear and radiological safety. This paper describes the regulatory process followed by AERB for ensuring the safety of nuclear power plants (NPPs) during their construction as well as operation. This regulatory process has been continuously evolving to cater to the new developments in reactor technology. Some of the recent initiatives taken by AERB in this direction are briefly described. Today, AERB faces new challenges like simultaneous review of a large number of new projects of diverse designs, a fast growing nuclear power program and functioning of operating plants in a competitive environment. This paper delineates how AERB is gearing up to meet these challenges in an effective manner.

5 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

000835   Arivazhagan S;Raja Sekar J;Shobana Priyadharshini S (NO, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Tamil Nadu-626 005, Email: svks_shaks@yahoo.co.in) : Curvelet and ridgelet-based multimodal biometric recognition system using weighted similarity approach. Def Sci J 2014, 64(2), 106-14.

Biometric security artifacts for establishing the identity of a person with high confidence have evoked enormous interest in security and access control applications for the past few years. Biometric systems based solely on unimodal biometrics often suffer from problems such as noise, intra-class variations and spoof attacks. This paper presents a novel multimodal biometric recognition system by integrating three biometric traits namely iris, fingerprint and face using weighted similarity approach. In this work, the multi-resolution features are extracted independently from query images using curvelet and ridgelet transforms, and are then compared to the enrolled templates stored in the database containing features of each biometric trait. The final decision is made by normalizing the feature vectors, assigning different weights to the modalities and fusing the computed scores using score combination techniques. This system is tested with the public unimodal databases such as CASIA-Iris-V3-Interval, FVC2004, ORL and self-built multimodal databases. Experimental results obtained shows that the designed system achieves an excellent recognition rate of 98.75 per cent and 100 per cent for the public and self-built databases respectively and provides ultra high security than unimodal biometric systems.

6 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

000834   Arabaci H;Bilgin O (Electrical-Electronics Engineering Dep, Engineering Faculty, Selcuk Univ, Konya, 42075 Turkey) : Simplified algorithm to detect rotor bar faults by using stator current envelope. IETE J Res 2013, 59(3), 264-9.

The paper presents a simplified method to detect rotor bar faults at steady state operation in squirrel cage induction motor (IM) by using stator current envelope. Three different rotor faults and healthy motor conditions were investigated in experiments. One of the stator currents has been used in the investigation of effects of rotor faults on the current envelopes. The ratio of fluctuations of the envelope was used as features of fault conditions for diagnosis. In the literature, a lot of studies are available about diagnosis and detection of rotor faults by using many different analysis and feature extraction methods. Unlike the literature, in the present study, the stator current envelopes are used. Experiments were made by using four different submersible IM. The experimental results show that the purposed method detects rotor bar faults from healthy motor with zero error. In addition, the method classifies the rotor faults with 9.4% error. This study shows that the used method can be successfully used to detect rotor bar faults. So, less computation and low cost are provided in - 288 - implementation, which would make it easier to implement in embedded systems for condition monitoring of motor.

8 illus, 23 ref

000833   Andrle M;Oplustil F;Caslavsky J (NO, Military Research Institute Brno, Veslarska 230, 628 00 Brno, Czech Republic, Email: andrle@vtuo.cz) : Effects of ultrasound power, temperature and flow rate of solvent on decontamination of sensitive equipment by extraction. Def Sci J 2014, 64(2), 168-72.

The solvent extraction process is regarded amongst other known methods to be applicable for decontamination of sensitive equipment components, especially in cases the components are contaminated in-depth with chemical warfare agents. Viability of the solvent extraction method was evaluated on coupons of butadiene rubber contaminated by sulphur mustard before decontamination by the solvent extraction. The contaminated coupons were extracted in a flow cell, which the solvent (ethoxynonafluorobutane) passed through. Three following specific operational factors, namely the temperature, the flow rate, and the power of ultrasound bath, were assessed for the extent of influencing upon the respective observed extraction efficiencies. The paper describes the results of the evaluation of the solvent extraction effectiveness.

5 illus, 16 ref

000832   Ambrisko L;Pesek L (Institute of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical Univ of Kosice, Vysokoskolsaka 4, 042 00 Kosice, Slovak Republic, Email: lubomir.ambrisko@tuke.sk) : The stretch zone of automotive steel sheets. Sadhana 2014, 39(2), 525-30.

Deals with an experimental determination of the stretch zone dimensions in the notch tip in thin steel sheets. The stretch zone dimensions depend on steel grade, on the rolling direction as well as on the loading rate. Stretch zones were observed and measured on three steel grades. Fracture area and stretch zones were analysed by SEM. Stable crack growth was monitored by videoextensometry techniques on CT (Compact Tension) specimens. Specimens were loaded under two loading rates by eccentric tension, whereby the deformation in the notch surrounding area was recorded using a non-contact measurement-videoextensometry technique. Linear relation between the stretch zone dimensions was determined.

5 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

000831   Abiri E;Salehi M R;Mehrjoo Z (Electrical and Electronic Engineering Dep, Shiraz Univ of Technology, P.O. Box: 71555-313, Modarres boulevard, Shiraz, Iran) : Three-stage 3.1-10.6 GHz low-noise amplifier with high and flat gain, consuming 3.7 mw power from a 1.8 V supply using triple coordination technique. IETE J Res 2013, 59(3), 231-7.

A 3.1 to 10.6 GHz low-noise amplifier (LNA) in 0.18 μm technology is presented in this paper. The proposed LNA is implemented in a three-stage structure, including a current reusing cascode structure, a middle stage which compensates gain roll off in middle band and a buffer stage. The low-power dissipation of the design along with the high and flat gain provides a very appropriate combination in ultrawideband frequency design. The designed LNA achieves an average gain of 20 dB and a noise figure less than 2. The power consumption of the design is 3.7 mw.

18 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

000830   Abdul Aleem M I;Arumairaj P D (Civil Engineering Dep, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore-641 010) : Environmental friendly geopolymer concrete with manufactured sand. Indian J envir Prot 2013, 33(2), 126-32.

Geopolymer concrete is the "concrete made without using any quantity of cement. Instead the waste material from the thermal power station called flyash is used as the binding material. This flyash reacts with alkaline solution, like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃) and forms a gel which binds the fine and coarse aggregates. Similarly another artificial material called manufactured sand (M-sand) is also used as the fine aggregate against the normal river sand. Concrete cubes of size 100 x 100 x 100 mm, cylinder specimen of size 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height and prism specimen of size 100 x100 x 400 mm were prepared and cured under various curing methods, like steam curing, hot air curing, ambient curing and underground curing. The cube compressive strength, split tensile strength and beam flexure strength were found out at 7 and 28 day. The steam curing was found to be more effective.

12 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

025008   Yuan C;Yang Y;Luo Y;Yang L;Chen G;Liu X (NO, School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin Electronic Technolo, Guilin-541 004, People's Republic of China, Email: yclguet@yahoo.com) : Electrical properties of Ba_0.7Bi_0.3Fe_0.9Sn_0.1O₃Co<. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(2), 263-71.

Novel (1-x)Ba_0.7Bi_0.3 Fe_0.9 Sn_0.1 O_3-xBaCo_0.02^{IICo_0.04IIIBi_0.94O₃ (0-2 ≤ x ≤ 09) negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thick film thermistors with high thermistor constant was prepared by screen printing. The values of room-temperature resistivity, thermistor constant and activation energy of the thick film thermistors, increasing with the addition of Ba_0.7Bi_0.3Fe_0.9Sn_0.1 O₃, are in the range of 35.5 Ω. cm-1.34 MΩ.cm, 2067-6139 K and 0 177-0-527 eV, respectively. This means that the electrical properties of the thick films are adjustable at a wide range, depending on the compositions. Impedance analysis shows that the magnitude of thick film bulk resistance is mainly attributed to the contribution of grain boundary.}

11 illus, 26 ref

025007   Wisana D G H (Electromedical Engineering Dep, Health Polytechnic Ministry of Health Surabaya, Indonesia, Email: hariwisana@yahoo.com) : Design electronic stethoscope for cardiac auscultation analyzed using wavelet decomposition. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2014, 3(1), 194-202.

Stethoscope become standard equipment used medical personnel to perform initial checks on patients. Stethoscope in general has a function for auscultation, which is listening to the sounds that occur in the body. The sound produced by the biological activity of the body's organs, like the heart, lungs and digestive system. The heart is one organ that plays a role in the circulatory system. Contraction of the heart that can cause pulsation felt in the arteries in some places. Instrument used for the detection of clinically sound heart is an acoustic stethoscope. Acoustic stethoscope has a weakness, depending on the hearing of each - 278 - physician. Diagnosis of each physician may vary. Sensitivity of the ear of each doctor is different. Noise signals generated in the electronic stethoscope will be analyzed using Wavelet. In this research, recognition of heart sounds using a stethoscope sound signal based on wavelet decomposition. Heart sound signal is decomposed up to level 8 using Daubechies3 wavelet (db3). Energy of each subband is calculated spectogram. Analysis of cardiac auscultation signals with wavelet daubachies, system can calculate the value of heartrate with 78% for heart sound pattern of early and late systolic murmur, 63% Diastolic heart sound patterns Rumble and 85% for normal heart sound patterns.

10 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

025006   Whitby R L D;Fukuda T;Maekawa T (Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Brighton Univ, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom, Email: r.whitby@brighton.ac.uk) : Macro-scale complexity of nano- to micro-scale architecture of olivine crystals through an iodine vapour transport mechanism. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(2), 239-45.

The production of nano- to micro-scale olivine (magnesium and iron silicate) crystals has been achieved at relatively low temperatures through an iodine vapour transport of the metal onto amorphous silicon dioxide. The process occurs down a temperature gradient from 800 to 600 °C yielding high quality crystals with long range crystallinity, highly complex interconnectivity and intricate macroscale architecture. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging of the substrate before and after the reaction reveals that the amorphous silicon oxide species is mobile, due to the lack of correlation between the silicon oxide layer and the final olivine particles, leading to a vapour-liquid-solid or vapour-solid growth mechanism. This technique demonstrates a facile, low temperature synthetic route towards olivine crystals with nano- to micro-scale dimensions.

10 illus, 14 ref

025005   Taneja A (Applied Science Dep, IEC College of Engg. & Tech., Gr. Noida, Uttar Pradesh) : Reliability and profit evaluation of a two-unit cold standby system with inspection and chances of replacement. Arya Bhatta J Math Inf 2014, 6(1), 211-18.

Present paper discusses a two-unit cold standby system with inspection and replacement. Initially one unit is operative and the other is cold standby. On the failure of operative unit, standby takes some time (called activation time) to become operative. After the completion of activation time, the operative unit is undertaken for inspection. The inspection is carried out to detect the reparability of the unit. If it is repairable; it is repaired by the ordinary repairman. But if it is not repairable then expert opinion is taken to confirm whether the unit is actually not repairable and then is repaired or replaced according as it is found repairable or irreparable. Various measures of the system effectiveness are obtained, using semi-Markov processes and regenerative point technique. Profit incurred to the system is evaluated. Graphical study is also made.

4 illus, 8 ref

025004   Suseela P;Yuvaraj D;Alaguraja P;Kavitha S;Uma Maheswari V (Geography Dep, Govt. Arts College (Aut), Coimbatore, Email: alagugeo@gmail.com) : Water distribution pattern in Coimbatore city, Tamil Nadu using remote sensing and GIS. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2014, 3(1), 111-20.

The aim of this study is to understand the water distribution pattern in Coimbatore city with considering the Siruvani Water Supply Scheme in a geographical manner. Questionnaire has been framed to collect the information about water supply and utilized as primary data and few relevant data collected from field investigations. In addition to the primary data, the suitable secondary data were collected from Government departments. Survey of India topographic sheets and Quick bird satellite imagery were used to prepare necessary thematic maps. The Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) were engaged to address the chosen research investigation in a cartographical way. The water supply system of Coimbatore currently serves the entire city with water being available to the citizens. As an alternative water supply, Pillur water was utilized in order to meet out the demand of current population. The city is supplied with water from two sources, both on Siruvani and the other Pillur.

4 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

025003   Subha M;Ananthaswamy V;Rajendran L (NO, Madurai Sivakasi Nadars Pioneer Meenakshi Women's College, Poovanthi, Tamil Nadu, Email: annanthu9777@rediffmail.com) : Comment on Liao's homotopy analysis method. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2014, 3(1), 177-86.

In this method new approach on Liao's Homotopy analysis method is discussed. The authors introduced the new approach on which they claim makes the calculation of Homotopy analysis method easy. The analytical solutions for non-linear reaction diffusion equations using Homotopy analysis method and new Homotopy analysis method were discussed with examples. Also prove analytically that the methods given by Liao is equivalent to the present method.

5 illus, 25 ref

025002   Streckova M;Fuzer J;Medvecky L;Bures R;Kollar P;Faberova M;Girman V (NO, Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic, Email: mstreckova@imr.saske.sk) : Characterization of composite materials based on Fe powder (core) and phenol-formaldehyde resin (shell) modified with nanometer-sized SiO₂. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(2), 167-77.

Soft magnetic composites based on Fe powder and phenol-formaldehyde resin (PFR) modified with tetraethylorthosilicate are investigated in detail. The chemical synthesis of PFR, its modification with nanometer-sized SiCO₂ particles created by sol-gel method and subsequent coating, enables a preparation of insulating PFR-SiO₂ (PFRT) layer on the surface of Fe particles. Thermal degradation and FTIR analysis of PFR and PFRT with different amount of SiCO₂ was examined. Mechanical hardness and flexural strength of FePFRT composites was studied depending on the amount of nanosized-SiO₂ in the coating. SEM serves in evidence of a defectless microstruc-ture if the coating contains at least 2% of silica particles. The morphology of Fe particles implies uniform coating without any visible exfoliation. A presence of fine SiCO₂ particles was verified by TEM. The best magnetic properties were found in Fe-PFRT composite with 2% of SiO₂ in the insulating layer on behalf of its uniform arrangement and homogeneity.

10 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

025001   Sreekanth P S R;Kanagaraj S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781 039, Email: kanagarah@iitg.ernet.in) : Influence of MWCNTs and gamma irradiation on thermal characteristics of medical grade UHMWPE. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(2), 347-56.

Several techniques are available to characterize the influence of γ -irradiation on structural parameters of polymers; among which thermal characterization is more often used. The present work is aimed to study the influence of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and γ-irradiation on polymer crystallinity, lamellar thickness, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and thermal stability of UHMWPE. The chemically treated MWCNTs were homogenously dispersed in UHMWPE using a ball milling machine and compression moulded to make the nanocomposites with different concentration of MWCNTs. The nanocomposites were then γ -irradiated at a dose rate of 25 kGy/h up to 25, 50, 75, 100 kGy irradiation doses. The results obtained from TGA studies revealed that the presence of MWCNTs improved the thermal stability and onset temperature of degradation of nanocomposites. The CTE of nanocomposites was decreased with an increase of MWCNTs concentration and irradiation dose. The reduction of thermal expansion of nanocomposites aids in minimizing the dimensional fluctuation of them. It is concluded that irradiation and the presence of MWCNTs in UHMWPE not only improved the thermal stability of the composites but also enhanced their crystallinity and lamellar thickness.

7 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

025000   Sedghi A;Riahi-Noori N;Hamidnezhad N;Salmani M R (Materials Engineering Dep, Imam Khomeini International Univ, Qazvin, Iran, Email: nriahi@nri.av.ir) : Effect of chemical composition and alumina content on structure and properties of ceramic insulators. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(2), 321-5.

In the present work, six electrical porcelain compositions with different amount of alumina and silica have been prepared and fired in an industrial furnace at 1300 °C. Density, porosity, bending strength and electrical strength were measured in the samples. In order to find a relationship between properties and sample microstruc-tures, samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The results showed that, with chemical composition of 53.5 wt. % SiO₂ and 37.5 wt. % alumina, highest electrical strength of 21.97 kV/mm was achieved in fabricated electrical porcelains. Increasing amount of alumina up to 30 wt.% decreases quartz and cristobalite phases, but increases corundum phase 3 to 5 times. SEM observation revealed that dense particles and uniform distribution of long and thin needle shaped mullite are predominant in sample microstructures with highest electrical strength.

9 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

024999   Sarkar K K;Das P K (NO, Power Grid Corporation of India, ) : Earthing system for a small area substation having very high soil resistivity in the hilly region by multi-layer soil modeling and deep driven vertical earth electrodes-a practical experience. Wat Energy int 2013, 70(9), 9-16.

Design of earthing system of a substation becomes difficult when the soil resistivity measures high and available area for laying conductor is small. Accurate measurement of soil resistivity, proper analysis of soil resistivity measurements, optimal grid spacing, proper assumption of fault currents, analysis with two or multi layers soil model play important roles in optimal, safe and economical design of earthing system of a substation. This paper proposes a method of earthing system analysis for hilly region where soil resistivity is quite high and area available for grounding system is also limited. The impact of deep driven vertical earth electrodes has been studied for ground - 275 - resistance, safe and touch potentials. An experimental analysis has been carried out at Roing substation of Arunachal Pradesh. CDEGS Autogrid pro software has been used for the experimental results of grounding system of Roing substation with multi-layer soil modeling and deep driven rods.

6 illus, 10 ref

024998   Saini R;Davinder Parkash (NO, HCTM, Kaithal, Email: saini_rit@rediffmail.com) : Design and simulation of CPW fed slotted circular microstrip antenna with DGS for wireless applications. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2014, 3(1), 82-90.

In this paper, circular microstrip antenna design is proposed for WLAN/WiMAX applications. The circular hole in square and symmetrical Y-junction slots are loading on the patch, the circular slot etched on the ground plane creating DGS structure. The goal is to use defected ground structure (DGS) CPW fed microstrip antennas for wireless communication that generate impedance bandwidth of 2.46 GHz for upper band to cover IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard in the band at 5.2 GHz (5.15-5.35 GHz) and 5.8 GHz (5.72-5.82 GHz) and WiMAX standard in the band at 5.5 GHz (5.25-5.85 GHz). The soft nature of the DGS facilitates improvement in the performance of microstrip antennas. The design and optimization of DGS structures along with the parametric study were carried out by using IE3D ZELAND which is based on method of moment.

10 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

024997   Rishi Kumar (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Science & Technology Univ, Murthal-131 039) : Analysis of vendor managed inventory system in banking industry: a case study. Arya Bhatta J Math Inf 2014, 6(1), 53-64.

The basic principle of VMI is that the vendor, or supplier, becomes responsible for managing the inventory at the customer's site. A suitable framework for implementation can be helpful. Before elucidation of such a framework, it is useful to identify problems that may be encountered during implementation. The conducted case study identifies some problems. Survey of these common problems will help to simplify the work in banking industries in India. The main purpose of VMl is to reduce the inventory. This research is aimed at creating a viable model of a single manufacturer single supplier collaborative supply chain system using a Vendor Managed Inventory (VMl) system.

4 tables, 19 ref

024996   Ravindra Kumar;Parida P;Chaudhary S (NO, CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi-110 025) : Finding suitable exploratory measures to reduce fuel and emission due to idling of engine at intersection. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2013, 21(2), 103-12.

There are many types of vehicles ply in urban parts of India. The continuous increase in their number or ownership of vehicles are creating various types of traffic and transportation problem every day. The results of such problems are visualised in terms of increased congestion, air and noise pollution, accidents, and delays in journey time. Idling of engines at signal is increasing loss of fuel, increased journey time due to increase in number of personalised mode per family. In 2005, CSIR-CRRI study reported loss of 10,000 lakh Indian rupees at 600 intersections of Delhi due to fuel loss in idling of engine at intersection, which is approximatety 15% of total fuel consumption. Apart from that delay was also observed in their journey time. Emissions coming at the time of idling of engines are hazardous to both human and ecosystem. One of the ways to conserve the fuel is to reduce the loss of fuel. Therefore, it is important to understand the quantity of emission and fuel loss due to idling at intersection. Numerous engineering and - 274 - management measures can be applied to reduce fuel and its related emission. Currently there is no model which can estimate the fuel loss and emission of engine due to delay at intersection. To reduce fuel loss and related emission of engine at intersection, various suitable exploratory measures have been reviewed and presented in this research study.

14 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

024995   Randhawa K;Davinder Parkash (NO, H.C.T.M., Kaithal, Email: Kirandeep374@gmail.com) : Designing of circular patch antenna with three circular slots of different radii for UWB applications. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2014, 3(1), 22-31.

Design of a compact circular antenna with ultra wide bandwidth is described and investigated in this paper. The antenna provides impedance bandwidth range from 3.7 to 11.7 GHz with a center frequency of 4.3 GHz; thus it covers the bandwidth requirement of UWB alications. The structure of proposed antenna is very simple and composed of a circular patch with three circular slots of different radius on it. It occupies an area of only 33C 22 mm^{2 when printed on one side of FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm. The role of various design parameters like S-parameters, current distribution and radiation pattern are studied.}

11 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

024994   Ramasesha S K (NO, Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: sheela@caos.iisc.ernet.in) : Challenges in the quest for clean energies. Resonance 2013, 18(3), 206-17.

Global warming has become a matter of concern for all living beings on earth. Electricity generation to meet our growing power demand is the main cause for it. About 80% of the electricity generated around the world is by combusting fossil fuels. This process emits greenhouse gases that are responsible for global warming. The present levels of greenhouse gases like CO₂, NO_x, methane, CFC and HCFC are much higher than the pre-industrial period. In the Indian scenario, 69% of the greenhouse gas emission is from electricity generation. This article highlights the need to consider the renewable sources of energy to generate electricity to contain the global warming trends.

10 illus, 15 ref