008462   Jaichandar S;Annamalai K (Automobile Engineering Dep, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chennai-600 123, Email: jaisriram18@yahoo.com) : Performance and exhaust emission analysis on pongamia biodiesel with different open combustion chambers in a DI diesel engine. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(7), 487-91.

This study presents effects of combustion chamber geometries (hemispherical, toroidal and shallow) by using pongamia oil methyl ester (POME) blended with diesel (20:80) in a single cylinder, direct injection diesel engine. Brake thermal efficiency for toroidal combustion chamber was found higher than that of other two combustion chambers. Significant improvement in reduction of particulates, carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons was observed for toroidal combustion chamber compared to the other two. However, nitrogen oxides were slightly higher for toroidal combustion chamber.

6 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

008461   Islak S;Buytoz S;Karagoz M (Cide Rifat ilgaz Vocational High School, Kastamonu Univ, 37600 Kastamonu, Turkey, Email: serkanislak@gmail.com) : Microstructural development on AISI 1060 steel by FeW/B₄C composite coating produced by using tungsten inert gas (TIG) process. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2012, 19(4), 253-9.

This study discusses the effects of B₄C addition on the morphologies of primary carbides and eutectic colonies in FeW weld-surfacing alloys. Results reveal that a series of FeW weld-surfacing alloys with different B₄C contents are successfully fabricated onto AISI 1060 steel by using tungsten inert gas (TIG) arc welding. SEM observations show that the obtained coating sheet has a smooth and uniform surface, as well as a metallurgical combination with the AISI 1060 steel substrate without cracks and pores at the interface. Fe₂₃(C,B)₆, Fe₃(C,B), FeW₂B₂ and FeW₃C boride and carbides are determined in the microstructure. The microhardness values of the coating results show a difference depending on the rate of B₄C and coating conditions. The maximum microhardness value of the coating is about 1095 HV.

12 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

008460   Ishak S;Malakahmad A;Isa M H (Civil Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Teknologi PETRONAS Univ, 31750 tronoh, Perak, Malaysia, Email: syukaz83@yahoo.com.sg) : Refinery wastewater biological treatment. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(4), 251-6.

This review presents biological treatment methods for petroleum refinery wastewater, their applications, advantages and disadvantages. It covers refinery wastewater characteristics, different categories of biological treatment systems (suspended, attached and hybrid growths) and comparison between each system with conventional activated sludge process.

3 tables, 51 ref

008459   Ibrahim K A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal Univ, P.O. Box: 20, Ma'an, Jordan, Email: khalida@ahu.edu.jo) : Atom transfer radical copolymerization of styrene and poly(ethylene oxide)-alkyl methacrylate macromonomer. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(2), 777-81.

Focuses on the atom transfer radical copolymerization of styrene and an amphiphilic macromonomer poly(ethylene oxide)-alkyl methacrylate (PEOm) which contains a hydrophilic polyethylene oxide segment and a hydrophobic alkyl chain. These block-copolymers were prepared using CuBr/bipy (bipy:2,2'bipyridine) catalyst system in conjunction with ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate, as initiator, using o-xylene as a solvent at 90 °C. The number-average molecular weights of the resulting block copolymers increased in direct proportion to the monomer conversion and the molecular weight distributions (M_w/M_n) were as low as 1.45. Thus a novel type of block-polymacromonomers with controlled chain lengths for both the backbone and the side chain have been synthesized. The resulting copolymers were characterized by means of room temperature gel permeation chromatograph and 1H NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy and differintial scanning calorimeter.

6 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

008458   Hu J;Huang R;Zhou Z (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Univ, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China, Email: hujiechem@hotmail.com) : Determinations of the inclusion complex of methylated β-cyclodextrin with styrene. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(2), 652-6.

Inclusion complex of styrene with methylated β-cyclodextrin was prepared in aqueous media. NMR, TGA and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to characterize the complex. It was testified that the inclusion complex was formed between cyclodextrin and styrene and the stoichiometry tested was to be 1:1. It was found that the thermal stability of styrene encapsulated in cyclodextrin was much higher than that of free one. Then the association constants at different temperatures were determined using Benesi-Hildebrand linear regression. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the inclusion process was a spontaneous and exothermic one.

6 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

008457   Hossain A;Kurny A S W (Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Dep, Bangladesh Engineering and Technology Univ, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Email: aswkurny@mme.buet.ac.bd) : Induction steel: inclusion content and mechanical properties of reinforcing bars produced from pencil ingots and community cast billets. J Instn Engrs : Ser D 2012, 93(1), 13-17.

In Bangladesh, most of the reinforcing bars are produced by rolling steel produced by melting scrap in induction furnaces. In many plants the molten steel is directly cast in vertical moulds into what are usually called 'pencil ingots'. In some plants the molten steel is tapped into large ladles, taken to continuous casting machines and cast into continuous billets. In some cases the molten steel is refined in ladles (purged with nitrogen or argon) before casting into continuous billets. This investigation aims at a comparison of the inclusion content and resultant mechanical properties of reinforcing bars produced through these different routes. The samples for this study were collected from the process streams of a steel plant. The inclusion content was determined by direct measurement of inclusions on metallographic specimens and the mechanical properties were determined by using a universal tensile testing machine. Reinforcing bars produced by rolling ladle refined continuously cast billets have the lowest content of inclusion and the best mechanical (yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, percentage elongation, etc.) properties. The highest inclusion content and the worst properties were obtained in the pencil ingots.

2 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

008456   Harish Kumar;Sharma C (NO, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi-110 012, Email: harishkec@gmail.com) : Performance evaluation of force transducers. Indian J pure appl Phys 2012, 50(2), 86-90.

The performance evaluation of the developed ring shaped force transducers of capacity 20 and 50 kN for tension and compression modes has been studied. The force transducers have been metrologically characterized according to the calibration procedures based on the standards ISO 376-2004 and IS 4169-1988 (reaffirmed 2003). The factors contributing to the uncertainty of the force transducers and methodology for computing the uncertainty of force transducers have been discussed. The 50 kN dead weight force machine with uncertainty of force applied (best measurement capability, bmc) ± 0.003% (k = 2) has been used for metrological characterization of force transducers. The force transducers qualify the class 00 per the standard ISO 376-2004 and class 0 as per IS 4169-1988 (reaffirmed 2003), hence, may be used as force transfer standards.

4 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

008455   Hai-dong Y;Jian-hua G;Guo-sheng L (Mechatronics Engineering Dep, Guangdong Technology Univ, Guangzhou, China, Email: armstrongliu@yahoo.cn) : Energy anomaly detection in tire curing by using data integration and forecasting techniques. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(6), 385-91.

This study proposed a method of energy anomaly detection by using data integration and forecasting techniques to improve energy efficiency in tire curing. Proposed method integrates energy consumption with different factors (environments, equipments, operators, tire blanks and tire types). Artificial neural network model and Support Vector Machine model were used to forecast normal interval for energy efficiency ratio; instances dropping out of this interval indicate potential anomaly affairs. Compared with traditional method, proposed method is robust against environment changes, highly correlated to curing process and can discover curing energy anomalies (leakage of steam or nitrogen, idling, and improper curing parameters configuration) effectively.

2 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

008454   Gupta S;Mehta C P;Dalal U D (Electronics Engineering Dep, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat) : Performance analysis of OFDM system using non-conventional transform and non-conventional mapping schemes over rayleigh channel. J Commun Engng Syst 2012, 2(1), 13-20.

High data rate wireless transmission is required to meet the rapidly increasing demands for mobile communications. Fast Fourier transform (FFT)-OFDM has drawn much attention due to its simple implementation and robustness against frequency-selective fading channels. Recently, the advantages of the discrete cosine transform (DCT)-based OFDM have come to the light. In this paper, performance of the conventional FFT-OFDM system is compared with non-conventional DCT-OFDM in terms of bit error rate (BER). These performances have been compared in A WGN channel and in multipath environment by considering Rayleigh channel. Performance has been compared with conventional mapping schemes such as BPSK, QPSK and non-conventional mapping schemes such as π/4 DQPSK. Simulation results show that DCT based schemes give better error performance in comparison of FFT based schemes. Particularly, in Rayleigh fading channel DCT-based technique using non-conventional mapping schemes outperforms the conventional mapping schemes.

3 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

008453   Ghouse Basha T S;Sridevi P V;Giri Prasad M N (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, KORM College of Engineering, Kadapa-516 003, Email: ghouse2604@gmail.com) : New effective MUSIC algorithm for direction of arrival estimation and combining it with beam forming in smart antenna systems. J Commun Engng Syst 2012, 2(2), 1-6.

Smart antenna is now commonly used in communication systems due to its high advantages. Two important functions in smart antenna are direction of arrival estimation and beam forming. The main aim of direction of arrival estimation in smart antenna is to estimate the direction of the signal and based on this angle the beam forming will identify the exact position and phase angle of the antenna. Here we proposed a new MUSIC algorithm for direction of arrival method to improve the performance of smart antenna. The proposed method uses genetic algorithm and neural network for direction of arrival estimation and beam forming. By using this method, the interference signal reduces and also the performance of the system increases.

1 illus, 24 ref

008452   Ghosh S K (Metallurgy and Materials Dep, Bengal Engineering and Science Univ, Shibpur, Howrah, Email: 711 103) : Anomalous dilatometric response in Fe-Mn-Al-Si steel. J Instn Engrs : Ser D 2012, 93(1), 1-5.

Deals with the transformation of an aggregate consisting of ferrite and pearlite into aus-tenite in a Fe-0.36C-1.98 Mn-1.97 Al-0.30 Si (wt%) steel. The transformation phenomenon has been studied using dilatometry which confirms that austenite starts to nucleate due to dissolution of ferrite and pearlite and subsequently it commences to grow when the appropriate elevated temperature is reached. The austenite formation has been accompanied with the formation of a hump in the dilatation curve which is different with respect to the results reported earlier. The non-conventional behaviour associated with the austenite formation has been explained using the X-ray diffraction data, microstructural investigation and also with MT-DATA theoretical calculations.

7 illus, 17 ref

008451   Gavan J;Trigano T;Tapuchi S;Kuperman A (Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dep, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Israel, Email: alonku@ariel.ac.il) : Mitigation of mobile radio parasitic radiation effects. J Commun Engng Syst 2012, 2(1), 1-12.

Mitigation techniques useful for improving mobile radio systems power efficiency and decreasing electro-smog and specific absorption rate (SAR) induction, affecting human head and body, are presented. An analysis of main radiation effects from far field base stations and review of mitigation techniques for enhancing the efficiency of power transmission for mobile radio systems is shown, followed by an investigation of the complex radiation field components from operating headsets. The importance of the SAR expression is revealed, considering that the power density level does not really matter under near field complex propagation conditions. Mitigation techniques are suggested to improve the power efficiency especially for headsets by decreasing the SAR, affecting headsets user's head and body. The efficiency of mitigation techniques for usual headsets using an auxiliary antenna or a special space separation method is discussed. It is shown that small physical or multi-bands low SAR and power efficient headsets can be realized using high dielectric substrates and/or polarization diversity. Recent novel mitigation techniques are proposed for small headsets using metamaterial or metacloak fractal antennas, allowing MIMO applications. Different efficient numerical simulation methods, allowing computing the SAR from different headsets, are compared.

^iia4 illus, 33 ref

008450   Garg N;Sharma O;Mohanan V;Maji S (Acoustics, Ultrasonic, Shock & Vibrations Standards, Apex Level Standards and Industrial Metrology Div, National Physical L, New Delhi-110 012, Email: ngarg@mail.nplindia.ernet.in) : Passive noise control measures for traffic noise abatement in Delhi, India. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(3), 226-34.

This study proposes a comprehensive noise abatement programme following the best practicable and economical option (BPEO) for implementation in metro city like Delhi for reducing annoyance and ill effects of traffic noise. It reviews potential applications of noise control barriers and vegetation for reducing road traffic noise and presents a design morphology and decision matrix using TOPSIS (Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) approach for selection of appropriate sound barriers.

4 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

008449   Dutta D;Sharma S;Kannan B A M;Venketswarlu S; Gairola R M;Rao T N;Viswanathan G (Physics Dep, Kohima Science College, Jotsoma, Nagaland-797 002, Email: sanjay_sharma11@hotmail.com) : Sensitivity of Z-R relations and spatial variability of error in a doppler weather radar measured rain intensity. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2012, 41(4), 448-60.

A study is carried out to investigate the sensitivity of Z-R relations and spatial variability of error in a Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) measured rain intensity. For this purpose, observations from a DWR at Satish Dhawan Space Centre, SHAR (13.66°N, 80.23°E) and five units of automatic tipping bucket rain gauges around the DWR are utilized. It is found that rain with intensity <62> 20 mm h^-1 occurs for 16% of the total rain time but its contribution is 53% to the total rainfall. Sensitivity of Z-R relations are examined with the help of Z-R relations developed by two different approaches. One set of relations are developed from Joss Waldvogel Disdrometer (JWD) observations of rain drop size distribution (Z_JWD-R_JWD) and other set of relations are developed with the help of combined use of DWR and rain gauge observations (ZDWR-RRG). Performance of the DWR is improved with Z_DWR-R_RG relation. Using ZDWR-RRG relations for Z ≤ 30 dBZ and Z <62> 30 dBZ, the root mean square error (rmse) and bias for DWR measured rain intensity is reduced by 28% & 39% and 33% & 74%, respectively. The bias and error between DWR and rain gauge measured rain intensity are found to decrease with respect to decrease in distance between the rain gauges and DWR.

10 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

008448   Durden S L;Tanelli S;Meneghini R (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA, Email: Stephen.L.Durden@jpl.nasa.gov) : Using surface classification to improve surface reference technique performance over land. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2012, 41(4), 403-10.

The surface reference technique (SRT) is the primary method of estimating atmospheric attenuation for spaceborne rain radars. The authors hypothesize that part of the error in applying the along-track spatial SRT over land is due to the difference in land type between the reference area and the rain area. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar (TRMM PR) data is used to show that dividing the data into classes (unsupervised clustering) reduces the standard deviation of surface backscatter, especially near nadir incidence. Similar clustering at Ka-band is also found for a small set of aircraft data. These results are applied to the SRT by creating a new, class-based SRT in which a reference is maintained for each land class. The new SRT is shown to have smaller difference between forward and backward runs (a measure of the error), as compared with the standard (one-class) SRT, especially near nadir.

8 illus, 18 ref

008447   Dhanapal P;Mohamed Nazirudeen S S; Chandrasekar A (NO, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Email: p.dhanapal@rediffmail.com) : Multi-response optimization of carbidic austempered ductile iron production parameters using taguchi method. J Instn Engrs : Ser D 2012, 93(1), 23-9.

Carbide Austempered Ductile Iron (CADI) is the family of ductile iron containing wear resistance alloy carbides in the ausferrite matrix. This CADI is manufactured by selecting and characterizing the proper material composition through the melting route done. In an effort to arrive the optimal production parameters of multi responses, Taguchi method and Grey relational analysis have been applied. To analyze the effect of production parameters on the mechanical properties signal-to-noise ratio and Grey relational grade have been calculated based on the design of experiments. An analysis of variance was calculated to find the amount of contribution of factors on mechanical properties and their significance. The analytical results of Taguchi method were compared with the experimental values, and it shows that both are identical.

3 illus, 9 tables, 25 ref

008446   Dekic P S;Temeljkovski D I;Rancic B;Nusev S (Nis Univ, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aleksandra Medvedeva 14, 18000 Nis, Serbia, Email: petardjekic@masfak.ni.ac.rs) : Application of recycled rubber powder (RRP) in NR/SBR compounds. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(4), 295-8.

This study presents tire recycling process to produce rubber powder (particle size, 0.1-1.00 mm), and explores use of recycled rubber powder in NR/SBR compounds as substitution for black fillers (soot). A number of tests and measurements of rubber compound properties were used to find the best ratio of soot and rubber powder. Guidelines to what percentage of recycled rubber powder should be added in a compound without affecting mechanical properties of finished rubber products are also provided.

7 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

008445   Choudhary S;Sengwa R J (Dielectric Research Laboratory, Physics Dep, J N V Univ, Jodhpur-342 005, Email: rjsengwa@rediffmail.com) : Ionic conductivity of lithium perchlorate salt in polymeric electrolyte solutions and MMT nano-sheets dispersed colloids. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2012, 19(4), 245-52.

The relative complex dielectric function and ionic conductivity of polymeric electrolyte solutions in acetonitrile comprises of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), PEO-PMMA blend and lithium perchlorate with 8:1 ratio of polymer monomer units to the lithium cations are investigated over the frequency range 20 Hz to 1 MHz, and temperatures 15, 30 and 45°C. The dc ionic conductivity of PEO containing electrolyte solution (8.56 mS cm^-1) is found higher as compared to that of the PMMA (4.85 mS cm^-1) and PEO-PMMA blend (7.9 mS cm^-1) at 15°C. The temperature dependent ionic conductivity, electrode polarization relaxation time and viscosity of these electrolyte solutions obey the Arrhenius behaviour, whereas the product of ionic conductivity and viscosity is governed by the Stokes-Einstein model. These parameters of PEO-PMMA blend electrolyte colloids have an initial decrease with loading of 1 wt% montmorillonite (MMT) clay as nanofiller and increase with further loading of MMT upto 10 wt%. The formation of cross-linked complexes and their effect on ions conduction mechanism in the electrolytes are discussed.

5 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

008444   Chen H;Beilei Li;Chen Z (School of Life and Environmental Science, School of Electronic Engineering and Automatic, Guilin Electronic Technology Univ, Guilin-541 004, Guangxi, China, Email: hongbochen@163.com) : Automatic extracting event-related potentials within several trials using informax ICA algorithm. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(7), 468-73.

This study presents a new method for automatic extracting event-related potentials (ERP) within several trials based on independent component analysis (ICA). After mixed data is decomposed by Infomax ICA, independent component (1C) of ERP is automatically selected according to the standard deviation of fixed temporal pattern of 1C, and applied in ERP reconstruction. Visual evoked potential extraction, used to confirm effectiveness of algorithm, can be obtained automatically after 6 trials on experimental data, and result of its Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) within the average of 205 trials (standard signal) is 0.9106. However, PCC of average result of 6 trials within standard signal is only 0.3066, demonstrating practical applicability of proposed method. This algorithm enhances objectivity of ERP extraction within several trials.

5 illus, 16 ref

008443   Cetinarslan C S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Tarkya Univ, 22180 Edirne, Turkey, Email: cemc@trakya.edu.tr) : Influences of some process parameters on cold drawing of ferrous wires. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2012, 19(4), 221-8.

Wire drawing process involves pulling metal wire road through a die by means of a tensile force applied to exit side of die. This paper is an experimental study that presents influences of some parameters like deformation (total reduction) ratio and drawing speed on cold drawing of ferrous wires. Wire drawing method is applied to C45, C63, C65 and C70 materials for different deformation ratios and different drawing velocities. Subsequently, these process influences are considered by means of tensile and torsion tests. With these investigations, it can be simply observed that the deformation ratio and drawing speed parameters clearly affect tensile and torsion strength (number of twist) of ferrous materials. In addition to these observations, from the results of experiments it can be concluded that C content is also effective on tensile and torsion strength of steel wires. Finally, tensile strength and twist number values are obtained for C45, C65 and C70 wire material as functions of drawing speed and deformation (total reduction) ratio by using the statistical analysis from the experimental data.

18 illus, 15 ref

008442   Bhuvaneshwari S;Sruthi D;Sivasubramanian V; Kanthimathy K (Chemical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Calicut-673 601, Email: siva@nitc.ac.in) : Regeneration of chitosan after heavy metal sorption. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(4), 266-9.

This study presents desorption of Cr(VI) ions from chitosan by various eluants (dilute mineral acids and organic acids). A maximum of 88% of Cr (VI) was desorbed from metal loaded chitosan with 0.1 M H₂SO₄ without any physical damage to adsorbent. Numerical optimization has been carried out by a central composite design (CCD) in response surface methodology (RSM). Chitosan was regenerated by successive washing with deionised water many times until a neutral pH was obtained. Regenerated adsorbent/chitosan was dried and used to initiate another cycle of sorption and desorption. Absence of noticeable change in adsorption capacities of reused adsorbent confirms reusable potential of chitosan.

5 illus, 16 ref

008441   Bhagat N;Batra V S;Katyal D (Univ School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha Univ, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-110 006, Email: deeksha_dce@rediffmail.com) : Preparation and characterization of ceramics from coal fly ash. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(1), 71-3.

Fly ash is produced in large quantities from thermal power plants utilizing coal as fuel. While many applications of fly ash such as cement, construction, bricks etc. are being explored, a large share of fly ash is still unutilized. One of the applications being examined for fly ash utilization is the production of glass and glass ceramics. This study reports the investigation on sintering/melting of fly ash with additives with the objective of obtaining ceramics using coal fly ash from a thermal power plant near Delhi. Attempts were made to melt mixtures of fly ash with different additives by subjecting them to temperatures of 850, 900 and 950 §C. The samples showed different extent of sintering or melting based on the additives. X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples showed them to be polycrystalline in nature with crystalline phases dependent on the initial composition of the sample.

6 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

008440   Avsar Y;AkifKabuk H;Kurt U;Cakmakci M;Ozkaya B (Yildiz Technical Univ, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dep, 34220 Esenler Istanbul, Turkey, Email: avsar@yildiz.edu.tr ) : Biological treatability processes of textile wastewaters using electrocoagulation and ozonation. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(7), 496-500.

This study presents biotreatment of textile wastewaters using electrocoagulation and ozone processes. Ozonation process gave better results than electrocoagulation process. For electrocoagulation, optimum working conditions were found as follows: pH, 6.5; electrode type, iron electrode; current density, 20 mA/cm²; and reaction time, 15 min. Under these circumstances, values determined for electrocoagulation and ozonation processes, respectively, were as follows: COD removal, 73,46%; color removal, 85, 93%; BOD/COD ratio, 0.60, 0.69; and cost per unit of wastewater treatment, 1.7, 1.3 $.

5 illus, 12 ref

008439   Arslan V;Ucurum M;Vapur H;Bayat O (NO, General Directorate of Mineral Research & Exploration, Adana, Turkey, Email: varslan@cukurova.edu.tr) : Recovery of silver from waste radiographic films by chemical leaching. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(1), 67-70.

Major sources to recover silver are photo-processing solutions, spent rinse water, scrap film and scrap printing paper. As much as 80% of the total silver processed for black and white positives and almost 100% of the silver processed in colour work will end up in the fixer solution. The waste radiographic films used in the experiments were taken from Cukurova University, Balcali Hospital, Adana, Turkey and cut into small pieces. The film pieces (1-9 g) were boiled with 100 mL of various quantities of oxalic acid, nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions for about 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 min at boiling temperature (@ 97 §C). The aim of the study is to recover silver from waste radiographic films by HNO3 leaching. To optimize the results of the experimental work, variance analysis was used. The statistical tests (F-tests) showed that nitric acid gave the best results compared with the other agents. Under optimum leaching conditions (radiographic films quantity, 50 g/L; nitric acid concentration, 30 g/L; stirring speed, 180 rpm; leaching time, 15 min) 89% silver recovery was obtained.

3 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

008438   Abdalla F H;Sapuan S M;Hamdan M M;Sahari B B (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Engineering Academy Tajoura, PO Box 30797, Tripoli, Libya, Email: sapuan@eng.upm.edu.my) : Stress-strain distributions through the thickness of thick walled filament wound polymer composite tube under internal pressure loading. J Polym Mater 2011, 28(3), 475-99.

Three dimensional analysis of thick walled filament wound composite tube under internal pressure loading have been explained and presented. The composite tube layers were of balanced and symmetric arrangement about the mid surface of the laminate. The stress and strain distributions through the tube thickness were predicted using monolithic thick cylinder theory with linear elastic orthotropic laminate properties. The analysis is presented for thick shell composite tube under internal pressure for different loading modes by changing the boundary conditions applied such as closed end, open end and combined loading of internal pressure and axial loading. Also theoretical analysis for determining the values for all the elastic constants needed for three dimensional stresses and strains of filament wound tube from the properties of unidirectional fiber reinforced epoxy resin have been included and presented: The stress distribution throughout the thickness of the laminate is assumed to be constant. In applying the theory to thicker walled tubes it is necessary to consider the different states of stress and strain on the inside and outside surfaces and to consider the effect of radial stress. The analysis was presented for three dimensional cases and presented in general form so that it can be easily implemented on a computer program. Numerical example was presented and used for closed end condition and the results obtained were compared with the results obtained from Composite-Pro package. The obtained results from the analysis were in a very good agreement with that obtained from Composite-Pro package and very small difference was found among them.

11 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

007321   Tiwari D C;Sen V;Sharma R (SOS in Electronics, Jiwaji Univ, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh-474 011, Email: dctiwari2001@yahoo.com) : Temperature dependent studies of electric and dielectric properties of polythiophene based nano composite. Indian J pure appl Phys 2012, 50(1), 49-56.

Fabrication, characterization, electric, dielectric and ac conductivity measurement of polythiophene and carbon nanotube (CNT) composite are described. The polythiophene (PTh) and polythiophene/multiwalled carbon nanotube (PTh/MWCNT) composite are prepared chemically by oxidative polymerization of thiophene(Th). The formation of PTh and incorporation of CNTs into PTh are confirmed by Fourier Transform - Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDAX) analysis. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis revealed the formation of polymer/CNT composite. SEM image of PTh shows a leaf like structure and image of PTh/MWCNT shows the incorporation of MWCNT into the PTh flakes. Atomic force microscopic (AFM) analysis shows the morphology of PTH and PTh/MWCNT. The structural features of Nanotube-Polymer association are observed by AFM studies. The electrical behaviour of prepared samples has been studied by measuring I-V characteristics at varying temperature. The dielectric properties of these samples have been studied at low frequencies (150-700 kHz) for varying temperature. The dielectric constant for PTh/MWCNT is found to be higher than PTh for all temperature ranges. Finally, theac electrical conductivity (σ_ac) and dielectric relaxation time calculations have been carried out by using the data available from dielectric measurements and by employing a simple relationship. Conductivity shows a linear dependence on temperature and is also higher for PTh/MWCNT.

16 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

007320   Surinder Kumar;Meenu;Satsangi P S;Sardana H K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra-136 119, Email: surinder.asd@gmail.com) : Optimization of surface roughness in turning unidirectional glass fiber reinforced plastics (UD-GFRP) composites using polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting tool. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2012, 19(3), 163-74.

Glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite materials are a feasible alternative to engineering materials and are being extensively used in variety of engineering applications. Machining of unidirectional glass fiber reinforced plastic (UD-GFRP) composites is different from that of conventional materials and causes excessive tool wear. A study is conducted in the machining of unidirectional glass fiber reinforced plastic (UD-GFRP) composite material to investigate the effect of tool nose radius, tool rake angle, feed rate, cutting speed, depth of cut and along with cutting environment (dry, wet and cooled (5-7°C) temperature) on the surface roughness produced. The experimental results reveal that the most significant machining parameters for surface roughness is feed rate followed by cutting speed. Cutting environment does not influence the surface roughness significantly. The predicted values and measured values are in good agreement as observed by further confirmation experiments.

5 illus, 9 tables, 36 ref

007319   Suresha P H;Ramani;Radhakrishna M C;Angadi B; Devaraj J T (Physics Dep, Bangalore Univ, Bangalore-560 056, Email: ph.suresh@gmail.com) : Characterisation of BiFeO₃ synthesised by microcontroller based thermogravimetric analyser. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2012, 19(3), 196-8.

Microcontroller based thermogravimetric analyser (MTGA) is a home built technique extensively used to study the thermal decomposition of inorganic solids and preparation of nanomaterials. This paper reports the characterization of bismuth ferrite BiFeO₃ (BFO) synthesized by microcontroller based thermogravimetric analyser. The synthesized nanopowder is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method for phase confirmation, crystallite size calculations and scanning electron microscope (SEM) for morphology study. The structure and thermal properties of BFO precursor are studied by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results of nano BiFeO₃ synthesized by microcontroller based TGA are in good agreement with that synthesized by other techniques.

6 illus, 8 ref

007318   Solaimuthu C;Govindarajan P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Paavai Engineering College, Namakkal-637 018, Email: solai9999@gmail.com) : Effect of injection timing on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine using mahua oil methyl ester as fuel. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(1), 69-74.

This study presents effect of injection timing on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of mahua biodiesel (Madhuca indica) and its blends with pure diesel on a 4 stroke tangentially vertical single cylinder (TV 1) direct injection diesei engine. Standard injection pressure (220 bar) is maintained throughout the experiment. Injection timings (22°, 23° and 24° bTDC) were considered under steady state conditions at maximum load condition of the engine. At injection timing of 22° bTDC, blend B25 (25% mahua biodiesel and 75% pure diesel, by vol) gave optimum performance, which is very close to pure diesel. Thus B25 fuel can be effectively used in a diesel engine as an alternative fuel without any modification in the engine. Diesel (25%) thus saved will greatly help the interests of railways in meeting the demand for fuel, as diesel trains are operated at maximum load condition.

8 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

007317   Sinha V;Jain R K;Jindal G D;Pithawa C K;Kapse C D;Sarade B (Electronics Div, BARC, Trombay, Mumbai-400 055) : Non-invasive blood pressure monitor: beat to beat. BARC Newsl 2012, 328, 62-8.

Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitor has been developed at Electronics Division, BARC. It comprises of an Oscillometric, Impedance Plethysmographic (IPG), Photo Plethysmographic (PPG) and Electrocardiographic (ECG) modules. Oscillometric module facilitates spot or periodic measurement of blood pressure whereas other modules yield various hemodynamic parameters to obtain beat to beat blood pressure. Linear multivariate equations have been used for this purpose, which have been derived from IPG, PPG and ECG data in 137 subjects aging 10-80 years. Revalidation of these equations has been done in another group of 136 subjects and has yielded a correlation of 82.6% for Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and 73.1% for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP).

3 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

007316   Singh S;Sukla L B;Mishra B K (NO, A, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (CSIR), Bhubaneswar-751 013, Email: suklalb@yahoo.co.in) : Extraction of copper from Malanjkhand low-grade ore by Bacillus stearothermophilus. Indian J Microbiol 2011, 51(4), 477-81.

Thermophilic bacteria are actively prevalent in hot water springs. Their potential to grow and sustain at higher temperatures makes them exceptional compare to other microorganism. The present study was initiated to isolate, identify and determine the feasibility of extraction of copper using thermophilic heterotrophic bacterial strain. Bacillus stearothermophilus is a thermophilic heterotrophic bacterium isolated from hot water spring, Atri, Orissa, India. This bacterium was adapted to low-grade chalco-pyrite ore and its efficiency to solubilize copper from Malanjkhand low-grade ore was determined. The low-grade copper ore contains 0.27% Cu, in which the major copper-bearing mineral is chalcopyrite associated with other minerals present as minor phase. Variation in parameters such as pulp-density and temperatures were studied. After 30 days of incubation, it was found that Bacillus stearothermophilus solubilize copper up to 81.25% at pH 6.8 at 60 °C.

5 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

007315   Singh R C;Chaudhary R;Pandey R K;Maji S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Delhi Technological Univ, Delhi-110 042, Email: rcsingh68@hotmail.com) : Experimental studies for the role of piston rings' face profiles on performance of a diesel engine fueled with diesel and jatropha based biodiesel. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(1), 57-62.

This study presents performance behaviors of a commercial diesel engine fueled with diesel and Jatropha based biodiesel (B100) at various loads (up to 100%) using standard (conventional) and three new face profile designs (I, II &III) of piston rings. Face profiles of piston rings had considerable impact on engine' s brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and mass flow rate, irrespective of fuels used. BTE of engine fueled with diesel increases 2-8% with new face profile design (III) of piston rings in comparison to standard (conventional) piston rings. BTE enhances 846% when engine is fueled with biodiesel using face profile design (III) on piston rings. Corresponding to increase in BTE, recorded reduction in BSFC (biodiesel) is 28-34%. Industrial application of the results of present study may be useful in saving of fuels.

5 illus, 18 ref

007314   Singh M;Sharma A K;Kaler R S (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, College of Engineering Univ, Punjabi Univ, Patiala, Punjab, Email: manjitsingh@rediffmail.com) : Investiations on optical timing jitter in dispersion managed higher order soliton system. J Optics 2011, 40(1), 1-7.

The timing jitter in higher order dispersion managed soliton over 4,000 km link length has been investigated. The performance of the system under varied conditions of pulse shape, chirp factor, data rate amplifier spacing has been explored. The higher order soliton of gaussian shape in comparison to super-gaussian have shown reduction in timing jitter. Its results have been fitted in trend lines to form an empirical relationship with distance. The plots at varied chirp factor of gaussian and super gaussian shaped soliton for the system have been provided which show identical behaviour. However, fluctuations in timing jitter can be reduced by a proper chirp factor for the both. The timing jitter for gaussian shape soliton at data rates 20 and 10 Gbps has been plotted which indicates its early growth in the former data rate case. Further, varied amplifier spacing for the same 4,000 km link length in the system indicated that reasonably smaller amplifier spacing can reduce dispersion management induced timing jitter.

11 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

007313   Singh D;Sharma M;Singh R;Sharma S (Chemistry Dep, Jammu Univ, Jammu-180 006) : Investigation on the structural, electrical and magnetic properties of layered perovskite manganite DySr₂MnCrO₇. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2012, 19(3), 199-203.

The layered perovskite oxide DySr₂MnCrO₇ has been prepared by the standard ceramic method. The powder X-ray diffraction studies suggest that the phase crystallizes with tetragonal unit cell in the space group I4/mmm. The electrical, transport propertjes show that the phase is an electrical insulator and the electrical conduction in the phase occurs by a 3D variable range hopping mechanism. The magnetic properties suggest that the ferromagnetic interactions are dominant.

4 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

007312   Sharma G;Roy S;Patel R J (Refuelling Technology Div, BARC, Trombay, Mumbai-400 055) : Design, development and deployment of special sealing plug for 540 MWe PHWRs. BARC Newsl 2012, 328, 51-5.

The coolant channel in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors is a pressure boundary component and is very important for reactor performance and reactor safety. Monitoring the condition of the pressure tube of each coolant channel on a periodic basis is very important. In-Service Inspection (ISI) of the coolant channels in water filled condition is done regularly for 220 MWe PHWR. For the same purpose BARC Channel Inspection System is developed for 540 MWe PHWR also. Special Sealing Plug has been developed to facilitate the channel inspection (in water filled condition) with all necessary safety features at par with normal sealing plug. Special Sealing Plug provides a 50 mm through hole for passage of drive tube of Inspection Head maintaining integrity of PHT. Lot of challenges were faced for developing the Special Sealing Plug and its associated tools. It was a first of its kind design. First ISI of TAPS-4 was conducted-successfully using this plug along with associated tools in November 2011. This development has provided immense help to NPCIL in life management of 540 MWe PHWR coolant channels.

6 illus, ref

007311   Saravanakumar K;Lavanya T G;Kubendran T R (Chemical Engineering Dep, Sathyabama University, Jeppiar Nagar, Chennai-600 119, Email: saroo_1978@yahoo.co.in) : Molecular interactions of benzaldehyde with benzene at 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K and a pressure of 0.1 Mpa. Chem Sci Trans 2012, 1(2), 269-78.

Values of density, viscosity and speed of sound for the binary liquid mixture of benzaldehyde with benzene have been measured over the entire range of composition at 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K. These values have been used to calculate the excess molar volume (V^E), deviation in viscosity (Δη), deviation in speed of sound (ΔU), deviation in isentropic compressibility (Δβ_s), excess internal pressure (Δπ), excess intermolecular free length (ΔL_f), excess free volume (V_f^E) and excess acoustic impedance (ΔZ). McAllister's three body interaction model is used for correlating kinematic viscosity of binary mixtures. The excess values were correlated using the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation to obtain their coefficients and standard deviations. The thermophysical properties (density, viscosity and speed of sound) under the study were fit to the Jouyban-Acree model.

8 illus, 13 tables, 17 ref

007310   Sarath Prakash (School of Technology and Applied Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Univ, Kottayam-686 041, Email: sarathp862@gmail.com) : Quantom dots/nanocrystals. Sci Soc 2011, 9(2), 215-18.

Nanotechology is a booming field of science in which the future is moulding its possibilities. Different inventions in this field have made human life more comfort and intelligent. Impact of nano science, in the field of space, communication, especially in the field of medicine have made humans to make the impossible, the possible! The innovation of carbon nanotubes,fullerines have made a bigbang! Semiconductor nanocrystals or quantom dots, are another of nanotechnology's miracle whose distinct properties promise a wide range of applications in the present and in the future. The unique optical effects that occur when semiconductor nanomaterials changes size, as the particals are reduced in size,they emit distinctly different colours. The particles can be attached to or incorporated in materials like bio-materials to act as a kind of barcode or tracking device. Films or coating containing quantom dots just can be painted to the surfaces of solar panels, which could trap more sunlight and yield more energy. There are many more vast variety of applications of quantom dots in a wide range of fields. Investigations on quantom dots is still going on to sort its maximum applications.

007309   Sangiamsuk S;Rittidech S;Pattiya A; Pipatpaiboon N (Heat-Pipe and Thermal Tools Design Research Unit (HTDR), Mechanical Engineering Div, Faculty of Engineering, Mahasarakham Univ, Thailand) : Design and construction of an oven for drying palm bunch using glycerin as fuel together with using closed-loop oscillating heat-pipe with check valves (CLOHP/CV) heat exchanger for waste heat recovery. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(2), 138-43.

Research addresses design and construction of an oven (2 m x 3 m x 2 m) for effectively drying palm bunch using glycerin as a fuel and a closed-loop oscillating heat-pipe with check valves (CLOHP/CV) as a heat exchanger for waste heat recovery. In each experiment, palm bunches (500 kg) were baked in oven with and without CLOHP/CV heat exchanger. CLOHP/CV (0.2 m x 0.8 m x 0.5 m) is made of copper tubes (inner diam, 2.03 mm). Working fluids were distilled water, ethanol and R134a. Waste heat from oven was recovered by heat exchanger and was beneficial for pre-heating the air in combustion process. Pre-hcating was useful in burning glycerine, and distribution of heat inside oven with CLOHP/CV was better than without CLOHP/CV. Consequently, palm bunches received uniform heat that restrained enzyme thus slowing dissolution reactions that would otherwise produce free fatty acids and cause loss of palm oil. Use of a CLOHP/CV also reduced moisture content of palm bunches to 1.2 wt% on dry basis. When using oven with CLOHP/CV as a heat exchanger with R134a as working fluid, the highest thermal efficiency of drying palm bunch was 42.4%, highest effectiveness of CLOHP/CV was 43.0% and highest efficiency of glycerin stove was 45.0%.

4 illus, 7 ref

007308   Saji K S;Sasi Kumar M (Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering Dep, Noorul Islam Univ, Kumaracoil-629 180, Email: saajiks@rediffmail.com) : Efficient and reliable tuning techniquesfor PI-controller in a chemical pH process. Indian J chem Technol 2012, 19(4), 289-94.

Control strategy based on tuning of a Pi-controller with fuzzy sliding mode control, simulated annealing and particle swarm optimization has been implemented for a pH process. A fuzzy sliding-mode control is designed to enhance the robustness of system and to reduce the influence of time-varying disturbances. The study also includes simulated annealing to find out the global optimum solution. Simulated annealing has less reliability to fail on difficult functions because of its robustness. Hence, an efficient and reliable swarm intelligence-based approach, namely particle swarm optimization technique, to optimize the proportional and integral gains is also used. The simulation results show that the proposed controller outperforms the classical tuning in stability, convergence and robustness. The results obtained by various tuning algorithms are also described.

5 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

007307   Roy Sinha K;Datta P (NO, Assam Engineering Institute, Guwahati-781 003, Email: kroysinha@yahoo.co.in) : Transition radiation as a tool for radio detection of ultra high energy neutrinos. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2012, 41(1), 7-16.

High energy neutrinos passing through the Antarctic ice and lunar regolith can produce radio pulses. A good number of experimental groups have been continuing investigations on these radio pulses. Along with VHF -UHF radio pulses, VLF-LF-MF radio pulses are also emitted from the Antarctic ice-air interface and lunar regolith-vacuum interface due to excess negative charge of the extensive ice shower (EIS) and lunar regolith shower (LRS) produced by neutrinos. In this paper, some important aspects of VLF-LF-MF radio emission (RE) from EIS and LRS in the ultra high energy (UHE) range have been studied theoretically on the basis of the transition radiation (TR) mechanism. A moon-based experimental set up for receiving lunar radio pulses and then transmitting the same to earth-based or lunar orbital satellite borne radio telescope has also been proposed. Simultaneous investigation of VHF-UHF and VLF-LF-MF RE could give more confirmed information of the original event characteristics. RE model in the framework of TR for EIS & LRS exhibits significant characteristics with respect to frequency, shower size and zenith angle variation and hence, TR mechanism can be utilized as a tool for radio detection of UHE particles in the VLF-LF-MF band. On-going projects of EIS & LRS may incorporate radio channels for <10 MHz to widen the scope of radio detection of UHE particles.

12 illus, 27 ref

007306   Real-Ramirez C A;Miranda-Tello R;Hoyos-Reyes L;Reyes M;Gonzalez-Trejo J I (Ciencias Basicas e Ingenieria Div, Autonoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco Univ, San Pablo 180, Reynosa-Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco, C.P.0200, Mexico City, Mexico, Email: carr@correo.azc.uam.mx) : Numerical evaluation of a submerged entry nozzle for continuous casting of steel. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2012, 19(3), 179-88.

In the continuous casting machines of steel, the clogging of the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) is a common problem that affects the quality of a product. The gradual increase in the clogging volume produces inadequate and uneven flow patterns inside the nozzle and the mold. The pool-type SEN is the most often used in continuous casting of steel. This work proposes a modification based on a uniform flow at the SEN exit ports and evaluates numerically the performance at non steady state of this nozzle. The aim of the modification is to extend the lifetime of the SEN, by implementing an active self-cleaning process. In the proposed SEN, the static bottom section of the pool is replaced with a sliding device of conical shape at the top. The performance of the proposed device is evaluated by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. This work shows that the hydrodynamic behavior inside the nozzle, and the vertical motion of the device allows to control the release of the inclusions into the mold.

2 tables, 14 ref

007305   Ramli R;Wahab D A;Ghani J A;Zain P M (Mechanical and Materials Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Kebangsaan Malaysia Univ, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: rizauddin@eng.ukm.my) : Comparison of lifted lead defect inspection system for surface mount technology. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(5), 330-3.

Study presents development of an automated lead defect inspection system by using Visual Mechanical Inspection Scanner (VMIS) in semiconductor industry. In any device seated out of cavity, VMIS detects misplacement error (ME), a quality defect in surface mount technology (SMT). ME causes a lifted lead defect on lead packages. MEs that can be analyzed are of two kinds: i) device seated out of cavity; and ii) double devices imbedded in the same cavity. The system was successfully tested on devices with 90% accuracy of inspection. Thus VMIS can inspect device seated out of cavity and hence prevents lifted lead from occurring.

6 illus, 10 ref

007304   Ramana Rao P S V;AppaRao B V;Padhi S K; Haribabu N (Marine Engineering Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: drpsvrrao@gmail.com) : Study of single cylinder di-diesel engine performance fueled with neat coconut oil methyl ester (COME) and methanol as dual fuel. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(1), 63-8.

This study presents effect of engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder laboratory based four stroke cycle direct injection (DI) diesel engine fueled by neat coconut oil methyl ester (COME) injected through conventional nozzle (injection pressure 200 bar) and a separate electronic injector is used as retrofit to inject methanol (injection pressure 3 bar) at an appropriate time at suction end after complete opening of suction valve. Tests were conducted at five different loads at rated speed of 1500 rpm. With increase in methanol%, pressure variation increases per degree of crank revolution with progressively increasing delay periods. Biodiesel with 5% methanol injection produced better diffused combustion and a good share of heat release was observed in premixed and diffused combustion zones, besides HC and NO emissions are lower and consistent with minimum change in its value as load is increasing. Smoke emission decreased at individual loading of engine with more methanol (up to 7%) and there is a rise in smoke at 10% methanol injection. Thus a mixture of 5% methanol injection with biodiesel operation is the most economical fuel combination in improving engine performance and decreasing emissions.

6 illus, 13 ref

007303   Rama Devi V;Vijaya Kumar B;Velchuri R;Palla S;Ravi G;Vithal M (Chemistry Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: mugavithal@gmail.com) : Effect of crystallite size on electron spin resonance of Gd<. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2012, 19(3), 204-8.

Nano-sized Eu³⁺ and Gd³⁺ doped lanthanum tungstates of composition La_6-x Ln_xWO₁₂ (Ln = Eu, Gd; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) are prepared by sol-gel complexation ;method. These samples are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The average crystallite size is calculated from the XRD using Scherer's equation. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum of Gd³⁺ doped lanthanum tungstate (La₆WO₁₂) gives characteristic "U" type spectrum. The luminescence spectrum of Eu³⁺ doped La₆WO₁₂ gives characteristic ⁵D₀→F_n (n = 0 to 4) bands due to trivalent europium ions. The intensity of ⁵D₀→⁷F₂ transition decreases with increase in the sintering temperature due to depletion of surface Eu³⁺ ions. The intensity of ⁵D₀→⁷F₂ sintered at 700°C has highest intensity and may have laser applications.

4 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

007302   Rajesh Kumar;Ravikrishna R V (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore-560 012, Email: ravikris@mecheng.iisc.ernet.in) : Modeling and optimization of a natural of a natural convection-based agricultural dryer. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(5), 316-23.

This study presents development of a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model to predict unsteady, two-dimensional temperature, moisture and velocity distributions inside a novel, biomass-fired, natural convection-type agricultural dryer. Results snow that in initial stages of drying, when material surface is wet and moisture is easily available, moisture removal rate from surface depends upon the condition of drying air. Subsequently, material surface becomes dry and moisture removal rate is driven by diffusion of moisture from inside to the material surface. An optimum 9-tray configuration is found to be more efficient than for the same mass of material and volume of dryer. A new configuration of dryer, mainly to explore its potential to increasing uniformity in drying across all trays, is also analyzed. This configuration involves diverting a portion of hot air before it enters over the first tray and is supplied directly at an intermediate location in the dryer. Uniformity in drying across trays has increased for the kind of material simulated.

10 illus, 15 ref

007301   Pascoa J C;Silva F J;Pinheiro J S;Martins D J (Electrochemical Engineering Dep, Center for Aerospace Sciences and Technology, Beira Interior Univ, R Mq s D'Avila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilha, Portugal, Email: pascoa@ubi.pt) : New appraoch for predicting PAT-pumps operating point from direct pumping mode characteristics. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(2), 144-8.

Study presents diverse correlations used to predict Pumps-as-Turbines (PAT)-pumps operating point, based on results from direct mode of pump operation. In order to ascertain accuracy of correlations, flow in the pump is computed for direct (pump) and reverse (turbine) operating modes. Accuracy of computations is checked by comparing RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) results with experiments for direct mode. A new approach is proposed for PAT power plant design based on a constant head, instead of traditional operation, in constant flow rate. A full PAT characteristic curve map can be obtained using numerical computation.

3 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

007300   Pant M;Dubey S;Raza S K;Patanjali P K (NO, Institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology, Sector 20, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Email: drsaurabh_dubey@rediffmail.com) : Encapsulation of neem and karanja oil mixture for synergistic as well as larvicidal activity for mosquito control. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(5), 348-52.

Study presents larvicidal. effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) and karanja (Pongamia glabra) oil encapsulated calcium alginate beads (individuals and combination) against mosquito species (Aedes aegypti). Studies were conducted by combining these two oils with and without converting into alginate based encapsulation formulation. Combination (30% neem oil and 70% karanja oil) was found to be more effective then any other combination. The combination of neem and karanja oil recorded an LC₅₀ of 3.1 g/1 against A. aegypti. Mortality also increases in terms of concentration of active ingredients (20-77%) after 48 h. FTIR studies indicate that there is no chemical interaction between oils or oil and polymer.

3 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

007299   Onur Y A;Erdem Imrak C (Mechanical Engineering, Bulent Ecevit Univ, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey, Email: aytaconur@hotmail.com) : Experimental and theoretical investigation of bending over sheave fatigue life of stranded steel wire rope. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2012, 19(3), 189-95.

Steel wire ropes are used in elevators, cranes, mine hoistings, bridges, offshore and aerial ropeway systems. In this study, bending over sheave (BoS) fatigue lifetimes of 6 x 36 Warrington-Seale steel wire ropes have been determined theoretically and experimentally. Experimental findings have critical importance in identifying behavior of wire rope subjected to bending over sheave fatigue. Experimental studies have been performed to show effects of tensile load and sheave diameter parameters on BoS fatigue lifetimes of 6 x 36 Warrington-Seale steel wire ropes. Besides, a multiple linear regression model has been devised and novel theoretical BoS fatigue life prediction equation has been presented by using the least square method. The results indicate that there is a powerful correlation between the results obtained by theoretical model and experimental data. The BoS fatigue lifetime results can be used in the range of specific tensile loads investigated and diameter ratios used with acceptable error.

4 illus, 6 tables, 13 ref

007298   Neeraj P V (School of Technology and Applied Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Univ, Kottayam-686 041, Email: neerajs134@gmail.com) : Biodegradable polymers in controlled drug release. Sci Soc 2011, 9(2), 211-14.

In recent years, there has been a marked increase in interest in biodegradable materials for use in packaging, agriculture, medicine and other areas. In particular, biodegradable polymer material (known as biocomposites) is of interest. Biodegradable plastics undergo degradation from the action of naturally occurring microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae. Controlled drug delivery occurs when a polymer, whether natural or synthetic is judiciously combined with a drug or other active agent in such a way that the active agent is released from the material in a predesigned manner. The purpose behind the controlling the drug delivery is to achieve more effective therapies eliminating the potential for both under- and over dosing. Providing control over drug delivery can be the most important factor at times when traditional oral or injectable drug formulations cannot be used.

2 illus, ref

007297   Mukherjee B (Discipline of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PDPM-Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturin, Jabalpur-482 005, Email: b.mukherjee@iiitdmj.ac.in) : Return loss improvement of power splitter on EBG. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2012, 41(1), 58-61.

Improvement of the return loss of a power splitter/divider, designed by partial removal of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) rods, has been investigated. The EBG used is a rod structure and shows a band gap in the range 2.2395 - 2.5774 GHz. The power splitter has a return loss of 2.45 GHz which falls in the range of the band gap. It has been found that a larger matrix of the EBG structure is needed in order to improve the return loss significantly. However, the removal of rods, as the matrix size is increased, needs to be done with a fixed ratio of the input feed length to coupling length in order to maintain the same resonant frequency. The improvement in the return loss has been significant from -19.932 dB (for a 5x5 matrix) to -37.214 dB (for a 17 x 17 matrix).

7 illus, 22 ref