005794   Yildirim S (Dep of Mechanical Engng Fac of Engng Robotics Res Lab, Univ of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey, Email: sahiny@erciyes.edu.tr) : Proposed neural internal model control for robot manipulators. J scient ind Res 2006, 65(9), 713-20.

Describes the design of a Neural Internal Model Control (NIMC) system for robots, based on Recurrent Hybrid Networks (RHNs). The NIMC, an alternative to the basic inverse control scheme, consists of a forward internal neural model of robot, a neural controller and a conventional feedback controller. An Alopex Learning Algorithm (ALA) was used to adjust weights of the proposed neural network. Backpropagation (BP) algorithm is also employed for comparison. Diagonal Recurrent Networks (DRNs) and Feedforward Neural Networks (FNNs) controllers were used for comparison. The robot in this study was adept one SCARA type robot manipulator.

11 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

005793   Yadav S;Om Prakash;Gupta V K;Bandyopadhyay A K (Natn Phys Lab, , Dr K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110 012, Email: syadav@mail.nplindia.ernet.in) : Studies on the stabilities of various types of industrial pressure measuring devices. J scient ind Res 2006, 65(9), 721-4.

Describes studies carried out on an industrial dead weight tester (pressure range, up to 330 MPa; calibration; 3 times; period, 6 years), one pressure dial gauge (pressure range, up to 70 MPa; calibration, 3 times; period, 3 years), and one digital pressure calibrator (pressure range, up to 200 MPa; calibration, 4 times; period, 6 years). A small change was observed in the short-term stability but the change was prominent in case of long-term stability in all the instruments. Stability of dead weight tester and pressure dial gauge was well within their claimed manufacturer uncertainties while it was found to be beyond claimed uncertainly in case of digital pressure calibrator.

5 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

005792   Viswanathan U K;Tewari R;Dey G K (Div of Post Irradiation Examination Div of Mater Sci Bhabha Atom Res C, , Mumbai-400 085) : Precipitation hardening in model K500, 17-4 PH stainless steel and 350 grade maraging steel. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(1), 107-21.

The strengthening mechanisms in three different types of alloys : Monel K500, Maraging Steel of 350 Grade and 17-4 PH Stainless Steel (17-4 PH SS) have been examined. Monel K500 is a nickel base super alloy with an austenitic matrix, and 17-4 PH SS and maraging steel have a martensitic matrix. In Monel K500 significant hardening is associated with the precipitation of χ. In the under-aged condition particle shearing is the pronounced mode of dislocation-precipitate interaction. In the peak-aged condition both particle shearing and dislocation looping around the precipitates are the strengthening mechanisms. The principal mode of strengthening in this alloy in the over-aged condition is looping of dislocations around the precipitates. In 17-4 PH stainless steel the strengthening contribution of soft copper-rich precipitates accounts for the observed strength increment in the peak-aged condition. The modulus-hardening which causes an attractive interaction between dislocation and soft precipitate particles is associated with the precipitate shearing process during the plastic flow of the material. Such a flow mechanism does not cause increased work-hardening of the material with precipitation hardening. The ductility of the material does not show a significant drop even in the peak-aged condition. The strengthening precipitates in the 350-Grade Maraging Steel are Ni₃(Ti,Mo) and Fe₂Mo types of intermetallic phases. In the peak-aged condition, the deformation of the material is associated with the shearing of precipitates by dislocations and with extremely low work-hardening. Overageing causes an increase in the work-hardening, suggesting the occurrence of looping of precipitates by dislocations.

9 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

005791   Vijayaram T R (Dep of Mechanical and Mfg Engng Fac of Engng, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, West Malaysia, Poskod: 43400, Malaysia, Email: vijayaram1@gmail.com) : Materials handling technology and significance of expert systems to select appropriate handling equipments in engineering industries. J scient ind Res 2006, 65(8), 619-24.

Discusses various handling equipments and the role of material handling systems in engineering industries. Flow of material through ecosystem of an industrial society is the physical manifestation of its substance, productivity and wealth. A brief explanation on the material handling interests and activities are also highlighted. Simulation models are precisely given to generate the expert system software for handling systems.

3 tables, 63 ref

005790   Verma A K;Deb D (Dep of Min Engng, BESU, Shibpur, Howrah-721 302, Email: deb@iitkgp.ac.in) : Effect of lithological variations of mine roof on chock shield support using numerical modeling technique. J scient ind Res 2006, 65(9), 702-12.

Interaction between chock shield supports, the most popular powered supports in Indian longwall mines, and surrounding coal measure strata is analyzed using finite element models. Thickness and material properties of the main roof, the immediate roof and the coal seam are varied to simulate various geological conditions of Indian coal measure strata. Contact/gap elements are inserted in between the main roof and overburden layer to allow strata separation. Nonlinear material properties are applied with plastic corrections based on Drucker-Prager yield criterion. Illustrates effects of lithological variations on shield load, abutment stress, yield zone and longwall face convergence.

10 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

005789   Venkatesh V;Rao S;Gupta B S;Ranganathan V T (Div of Electron Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited PB No 2606, , Mysore Road, Bangalore) : Single phase front end converter for traction drive. J Instn Engrs-Pt EL 2006, 87(June), 8-12.

Main features of single-phase PWM FEC for a traction drive with sine triangle modulation has been explained. The practical implementation of a fully digital control for the converter has been presented. Discusses the design criteria, analyse effects of dead time and implements a simple compensator and aspects of implementation using a standard 16-BIT DSP.

10 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

005788   Vasudeva Rao P R;Viswanathan R;Sai Baba M; Vidhya R (Div of Fuel Chem Chem Grp Indira Gandhi Cent for Atom Res, , Kalpakkam-603 102, Email: vasu@igcar.gov.in) : Fuel-clad chemical interaction issues in fast reactors. Metals Mater Process 2006, 18(1), 17-26.

Clad corrosion is one of the limiting factors for a fast reactor fuel to reach higher bum-ups. For a mixed carbide fuel, decrease in carbon-to-metal ratio with burn-up to a value less than one also limits the achievable burn-up. A new model, applicable for high plutonium content mixed carbide fuel such as the one employed in the Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) at Kalpakkam was used to calculate the decrease in C/M as a function of burn-up. In the case of the mixed-oxide fuels, fission products such as caesium, iodine, tellurium, and oxygen are believed to cause and/or promote fuel-clad chemical interactions. Many Fuel-Clad-Chemical-lnteraction (FCCI) models are reported in literature, but are all mostly concerned with fuel of initial oxygen-to-metal ratio (O/M) ≤ 1.98 and plutonium contents ≤ 30%. All the models available in the literature were employed to estimate the extent of clad wastage in Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR). A fuel-clad wastage correlation was developed by us for use with fuels with initial O/M <62> 1.98 and plutonium content <62> 30%.

2 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

005787   Taskin M;Orhan N;Ozan S (Fac of Tech Educ, Firat Univ, 23119 Elazig, Turkey, Email: mtaskin@firat.edu.tr) : Diffusion bonding of fine grained high carbon steels in the super plasticity temperature range. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2006, 13(4), 367-7.

Diffusion bonding behaviour of two high carbon hypoeutectoid steels was investigated. The steel specimens were heat treated to induce a fine grain structure and diffusion bonded within a temperature range where these steels exhibit superplasticity. The results showed that these steels could be bonded successfully at 650°C and 735°C within the superplastic temperature range, but poor diffusion bonds were fabricated at a temperature of 850°C. The poor bonding was attributed to an increase in grain size, which not only reduce grain boundary diffusion mechanisms, but also a loss in superplastic deformation behaviour could be expected.

6 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

005786   Suresh N;Ramamurty U (Dep of Metal, Indian Inst of Sci, Bangalore-560 012, Email: vnsuresh@plantinum.met.iisc.ernet.in) : Effect of aging on transformation characteristics of Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(1), 39-45.

The aging response of Cu-Al-Ni single crystal shape memory alloys in the β(austenite)-phase has been investigated. Two alloys, one in the martensitic condition (alloy M) and the other in the austenitic condition (alloy A) in the as-grown state at room temperature, were considered. Alloys were aged at three different temperatures (473, 523 and 573 K) in the β-phase for the time intervals ranging from 10 min to 24 h. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and microscopy results show successive martensitic transitions β₁' → γ₁') in both the alloys and precipitate formation (γ₂) in the alloy A leading to an increase in the transformation temperatures and transformation hysteresis, with aging.

10 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

005785   Subhash Chandra (Rd Constr Dep Govt of Bihar, , Patna, Bihar) : Development of computer program for design of pier well for road bridges in sandy soil. Indian Highw 2006, 34(2), 41-60.

Discusses development of a computer program, "WELL CHANDRA" for design of Pier Shaft and stability analysis of circular pier wells in sandy soils as per IRC:78 and IRC:45. Such a program will be a valuable design tool for bridge engineers, which they can use professionally. This program besides aiding to arrive at successful design can also be used for parametric studies, which affect the optimum design. Visual Basic has been used as Front-End to receive inputs and view output of processing in FLEXGRIDs, which has the capacity of taking large number of data in its cells, MS-ACCESS has been used as Back-End to store data and transfer it to the Front-End, as and when required. The program has been tested for variety of sample problems and found to work satisfactorily. It is user-friendly and a Bridge Engineer can use this program effectively. The output format is very near to the manual design.

11 illus, 2 ref

005784   Sriram G;Krishna Mohan N;Gopalasamy V (SCSVMV, Deemed Univ, Enathur, Kanchipuram-631 561, Email: sriram_gopalasamyv@yahoo.com) : Neural network for short term predictions of ambient particulate matter around thermal power plant. J scient ind Res 2006, 65(8), 639-45.

Three-layer neural network model has been developed to predict suspended particulate matter (SPM) in and around a thermal power plant at Neyveli. The feed forward supervised neural network-the back propagation was used to train the network. Utilizing the meteorological data along with SPM data for all the six monitoring stations surrounding the thermal power plant, the neural gave better predictions. The aim of the present research work is to construct a forecasting model that would be suitable for the use of future planning and developments.

7 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

005783   Sreedevi B G;Denish R;Augustine N (Natn Transportation Plann and Res Cent (NATPAC), , Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala) : Data management of bridges - a GIS approach. Indian Highw 2006, 34(2), 29-39.

Roads and bridges are among the costliest items of infrastructure managed by the government and hence needs systematic and timely inspection, maintenance and rehabilitiation. A comprehensive management information system supported by a well conceived database is essential for this. Explores the potential of GIS technology which can integrate the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered by maps to the common data base operations for management of bridges data. Details of 116 bridges in Thiruvananthapuram division of Kerala State Public Works Department has been collected and incorporated as test data to check the efficacy of data management with the application of GIS. Auto CAD, MS EXCEL and ARC/INFO has been used. The application of GIS has been illustrated by generating a few information outputs.

5 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

005782   Sogalad I;Subramanya Udupa N G (Dep of Mechanical Engng, Univ BDT Coll of Engng, Davangere-577 004, Email: dr_ngsudupa@rediffmail.com) : Comparative study of stress distribution in interference fitted assemblies. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2006, 13(5), 397-404.

Interference fitted assemblies find wide engineering applications such as bearing bushes, liners in cylinder blocks and small end bush in connecting rods. The strength of any such assemblies depends on various geometric features, amount of interference and other physical conditions of the mating surfaces. Details of analysis carried out to study the effect of different pin and bush materials, low temperature (cryogenic) treatment and geometric parameters on stress distribution at the mating surface of interference fitted assemblies. This work covers, analysis based on Lame's approach and finite element method - to evaluate the principal stresses and Von Mises stresses on the performance of interference fitted assemblies. For the finite element analysis(FEA), an appropriate finite element model was developed to analyse the pattern of contact stresses in interference fitted assemblies with and without low temperature effect and under varying geometric parameters such as contact length, mating diameter and amount of interference. A comparative study of both the methods has been carried out.

10 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

005781   Sivri N;Kose E;Feyzioglu A M (Dep of Envir Engng Fac of Engng, Istanbul Univ, 34320, Avcilar, Istanbul-Turkey, Email: nuket@istanbul.edu.tr) : Modelling the effects of industrial discharged waters to degirmendere river (South eastern black sea). J scient ind Res 2006, 65(8), 632-8.

Modeling the effect of discharge waters from various industrial establishments located along the Degirmendere basin in Trabzon was investigated. Discharges from industrial establishments directly influence the water quality of the Degirmendere River, which is also influenced by inputs resulting from sewage, industrial processes, and agricultural run-off water discharge. Wastewaters are often discharged continuously into this river. The organic compounds found in the water are utilized by aquatic microorganisms and consequently reduce the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the river. Models of DO profiles are useful in predicting possible consequences of additional river discharges or aeration strategies on the river. Input data for the model was the average of data collected between 1996 and 2004. The resulting four different scenarios were indicative of the effects of industrial discharge water, especially the dynamics of DO, BOD₅, temperature, and fecal coliform in the Degirmendere River.

10 illus, 14 ref

005780   Singh S;Srivastava A K;Lal K;Tomokiyo Y; Sharma S K;Kishore R (Div of Mater Characterization, Electron Microscope Sect Natn Phys Lab, Dr K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110 012, Email: aks@mail.nplindia.ernet.in) : Microstructural features, electrical and optical properties of nanostructured InSb thin films deposited at 373 K. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2006, 13(4), 339-46.

Thin films of InSb nanocrystals have been deposited onto KCI substrate using a thermal evaporation technique under high vacuum conditions (<126>10^-6 torr). An intriguing microstructure consisted of moire fringes with variable spacings and a corresponding variety of electron diffraction patterns in reciprocal space are reported at the deposition temperature of 373 K. The nanograins of InSb with preferred orientation and faceted morphology arc delineated. A possible mechanism has been postulated to explain the evolution of such microstructures. It has been noticed that there is a peculiarity in the resistivity characteristics and infrared transmittance measurements obtained on these films. A set of electron micrographs, diffraction patterns and properties have been evaluated and discussed to understand the role of nanocrystals constituting the thin film, and certain types of defects introduced in the microstructure while deposition, on these properties.

8 illus, 39 ref

005779   Singh G;Singh C P;Agrawal J P;Sikder A K (Dep of Chem, DDU Gorakhpur Univ, Gorakhpur-273 009, Email: gsingh4us@yahoo.com) : Studies on energetic compounds part 42-Thermolysis of 5-amino-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole ANTA. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2006, 13(5), 462-6.

Thermolysis of 3-amino-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (ANTA) has been undertaken using thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTG-DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques in N₂ atmosphere. TG and DTA have also been done separately in air to examine the effect of atmospheric changes. Isothermal TG has been done upto mass loss of 36% and data there from has been used to evaluate kinetic parameters using model fitting as well as model free isoconversional method. Rapid thermolysis of the sample has been studied by measuring explosion delay and evaluating its kinetic parameters. The first step in ANTA thermolysis involves removal of NO₂ followed by ring rupture leading to the formation of gaseous products such as CO₂, N₂O, HCN and HNCO.

6 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

005778   Shukla A K;Banik S;Barman S R (NO, UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Res, Khandwa Road, Indore-452 017, Email: barman@csr.ernet.in) : Fabrication of an inverse photoemission spectrometer to study unoccupied electronic states. Curr Sci 2006, 90(4), 490-6.

Discuss the performance of an inverse photoemission spectrometer that has been recently fabricated in the laboratory. The photon detector is of band-pass type with acetone gas filling and CaF₂ window (acetone/CaF₂). Determined the optimal operating conditions of the detector to be 4 mbar acetone pressure and 745±20 V anode voltage. At these operating conditions, the count rate is improved by a factor of three to what has been reported earlier by Funnemann and Merz. Author has shown that unlike other gas-filled detectors, acetone/CaF₂ detector works in the proportional region. Its dead time is negligible and addition of multiplier gas like argon worsens its performance. The performance of this detector has been compared with an ethanol/MgF₂ detector. High count rate, reasonable resolution, negligible dead time, no requirement of multiplier or quench gas, satisfactory stability, and ease of handling make the acetone/CaF₂ detector an attractive candidate for use in inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES). A low-energy electron gun of Stoffel-Johnson type has been fabricated and the beam current profile has been determined as a function of electron kinetic energy. The IPES spectra of polycrystalline Ag and Ta are shown and compared with data in the literature. By fitting the [PES Fermi edge of Ag, we find the overall resolution of the spectrometer to be 0.55 e V and the band-pass of acetone/CaF 2 detector to be 0.48 eV FWHM.

9 illus, 18 ref

005777   Shivakumar V;Upreti Y K;Anantharaman K (Div of Reactor Engng, Bhabha Atom Res Cent, Mumbai-400 085, Email: kanantha@magnum.barc.ernet.in) : Performance analysis of thoria based ahwr fuel. Metals Mater Process 2006, 18(1), 41-6.

Major consideration in fuel design is to ensure clad integrity during its life. Fuel burn-up and its linear power are the two most important parameters, which have an influence on its performance behaviour. Fission gas release is one of the most important life limiting phenomena, especially among those affecting extended fuel burn-up. It is a complex phenomenon that is governed by various fuel related parameters like temperature, grain size, density, burn-up, rim effect, homogeneity etc. There are two major aspects, which provide thoria-based fuels an inherent advantage in terms of fission gas release over urania-based fuels. Thoria has a higher thermal conductivity resulting in lower fuel temperatures and a lower diffusion coefficient. Both these factors aid in lower fission gas release. Thoria being a fertile material, requires addition of fissile material in the form of 233_U, 235_U or Pu. Advance Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) is a thoria based reactor with (Th-Pu) MOX and Th²³³U MOX fuels. Brings out the performance analysis carried out for the thoria based fuels used in AHWR from fission gas release point of view.

6 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

005776   Sharma S L;Banerjee S;Rammohan H P;Bajaj S S (Directorate of Saf Nuclear Pwr Corporation of India Limited, , Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, PIN-400 094, Email: sisharma@npcil.co.in ) : Postulated initiating events and their effect on fuel behaviour for water reactors. Metals Mater Process 2006, 18(1), 73-84.

In nuclear power plants, possible events are postulated and analysed to assess their safety. Depending upon the frequency of occurenece of such events, postulated initiating events are classified as anticipated operational occurences, design basis accidents and severe accidents. The governing event in each category is then analyzed. In all these cases fuel heats up and in the case of worst loss of coolant accident, the sheath temperature increases to 1200°C followed by depressurisation of the heat transfer system. In severe accidents the sheath temperatures go even higher. The effect of sheath temperature and coolant pressure on fuel behaviour are analysed through various models. Deals with various aspects of theoretical models used in prediction of behaviour of the fuel and sheath under different accident conditions.

7 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

005775   Shantha Selva Kumari R;Sadasivam V (Dep of Electornics and Commun Engng, Mepco Schlenk Engng Coll, Sivakasi-626 005) : Wavelet based compression of electrocardiogram using SPIHT algorithm. J Instn Engrs-Pt CP 2006, 87(May), 46-8.

Wavelets have emerged as powerful tools for signal compression. Wavelet transform is used to represent the signal to some other time frequency representation, better suited for detection and removing redundancies. Wavelet coefficients are threshold using bit plane coding. Wavelet based compression of electrocardiogram (ECG) based on set partitioning in hierarchical trees algorithm for MIT-BIH arrhythmia database of record 100 has been proposed. Proposed algorithm is significantly more efficient in compression and in computation than the previously proposed algorithm. This also attains exact bit rate control and generates a bit stream progressively in quality.

2 illus, 9 ref

005774   Shah B K;Gurumurthy K R;Choudhuri G (Div of Qual Assurance, Bhabha Atom Res Cent, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, Email: bkshah@barc.gov.in) : Corrosion and hydriding of zirconium alloys. Metals Mater Process 2006, 18(1), 95-106.

Recent trends in the nuclear industry towards higher fuel discharge burn-ups for better fuel usage, higher heat ratings and coolant temperatures for better thermal efficiency have significantly increased the technical interest in the study of corrosion behaviour of zirconium alloys. Discusses the mechanisms of various modes of coorosion as weel as the optimization of chemical comosition with respect to coorrosion resistance and flaw tolerance, the applicability of short term accelerated laboratory corrosion tests to predict long term performance in the reactor and the mechanisms and factors controlling hydrogen-induced damages namely, delayed hydride cracking and hydride blistering and their non-destructive evaluation.

3 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

005773   Sarsam S I (Baghdad Univ Civ Engng Dep, Engng Coll, Baghdad-Iraq, Email: saadisasarsam3@yahoo.com) : Improving asphalt concrete quality for ramps and approaches. Indian Highw 2006, 34(3), 61-6.

Asphalt concrete is widely used as surfacing layer for road construction in Iraq. The hot climate condition during summer and the uncontrolled heavy axle loading could be the major components of early pavement distress. At traffic light intersections, bridge approaches and ramps, the pavement experiences one major problem, which is the waving of the whole asphalt concrete layer in a direction perpendicular to traffic movement, this could be attributed to extra stresses generated by speed reduction process of heavy axles. Brake application will try to push Asphalt concrete layer forward. The tensile and cohesion properties of the mix seem to be insufficient to keep the pavement in a good riding quality and are responsible for such deformation. Improvement of such properties was achieved through two approaches, the first approach was to improve asphalt cement quality by the addition of scrap tyre rubber powder, in the second approach grid reinforcement could improve the asphalt concrete quality at such locations.

9 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

005772   Sanyal S;Konar A (Dep of Electron and Commun Engng, Coll of Engng and Mgmt, Kolaghat) : Synergism of neural nets and genetic algorithm in path planning of a mobile robot. J Instn Engrs-Pt CP 2006, 87(May), 32-7.

A new technique for efficient obstacle avoidance and path planning of a mobile robot by exploiting the synergism of neural networks and genetic algorithms has been investigated. The essence of the work lies in the elegant use of the continuous Hopfield net, topology adaptive self organizing neural net (TASONN) and genetic algorithms (GA). The TASONN is used for clustering the training instances into limited number of classes for subsequent training of the continuous Hopfield net with the cluster centres. The GA is employed to estimate the optimal connection (weight) matrix corresponding to the global minima of the Liapunov energy function of the same Hopfield net. Compared to the conventional approaches, the approach shows marked improvement in convergence time and efficiency even when the sensory input of the robot is highly distorted.

7 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

005771   Sankhua R N;Sharma N;Pandey A D (Indian Inst of Technol, , Roorkee, Uttaranchal) : Application of artificial neural network for daily river stage forecast in the river Brahmaputra. Wat Energy int 2006, 63(3), 55-62.

The forecast of a hydrological time series has been one of the most complicated tasks due to wide range of data, uncertainties in the parameters influencing it and lack of adequate data. Feed forward multilayer neural network are widely used as predictors in aquatic fields of applications. Demonstrates the potential of artificial neural network (ANN) models for simulating and forecasting daily river stages at Pandu, Pancharatna and Dhubri gauging sites of the river Brahmaputra. Back propagation method has been chosen. The main purpose has been the modelling of the river Brahmaputra in a multi gauging station catchment and real time forecast of daily stage downstream. Model efficiency of all the networks override the conceptual idea of use of the ANN has been clearly articulated.

9 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

005770   Sah D N;Viswanadham C S;Khan K B (Nuclear Fuels Grp, Bhabha Atom Res Cent, Mumbai-400 085, Email: dnsah@barc.gov.in ) : Analysis of fumex-II cases by computer code PROFESS. Metals Mater Process 2006, 18(1), 59-72.

Computer code PROFESS has been upgraded by adding new methods in the code to treat high burnup effects in the fuel. Recent improvements made in the code unclude, new thermal conductivity degradation model, rim effect model, diffusion based fission gas release model, increasing the number of axial segments and capability to treat re-fabricated fule pins. The improved version of the code with high burnup capability has been utilized to simulate the IAEA FUMEX-II cases with emphasis on prediction of fuel temperature and fission gas release during power ramp conditions.

3 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

005769   Sah D N;Shouche S P (Div of Post Irradiation Examination Div of Computer, Bhabha Atom Res Cent, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, Email: dnsah@apsara.barc.ernet.in) : Oxycon: A computer code for predicting the oxygen distribution in zircaloy cladding of PHWR fuel during loca condition. Metals Mater Process 2006, 18(1), 53-8.

Computer code named OXYCON has been developed for calculating the thickness of oxide and oxygen stabilized alpha layers and oxygen concentration profile in PHWR fuel cladding during high temperature isothermal oxidation. Oxygen weight gain, the growth of oxide layer and oxygen stabilized alpha layer are calculated using parabolic rate constants while oxygen distribution is calculated using diffusion equation. The code has been validated for oxide growth using available isothermal oxidation data on PHWR cladding. Validation for oxygen distribution has also been done using experimental data from literature. The agreement between calculation and experiment is satisfactory.

3 illus, 6 ref

005768   Sah D N;Mishra P;Unnikrishnan K (Div of Post Irradiation, Bhabha Atom Res Cent, Mumbai-400 085, Email: dnsah@apsara.barc.ernet.in) : Model for calculation of fission gas release from restructuring observed in fuel. Metals Mater Process 2006, 18(1), 35-40.

Method has been developed for estimating the fuel temperature and fission gas release fraction in a PHWR fuel pin using the fuel restructuring observed in the cross section of the irradiated fuel. This method has been applied to estimate the maximum fuel centre temperature experienced by the fuel during irradiation and fission gas release in the fuel pins of a PHWR fuel bundle irradiated to a high burn-up. The radial profile of retained fission gas in the pellet has been calculated and compared with the fission product distribution observed in beta gamma auto-radiograph of the fuel. Calculated fission gas release and retained gas radial profile show good match with experimental observations.

4 illus, 1 table, 2 ref

005767   Sah D N (Div Post Irradiation Examination, BARC, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, Email: dnsah@apsara.barc.ernet.in) : Basic mechanisms of fission gas release and high burn-up issues. Metals Mater Process 2006, 18(1), 27-34.

Important factors governing the fission gas release in oxide fuel are temperature, fuel burn-up, grain size, fission rate and restructuring. At low temperatures (°C) the predominant mechanism of gas release is recoil and knock out, the total contribution of this mechanism is insignificant at low and intermediate burn-up. However, at high burn up (50000 MWD/t of U) these mechanisms may produce significant release due to formation of Pu rim at the pellet periphery. At temperatures between 700 and 1000°C, the mobility of fission gas atoms is too low to permit appreciable gas atom movement, although at high burn-up some bubble formation is observed. The main effect of fission gas in this temperature range is swelling. Between 1000°C - 1300°C the atomic movement of gas atoms in solid matrix becomes important and the gas release by diffusion to escape-surfaces can occur. In this temperature range bubbles can form, but they are not sufficiently mobile to migrate to appreciable distances. The release occurs by accumulation of gas at the grain boundaries in the form of bubbles, which grow and interlink to form continuous channel and get released to open void space. Above 1600°C, fission gas release occurs by the movement of pores and gas bubbles up the thermal gradient. Enhancement of fission gas release is observed when fuel burn-up exceeds 40,000 MWD/t. This effect is attributed to rim effect and to degradation in fuel thermal conductivity.

8 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

005766   Roy N;Isaac K;Veeraragavan A (Mar Baselios Coll of Engng & Technol, , Nalanchira, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala) : Sensitivity analysis of input parameters for application of highway development and management tool (HDM-4) for investment decisions. Indian Highw 2006, 34(1), 15-19.

1 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

005765   Rego S;Yaji R K;Shenoy K N (MIT, , Manipal) : Mangalore roofing tiles using blended clay. Ecol Envir Conserv 2006, 12(1), 157-62.

Presents the results of the experimental study on roofing tiles using Blended clay. In recent times procuring of good earth is one of the main problems faced by the tile industry, as so called good natural deposits of have been on the verge of extinct. Hence an attempt has been made to manufacture tiles using traditional tile earth blended with easily available admixtures. Detailed report of laboratory investigation carried out on tiles made from traditional tile earth and admixture like waste lateritic soil from Laterite quarry, industrial waste likes iron ore tailings, and pond ash is presented. From this investigation it is concluded that quality-roofing tiles can be manufactured by blended earth, using less quantity of scarcely available good tile earth.

8 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

005764   Reddy M R;Raju G N;Veeraiah N (Dep of Phys, QIS Coll of Engng, Ongole-523 002, Email: nvr8@rediffmail.com) : Influence of manganese ions on electrical, spectroscopic and magnetic properties of PbO-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃ glasses. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2006, 13(5), 426-34.

PbO-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃ glasses containing small concentrations of MnO (ranging from 0 to 1.0 mol%) have been prepared. A number of studies, viz., dielectric properties (constant ε', loss tanδ, a.c.conductiviiy σ_ac over a range of frequency and temperature), infrared, optical absorption and ESR spectra and magnetic susceptibility of these glasses have been carried out. The analysis of the results indicates that manganese ions exist mostly in Mn³⁺ state in these glasses when the concentration of MnO is greater than 0.5 mol% in the glass matrix.

6 illus, 4 tables, 29 ref

005763   Ray G;Khalate A A;Das S K;Bhattacharya T K (Dep of Electl Engng, Indian Inst of Technol, Kharagpur-721 302) : Stabilzation of inverted cart-pendulum system based on T-S fuzzy model: simulation and experimental results. J Instn Engrs-Pt EL 2006, 87(June), 3-7.

A simple controller is designed based on Takagi-Sugena (T-S) fuzzy model and linear matrix inequality approach to stabilize an inverted cart-pole pendulum system within the finite track length. Stability of the inverted pendulum system is analyzed using a well-known Lyapunov function approach. Finally, simulation and experimental results are presented to show that the stabilizing controller based on T-S fuzzy system is very efficient and practical.

4 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

005762   Ray B C;Mohanty U K;Verma B B (Dep of Metal and Mater Engng, Natn Inst of Technol, Rourkela-769 008) : Influence of crucible rotation speed on hardness, cast structure and impect properties. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(1), 57-63.

Al-Si alloy containing 13% Si is cast in a cylindrical, split metallic mould rotating at different speeds about it's vertical axis. Microphotographs of the castings are taken along the radii. Microhardness profile are determined across the cross-section and Impact-tests are conducted on samples obtained from the castings produced at different speeds of rotation of the mould. The speed of rotation is seen to have a positive effect on grain refinement and distribution of the constituent phases, the effect being optimum at an optimum speed. This optimum speed of rotation of the mould is found to have resulted in an optimization of the Hardness and Impact properties of the casting.

13 illus, 10 ref

005761   Ravi G;Chakrabarti R;Choudhuri S (Dep of Electl Engng, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata 700 032) : Improved evolutionary program approach to economic dispatch with line flow constraints. J Instn Engrs-Pt EL 2006, 87(June), 53-6.

An improved evolutionary program technique for determination of the global or near global optimum solution for the economic load dispatch (ELD) problem with the transmission line flow constraints has been presented. The effectiveness of the proposed approach has been applied successfully on the standard 6-bus test system and IEEE 14 bus system and compared by a classical linear programming (CLP) method and other population based techniques. It has been observed that the proposed approach can also provide better optimal dispatch solutions within reasonable computation time.

5 tables, 15 ref

005760   Rastogi R (Civ Engng Dep, Engng Coll, Kota-324 010, Email: rrastogi_in@rahoo.com) : Preferences of vehicle parkers in Kota city - a stated preference study. Indian Highw 2006, 34(3), 45-59.

3 illus, 7 tables, 4 ref

005759   Rao V V (Natioonal Metall Lab, , Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: vvrao@rediffmail.com) : Modified gun technique for melt quenching of reactive alloys. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2006, 13(5), 451-4.

Conventional gun melt quenching technique was slightly modified to facilitate rapid solidification of highly reactive alloys like Cu-Mg. This involved the use of molten salt flux for melting and quenching the alloy. The cooling rate achieved was estimated to be in the range of 10⁵-10⁶ K/s. A Cu-28 at% Mg alloy was successfully melt-quenched by this method. The melt-quenched foils had a lustrous golden yellow colour. Formation of metastable tetragonal and amorphous phases was determined by XRD and TEM.

4 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

005758   Raj B;Mannan S L;Kasiviswanathan K V;Mathew M D;Karthik V;Venkiteswaran C N;Saibaba M;Puthiyavinayagam P (Indira Gandhi Cent for Atom Res, , Kalpakkam-603 102, Email: dir@igcar.gov.in;kasi@igcar.gov.in) : High burn-up issues in fast breeder reactor fuels and structural materials. Metals Mater Process 2006, 18(1), 1-16.

Fast breeder reactors (FBR) are essential to enhance the share of nuclear power to meet the growing energy demands in India. For economic viability and sustainability of nuclear power, there is urgent need to achieve higher fuel burn-up so as to reduce the fuel cycle cost and supply power at competitive rates. Indian energy scenario demands development of high burn-up and high breeding capable fuels working with high safety and performance levels typical of FBRs. However, this poses many challenges in the development of advanced fuels as well as structural materials which can cope up with the rigorous environment in fast reactors. Prospective fuels for FBRs include mixed oxide, carbide, nitride and metallic fuels. Choice of core structural materials range from the conventional austenitic stainless steel to ferritic steels and oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels. Various issues limiting the achievable burn-up in fuels and structural materials of fast breeder reactors are discussed.

10 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

005757   Pundhir N K S;Nanda P K (NO, Cent Rd Res Inst (CRRI), New Delhi-110 020, Email: pundir@nic.in) : Development of bitumen emulsion based cold mix technology for construction of roads under different climatic conditions of India. J scient ind Res 2006, 65(9), 729-43.

Develops environment and cco-friendly cold mix technology, field trials were conducted using bitumen emulsion on Jammu-Srinagar Highway NH-IA near Patnitop (J&K) under snow bound area. Jowai-Badarpur Road NH-44 near Silchar (Assam) under heavy rainfall and H-S Road near Hanumangarh (Rajasthan) under desert climate. Specifications adopted were 25 mm semi dense bituminous concrete (SDBC) and 20 mm premix carpet (PMC) for laying test sections with bitumen emulsion and control section with paving bitumen 80/100. Laboratory mix design for SDBC with bitumen emulsion was developed using Marshall method. Marshall specimens of cold mix were prepared, cured at 40°C for 3 days and tested at 25°C for stability and flow value. Post construction performance evaluation has been carried out at 6-month intervals for 5-6 years. SDBC and PMC with bitumen emulsion performed better or comparable with that of conventional paving grade bitumen. Due to low viscosity, bitumen emulsion penetrated into cracks and helped in scaling them during tack coating, which resulted into retardation of reflective cracks on overlays. Performance of SDBC with bitumen emulsion was also found comparable with that of paving grade bitumen.

6 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

005756   Prabhulingaiah G;Ghosh J;Sen P;Sekhar D M R (R.S.M.M. Ltd., , Bikaner (Rajsthan), Email: dmrsekhar@rsmm.com) : Test for steel melting shop grade limestone. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(1), 149-53.

2 illus, 3 tables, 3 ref

005755   Patnaik C R (NO, , 7-4-11, New Colony, Srikakulam) : Principle of command area balancing - a new method of river basin planning. Wat Energy int 2006, 63(3), 38-54.

Demonstrates how by a judicial placement of irrigation projects along the course of a river with predetermined scope for each project and at predetermined mileage for the site of the project; it is possible to cover the entire Commandable-Cultivable Area (CCA) in the river basin with irrigation, provided that there is sufficient water potential in the river to do so. Such a method would ensure that the maximum possible CCA is covered by irrigation benefit with minimum possible wastage of water enroute. Obviously such an objective should form the cardinal idea of river basin planning for irrigation projects as that would present a clear deterministic skeletal picture of the shape and size of the development of the basin. Such an objective is feasible only when the net water potential available at a particular project site is just sufficient to the irrigation needs of the net CCA available at the project site. Such a plausible principle had become workable through an ingenious method called the Principle of Command Area Balancing described in the paper. Other important considerations such as the suitability of the site for the projects located by the principle are dealt with in the latter part of this paper suitably. It has been explained how the formidable issue of settling interstate disputes on the sharing of water from interstate rivers can be resolved rationally by the application of this new principle. This principle necessitates that the planning should embrace the entire basin in one stretch, as such the several projects coming down in the plan need a programme for their execution in the time scale. This is most beneficially achieved by the application of Dynamic Programming to which a passing reference is made towards the end of the study.

12 illus, 6 tables, 5 ref

005754   Pande V S;Choube S C;Arya L D (Dep of Electl Engng, Govt Engng Coll, Ujjain, MP) : Static voltage stability control using artificial neural network by maintaining threshold value of minimum eigenvalue of reduced jacobian. J Instn Engrs-Pt EL 2006, 87(June), 57-62.

Minimum eigenvalue of reduced load flow jacobian has been used as voltage stability proximity indicator and maintained above threshold value. Minimum eigenvalue significantly depends on the setting of reactive power control variables. From operator's point of view it is very important to operate system with safe stability margin. Hence on-line assessment and control of minimum eigenvalue is very important. This has been accomplished using artificial neural networks (ANN). A system network has been trained to give minimum eigenvalue for various loading conditions and reactive power control variables settings. Using system network, a controller network has been trained to give reactive power control variables with operational constraints so that indicator is maintained above the threshold value. The developed procedure has been used to control the stability of a standard 6- bus test system.

3 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

005753   Padmavathi C;Sarin Sunder J K;Joshi S V;Rao K P (Dep of Metall and Mater Engng, Indian Inst of Technol, Madras,Chennai-600 036) : Improving wear resistance of cast AZ91C magnesium alloy by surface melting techniques. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(1), 99-106.

AZ91C cast magnesium alloy is an excellent candidate for automotive industries due to its low density. However, AZ91C alloy is not considered as suitable alloy for mechanical applications due to its low wear resistance property. Surface melting techniques were adopted to improve the wear resistance of AZ9LC alloy. Gas tungsten arc with pulsing mode and pulsed laser surface melting techniques were carried out. The wear properties were evaluated from the pin-on-disc wear testing. The hardness values of the surface melted layers increased as compared with alloy in cast condition. The wear results showed that the surface melting processes has improved the wear resistance as compared with as cast. The improvement in wear resistance may be attributed due to grain refinement imparted by surface melting techniques. The wear rates of the alloy depend on hardness of alloy. The wear surface and wear debris were analyzed with optical microscopy, SEM along with EDS analysis and XRD studies for determining the mode of wear and wear mechanism. The worn surface analysis of surface melted samples were very smooth and granular peeling was hardly observed as compared to the generaton of loose debris in the case of as cast alloy.

11 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

005752   Olusiyi I (Dep of Urban and Regional Plann, Univ of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria) : Issues of concern in road transport system in Nigeria. Indian Highw 2006, 34(2), 61-8.

The road transport system in Nigeria has played a major role in the socio-economic development of the country. The road mode still remains the dominant and most elaborate of all forms of transport in the country today. However, several issues are of concern to both the operators and users of road transport system in Nigeria. These include condition of roads and its funding, road traffic accidents and vehicular air pollution. For example, 54 per cent of the road network in Nigeria is still in poor condition with an annual cost of N133.8 billion (INR = N 2.92) to the Nigerian economy. About N300 billion is needed in the next ten years to bring the total network of roads in the country into fairly good condition. In the same vein, deaths from road traffic accidents have also been staggering. For example, between 1960 and 2001 more than 2,50,000 people have lost their lives in road traffic accidents. Tje grpwtj om vejoci;ar traffoc cpi[;ed wotj ra[od irnamozatopm jas ;ed tp omcrease Vehicular Air Pollution (VAP) making Nigeria's air quality one of the worst in the world. Therefore, a range of integrated approach is needed to bring sanity into Nigerian road transport system so as to enhance the effective mobility of people as well as the socio-economic development of the country.

005751   Nesaraj A S;Raj I A;Pattabiraman R (Dep of Chem, Karunya Inst of Technol and Sci Deemed Univ, Coimbatore-641 114, Email: drsamson@karunya.edu) : Tape casting of alternate electrolyte components for solid oxide fuel cells. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2006, 13(4), 347-56.

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) consists of four electrochemically active solid components, viz. a porous cathode, a porous anode, a dense electrolyte and a dense interconnect to form stacks. Tape casting technology involves the dispersion of inorganic ceramic particles (electrolyte) in a liquid (solvent) medium followed by the addition of organic binders, plasticizers and deflocculating or defoaming agents to fabricate a thin ceramic sheet. In this research work, the selection and loading level of additives have been optimized to fabricate alternate electrolyte components of SOFC viz. La_0.9Sr_0.1Ga_0.8Mg_0.2O_3-δ , Ce_0.90Gd_0.10O_{2-δ and Ce0.80Sm0.20O2-δ by tape casting technique. In order to remove the organic substances from green electrolyte components and sintering, the heat treatment of green tapes has been optimized by thermogravimetry differentia] thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The surface morphology of both green and pre-sintered components has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).}

12 illus, 7 tables, 23 ref

005750   Nema V;Sujish D;Muralidharan B;Rajan M; Vaidyanathan G (Fast Reactor Technol Grp, Indira Gandhi Cent for Atom Res, Kalpakkam-603 102, Email: vaidya@igcar.gov.in) : Dynamics of hydrogen in sodium in LMFBR secondary circuit. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2006, 13(5), 391-6.

Steam generator (SG) of a liquid metal cooled fast breeder reactor(LMFBR) comprises sodium on the shell side transferring heat to water in the tubes. Any crack in the tube will result in the water reacting with sodium producing hydrogen and other corrosive reaction products. This may lead to the damage of the neighbouring tubes. Monitoring of hydrogen concentration in sodium can indicate the initiation of a sodium water reaction (SWR). The hydrogen detectors are based on the diffusion of hydrogen in the sodium through a nickel membrane and measurement of the hydrogen concentration by a mass spectrometer. A numerical model has been developed to estimate the amount of hydrogen concentration in the secondary loop during water/steam leak in SG. The model has been validated based on experiments with hydrogen injection in one loop and actual sodium water reaction in another loop. It has been found that the increase in hydrogen concentration was very well predicted by the code.

6 illus, 8 ref

005749   Mudali U K;Kuhn U;Eckert J;Schultz L;Gebert A (IFW Dresden, , P.O. Box 270 016, D-01171 Dresden, Germany, Email: kamachi@igcar.ernet.in) : Corrosion behaviour of zirconium based bulk metallic glasses. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(1), 123-38.

Zr-based bulk metallic glasses (BMG) like, Zr₅₉Ti₃Cu₂₀Al₁₀Ni₈, Zr_58.5Nb_2.8Cu_15.6Al_10.3 Ni_12.8, Zr₅₇Nb₅Cu_15.4Al₁₀Ni_12.6, Zr₆₀Ti₄Nb₄Cu₁₄Al₉Ni₉, Zr₆₄Ti₅Nb₃Cu_14.7Al_7.4Ni_5.9, Zr₆₀Ti₂Nb₆Cu₁₄Al₉Ni₉ and Zr₆₀Pd₅Cu₁₅Al₁₀Ni₁₀ were investigated for corrosion behaviour in acid solutions of 1 N H₂SO₄ and 1 N HN0₃, and acidic chloride solutions of 1 N H₂SO₄ containing 0.02, 0.2 and 0.5 M NaCl, in order to understand their passivation characteristics and pitting corrosion resistance, respectively. The results of the present investigation revealed (i) corrosion resistance of Zr-based bulk metallic glasses is good in both H₂S0₄ and HNO₃ acidic medium, (ii) pitting corrosion resistance depends on the composition and structure of the alloys investigated; in general, addition of Ti and Nb enhanced the pitting corrosion resistance, (iii) amorphous and quasicrystalline structures exhibit better corrosion resistance than crystalline structure in both acidic and acidic chloride media, and (iv) copper-enriched layer below the ZrO₂ passive film deteriorate the pitting resistance by dissolution to cupric ions and forming cupric chloride interacting with chloride ions. The study recommends reduction or replacement of copper with alternate alloying elements in order to enhance the corrosion resistance of BMG for structural applications.

16 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

005748   Mittal S;Sharma A K;Binod Kumar (Civ engineering Dep, Indian Inst of Technol, Roorkee-247 667) : Behaviour of black cotton soil with bio-degradable reinforcement. Indian Highw 2006, 34(2), 5-12.

Well-built and maintained highways/railway tracks play major role in the development of any nation. The sub-grade soil is an integral part of these structures as it provides the support to the pavement. The sub-grade soil and its properties are important in the design of pavement structure. Most State Highways particularly in Maharashtra, M.P. and Andhra Pradesh have problems of foundation due to the presence of highly compressible clayey soil (mostly black cotton soil). Study indicates that the settlement and shear strength behaviour of black cotton soil is changed appreciably if reinforced with layers of woven/non-woven jute geotextile (JGT), non-woven geotextile and coarse sand drain placed at center in horizontal layer and in the form of vertical drain. Results show that compression index values decrease by about 8 per cent, 16.5 per cent and 25 per cent with non-woven JGT, woven JGT and non-woven geotextile respectively when compared with virgin black cotton soil. Further, it is seen that by addition of 10 mm dia vertical coarse sand drain in the center of 76.2 mm dia consolidation test, compression index values decrease by about 35.6 per cent, 36.5 per cent and 37.65 per cent with non-woven JGT, woven JGT and non-woven geotextile respectively in comparison with virgin black cotton soil. It is also observed that shear strength increases by about 13 per cent, 9 per cent, and 1.5 per cent with non-woven geotextile, woven JGT and vertical coarse sand drain respectively when compared with virgin black cotton soil.

18 illus, 7 tables, 16 ref

005747   Mina H L;Sharma G P;Rawa B L (PWD Raj, , Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Failure of roads due to stripping and prevention methods: a case study of Rajasthan state. Indian Highw 2006, 34(1), 21-34.

2 illus, 6 tables, 15 ref

005746   Marwala T;Chakraverty S (Sch of Electl and Inf Engng, Univ of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa) : Fault classification in structures with incomplete measured data using autoassociative neural networks and genetic algorithm. Curr Sci 2006, 90(4), 542-8.

Method for fault classification in mechanical systems in the presence of missing data entries has been introduced. The method is based on autoassociative neural networks where the network is trained to recall the input data through some nonlinear neural network mapping. From the trained network an error equation with missing inputs as design variables is constructed. Genetic algorithm is used to solve for the missing input values. The proposed method is tested on a fault classification problem in a population of cylindrical shells. It is found that the proposed method is able to estimate single-missing-entries to the accuracy of 93%and two-missing-entries to the accuracy of 91%. The estimated values were then used in the classification of faults and the fault classification accuracy of 94% was observed for single-missing-entry cases and 91% for two-missing-entry cases while the full database set is able to give classification accuracy of 96%.

1 table, 33 ref

005745   Mandavgane S A;Gogte B B;Subramanian D (NO, Priyadarshini Inst of Engng and Technol, Shivangaon, Nagpur-440 016, Email: mandavgane@rediffmail.com) : Some spent black liquor based powder detergents cum stain removers. J scient ind Res 2006, 65(9), 760-4.

Efforts are made to replace the conventional active matter alpha olefin sulphonate (AOS) from detergent by malinised krafl black liquor (MKBL). Aim is to find the suitability of organic phenolic polymeric structure of lignin (50%) lignin in black liquor) as a useful ingredient in detergent formulation with total substitute of AOS Process has been developed to replace AOS up to 100% by MKBL. Based on surface tension, detergency and foam volume, prepared compositions arc on par or sometimes better than commercial detergents even at very low concentration (0.25%).

4 tables, 26 ref