023715   Nandhitah N M;Manoharan N;Sheela Rani B; Venkatraman B;Kalyanasundaram P;Baldev Raj (Sathyabama Univ, Rajiv Gandhi Road, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai 600 119, Email: nandhi_n_m@yahoo.co.in) : Comparative study on the suitability of feature extraction techniques for tungsten inclusion and hotspot detection from weld thermographs for on-line weld monitoring. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(1), 20-6.

Welding is the most commonly used technique for joining metals in industries. In spite of various technological advances defects do occur in welds. Post non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques assess the quality of weld after completion of welding process. Monitoring and controlling weld parameters during welding can avoid the defect or if the defect is already intolerable the welding process can be stopped there to save time and money. It is thus necessary to develop an automated on-line welding system to make the correct decision. Weld thermographs arc acquired on-line with IR camera. Effective feature extraction algorithms are to be developed to isolate and quantify the defect features from thermographs. This paper compares the effectiveness and suitability of three different feature extraction algorithms namely discontinuity based detection (conventional), region growing and Euclidean distance based color image segmentation developed for on-line monitoring and control. Tungsten inclusion and different depths of penetration thermographs are the database considered for defect feature extraction. Online weld monitoring necessitates a standardized feature extraction technique that works well irrespective of the size and shape of defect. Hence, comparison is based on the accuracy of the results, parameter independency and image independency. It is found that feature extraction by Euclidean distance based segmentation is best suited for on-line weld monitoring as it is parameter independent and can be standardized for a defect.

15 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

023714   Murthy P K;Amarnath J;Singh B P;Kamakshaiah S (Swarna Bharathi, Institute of Science and Technology, Khammam-507 002, Email: krishnamurthy.pannala@gmail.com) : ANN based internal fault diagnosis of HVDC converter transformer. Int J appl Engng Res 2009, 4(6), 867-76.

Fault diagnosis of HVDC converter transformer is necessary as power quality and reliability is one of the primary concerns of the electrical power utilities. To have a satisfactory working of the HVDC converter transformer it is necessary to analyze the behavior of the transformer for various fault conditions. The application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for the fault diagnosis in the HVDC converter transformer is presented in this paper. The normalized data is given for the training of the artificial neural network using the back propagation algorithm and is tested. The simulation results are presented in this paper. The results have shown good agreement with the published work.

8 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

023713   Mekhilef S;Chard T R;Ramachandrmurthy V K (Electrical Engineering Dep, Malayasia Univ, 50 603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: saad@um.edu.my) : Voltage rise due to inter-connection of embedded generators to distribution network. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(6), 433-8.

Presents voltage control method to increase embedded generation (EG) transfer capability and to ensure distribution network voltage within statutory limits. A typical EG plant and generic 11 KV distribution network was developed. Various scenarios assessed impact of embedded generator on voltage profiles of a network with light and peak load conditions.

8 illus, 12 ref

023712   Manoharan R;Jayabalan P;Palanisamy K (Civil Engineering Dep, J.J. College of Engg. & Technology, Trichy-620 009, Email: cadsrb@gmail.com) : Experimental evaluation of corrosion rate of rebars in M25 concrete with water proofing admixture. Int J appl Engng Res 2009, 4(6), 1045-61.

Water proofing admixtures are widely used in concretes to make them impermeable and strong. These admixtures are expected to have their effects on corrosion resistance of reinforcement rods embedded in concrete. In this work, the corrosion rate of Mild Steel rod, Cold Twisted Deformed rod and Thermo Mechanically Treated rod was experimentally studied. Water Proofing Admixture in different percentages namely, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00% and 1.25% were added to M25 concrete mixture. Various tests namely, ACI test, LPR test, OCP test and weight loss test were conducted to measure the corrosion rate for a period of 14 months. The corrosion rate is found to be lesser in the case of concrete with 1.25% of water proofing admixture. It is also found that the corrosion resistance of TMT rod is better than that of other rods.

18 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

023711   Mandal B B (NO, National Intt of Miners' Health, Nagpur) : GIS based online tenement registry for Indian mineral resource. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(4), 27-9.

1 illus, 6 ref

023710   Lu Z L;Liu J H;Shi Y S;Li D C (State Key Laboratory for Manufactuting Systems, Engineering Xian Jiaotong Univ, Xian, 710 049, China, Email: zllu_1yahoo.com) : Investigation into the densification of AISI304 parts fabricated by hybrid powder metallurgy techniques. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(1), 49-55.

Complex and high-performance parts of metal and ceramics can be fabricated by selective laser sintering/isostatic pressing (SLS/IP), in which cold isostatic pressing (CIPing) is introduced into SLS followed by high sintering (HSing) and hot isostatic pressing (HIPing). In this paper, the mechanisms of action of CIPing pressure and HSing temperature on relative densities of AISI304 parts fabricated by SLS/IP are respectively investigated. Based on the liquid sintering theory, the effects of trace FeB on their relative densities, metallurgical structures and mechanical performances are likewise analyzed. Results show that there is a minimal threshold of CIPing pressure for AISI304 parts in the process of SLS/IP, which is about 400 MPa. Their relative densities approximates certain value with an increase of HSing temperature from 1250°C to 1350°C, which are improved while their mechanical performances worsen with an increase of FeB content from 0.5% to 5.0%, and their metallurgical structures consist of eutectic (α-Fe, Fe₂B) and (Ni,Ni₃B) besides austenite (Fe,Cr,Ni,C). Although their strengths are better when FeB content is 0.5 wt%, their elongation percentages are lower, which is only about 8%.

8 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

023709   LIn C S;Lin M L;Liou S R;Shei H J;Su W P (Automatic Control Engineering Dep, Feng Chia Univ, Taichung, Taiwan, Email: lincs@fcu.edu.tw) : Development and applications of a Fuzzy controller for a forced circulation solar water heater system. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(7), 537-42.

This study presents fuzzy control to improve solar heat absorbance efficiency (SHAE) of a forced circulation solar water heater (FCSWH) system, and simplify user settings. FCSWH system controls startup and stopping of circulating pump based on temperature difference between outlet and inlet of collector. Fuzzy control adapts to uncertainty of sunshine duration and modulates temperature difference to maximize SHAE. According to results, water temperature in heat storage cylinder increased by 3~5°C under fuzzy control system, showing a clear advantage in SHAE over manual control system.

8 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

023708   Lazzali F;Farsi M N (Civil Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering FSI, M'hamed Bougara Univ, Avenue de l'Independance-350 00 Boumerdes, Algeria, Email: lazzalifarah@umbb.dz lazzalifarah@hotmail.com) : Seismic vulnerability of bridges and traffic disruption within Algiers city. Int J appl Engng Res 2009, 4(6), 931-44.

Aims at analyzing the possible traffic disruption within Algiers city in case of severe earthquake. This analysis is focused on the disturbance related to damage on bridges and roads. The evaluation of damage probability of bridges is carried out by applying HAZUS-99 methodology [1]; a method for seismic risk assessment, in particular the evaluation of damage probabilities. The results obtained will hopefully provide urban managers and authorities of the city reflection on the risks incurred taking into account the possible problems of traffic in case of the loss of critical roads functionality.

10 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

023707   Kushwaha A;Singh S K;Tewari S (NO, Central Mining Research Institue, Dhanbad-826 001) : Exploitation of developed coal mine pillar with double ended slicing and stowing. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(4), 21-6.

In India, underground coal production is mostly depends upon the conventional 3bord and pillar method of mining. Technology available with us for the faster exploitation of developed coal mine pillars are only semi-mechanization with SDULHD. The statistics of the productivity per SDL/LHD with stowing in India is around 100 tonne which is quite low. Therefore, there is a need to think about the new technology which increases the productivity from developed coal mine pillars per SDL/LHD. Increasing area of roof exposure for faster rate of extraction by driving two opposite slices from the same split will be one of the options. In the present paper authors have conducted the scientific study for the optimum exploitation of 7.3m thick XI seam which is at about 445m depth of cover at Digwadih Colliery under Tata Steel. The upper workable XIV seam is standing on developed pillars. Study concluded that splitting as a final operation with stowing in bottom section and then exploitation of full top section with double ended slicing and stowing with restricted panel width will be one of the suitable methods of extraction for the above seam. Single ended slicing and double ended slicing method of extraction with stowing have been experimented in top section in the above mine and it was found that average productivity was increased from 105 tonne to 145 tonne per SDL.

7 ref

023706   Khan M H;Amarnath J (EEE Dep, Royal Institute of Technology and Science, Chevella, RR Distt. A.P., Email: haseeb_md@yahoo.com) : Control of induction motor drive without shaft encoder using model referencing adaptive system and to avoid torque jerks in transition at starting. Int J appl Engng Res 2009, 4(6), 921-9.

Controlled ac drives in the case of 'Sensor less control' without mechanical sensors for speed have the attraction of high reliability. With the sensorless speed control technique the speed information is obtained without the use of speed or position sensors. However, the feedback information is still needed and is generated through indirect technique such as 'estimation'. In this paper motor model in stationary reference frame is proposed and the speed estimation is done by using Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) based on voltages and currents that will give satisfactory operation in low speed region also. In this paper High Pass Filter (HPF) with feed forward control of stator flux is also used to get speed control at very low speeds and to avoid jerks generating at the time of transition from standstill to sensorless control. Simulation of sensorless control of induction motor using MRAS and HPF has been carried out by using Matlab/Simulink. The results have been presented and analyzed.

8 illus, 11 ref

023705   Kechebour B El;Nechnech A (Laboratoire Eau, Environnement Geotechnique, et Ouvrages, Sciences and Technology Univ, Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Civil Engineering, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria, Email: mailto:belkechebour@yahoo.fr) : Analysis of costs and choice on retaining structures: land, curtain wall and slope. Int J appl Engng Res 2009, 4(6), 845-65.

The objectives of this work are an analysis of the costs about the retaining structures and one model that permits the choice between the design of a retaining wall or a slope. The main goal is to build graphs and to develop a computing tool facilitating the determination of the costs and the optimised choice. This approach supposes that the safety coefficients of the structures have same value and that the drainage is well made. The lack of space in the urban zones requires an optimised solution regarding the functional, security, economic and aesthetic points. The standard cantilever wall is composed of a vertical wall having a variable section and of an interdependent sole with the wall. The slope is represented by a height (H), and a width (L) in accordance with the relation L = H/tgφ, where φ) indicates the angle of natural repose. The volumes of the retaining wall and the equivalent slope which can replace the wall are evaluated at first. After having evaluated the necessary land space to the influence of the slope, the realisation cost of the retaining wall is compared with the cost of realisation of the slope and the cost of the surface of the lost land. At last the work finish by the presentation of the computerised program and the graphs illustrating the costs and the optimised solution.

7 illus, 16 tables, 10 ref

023704   Kadirgama k;Noor M M;Harun W S W;El-Hossein A A (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, 263 00 UMP, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia, Email: kumaran@ump.edu.my) : Optimisation of heat affected zone by partial swarm optimisation in air plasma cutting operation. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(6), 439-43.

Presents development of mathematical model for predictign-of heat affected zone (HAZ) and optimised parameters for air plasma cutting operation on AISI 6061 aluminium alloy. Experimental and predictive values from RSM are found of same trend. Partial swarm optimisation (PSO) was employed to Optimise cutting parameters. Deviation of HAZ obtained by optimised HAZ model is 2.72%. Optimum cutting parameters for minimum HAZ are: output current, 100 A; stand-off gap, 1 mm and pressure, 620.52 kPa.

4 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

023703   Joshi D P;Mahiyar J K (NO, Govind Secsariya Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Email: erdayanand@yahoo.co.in) : Moment-tilt characteristics of angle shaped footing under eccentric inclined loading. Int J appl Engng Res 2009, 4(6), 1085-092.

The footing are often subjected to eccentric loading due to i) moments with or without axial forces ii) the oblique loading iii) their location in the vicinity of property line. Due to eccentric loading the footing tilts and the pressure below the footing does not remain uniform. The tilt of the footing increases with the increase in the eccentricity and the bearing capacity reduces considerably. Therefore, footing sizes increases and makes the design uneconomical. Many researchers have studied the effect of lateral confinement on sandy soils and have concluded that the lateral confinement is an effective way of increasing the ultimate bearing capacity as the settlement of the footing reduces considerably. Therefore an analysis of angle shaped footing under eccentric loading has been carried out in the present study. One side" footing projection having different angle as well as length of projection of footing confines the soil and prevents its lateral moment. It was concluded that eccentrically loaded footing can be designed for no or negligible tilt by giving footing an angle shaped. The length and angle of footing projection will depend upon the eccentricity width ratio.

4 illus, 5 ref

023702   Joshi D P;Mahiyar H (NO, CE-AMD, SGSITS, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Email: erdayanand@yahoo.co.in) : Application of finite element technique to analyse angle shaped footings. Int J appl Engng Res 2009, 4(6), 1071-84.

Presents the results of Finite Element Analysis on the influence of confinement on the behavior of a model angle shaped footing resting on soil. Confinement means to restrict the lateral movement of soil by providing either an independent confinement or making the confinement as an integral part of the footing. It has been found that by confining the soil, there is a reduction in the settlement and hence an increase in the bearing capacity of soil. The bearing capacity is affected by many factors; the eccentricity is one of them.

3 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

023701   Jha A K;Diwakar V;Sreekumar K (Materials Characterization Div, Materials and Metalluragy Group, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Trivandrum 695 002, Email: ak_Jha@vssc.gov.in) : Metallurgical analysis of burst tested aluminium alloy AA 2219 miniature assembly. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(1), 67-71.

Miniature assembly fabricated from aluminium alloy AA 2219 forging and 2.0 mm thick sheets is subjected to burst test using a pressure cartridge at very high strain rate of loading. The microstructural features associated with deformation at high rate of loading using explosive energy is analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microstructures consisted of adiabatic shear bands formed in an extremely short time by the combined effects of the highly localized shear deformation and the high temperature rise that occurred within the shear bands. Scanning electron microscopy revealed features of melting within the adiabatic shear band. This paper highlights the details of experiment carried out and the salient observations at microscopic level on the fracture surfaces taken from the test article.

8 illus, 9 ref

023700   Jayanthu S;Equinuddeen S K;Prakash B;Reddy C V;Rao Y V (Mining Engg. Dep, NIT, Rourkela) : Present challenges in design of rock slopes vis-a-vis surface mining domain. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(4), 12-5.

Presents an overview of advances in opencast mines, and geotechnical investigation required for understanding the stability of slopes in the ever-changing and challenging situations of deep mines. A brief note on the present problems of opencast mines is presented along with overview of some of the most commonly used techniques for stability analysis of slope. Many slope failures or uneconomic over design of slope in recent times emphasizes the need of proper education to the concerned on the limitations and applicability of the existing guidelines and further studies required for the purpose.

1 illus, 11 ref

023699   Jaju S B;Lakhe R R (Mechanical Engineering Dep, G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering, CRPF Gate No.3 Digdoh Hills, Hingna Road, Nagpur-440 016, Email: sbjaju2k@rediffmail.com) : Quality costs in a manufacturing industry: a gateway for improvement. Int J appl Engng Res 2009, 4(6), 945-54.

Quality improvement decisions are viewed as the catalyst for substantial technological developments being made in the manufacturing sector. Quality cost is used as an indicator of economic health of an organisation. In order to improve quality investment decisions, this paper thoroughly reviews the quality cost literature and researches carried out by various researchers. It discusses different methods for obtaining quality cost data, their problems and remedies. A simplified methodology is proposed for collection of quality cost data in a manufacturing industry. An activity chart along with flow diagram is prepared demonstrating the procedure for implementation of quality cost system. This paper presents a complete understanding of quality cost illustrated by a case study in a manufacturing industry.

1 illus, 5 tables, 10 ref

023698   Irimescu A;Lelea D (NO, Politehnica Timisoara Univ, 300222 Timisoara, Romania, BI, Mihai Viteazul 1, Email: iamotors@yahoo.com) : Thermodynamic analysis of gas turbine powered cogeneration systems. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(7), 548-53.

This study proposes an integrated model for thcrmodynamic analysis of gas turbine powered regeneration systems, covering simple cycle and overall regeneration efficiency, load control by using inlet guide vanes, inlet fogging and supplementary firing. The model can be further developed for other applications (air cooling, steam injection, and trigeneration of power, heat and cooling).

10 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

023697   Gurugnanam B;Devarajan M;Pugazhandi V; Prabhakaran N;Suvedha M (Earth Sciences Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar) : Locating the aquifer extent in terms of spatial distribution through geophysics and GIS in Ayothiyapattinam block, Salem district, Tamilnadu. J appl Hydrol 2008, 21(1-2), 23-32.

The scientists are paying more attention towards the origin, sources of supply management evaluation towards its origin, sources of supply management evaluation and utilization of ground-water. To demarcate the ground water potential zones, geophysics play an important role (vertical electrical sounding (VES)). Recently, the GIS joined with geophysics to demonstrate the spatial distribution aspects. In this study, the geophysical interpretation coupled with GIS was used to locate the area of interest for groundwater studies. Geophysics is to find out the subsurface variations in terms of compactness and water holding capacity. Sixteen VES survey were conducted in Ayothiyapattinam block, Salem district. Schlumberger electrode separation method was used, and the field data were interpreted using the curve matching technique to determine the resistivity of the different layers in depth. Using these results, GIS was employed to decipher the spatial distribution of top soil, weathered zone thickness and depth to basement thickness.

4 illus, 4 tables, 5 ref

023696   Garg D;Kuldeep Kumar (Mathematics Dep, N.I.T., Kurukshetra, Haryana, Email: deepikanit@yahoo.in) : Availability analysis of cattle feed plant using matlab-tool. Int J appl Engng Res 2009, 4(6), 913-20.

Analyzes the variation of availability of Cattle feed plant with respect to time. The paper discusses a Cattle feed plant consisting of various units viz. Elevator, Grinder, Hopper, Mixer, Winch, Palletiser, Screw conveyor. These units are arranged in series. Failure and repair rates of each machine are assumed to be constant. The mathematical model of Cattle feed plant has been developed using Markov birth - death Process. The differential equations have been developed on the basis of probabilistic approach using transition diagram and solved with the help of matlab Tool.

2 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

023695   Ganesh Babu C;Vanathi P T;Ramachandran R; Senthil Rajaa M;Vengatesh R (ECE, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Satyamangalam-638 401, Email: bits_babu@yahoo.co.in) : Performance analysis of voice activity detection algorithm for robust speech recognition system under different noisy environment. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(7), 515-22.

This study evaluates performance of objective measures in terms of predicting quality of noisy input speech signal using voice activity detection (VAD). Implementation process includes a speech-to-text system using isolated word recognition with a vocabulary of 10 words (digits 0-9) and statistical modeling (Hidden Markov Model - HMM) for machine speech recognition. In training period, uttered digits were recorded using 8-bit pulse code modulation (PCM) with a sampling rate of 8 KHz and save as a wave format file using sound recorder software. HMM performs speech analysis using linear predictive coding (LPC) method of degree. For a given word in vocabulary, system builds an HMM model and trains model during training phase. Training steps from VAD to HMM model building are performed using PC-based Matlab programs. Current framework uses automatic speech recognition (ASR) with HMM based classification and noise language modeling to achieve effective noise knowledge estimation.

3 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

023694   Dutt D;Tyagi C H (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001, Email: dharm_dutt@yahoo.com) : Ipomea carnea and Cannabis sativa as an alternative pulp blend for softwood: Optimization of soda pulping process. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(6), 460-7.

Presents a blend of Cannabis sativa and Ipomea carnea as a substitute to softwood for soda pulping. Optimized soda pulping conditions are: active alkali, 16% (asNa₂O); max. temp., 165°C; time (at 165°C) ISOmin; and liquor to wood ratio, C. sativa, 3.5:1 & I. carnea, 4.0:1. Screened pulp yields were: I. carnea, 47.86% (kappa number 34); and C. sativa, 49.50% (kappa number 33). Anthraquinone (AQ, 0.1%) also improves pulp yield and reduces kappa number, respectively, for: I. carnea, 0.24%, 8 units; and C. sativa, 0.24%, 4 units. At same chlorine demand (5.80%), pulp brightness improved of I. carnea (87.1%) and C. sativa (84%) by CEHH bleaching sequence. Therefore, I. carnea fibers may be used as brightness improver of pulp.

3 illus, 6 tables, 21 ref

023693   Das M;Chakraboty H;Singandhupe R B;Muduli S D;Kumar A (Directorate of Water Management, Formerly Water Technology Centre for Eastern Region, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar-751 023, Email: mdas6@yahoo.com) : Utilization of distillery wastewater for improving production in undrproductive paddy grown area in India. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(7), 560-3.

Presents a field experiment by using treated wastewater of cane molasses distilleries (DE) for improving cropping in underproductive area (acidic red and latcrite soil) in Orissa. Grain and straw yield and nutrients' uptake were substantially improved over normal practice. Wastewater (@ 120 m^{3/ha) was found as most favorable concentration for growing paddy in acidic, red and laterite soil area.}

2 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

023692   Chu G;Li F (School of Naval Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264 209, China, Email: amrrychu@gmail.com) : Plastic deformation of tailor-welded tube hydroforming. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(1), 13-9.

To reveal the deformation characteristics and influence of dissimilar thickness on hydro-bugling of tailor-welded tube (TWT), FEA, experiments and mechanics analysis are conducted. The effects of length ratio, weld-seam movement and work-hardening on deformation compatibility are analyzed. It indicates that the plastic deformation occurs first at the middle zone of the thinner tube, and then extends to the thicker tube crossing the weld-seam. The expansion occurring on the two parts with dissimilar thickness is non-uniform, higher the length ratio and higher the deformation compatibility. Stress-strain analysis reveals that though the whole TWT suffers biaxial tensile stresses and the biaxial elongation occurs in the thinner tube, axial compressive strain occurs in the thicker tube. It is concluded that the mechanism for improving the deformation compatibility is to induce the deformation in the thicker tube by enhancing the bulging pressure needed for the thinner tube through changing the stress state of the thinner tube and flowing stress. Weld-seam movement happens during tailor-welded tube hydroforming, which induces uneven distribution of axial strain and thinning ratio in the TWT.

12 illus, 10 ref

023691   Chaudhary K;Vishvakarma B R;Meshram M K (Dlectrical Engineering Dep, Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Email: kalpanachaudhary@hotmail.com) : Satellite solar power station: system architectures, concepts and technologies. Int J appl Engng Res 2009, 4(6), 1063-69.

With the introduction of restructuring in the electrical power industry, the price and availability of electricity has become a primary issue for participating entity. The paper emphasizes the possibility of generating electricity in space by using solar cells in satellite. This paper compares such ideas and concept on the basis of economics and feasibility of implementation. The paper further discusses various technologies for improvising the performance of the system.

3 illus, 7 ref

023690   Chandra B P;Mahobia S K;Nema S K;Jha P; Kuraria R K;Kuraria S R (NO, Disha Institute of Management and Technology, Satya Vihar, Vidhansabha-Chandkhuri Marg, Raipur-492 101, Email: bpchandra42@yahoo.co.in) : Machanoluminescence technique for real-time monitoring of crack produced during application of loads on crystal. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(1), 61-6.

When a load is applied on to a crystal, then the fracto- mechanoluminescence (ML) emission takes place in the form of light pulses. The number of ML pulses and the time duration t_c for the appearance of ML increase with increasing value of the load and the average ML intensity from a single ML pulse decreases with increasing value of the load. For a given value of the applied pressure, the total number NT of ML pulses, the total ML intensity I_T and the time duration t_c of ML emission increase with increasing size of the crystals. As the total ML intensity is directly related to the area of newly created surfaces, the pressure dependence of the total ML intensity indicates that initially the total area of newly created surfaces increases with increasing value of the applied load and later on it tends to attain a saturation value for higher values of the applied load. As the strain rate is maximum at a particular time after the application of load on to a crystal, the rate of the emission of ML pulses is maximum at a particular time after the application of load on to the crystals. The dependence of N_T, I_T, and t_c on the applied pressure P₀ follows the following expressions, respectively N_T = M₀ V' [1-exp{-δ_c(P₀-P_t)}], 2I_T = D b M₀ V[1-exp{-δ_c(P₀-P_t)}], and, t_c = 1/α In(P₀/P_f) and, where V is volume of crystal, y is an exponent, δ_c = 1/P_c, P_c is the critical pressure, P_f is the fracture stress, M₀, D, b, and α are constants. A good agreement is found between the theoretical and experimental results.

6 illus, 24 ref

023689   Chaitra T (Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Email: tchaira@yahoo.com) : Intuitionistic Fuzzy set approach for color region extraction. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(6), 426-32.

Improvised technique is proposed in detecting and extracting color regions of an image using intuitionistic fuzzy set (IPS) theory. This will be very useful especially for remotely sensed images where different types of regions (agricultural, watery, or volcanic) are to be extracted. Comparing with non-fuzzy and fuzzy method, results of an extracted image were found better due to consideration of uncertainty in the form of a hesitation degree while defining membership function in IPS.

5 illus, 13 ref

023688   Bhuyar L B;Thakre S B;Deshmukh S J (Mechanical Engineering Dep, P.R.M. Institute of Technology & Research, Badnera, Amravati-444 701, Email: lbbhuyar@gmail.com) : Development of mathematical correlation for the transesterification reaction. Int J appl Engng Res 2009, 4(6), 833-43.

The demand for petroleum is increasing with each passing day. This may be attributed to the limited resources of petroleum crude. In that case it becomes utmost necessity to search for alternative fuels which are renewable and in that biodiesel emerges as a real solution. Chemically biodiesel is monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable feedstock like vegetable oils and animal fats. It is produced by transesterification in which, oil or fat is reacted with alcohol in presence of a catalyst. The process of transesterification is affected by the mode of reaction condition, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type and amount of catalysts, reaction time and temperature. In present study biodiesel is prepared in the laboratory scale processor following base catalyzed transesterification. The reaction was carried out by varying different parameters to find the best combination of influencing parameter to obtain maximum ester yield from the oil. The aim of the study is to establish the kinetics of the reaction during transesterification and to develop mathematical correlation between the ester yield and different influencing parameters for the reaction. It has been estimated that the simulation equations developed predicts the values of ester yield with R^{2 values of 0.96 and 0.95 respectively, when compared with experimentally determined values thus can be used for vegetable oil with FFA less than 2.5.}

5 illus, 20 ref

023687   Bhandari S (Mining Engineering Dep, JNV Univ, Jodhpur) : Blasting technology scenerio in the next decade. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(9), 9-12.

2 illus, ref

023686   Baredar P;Sethi V K;Pandey M (NO, Laxmi Narain College fo Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: pbaredar@rediffmail.com) : SWOT analysis and power productivity estimation through solar radiation assessment. Int J appl Engng Res 2009, 4(6), 999-1007.

This research paper is prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of India, All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) under Research Promotion Scheme (RPS). The concept paper represents possible potential of solar radiation also the analysis of different parameters involved in solar power generation for strategic investment in Remote area Development. To determine its feasibility the Energy Centre Rajeev Gandhi Technological University Bhopal M.P (India) has installed a solar-wind-biomass tribid power station in Bhopal mainly for educational and research purposes. This 11.6 kW capacity power station generates electricity from solar, wind & biomass at 230V and 50Hz frequency. A complete state-of-art Weather monitoring station is installed at the station to monitor various parameters. The parameters include ambient temperature, solar radiation, humidity, charging current, battery bank voltage (maximum and minimum battery voltage), voltage of individual cells, kWh consumed by the load and Inverter output voltage and current. In this paper, a detailed description of the solar radiation and analysis of the readings obtained for various parameters are illustrated.

4 illus, 19 ref

023685   Babamir S M;Jalili S (NO, Kashan Univ, Kashan, Iran, Email: babamir@kashanu.ac.ir) : Making real-time systems fault tolerant: a specification-based approach. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(7), 501-9.

To make an event-triggered real-time system safe in application layer, this study presents a specification-based run-time verification (RV) and fault tolerance approach in following steps: i) System is isolated from its environment by modeling interaction between them; ii) Considering safety requirements violation, observation-verification-tolerance rules are systematically obtained; and iii) Rules are weaved into control software (called software instrumentation) by an automatic way. For effectiveness, proposed approach is applied to classic and real-time Railroad Crossing Control System (RCCS).

7 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

023684   Arefin M D S;Rabiul Karim K M (Soicial work Dep, Univ of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-620 5, Bangladesh, Email: arefinmatin@yahoo.com) : Gender and enviromental implications of rural road building: evidences from three Bangladeshi villages. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2007, 30(1), 27-34.

Roads play a vital role in rural development while road building is still considered as one of the basic prerequisites of rural community development in most of the developing countries. The present study analyzes the gender and environmental implications of road-network development in three adjacent Barind villages in northwest Bangladesh. For data collection, key informants interviewing, household survey, and unstructured interviews with household members were conducted. Data analysis includes both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study shows that improved roads alleviate worthy accumulation of natural resources in remote rural areas that usually enhance people's overall livelihood security. It has also the potential to positively impact on women's lives as it increases their ability to participate in diversified economic activities. Withal, over exploitation of natural resources is evoked by improved roads, which finally leads to environmental degradation. Hence women might be pushed back into more disadvantaged situation due to their social positions in relation to such natural resources uses.

2 illus, 12 ref

023683   Andjelkovic Z R;Milivojevic D R;Stevic Z (Technical Faculty in Bor, Belgrade Univ, 19210 Bor, Serbia, Email: dragan.milivojevic@irmbor.co.rs) : Thermovisual camera commands decoding and ISI format encrypting. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(7), 523-8.

Describes wiretapping method for camera and its monitoring codes. Analysis and decoding of specially protected ISI database includes temperature data of an object observed in the process.

2 illus, 5 tables, 10 ref

023682   Amezquita-Sanchez J P;Cabal-Yepez E; Romero-Troncoso R J;Osornio-Rios R A;Garcia-Perez A ('HSP digital Research Group, AC Telematica/Procesamiento Digital de Senales, DICIS, Universidad de, Carretera Salamance-Valle de Santiago km 6.5 + 108 km, Comunidad de Palo Blanco, 36 700 Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico, Email: ecabal@hspdigital.org) : Determination of system frequencies in mechanical systems during shutdown transient. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(6), 415-21.

This study proposed a methodology for system frequency detection of mechanical systems with variable load conditions. Vibration signals from shutting-down transient were analyzed in combined time-frequency domain using wavelet and FFT analyses. Effectiveness of proposed methodology was validated by experimental case study and found that this methodology can be applied to any rotating mechanical system.

7 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

023681   Amar Prakash;Gurdeep Singh;Singh K B (NO, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad) : Relation of surface and ground water parameters of Singhbhum area, Jharkhand, India. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(4), 16-20.

Surface and ground water samples were collected from different locations of Singhbhum area, India. The various water quality parameters, so obtained, were compared with the Indian Standards. An attempt has been made to generate the relation of each parameter, if so, by statistical analysis and developed the best-fit equations separately for surface and ground water. The relations obtained are completely site specific.

5 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

023680   Ali A;Hosseini M;Sahari B B (Mechanical & Manufactruing Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM-43 400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: aidy@eng.upm.edu.my) : Review and comparison on some rubber elasticity models. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(7), 495-500.

This study reviews several classical continuum mechanics models for incompressible and isotropic materials based on strain energy potential and then compares ability of neo-Hookean, Yeoh, Mooney-Rivlin and Ogden models in predicting uniaxial deformation states based on experimental data from dumb-bell test specimen under uniaxial loading.

1 illus, 32 ref

023679   Akkartal E;Mendes M;Mendes E (Faculty of Commerces, Yeditepe Univ, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: akkartal@yeditepe.edu.tr) : Determination of suitable permutation numberes incomparing independent group means: a monte carlo simulation study. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(6), 422-5.

In this study, suitable number of permutations were tried to be determined empirically for permutation test, one of which alternatively used in analysis of variance (ANOVA). Random numbers were generated from χ^{2 (3) distribution by simulation technique, and type I error rates were calculated with their standard errors. For k=2, 3 and 4, data were dealt with what is commonly faced in practice. Number of observation (n) in each group were taken to be 5, 10 and 15 (except for k = 2). Number of permutation changes with respect to k and n. For k=2, 3 and 4, required number of permutation was determined to be 15,000, 25,000 and 30,000 respectively. In general, there is great advantage of not allowing number of permutation under 10,000, if permutation tests are to be used in testing significance of differences of means of groups.}

1 illus, 17 ref

023678   Aggarwal R;Lakhwinder Kaur;Aggarwal H (Computer Science & Engg Dep, Thapar Univ, Patiala, Email: raggarwal@thapar.edu) : Reliability analysis of fault-tolerant irregular multi-stage interconnection networks. Int J appl Engng Res 2009, 4(6), 955-62.

The design of a suitable interconnection network for inter-processor communication is one of the key issues that determines the overall system performance. The reliability of these networks and their ability to continue operating despite failures are major concerns in determining the overall system performance. The reliabilities of the Modified Double Tree (MDOT), Four-Tree (FT) and Modified Four-tree (MFT) multi-stage interconnection networks have been calculated in terms of the Upper and Lower bounds of Mean time to failure (MTTF). The MDOT is a multipath network with limited fault tolerance. The FT network, has been designed using MDOT, is an irregular, fault tolerant and multipath network. MFT network is the modified form of FT, is an irregular, fault tolerant, more cost effective and is as reliable as the FT network. Hence, it can be concluded that MFT is an improvement not only in terms cost over FT, but it enjoys the same reliability as FT.

3 illlus, 3 tables, 11 ref

022682   Upadhyaya A;Kumar J;Pramod Kumar;Sikka A K (ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, ICAR Parisar, P.O.: B V College, Patna-14) : Analysis of rainfall in Patna main canal command employing two parameter gamma probability distribution model. Indian J Soil Conserv 2009, 37(1), 17-21.

3 tables, 6 ref

022681   Senthil Kumar A P;Prabhu Raja V;Karthikeyan P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: apspsgct@yahoo.com) : Comparison of hexagon and octagon cylider models with conventional models for effective thermal conductivity estimation of usspension systems. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(5), 356-64.

This study presents hexagon and octagon cylinder models for effective thermal conductivity estimation of suspension system. Algebraic equations were derived based on isotherm approach for two dimensional spatially periodic medium. Model prediction was achieved'with minimum (± 10.83%) and maximum (± 15.58%) deviation from experimental data for suspension systems. Model prediction was comparable with conventional models.

5 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

022680   Sawmliana C;Roy P P;Singh R K;Monjezi M; Chawngthu S (NO, CMIFR, Barwa Road, Dhanbad-826 001) : Controlled blasting operation for new road formation cutting in difficult hilly terrain. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(3), 28-30.

Blasting operation in hilly areas often posed difficulties when there are certain restrictions to the surrounding environments. Soil pollution and land degradation are the main concerned in the controlled blasting for the new road formation cutting at Arbai area. It was difficult to control the blasted materials that could roll down along the hill slope when the gradient was more than 40°. A very light explosive charge was required to control the muck throw. The other practical problem faced was difficulty in drilling due to steeper slope gradient. The final smooth and stable wall was obtained by controlling explosive charge and longer delay period in the final row of holes. The environmental impacts to the surrounding area could be reduced with proper blast design patterns.

3 illus, ref

022679   Saraf S;Kasturia S;Verma A (Civil Engineering Dep, IIT Guwahati, Guwahati-781 039, Email: sudhi.iitg03@gmail.com) : Methodology for developing a multiobjective transit passenger information system using GIS. Indian Highw 2009, 37(7), 19-27.

Presents a methodology for developing a Geographical Information System (GIS) based Multiobjective Transit Passenger Information System. The methodology takes into account a multiobjective generalized cost based approach instead of a single objective multimodal passenger information system. The mathematical formulation takes into account the concept of path viability and the maximum number of modal transfer that the user would like to take. Also, the walking time and the travel cost have been given due importance. The passenger information system can answer the user queries like: optimum path based on time, cost, distance, or a combination of some or generalized cost; and other related information for making a trip. It is proposed to put into effect the developed methodology using GIS software Maplnfo, and test it on a real network.

3 illus, 13 ref

022678   Santiago-Perez J J D;Osornio-Rios R A; Romero-Troncoso R J;Cabal-Yepez E;Guevara-Gonzalez R G (HSP digital-CA Mecatronica, Facultad de Ingenieria Campus, San Juan de, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Rio Moctezuma 249, San Cayetano, C.P. 76807 San Juan del Rio, Qro., Mexico, Email: raosornio@hspdigital.org) : Feedrate optimization by polynomial interpolation for CNC machines based on a reconfigurable FPGA controller. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(5), 342-9.

This paper presents an optimization feed rate technique for smooth trajectories generation based on polynomial interpolation. Proposed methodology implements constant or variable feed rate based on a reconfigurable FPGA. Experimental results verified proposed methodology with high efficiency for both approaches.

7 illus, 24 ref

022677   Renganathan S;Sree Parthan P B;Vijayakumar G; Dharmendira Kumar M;Velan M (Chemical Engineering Dep, Anna Univ, Alagappa College of Technology, Chennai-600 025) : Biosorption of residual oil using biomass derived from Pistia stratiotes: batch studies. Indian J envir Prot 2009, 29(10), 890-5.

Biosorption of oil from wastewater was investigated by Pistia stratiotes in batch studies at different sorbent dosage (0.02 to 0.10 g per 100 ml), pH (2 to 6) and oil water ratio (2 to 10 g per 100 ml). Removal of oil was determined by measuring the oil concentration before and after the sorption process. It was observed that the equilibrium uptake capacity was found to be decreased with increase in sorbent dosage and increased with increase in oil water ratio. Equilibrium uptake capacity was found to be more at pH value 3 when compared to all other pH studied. The equilibrium data was analyzed for Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. From the result, it was observed that the equilibrium data was found to be fitted very well with the Freundlich isotherm model when compared to Langmuir isotherm model.

3 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

022676   Rajamohan P;Rao T S;Anupkumar B;Sahayam A C; Balarama Krishna M V;Venugopalan V P;Narasimhan S V (Water & Steam Chemistry Div, BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam-603 102) : Distribution of heavy metals in the vicinity of a unclear power plant, east coast of India: with emphasis on copper concentration and primary productivity. Indian J Mar Sci 2010, 39(2), 182-91.

Seawater samples collected in the vicinity of MAPS (Madras Atomic Power Station) from 17 stations covering an area of 4 km^{2 were analysed for distribution of heavy metals viz. iron, copper, cadmium and mercury. Mercury was analysed by cold vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and the other heavy metals by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Water samples were found to have heavy metals such as Fe (26-85 μg I-1), Cu (0.05-5.1μgl-1; Cd (0.5-1.7 (μg/l) and Hg (0.03-1.5 μg/l). Samples from the power plant cooling system and condenser outfall were specifically analysed for copper and primary production. Copper concentrations were in the range 1 - 2.2 μgl-1. Primary productivity was low on passing through the power plant cooling circuit. However, it was found to recover once the effluent mixed with the ambient sea. Present study infers that heavy metal concentrations in the vicinity of the power station outfall are comparable to unpolluted pelagic waters of the Bay.}

3 illus, 6 tables, 41 ref

022675   Panigrahi B (NO, Orissa Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003) : Planning and management of water resources in Orissa to enhance crop production. Indian J Soil Conserv 2009, 37(1), 30-6.

3 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

022674   Padma S;Lakshmi S (NO, Transport Planning & Environment Division, New Delhi) : Statistical evaluation of frequency phenomenon of incidence of bus driver accidents in a metropolitan city. Indian Highw 2009, 37(7), 51-7.

Traffic accident distributions are often discussed in terms of being strongly positively Skewed, that is for example Poisson' which places limits on what statistical methods may be used for the analysis of accidents. An attempt was made to identify the correlation between the time period and accident number^{7 and a correlation was established though not very strongly. It is seen during the statistical analysis of accidents that the outputs of an analysis vary from place to place and are a unique to a specific set of data from a specific region. In this study, it is envisaged to assess the pattern distribution of accidents amongst the drivers of varying age groups and also amongst the older drivers of Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC) buses of Chennai. The study proposes to test a hypothesis that the nature of accidents involved in by the drivers and their age group distribution are dependent on each other. A correlation between the ages of the drivers and the frequency of accidents has been established and the trend of frequency of involvement in road accidents by the drivers has been statistically formulated.}

2 illus, 7 tables, 11 ref

022673   Negi M S;Yogesh Prasad;Ganesh Prasad;Gusain G S;Badoni M;Ramola R C (Physics Dep, H N B Garhwal Univ, Badshahi Tahul Campus, Tehri, Garhwal-249 199, Email: rcramola@bsnl.in) : Gamma radiation dose rate in indoor, outdoor and underground atmosphere around Tehri dam project, Uttarakhand, India. Indian J Phys 2009, 83(8), 1209-14.

The natural pollution level due to gamma radiation was measured in about 22 residential houses around the Tehri Dam Project in Uttarakhand state by using Environmental Radiation Dosimeter. Both urban and rural houses were selected for the measurements. The recorded gamma dose rate in indoor atmosphere was found to vary from 25.1 μ-R/h to 67 μR/h with a mean value 38.6 (iR/h whereas in traditional rural houses the obtained values varied from 42.6 μR/h to 83.5 μR/h with mean value 60.3 μ.R/h. In outdoor atmosphere, it was found to vary from 25.1 μ-R/h to 60 jiR/h with an average value 35.8 μR/h. It is observed that the dose rates are higher in rural houses than that in modern houses. Efforts have also been made to observe deviation of dose rate in the underground (Power House) atmosphere of Tehri Dam Project in vertical and horizontal mode. It was observed that dose rate remain almost same in horizontal mode, but a significant variation has been found in the vertical mode. In addition, the variation of dose rate with type of building material, trend and mode of construction of houses and the age of houses are also discussed in detail.

2 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

022672   Natalia K (NO, , International Business Manager, JSC NIIK, Russia) : Urea production technologies "Urecon" revamping and grass-root construction. Indian J Fertil 2009, 5(12), 65-8.

Almost all the urea plants in Russia and FSU (many of them are more than 30 years in operation) have been revamped by JSC NIIK's technology in the past years. Technical solutions for revampings developed by JSC NIIK's specialists based on operational experience of urea plants and numerous researches are protected by international patents. JSC NIIK's specialists have developed and patented two urea production technologies for revamping of existing urea plants and grass-root construction of the new ones.

5 illus

022671   Narula A K;Goyal S K;Saini S;Chauhan R P; Chakarvarti S K (Physics Dep, Radha Krishan Sanatan Dharam College, Kaithal-136 027, Email: anilnarulaktl@gmail.com) : Calculation of radon diffusion coefficient and diffusion length for different building construction materials. Indian J Phys 2009, 83(8), 1171-5.

The diffusion of radon in dwellings is a process determined by the radon concentration gradient across the building material structure between the radon source and the surrounding air, and can be a significant contributor to indoor radon inflow. Radon can originate from the deeply buried deposit beneath homes and can migrate to the surface of earth. Radon emanates to the surfaces mainly by diffusion processes from the point of origin following α-decay of ^{226Ra in underground soil and building materials used, in the construction of floors, walls, and ceilings. In the present study radon diffusion through some building materials viz. coarse sand and stone dust of different grain size has been carried out using LR-115 type II solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs). The radon diffusion coefficients and diffusion lengths through these building construction materials have been calculated. The effect of grain size on radon diffusion through these building materials shows the decrease in radon diffusion with decrease in grain size.}

12 tables, 2 ref