009140   Pande S V;Badheka V J (NO, Mechanical Engg., M. G. M's COE, Nanded, Maharashtra) : Effect of tool pin offset on mechanical and metallurgical properties of dissimilar FSW joints of 6061t6 Al alloy to copper material.. Indian Weld J 2014, 47(3), 68-74.

In the investigation effect of tool pin offset on mechanical and metallurgical properties of dissimilar FSW joints of 6061T6 Al alloy and Copper material was studied. Keeping other FSW variables constant, tool pin offset was varied from 1mm, 2mm and 3mm. The plunge load value decreases with increase in tool pin offset, because of the tool pin is immersed into soft material (Al), while at lower pin offset the plunge load increased. Tensile Strength (TS) values decreases with increase the tool pin offset. Poor tensile properties were obtained at the very large pin offsets, due to the insufficient reaction between the Cu and Al material. Sufficient reaction was achieved in the FSW AI-Cu joints produced at pin offsets of 1mm and 2mm, resulting in the good tensile properties. The distribution, amount and size of Cu particles strongly depend on tool pin offset. It is observed that content of dispersed particles decreases at larger tool pin offset. When the pin offset was larger, only few Cu pieces with relatively small size were scratched from the Cu bulk. It was easy for the small Cu pieces to mix into the Al base and react with the Al base in the nugget zone, and therefore no proper mixing of Cu with Al matrix. On the other hand, when the pin offset was smaller, more AI-Cu IMCs would be formed because the more Cu pieces were stirred into the nugget zone. Thus the joining between the Al and Cu became poor due to the brittle nature of the IMCs. Research investigation also highlights the fracture location at different tool pin offsets.

9 illus, 10 ref

009139   Pai A;Albert S K;Prabhat Kumar;Mitra T K; Sogalad I;Basavarajappa S (Atomic Energy Dep, Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (Bhavini), Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu) : Evaluation of mechanical properties of modified 9Cr-1Mo welds produced by narrow gap hot wire and cold wire gas tungsten arc welding processes for 500MWe PFBR steam generators. Indian Weld J 2014, 47(3), 49-57.

Modified 9Cr-lMo material is selected as principal material of construction of Steam Generators (SG) for India's first of its kind 500MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR). The fabrication of PFBR Steam Generators involves welding of 12mm, 30mm and 90mm thick modified 9Cr-lMo components which were carried out by combination of hot wire and cold wire Gas Tungsten Arc Welding processes. Hot wire Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) is a relatively new process and limited machines/facilities are available in India for welding with this technique. The most important benefit from the use of a hot wire GTAW system is high weld deposition rate and reduced dilution & porosities from the weld deposits. Eventhough welds were meeting the specification requirements during welding procedure qualification, limited information available on hot wire GTAW process in open literature motivated authors for characterization of welds produced by this specialized technique. During welding procedure qualification, it was found that impact test results of weld metal produced by cold wire GTAW process is superior than weld metal produced by hot wire GTAW process. In light of this, detailed investigation & micro-structural analysis is carried out to find out the root cause for variation in impact properties. This paper details the systematic evaluation and interesting observations during characterization of microstructure & mechanical properties of modified 9Cr-1Mo welds produced by hot wire and cold wire GTAW processes.

6 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

009138   Ozer A;Tur Y K (Material Science and Engineering Dep, Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey, Email: aozer@gyte.edu.tr) : Sintering behaviour and mechanical properties of Cr₃C₂-NiCr cermets. Bull Mater Sci 2013, 36(5), 907-11.

Cr₃C₂-NiCr cermets are used as metal cutting tools due to their relatively high hardness and low sintering temperatures. In this study, a powder mixture consisting of 75 wt% Cr₃C₂-25 wt% NiCr was sintered at four different temperatures and characterized for its niicrostructure and mechanical properties. The highest relative density obtained was 97% when sintered at 1350 °C. As the relative density increased, elastic modulus, transverse rupture strength, fracture toughness and hardness of the samples reached to a maximum of 314 GPa, 810 MPa, 10.4 MPa.m^{1/2 and 11.3 GPa, respectively. However, sintering at 1400 °C caused further grain growth and pore coalescence which resulted in decreasing density and degradation of all mechanical properties. Fracture surface investigation showed that the main failure mechanism was the intergranular fracture of ceramic phase accompanied by the ductile fracture of the metal phase which deformed plastically during crack propagation and enhanced the fracture toughness.}

4 illus, 14 ref

009137   Nanda S;Sengupta M;Sengupta A (Electrical Engineering Dep, Bengal Engineering and Science Univ, Shibpur Howrah, West Bengal-711 103, Email: sknanda.online@gmail.com) : Modelling, simulation, fabrication, experiments and real-time linear state variable feedback control of cuk converter using pole placement technique. J Instn Engrs : Ser B 2014, 95(1), 55-62.

Using a suitable combination of some of the basic converter topologies representing the Buck, the Boost and the Buck-Boost converters, one may obtain some other useful dc-to-dc converters. A typical example is the cascade connection of the Boost and the Buck converter which produces the well known Cuk converter. This work emphasises on the modelling, real-time simulations, fabrication and closed-loop control of a Cuk converter. For the modelling and real time simulation, FPGA platform has been used. Small signal modelling and conventional control aspects (compensator) of Cuk converter are discussed. A 200W, 10kHz Cuk converter is designed, fabricated and tested in the laboratory. The converter model is of fourth order. The transfer function being a non-minimum phase one with two right-half plane zeroes, a limited work has been done on this. For such systems, conventional control methods are demonstrated to fail. Pole placement technique, which is envisaged to be a suitable control technique for a higher order non-minimum phase system has been adopted. Excellent correlation between off-line and realtime simulation results establishes the accuracy of the work. Agreement between open-loop results obtained from the experimental set-up under steady state vis-a-vis those obtained from simulation is also a major highlight of the paper.

16 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

009136   Nam C T;Wein-Duo Y;Duc L M (Chemical and Materials Engineering Dep, National Kaohsiung Univ of Applied Sciences, 415 Chien-Kun Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 807, Republic of China) : Photocatalysis of TiO₂ nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at low temperature. Bull Mater Sci 2013, 36(5), 778-8.

TiO₂ nanotubes were synthesized by the solvothermal process at low temperature in a highly alkaline water-methanol mixed solution. Their characteristics were identified by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), specific surface area (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The as-prepared samples were tested by the photodegradation reaction of methylene blue (MB) dye under visible-light irradiation. The ratios of methanol and water, as well as calcination temperature, affected the morphology, nanostructure and photocatalytic performance. The methanol solvent plays an important role in improving crystallization of the anatase phase, which affects the photocatalytic reaction. Titanate nanotubes were synthesized in methanol-water volume ratios of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 which still had high absorbability. Titania nanotubes formed at a calcination temperature of 300 °C using methanol-water volume ratio of 30:70 showed highest photocatalytic performance, much higher than that using water solvent and TiO₂-P25 powder.

12 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

009135   Mohamed M A;El-Maghraby A H;El-Latif M M A; Farag H A (Fabrication Technology Dep, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt, Email: mmohamed@muscat.sci.eg) : Optimum synthesis conditions of nanometric Fe₅₀Ni₅₀ alloy formed by chemical reduction in aqueous solution. Bull Mater Sci 2013, 36(5), 845-52.

In the present article, various nanometric Fe₅₀Ni₅₀ alloys were synthesized by chemical reduction of the corresponding metal ions, with hydrazine in an aqueous solution. Process variables of reaction temperature, pH of the hydrazine solution and concentration of metal ions were varied in order to determine the optimum synthesis conditions regarding quality, productivity and cost. It is found that pH of hydrazine solution, at low concentration of metal ions, is the most crucial variable affecting the reaction rate, average crystallite and particle sizes of the synthesized nanometric Fe₅₀Ni₅₀ alloy, followed by the total concentration of metal ions. Thus, increase of pH of hydrazine solution acts as an efficient stabilizer in reducing the particle size. On the contrary, at high concentration of metal ions, the structural characteristics of the nanometric Fe₅₀Ni₅₀ alloy are almost insensitive to reaction temperature and pH of hydrazine solution, but the reduction rate is remarkably sensitive to reaction temperature. Based on these results, it is decided that a reaction temperature of 80 °C, pH of the hydrazine solution of 12.5 and concentration of metal ions of 0.6 M represent the optimum synthesis conditions. The role of pH of hydrazine solution in reducing the alloy's average particle size as well as efficient stabilizer confirms tremendous effect of synthesis conditions on the alloy structure and therefore, the importance of this study for industrial production of nanometric Fe₅₀Ni₅₀ alloy.

6 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

009134   Mithlesh Kumar;Seshagiri T K;Godbole S V (Radiochemistry Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, Email: giritks@gmail.com) : Thermally stimulated luminescence and photoluminescence investigations of Eu<. Bull Mater Sci 2013, 36(5), 913-18.

Thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) investigations of SrBPO₅ :Eu^{3+ and SrBPO₅ :Eu2+ phosphors were carried out in the temperature range of 300-650 K. In order to characterize the phosphors, X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence (PL) techniques were used. The emission spectrum of air heated SrBPO₅ :Eu3+ phosphor exhibited emission bands at 590, 614, 651 and 702 nm under 248 nm excitation, assigned to transitions of Eu3+ ion. In phosphor prepared in reducing (Ar + 8% H2) atmosphere, a broad emission band due to Eu2+ ranging from 350 to 400 nm was observed with 340 nm excitation. EPR studies have confirmed the presence of Eu2+ ions in the samples prepared in reducing atmosphere. TSL glow curve of SrBPO₅ :Eu3+ had shown intense peaks around 397, 510, 547 K and a weak peak around 440 K whereas in case of SrBPO₅ :Eu2+ system, glow peaks at 414, 478 and weak peak at 516 nm were observed. The shift in TSL glow pattern can be attributed to stabilization of different oxidation states of the dopant ion in the host lattice. Apart from this, TSL trap parameters such as trap depth and frequency factor were determined. Spectral characteristics of TSL emission have shown that Eu3+/Eu2+ ion acts as the luminescent centre in the respective phosphors.}

7 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

009133   Li J (Scientific Research Dep, Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Langfang 065 000, China) : Effect of CuO addition on structure and electrical properties of low temperature sintered quaternary piezoelectric cermaics. Bull Mater Sci 2013, 36(5), 877-81.

Ceramics were prepared successfully by CuO additions to Pb[(Mn_1/3Sb_2/3)_0.06(Ni_1/2W_{1/2)0.02 ^-} (Zr_0.49Tio_0.51)_0.92]O₃. Effect of the addition on sintering temperature, structure and electrical properties of ceramics was investigated. The piezoelectric ceramics was prepared by solid-state reaction. Sintering experiments were accomplished at temperature between 950 and 1100 °C added 0-3-1-0 wt% CuO. The sintering temperature was reduced from 1250 °C (without CuO additions) to 970 °C when CuO-doped. The ceramics sintered at 970 °C for 2 h with 0.7 wt% CuO exhibited ε_r = 1845, tan δ = 0.15%, d₃₃ = 395 pC/N, k_p = 0.58 and Q_m = 1830, which were the highest values. With increasing CuO doping, T_c becomes lower. Jahn-Teller effect was used to explain the contraction of c-axis and simultaneous extension of a-axis in the lattice.

6 illus, 14 ref

009132   Lalam S V (NO, Naval Systems & Materials), NSTL Campus, Visakhapatnam-530 027) : Microstructure and strength of Al₂O₃ - EN24 vacuum brazed joints. Indian Weld J 2014, 47(3), 37-47.

In the present investigation, microstructural features and lap shear strength of vacuum brazed joints of polycrystalline alumina and low alloy steel EN24 were investigated. The joints were brazed in vacuum brazing furnace at 850°C by varying time using Ag26.7Cu4.5Ti (wt%) brazing alloy. The microstructure was characterized by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Qualitative and quantitative phase analysis was carried out from SEM Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPIMA) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The presence of phases Ti0₂, (AI,Ti)₂O₃/ CuAI0₂, Cu₃(Ti,AI)₃0, Cu₂(Ti,AI)₄O and intermetallics of Cu-Ti were observed in the brazed joint near alumina interface; presence of Cu₃Ti, Ag-Cu hypo- and hypereutectic solid solutions and formation of FeTi and TiFe₂ intermetallics were observed in the brazed joint near EN24 interface. The thickness of the reaction layers increased with increase in brazing time. Lap shear strength of the brazed joints increased from 56±16 MPa to 76±14 MPa with increase in brazing time from 15 minutes to 45 minutes.

15 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

009131   Khatri R;Sheth S;Gupta A N (Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dep, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus-333 031, Email: ngupta@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in) : Modeling of zinc oxide (ZnO) based thin film transistors (TFTs). Invertis J renewable Energy 2014, 4(3), 136-9.

In this paper, an analytical model of ZnO TFT is proposed and the effect of grain size, and doping concentration, on the variation of effective carrier mobility and drain current with gate voltage is investigated. The model is based on the assumption that all the defect states are localized in grain boundaries (GBs). To validate the model, the computed results are compared with experimental data and yield a reasonable good agreement.

7 illus, 8 ref

009130   I Kallel;Abdelkafi Z;Abdelmoula N;Simon A; Khemakhem H (Laboratoire des Materiaux Ferroelectriques, Unit de recherche Physique-Mathematiques, 05/UR/15-04, Faculte des Sciences de Sfax-Universite de Sfax, B.P. 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisie, Email: najmeddine.abdeloula@fss.rnu.tn) : Relaxor behaviour and dielectric properties of BiFeO₃ doped Ba(Zr_0.1Ti_0.9)O₃ ceramics. Bull Mater Sci 2013, 36(5), 893-8.

Ba_1-xBi_xTi_0.9Zro_0.1)_1-xFe_xO₃ (x = 0-0.075) ceramics are prepared using a conventional solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction shows the presence of a single phase. Addition of Bi^{3+ and Fe3+ strongly influences the crystal structure and dielectric properties of the ceramics. The evolution from a normal ferroelectric to a relaxor ferroelectric is emphasized. Ba_0.99Bi_0.01(Ti_0.9.Zro_0.1)_0.99Fe_{0.01< D>O3 ceramic shows a relaxor behaviour at room temperature with ΔTm =12 K. P-E hysteresis loop of the composition, x = 0.007, shows a remanent polarization (Pr) of 0.5 μC/cm2} with a coercive field (EC) of 2 kV/cm. Raman spectra of all compounds are performed and correlated well with the X-ray diffraction and dielectric measurement results.}

6 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

009129   Gupta P;Devendra Kumar;Om Parkash;Jha A J (Ceramic Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu Univ), Varanasi-221 005, Email: devendra.cer@iitbhu.ac.in) : Structural and mechanical behaviour of 5% Al₂O₃-reinforced Fe metal matrix composites (MMCs) produced by powder metallurgy (P/M) route. Bull Mater Sci 2013, 36(5), 859-68.

Aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of sintering temperature and time on the properties of Fe-Al₂O₃ composite (5 wt% Al₂O₃; 95 wt% Fe) prepared by powder metallurgy process. X-ray diffraction, microstructure, density, hardness and compressive strength of prepared samples have been investigated. XRD studies show the presence of Fe and Al₂O₃ along with iron aluminate phase. Iron aluminate is formed as a result of reactive sintering between iron and alumina particles. Microstructural examination of the specimen showed a dense structure with nanosize dispersion of the reinforcement of ceramic phase. Density as well as hardness of specimens depend on the formation of iron aluminate phase, which in turn depends on sintering temperature and time.

12 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

009128   Ganji D D;Jafarmadar S;Jalilpour B;Rahimi R; Shotorban A B;Kachapi S H H (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Babol Noshirvani Univ of Technology, Babol, Iran, Email: ddg_davood@yahoo.com) : Analytical and numerical simulation investigation in effects of radiation and porosity on a non-orthogonal stagnation-point flow towards a stretching sheet. Indian J pure appl Math 2014, 45(4), 415-32.

Steady two-dimensional non-orthogonal flow near the stagnation point on a stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium in the presence of radiation effects is studied. Using similarity variables, the nonlinear boundary-layer equations are solved analytically by homotopy perturbation method (HPM) employing Pade technique. Comparison between the results of HPM-Pade solution and numerical simulation as well as some other results which are available in the literature, demonstrates a very good agreement between them and the HPM-Pade solution provides a convenient way to control and adjust the convergence region of a system of nonlinear boundary-layer problems with high accurate. The effect of involved parameters such as striking angle, radiation parameter, porosity parameter and the Prandtl number on flow and heat transfer characteristics have been discussed with more details.

16 illus, 30 ref

009127   Dutta S;Shubha V;Ramesh T G (Materials Science Div, National Aerospace Laboratories, PO Box 1779, Kodihalli, Bangalore-560 017, Email: som@nal.res.in) : Reduction in thermal conductivity of Bi-Te alloys through grain refinement method. Bull Mater Sci 2013, 36(5), 853-7.

Ternary alloys of thermoelectric materials Bi-Sb-Te and Bi-Se-Te of molecular formula, Bi_0.5Sb_1.5Te₃ (p type) and Bi_0.36Seo_0.064Teo_0.576 (n type), were prepared by mechanical alloying method. The preparation of materials by mechanical alloying method has effectively reduced the thermal conductivity by generating a large number of induced grain boundaries with required degree of disorder. The process of frequent milling was adapted for grain refinement. Substantial reduction in thermal conductivity was achieved due to nano-structuring of these alloys. Thermal conductivity values were found to be very low at room temperature, 0.5 W/mK and 0.8 W/mK, respectively for p and n type materials.

4 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

009126   Dong L;Meng L (School of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural Univ, 59<35>, Mucai Street, Gongbin Road, Xiangfang Strict, Harbin, China) : Application of sample entropy on measuring precipitation series complexity in Jiansanjiang branch bureau of China. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2013, 12(2), 249-54.

In order to describe the complexity characteristics of precipitation series in Jiansanjiang Branch Bureau of China, the complexities of monthly average precipitation series were measured by the sample entropy method and the regional differences of precipitation resources system complexity in the farms belonging to Jiansanjiang Branch Bureau were analyzed by utilizing the visualization function of ArcGIS technology. The measure and analysis results show that the complexities of each monthly average precipitation have obvious regional differences in Jiansanjiang Branch Bureau. The monthly average precipitation series complexities in Farm Hongwei and Farm Bawujiu are the strongest; in Farm Daxing, Farm Chuangye, Farm Qianjin, Farm Qinglongshan, Farm Yalvhe, Farm Qianfeng and Farm Shengli are in the middle; and in Farm Qindeli, Farm Qixing, Farm Honghe, Farm Qianshao and Farm Erdaohe are the weakest. Sample entropy can reflect the dynamic change degree of precipitation series and has advantages like less data needing and is stable, which provide a new way to research hydrological series complexity. The research achievements reveal the complexity and its areal variation of local precipitation resources system, and screen boundary parameters for structuring water resources optimization allocation models, and provide scientific basis for rationally utilizing and developing precipitation resources in Jiansanjiang Branch Bureau and even in the whole Sanjiang Plain of China.

3 illus, 14 ref

009125   Ding J;Liu B;Wang S A;Mu X;Zhu S;Liu G;Liu W; Sun Y;Liu L;Wang D (State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong Univ, Jinan-2500100, China, Email: slwang67@sdu.edu.cn) : Crystalline perfection and optical properties of rapid grown KH₂PO₄ crystal with chromate additive. Bull Mater Sci 2013, 36(5), 939-43.

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals were grown in the presence of a series of chromate (CrO₄^{2-) additive concentrations via rapid growth method. CrO₄2- made KDP crystals were coloured by yellow-green, suggesting CrO₄2- had entered into the crystal lattice. The elemental analysis indicated that Cr element in KDP crystal was at ppm level. High resolution X-ray diffraction data revealed that the crystalline perfection of these as-grown KDP crystals was destroyed after CrO₄2- entered into crystal lattice, embedded in the full width at half maximum was broadened and satellite peaks appeared. Additionally, the extinction ratio was decreased with rise of CrO₄2- concentration. CrO₄2- introduced two absorption peaks centred at 360 and 280 nm and enhanced the intrinsic absorption near 220 nm, which were at the same band positions compared with the CrO₄2- or HCrO₄- transmittance spectra. Additionally, CrO₄2- could increase the size of light scattering, which was attributed to the point defects and microscopic defects by the replacement by CrO₄2- at PO₄3- position.}

5 illus, 1 table, ref

009124   Das D (Civil Engineering Dep, Purulia Polytechic, Purulia-723 147, Email: djdas2007@yahoo.co.in) : Identification of erosion prone areas by morphometric analysis using GIS. J Instn Engrs : Ser A 2014, 95(1), 61-74.

This study was undertaken to determine the priority watersheds for conservation of natural resources of the Haharo sub catchment in the Damodar catchment of upper Damodar valley area having an area of 565 km involving four watersheds in Jharkhand State in eastern India by morphometric analysis using topographical maps on a scale of 1:50,000. To define the morphometric features of the watershed, the topographic information of the study area at 1:50,000 scaled are taken for analysis with the help of GIS tools. The topographical information derived from this map is utilized for calculating parameters and fixing of priority of watershed for suggesting conservation measures. The parameters computed include the morphometric parameters like bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, texture ratio, and three basin shape parameters i.e., form factor, circularity ratio, and elongation ratio. A rating was done for each of these parameters according to their value. Average of all these parameter for each watershed is calculated to determine the priority. Among the four watersheds 4/4 was the highest priority area where conservation measure has to be taken first then watershed 4/3. Watershed 4/1 was the medium priority area and watershed 4/2 was the low priority area.

7 illus, 5 tables, 27 ref

009123   Chuanzhi C;Qi G;Zhengling G;Chichen Y; Shuanwen N;Zhiyong L (College of Petroleum Engineering, China Univ of Petroleum (East China), Shandong, 266580, P.R. China) : Optimization study on equilibrium development technology of horizontal wells in edge water reservoirs. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2013, 12(2), 345-8.

In the production process of horizontal well, a pressure drop exists in horizontal wellbore from the toe to the heel, leading to different producing pressure drops at various points of horizontal section. And the water will early breakthrough in local horizontal section, which influences on the development effect of horizontal wells. Thus, it is required to combine the pressure drop characteristics in horizontal wellbore with reservoir heterogeneity and the location of horizontal section, in order to achieve equilibrium development of horizontal wells. The edge water reservoir was taken as an example in this study, where the reservoir simulation technology was used for analysing the influences of reservoir permeability difference along the horizontal wellbore, thickness difference along the horizontal wellbore and the angle between horizontal section and oil-water interface on horizontal well development. As a result, reservoir parameters policy limits were obtained for achieving equilibrium development of horizontal wells, providing a basis for the optimal design of horizontal wells in edge water reservoirs.

5 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

009122   Chattopadhyay P;Konar P (Electrical Engineering Dep, Bengal Engineering and Science Univ, Shibpur, Howrah, Email: paramita_chattopadhyay@yahoo.com) : Feature extraction using wavelet transform for multi-class fault detection of induction motor. J Instn Engrs : Ser B 2014, 95(1), 73-81.

In this paper the theoretical aspects and feature extraction capabilities of continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) are experimentally verified from the point of view of fault diagnosis of induction motors. Vertical frame vibration signal is analyzed to develop a wavelet based multi-class fault detection scheme. The redundant and high dimensionality information of CWT makes it computationally in-efficient. Using greedy-search feature selection technique (Greedy-CWT) the redundancy is eliminated to a great extent and found much superior to the widely used DWT technique, even in presence of high level of noise. The results are verified using MLP, SVM, RBF classifiers. The feature selection technique has enabled determination of the most relevant CWT scales and corresponding coefficients. Thus, the inherent limitations of CWT like proper selection of scales and redundant information are eliminated. In the present investigation 'db8' is found as the best mother wavelet, due to its long period and higher number of vanishing moments, for detection of motor faults.

4 illus, 11 tables, 37 ref

009121   Chahal P;Singh M;Kumar S (NO, Y.M.C.A. Univ of Science and Technology, Faridabad-121 006) : Efficient web page ranking for semantic web. J Instn Engrs : Ser B 2014, 95(1), 15-21.

With the enormous amount of information presented on the web, the retrieval of relevant information has become a serious problem and is also the topic of research for last few years. The most common tools to retrieve information from web are search engines like Google. The Search engines are usually based on keyword searching and indexing of web pages. This approach is not very efficient as the result-set of web pages obtained include large irrelevant pages. Sometimes even the entire result-set may contain lot of irrelevant pages for the user. The next generation of search engines must address this problem. Recently, many semantic web search engines have been developed like Ontolook, Swoogle, which help in searching meaningful documents presented on semantic web. In this process the ranking of the retrieved web pages is very crucial. Some attempts have been made in ranking of semantic web pages but still the ranking of these semantic web documents is neither satisfactory and nor up to the user's expectations. In this paper we have proposed a semantic web based document ranking scheme that relies not only on the keywords but also on the conceptual instances present between the keywords. As a result only the relevant page will be on the top of the result-set of searched web pages. We explore all relevant relations between the keywords exploring the user's intention and then calculate the fraction of these relations on each web page to determine their relevance. We have found that this ranking technique gives better results than those by the prevailing methods.

3 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

009120   Arshi N;Lu J;Lee C G;Yoon J H;Koo B H;Ahmed F (School of Nano & Advanced Materials Engineering, Changwon National Univ, Changwon, Gyeongnam 641-773, Email: junqinglu@yahoo.com) : Thickness effect on properties of titanium film deposited by d.c. magnetron sputtering and electron beam evaporation techniques. Bull Mater Sci 2013, 36(5), 807-12.

This paper reports effect of thickness on the properties of titanium (Ti) film deposited on Si/SiO₂ (100) substrate using two different methods: d.c. magnetron sputtering and electron beam (e-beam) evaporation technique. The structural and morphological characterization of Ti film were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). XRD pattern revealed that the films deposited using d.c. magnetron sputtering have HCP symmetry with preferred orientation along (002) plane, while those deposited with e-beam evaporation possessed fee symmetry with preferred orientation along (200) plane. The presence of metallic Ti was also confirmed by XPS analysis. FESEM images depicted that the finite sized grains were uniformly distributed on the surface and AFM micrographs revealed roughness of the film. The electrical resistivity measured using four-point probe showed that the film deposited using d.c. magnetron sputtering has lower resistivity of <126>13 μΩcm than the film deposited using e-beam evaporation technique, i.e. <126>60 μΩcm. The hardness of Ti films deposited using d.c. magnetron sputtering has lower value (<126>7.9 GPa) than the film deposited using e-beam technique (<126>9.4 GPa).

7 illus, 32 ref

009119   Anuradha S;Raghu Ram G (CSE Dep, Sri Venkatesa Perumal College of Engineering & Technology, Puttur-517 583, Email: anuradha_sanike@yahoo.com) : Dynamic congestion control using MDB-routing algorithm. J Instn Engrs : Ser B 2014, 95(1), 37-41.

This paper presents high through put routing algorithm. Modified depth Breadth routing algorithm takes a decision in moving forward packet in the next node which will visit to reach its final destination. Load balancing to improve the performance of distributed by processing power of the entire system to smooth out process of very high congestion at individual nodes, by transferring some of the load of heavily loaded nodes to the other nodes for processing. This achieves a 306.53 average time for packet, compared with the DB routing which achieves 316.13 average time for packet. Results shows that the proposed Modified depth Breadth achieves 348 average time when compared to DB routing which gives 548 for 3500 packets on 5 x 5 grid. Further results show that no of dead packets significantly reduced in the case of MDB. This focuses on Routing Network and Tables. These Network tables includes the information used by a routing algorithm to take a decision in moving forward the packet in the next node which will visit to reach its final destination. Load balancing try to improve the performance of a distributed system by processing power of the entire system to smooth out periods of very high congestion at individual nodes, which is done by transferring some of the load of heavily loaded nodes to other nodes for processing.

4 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

009118   Ahmad T;Arif M;Masood A (Civil Engineering Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh-202 002, Email: marifamu@gmail.com) : Experimental investigations on ferrocement roof slab system for low cost housing. J Instn Engrs : Ser A 2014, 95(1), 9-18.

Work presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to assess the strength of pre-cast roof slab system comprising of ferrocement slab panels resting over RC beams. In the ferrocement panels, the cement was replaced by 0 and 20% fly ash. This roof slab system proves out to be a cost effective and structurally safe and viable alternative for low cost housing, much better than the conventional roofing system comprising of steel girder and brittle sand stone panels commonly used in regions where sand stone panels are easily available. The testing includes three sets of roof system comprising of 12 ferrocement panels placed on two pre-cast RC beams, and an enclosure of brick walls on four sides. A similar set of roof slab system comprising of 12 sand stone panels in place of ferrocement panels were also tested for comparison. The testing was continued till the cracks were pronounced. It was observed that load carrying capacity of RC beam and ferrocement panel system with same thickness is higher as compared to similar arrangement of RC beam and sand stone panels. The crack propagation phenomenon was also studied. The ferrocement roof slab system exhibited ductile failure whereas brittle failure was observed in case of sand stone roof slab system. Cost analysis reveals that two pre-cast systems of RC beams and ferrocement panels with and without fly ash are economical as compared to red sand stone panels or RC slab system. The theoretical calculations have also been carried out to establish the adequacy of the sections to sustain the flexural loading applied in the present investigation.

10 illus, 10 tables, 10 ref

009117   Agrawal N;Sarkar M;Panchal C J (Physics Dep, Faculty of Science, M.S. Univ of Baroda, Vadodara-390 002, Email: miteshsarkar_msu@yahoo.com) : Study of annealing and irradiation effect in Sb-Se Bi-layer thin film. Invertis J renewable Energy 2014, 4(3), 121-6.

Bilayer thin film of Sb-Se having different thickness of Selenium (Se) keeping constant thickness of Antimony (Sb) were prepared on Quartz substrate by Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) technique. These films were characterized for structural, compositional, electrical and surface study by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and resistivity respectively. These characterizations are compared for as-deposited, annealed and irradiated thin films. Irradiation was done with 200 MeV Ag^{15+ at a fluence of 5x1012 ions per cm2. Resistivity show metallic behavior of the films. XRD reveals increasing crystallite size after annealing and irradiation respectively in comparison to as grown films, where as the particle size decreased after irradiation. SEM micrograph of thin film shows uniform thickness distribution after annealing. AFM indicates that the relative smoothness of the irradiated films increased when compared to as grown films.}

6 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

008140   Zhu G Q;Wang F G;Xu K J;Gao Q C;Liu Y Y (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Univ of Technology, Zibo 255049, P.R. China, Email: fagangwang@126.com) : Structure and properties of carboxymethyl chitosan film modified by poly(L-lactic acid). Asian J Chem 2014, 26(1), 33-5.

A series of water-soluble carboxymethyl chitosan/poly(L-lactic acid) (CMCS/PLLA) blend films with various poly(L-lactic acid) mole contents were prepared by the solution casting method. Surface morphologies of CMCS/PLLA blend films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Thermal, mechanical and chemical properties of the polymer blend films were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, tensile tests and surface contact angle tests. It was displayed that the introduction of poly(L-lactic acid) could modify the properties of carboxymethyl chitosan films.

4 illus, 21 ref

008139   Zhu G Q;Wang F G;Xu K J;Gao Q C;Liu Y Y (School of materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Univ of Technology, Zibo, 255049, P.R. China, Email: fagangwang@126.com) : Modification of polypeptide-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) film by blending with poly(butyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate). Asian J Chem 2014, 26(1), 10-12.

A series of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(butyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) (PBLG-graft-PEG/P(BA-co-MMA)) blend films were prepared by the solution casting method. Surface morphologies of the polymer blend films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical and chemical properties of the polymer blend films were studied using tensile tests and contact angle tests. It was revealed that the introduction of P(BA-co-MMA) into polypeptide graft copolymer could exert marked effects on the surface morphology and the properties of the polypeptide graft copolymer film.

4 illus, 20 ref

008138   Zhu G Q;Wang F G;Su C H;Gao Q C;Liu Y Y (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Univ of Technology, Zibo 255049, P.R. China, Email: fagangwang@126.com) : Morphology and properties of polypeptide-block-poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(tetramethylene glycol) blend film. Asian J Chem 2014, 26(1), 25-8.

A series of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PBLG-block-PEG/PTMG) blend films were prepared by casting the polymer blend solution in dichloroethane. Surface morphologies of the PBLG-block-PEG/PTMG blend films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Mechanical and chemical properties of the polymer blend films were studied by tensile tests and surface contact angle tests. It was shown that the introduction of poly(tetramethylene glycol) could greatly affect the properties of the polypeptide block copolymer films.

5 illus, 28 ref

008137   Zhu G Q;Wang F G;Li H;Gao Q C;Liu Y Y (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Univ of Technology, Zibo 255049, P.R. China, Email: fagangwang@126.com) : Properties of rigid poly(γ-benyzl L-glutamate) film improved by flexible poly(styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene). Asian J Chem 2014, 26(1), 13-16.

A series of rigid poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG)/poly(styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene) (SBS) blend films with different PBLG/SBS mole ratios were prepared by the solution casting method. Surface morphologies of PBLG/SBS blend films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Thermal, mechanical and chemical properties of PBLG/SBS blend films were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, tensile tests and contact angle tests. The results revealed that the introduction of SBS segments could markedly affect the morphology and the properties of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) films.

5 illus, 19 ref

008136   Zhu G Q;Wang F G;Gao Q C;Liu Y Y (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Univ of Technology, Zibo 255049, P.R. China, Email: fagangwang@126.com) : Physico-chemical properties of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polypeptide-graft-poly-(ethylene glycol) film improved by poly(propylene glycol). Asian J Chem 2014, 26(1), 29-32.

Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(propylene glycol) (PEG-block-PBLG-graft-PEG/PPG) blend films were prepared by the solution casting method. Surface morphologies of the PEG-block-PBLG-graft-PEG/PPG blend films were studied by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Mechanical and chemical properties of the polymer blend films were investigated by tensile tests and surface contact angle tests. The results indicated that the introduction of PPG could obviously affect the properties of the polypeptide block-graft copolymer films.

5 illus, 23 ref

008135   Zhao Y;Zhang Y;Guang J (School of Electric Engineering, South China Univ, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China) : Environmental economic dynamic dispatch modelling and simulation including wind farms. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2013, 12(4), 569-75.

Large-scale integration of wind power has brought profound challenge to traditional power generation dispatch. It becomes necessary to effectively coordinate the operation of wind power and traditional power sources. Traditional economic dispatch to minimize the fuel cost no longer meets the need for environmental protection when emission reduction is mandatory. Based on the optimal dispatch in traditional power system, the concept of "energy-environmental efficiency" was introduced to modify the optimal dispatch model in wind power integrated system, and the multi-objective optimal dispatch model was proposed on the basis of comprehensively considering the minimum of the resource consumption, the best energy-environmental efficiency and the highest system stability. A hybrid particle swarm and simulated annealing optimization algorithm with fuzzy technology was presented to solve the optimization model. Compared with traditional economic dispatch, the model proposed in this paper is reasonable and can better protect the ecological environment.

7 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

008134   Zhao X;Yu Y;Ma S;Feng X;Lei X (School of Communications and Information Engineering, Xi'an Univ of Post and Telecommunications, Xi'an-710121 Shaanxi, China) : Relation analysis between meteorological factors and PM_2.5 in Xi'an. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2014, 13(1), 91-4.

In order to analyse the relationship of the change of PM_2.5 with each meteorological factor, the PM_2.5 was collected in eight monitoring sites of Xi'an, and the data of meteorological factors was provided by NOAA. The paper analyses daily changing trend of PM_2.5, and studies its relevancy with air visibility, air speed, temperature and relative humidity. Results show that PM_2.5 density has negative correlation with air visibility and speed, good positive correlation with temperature, and when relative humidity is lower than 60%, the relation is positive, while relative humidity is within the range of 61%~100%, the relation is strongly negative. The article provides a reference for fine particulate matter control and its prevention in Xi'an.

8 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

008133   Yueer H;Shini P;Meng L (NO, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400045, China) : Impact analysis on the energy-saving and land-saving properties of green buildings with different per capita floor space of residential buildings. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2013, 12(4), 625-9.

China has published "Green Building Action Plan". Developing green building is necessary to shift urbanization mode in China. "China Evaluation Standard for Green Building" has set per capita residential land index as the prerequisite for residential buildings. Absolutely, per capita residential land index depends deeply on per capita floor space of residential building. In China, national and local "Evaluation Standard for Green Building" raise demands of per capita residential land index. According to those requirements, this paper conducted a case study and calculated changes of residential construction land area with different set values of per capita floor space of residential building. This paper also built a residential building model and utilized simulation to analyse annual building energy consumption. Results indicate that per capita floor space of residential building decreases accordingly while per capita residential land index reduces, and every 5% increase in per capita residential land index translates into about 7 percent decrease in construction land area. On the aspect of energy consumption, per capita floor space of residential building reduces 17.2% only. While annual energy consumption reduces 17.45% in return. It is concluded that controlling per capita floor space of residential building is important to maintain the energy-saving and land-saving properties of green building.

3 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

008132   Tong Z (NO, School of Civil Engineering of East China Jiaotong Univ, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China, 330013) : Molecular weight distribution in Ganjiang river. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2013, 12(4), 585-90.

Using the method of ultrafiltration, the raw water of the Nanchang section of Ganjiang River and the water after conventional treatment was estimated to determine the molecular weight distribution. The results showed that the raw water of Ganjiang River has a molecular weight distribution with large edges and small middle parts, which meant that the organic matter of the water mainly centralized in a scope where the molecules were larger than 30ku or less than 1 ku, and the middle size matter occupied a relatively small proportion. In winter low-water season, there was little organic matter in the river and the small organic matter molecules played the dominant role. Meanwhile, in the season of high-water, the amount of organic matter increased, whereas the small organic matter molecules decreased and the large organic matter molecules became dominant. The ordinary water purifying process of Nanchang city was just to remove the large molecules of the organic matter mainly, which led to an unsatisfying result where the small molecules were barely removed.

11 illus, 8 ref

008131   Ramesh G;Ramana A V;Selvaraj S (Thiruvalluvar College of Engg & Tech., Anna Univ, Vandavasi-605 504) : Test quality study (TQS) and development for an embedded asynchronous first in-first out (fifo). Int J Comp Applic 2014, 9(1), 53-68.

NXP Semiconductors (Philips Semiconductors) has created a new embedded asynchronous First-in First-Out (FIFO) module. It is a little and fast full-custom plan with Design-for-Test (DfT) functionality. The fault detection qualities of a proposed manufacturing test for this FIFO have been analyzed by a defect-based method based on analog simulation. Resistive bridges and opens of dissimilar sizes in the bit-cell matrix and in the asynchronous control have been investigated. The fault coverage for bridge defects in the bit-cell matrix of the initial FIFO test has been improved by inclusion of an additional data background and low voltage testing. 100% fault coverage is reached for low resistance bridges. The fault coverage for opens has been better by a new test procedure including waiting periods. 99.2% of the hard bridge defects in the asynchronous control slices can be detected with some modifications of the preliminary test.

8 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

008130   Naidu H K;Thanushkodi K (NO, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, Tamil Nadu, Email: cghhar@yahoo.co.in) : Optimization of harmonic penetration level in the power grid by genetic algorithm interconnected distributed photovoltaic generation. Int J Comp Applic 2014, 9(1), 41-51.

The Photovoltaic Solar Distributed Generator are interconnected with the Grid supply by the power electronics interface viz. Inverter. The switching of Inverter with conventional PWM strategy generates significant Percentage Harmonic Penetration level and thus the power quality of integrated Power Grid gets affected. This paper suggests an optimized random switching frequency PWM method using GA (genetic algorithm). This will select an optimum PWM switching sequence repeatedly, which will result in minimum instantaneous harmonic distortion in each cycle compared to conventional PWM strategy & thus improve the power quality within the allowable standard percentage harmonic penetration levels in the power grid. The proposed method is verified on a voltage source inverter with output frequency of 50HZ and switching frequency of 10 or 20 KHz. This paper suggests a method to ascertain the Percentage Harmonic penetration level in the Grid depending upon the system reactance for each individual Harmonic order to forecast at the planning level & compared with standard so that the consumer power quality and reliability aspect in the power grid supply for integrated distribution system having Photovoltaic Distributed Generation can be achieved. Also, this paper suggests a method to calculate the Absolute Percentage Penetration level for evaluating the harmonic level in the power system. In case of faults on the grid supply and non availability of power to the consumers the PV solar voltage fed RPWM inverter will give reliable power supply to rural area.

10 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

008129   Liu F;Zhang D;Zhuang G (NO, Guilin Univ of Aerospace Technology, Guilin 541004, China) : Research on the return water flow veocity of a water source heat pump system. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2013, 12(4), 607-09.

The water temperature field of the lake water source heat pump air-conditioner system in Guilin Ronghu is simulated in this paper basing on the numerical simulation software of CFD. The effects of the return water velocity are discussed. The paper comes to the conclusions that the effect of the return water's velocity on the influenced lake water area and the temperature field is great, and using the suitable return water's velocity can reduce the disadvantageous to ecological environment.

3 illus, 1 table, 4 ref