014276   Priyadarshi R;Hari Prasad A S;Singh A K; Ulaganathan K;Shenoy V (Genetics Dep, Osmania Univ, Tarnaka, Hyderabad-500 007) : Comparative analysis of effectiveness of wide compatibility (WC) trait between improved maintainer line having WC and without WC gene in rice. Green Fmg 2016, 7(5), 1058-61.

Hybrid rice technology is one of the potential options for increasing rice yield. The present study was carried out to know the effectiveness of wide compatibility trait. The compatibility as measured by percentage spikelet fertility in F1s revealed it to vary between the IR58025WCB having wide compatibility (WC) gene and IR58025B. The F1s were also analyzed for pollen fertility with I2-KI solution. In crossing of IR58025WCB with indica, japonica and tropical japonica testers, group mean spikelet fertility 83.62%, 77.75% and 69.16% respectively; and in comparison to crossing of recurrent parent IR58025B with indica, japonica and tropical japonica testers, group mean spikelet fertility 81.80%, 43.90% and 59.94% respectively. The anticipated increase in group mean percentage overcome with indica, japonica and tropical japonica testers 2.50%, 13.93% and 36.99% for pollen fertility and 2.22%, 77.11% and 15.38% for spikelet fertility respectively. Such kind of approach helps in the combination of genetic background of the two dissimilar sub-species. The effectiveness of wide compatibility trait in improved parental line would be used for exploitation indica and japonica in hybrid rice breeding programme.

2 tables, 23 ref

014275   Prity Kumari;Mishra G C;Srivastava C P (Institute of Agricultural Science, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: psingh2506@aau.in) : Forecasting models for predicting pod damage of pigeonpea in Varansi Region. J Agrometeorol 2017, 19(3), 265-9.

Present investigation considers comparison of time series statistical models like autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and artificial neural network (ANN) with explanatory multiple linear regression model for predicting per cent pod damage in pigeonpea by pod borer for Varanasi region of Uttar Pradesh using 27 years of data (1985-86 to 2011-12).The evaluation of best suited model was assessed by root mean squared error (RMSE). Based on empirical studies, ANN was found to be best suited model with lowest RMSE having forecasted per cent - 328 - pod damage in pigeonpea by pod borer during the year 2012-13 for Varanasi region.

2 illus, 4 table, 13 ref

014274   Premalatha R P;Saliha B B;Thiyageshwari S; Gurusamy A (Soils & Environment Dep, Agricultural College & Res. Instt. (TNAU), Madurai-625 104, Email: premayunani@gmail.com) : Influence of various sources and levels of fertilizers on nutrient use efficincies of sugarcane. Green Fmg 2016, 7(5), 1212-5.

A field experiment was conducted during 2014-2015 to study the effect of various sources and levels of fertilizers on nutrient use efficiencies of sugarcane in Madurai West block of Madurai district, Tamil Nadu. The soil of the experimental field was sandy clay loam with neutral pH and free from salinity. The soil was medium in organic carbon, available nitrogen and potassium and high in available phosphorus. Agronomic efficiency, apparent recovery efficiency and partial factor productivity were the highest with the application 100% recommended N and K along with 50% recommended P through 20:20:0 complex compared to other levels and sources of fertilizers. The farmers fertilizer practice recorded the lowest agronomic and apparent recovery efficiency, whereas the treatment with the application of 125% recommended N and K along with 75% recommended P with the fertilizer source as 15:15:15 complex recorded the lowest partial factor productivity.

6 tables, 12 ref

014273   Prasad S;Agarwal K K;Rakesh Kumar;Prakash V (Agronomy Dep, Bihar Agricultural Univ Sabour, Bhagalpur-813 210, Email: rakeshbhu08@gmail.com) : Heat unit requirment of wheat cultivars under varying thermal regimes at Jabalpur. J Agrometeorol 2017, 19(3), 283-5.

^ssc2 table, 6 ref

014272   Prasad P;Bhardwaj S C;Gangwar O P;Subodh Kumar;Khan H;Shravan Kumar;Rawal H C;Sharma T R (NO, ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Flowerdale, Shimla-171 002, Email: scbfdl@hotmail.com) : Population differentiation of wheat leaf rust fungus Puccinia triticina in South Asia. Curr Sci 2017, 112(10), 2073-84.

Leaf or brown rust caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt) is one of the most important diseases of wheat. Among the rusts, it is most ubiquitous in all the wheat-growing regions and causes condierable yield loss. Microsatellite marker-based genotyping and virulence-based phenotyping of 48 pathotypes of Pt was performed. The pathotypes exhibit low virulence frequencies for Indian leaf rust differentials - 327 - Lr24, Lr9, Lr10, Lr19, Lr28 and Lr9. Using avirulence/virulence formula six major clusters of pathotypes were observed, revealing high degree of phenotypic variation. Molecular analysis performed using SSR markers showed high genetic diversity among the pathotypes, and grouped them in seven major cluster. The percentage of polymorphic loci ranged from 17.95 to 84.62, Nei's gene diversity from 0.07 to 0.32 and Shannon's information index from 0.11 to 0.47. Analysis of molecular variance revealed significantly high genetic variation within Pt population. Mantel's Z test proved low positive correlation (r=0.28) between virulence and molecular diversity, suggesting independent nature of the duo. These findings offer valuable information for framing suitable disease management strategies through appropriate region-specific gene deployment and improve the understanding of the population biology and evolution of Pt in the Indian subcontinent.

4 illus, 6 tables, 32 ref

014271   Prasad B;Maji S;Meena K R (Applied Plant Science (Horticulture) Dep, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Univ (A Central Univ), Vidya Vihar, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow-226 025, Email: majisutanu@gmail.com) : Effect of date of transplanting and mulching on growth, yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. Nasik red. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 94-101.

A field experiment was conducted during rabiseason of 2014-2015 at Department of Applied Plant Sci-ence (Horticulture), Baba saheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow-226025 (U.P.) India to find out the effect of different dates of transplanting and mulching on growth, yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. Nasik Red. There were 16 treatments comprising 4 dates of transplanting (15th November, 1st, 15th and 30th December) and 3 mulching (saw dust, rice husk and wheat straw) while, without mulching as control and laid out under two factor RBD with three replications. The study clearly revealed that there were significant effects of all treatments on vegetative growth, yield and quality attributes of onion. Plant height (65.34 cm), number of leaves per plant (8.89), length of leaves (56.07 cm), neck thickness (18.75 mm), yield (5.166 kg/plot and 387.46 q/ha) were found maximum at 1st December planting with wheat straw mulching (T₇). The best quality bulb in respect of maximum neck thickness (12.35 mm), basal diameter (13.61.mm), diameter of bulb (54.41 mm polar and 64.15 mm equatorial), length of bulb (65.17 mm), number of scales per bulb (9.24), bulb moisture (85.06%) T.S.S. (13.84 °Brix), ascorbic acid (10.47 mg/100g), total sugars (10.39%) etc. were also obtained when mulching was done with wheat straw and transplant-ed on 1st December (T₇) followed by T₆ (planted on 1st December and mulching with rice husk). The study clearly concluded that i.) mulching is good for production of onion, ii.) late transplanting on 30th December showed very poor performance irrespective of mulching and iii) transplanting on 1st December and mulching with wheat straw was the best combination for getting good quality yield of onion.

2 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

014270   Pramod V P;Rao B B;Ramakrishna S S V S;Singh M S;Patel N R;Sandeep V M;Rao V U M;Chowdary P S;Rao V S N;Kumar P V (NO, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad-500 059, Email: pramodvp1@gmail.com) : Impact of projected climate on wheat yield in India and its adaptation strategies. J Agrometeorol 2017, 19(3), 207-16.

Wheat is highly sensitive to climate change especially temperature changes experienced in the later phase of crop season. Hence, it is of immense importance to know how and to what extent climate change will affect wheat yields and to assess the adaptive strategies for mitigating possible negative consequences on wheat production. Wheat yield responses to three future climatic periods (2025, 2050 and 2075) were studied by driving DSSAT-Wheat (v4.5) model with daily weather from three CMIP-5 climate models' (GFDL-ESM2M, MIROC5, and NorESM1-M) as the basic input at four sites (Ludhiana, Raipur, Akola and New Delhi) representing three major wheat growing zones of the country. Projected changes in growing season (November-March) day and night temperatures at four sites differed substantially both in direction and magnitude. Day temperatures are projected to rise conspicuously at Ludhiana, representing northwest parts of the country, and moderately over - 326 - central parts of India (Akola and Raipur). Positive rainfall anomalies at Ludhiana (+76%) and negative anomalies at Raipur (-15%) are projected in future climates. With these anticipated changes, wheat is likely to experience warmer days (+1.1°C) at Ludhiana and nights at Raipur (+2.8°C) and more seasonal moisture availability at Ludhiana in future climates. Negative impacts of climatic change in these sites are found to be minimized by adapting one or a combination of management practices, which are site specific.

4 illus, 7 table, 18 ref

014269   Prakash N;Sinha A P (Centre of Advanced Studies in Plant Pathology, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, Email: gladiator.nishant@gmail.com) : In vitro studies of inhibitory activity of plant extracts and cow urine on mycelial growth of stem rot, Sclerotim oryzae of rice. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 24-8.

Soil borne phytopathogen Sclerotiumoryzae significantly affect rice production. To reduce load of chemical pesticides, antifungal activity of plant extracts and cow urine against mycelial growth of S.oryzaewere tested using poisoned food technique under in vitro condition. Plant extracts of 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10% concentration was prepared from Allium cepa, Azadirachtaindica, A. sativum, Ricinuscommunisand Syzygiumcumini. Inhibition of mycelial growth of S.oryzaewas recorded only in case of A. sativum and A. cepa while Azadirachtaindica, Ricinuscommunisand Syzygiumcumini did not show any inhibition of mycelial growth as compared to control. A. sativum plant extracts showed maximum inhibition of mycelia growth of 68.88% at concentration 10% followed by 32.96%, 22.96% and 18.88% at concentration 7.5%, 5.0% and 2.5% resepectively. 22.60%, 19.62%, 17.77% and 8.88% inhibition of mycelial growth as compared to control was recorded at 10%, 7.5%, 5.0% and 2.5% concentration of plant extracts of A.cepa. All the concentration of cow urine inhibited the mycelial growth of S. oryzae. Cow urine at the concentration 5, 7.5 and 10.0 per cent resulted in 100 per cent inhibition of mycelia growth of test pathogen as compared to control. Maximum inhibition of 98.14 per cent was observed at 2.5 per cent concentration followed by 1.25 per cent (63.7%) concentration. This study showed that A. sativum and A.cepa and cow urine possess antifungal activity under in vitro condition. It can also be tested for antifungal activity under in vivo condition.

2 tables, 27 ref

014268   Prajapati B K;Singh K P;Mandal A;Rout P K;Roy R (Vector Control Div, National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delh-110 077, Email: bbrijesh83@gmail.com) : Genetic and phenotypic parameters of milk composition traits in Jamunapari goats. Indian J Dairy Sci 2017, 70(3), 338-41.

The fresh milk samples were collected at 15 days intervals from kidding to 90 days of lactation from 100 selected animals during the year 2009-2011 (3 years) and analyzed fat, SNF, casein, total protein, lactose and ash content in milk of Jamunapari goats were 3.00±0.04, 9.21±0.02, 2.86±0.02, 3.22±0.02, 4.69±0.04 and 0.77±0.003 percent, respectively. There were significant effect of sire on all milk composition traits. Year of kidding significantly (P<60>0.01) influenced all the milk composition traits. The season of kidding had significant (P<60>0.01) effect on all milk composition traits. Significant (P<60>0.01) differences in the milk constituents viz., fat, protein, lactose and ash % except SNF and casein percentage were observed among does of different parities (ages). Sampling interval had significant (P<60>0.01) effect on the different milk composition traits and heritability estimates of different milk compositional traits were moderate to high and varied from 0.18 - 0.41. The phenotypic and genetic correlations of fat content with all milk constituents were low to moderate and positive except SNF and lactose, where the magnitude of estimates were negative. Similarly, the genetic and phenotypic correlations of SNF with other milk constituents showed the similar trend. The estimates of phenotypic and genetic correlations of casein with other milk constituents were positive except SNF and ranged from low to moderate and the estimates ranged from medium to moderately high (0.22 to 0.55). Positive and moderate phenotypic and genetic correlations exist between protein content and other milk constituents of Jamunapari goats. The lactose content of milk had positive genetic and phenotypic correlations with - 325 - other milk constituents except fat content of milk. Similarly, the ash content of milk was positively and moderate to highly correlated with other milk constituents at genetic and phenotypic level in this study.

2 tables, 25 ref

014267   Pradhan D;Pradhan A K;Chakraborty M;Sen A (Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science Dep, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia-741 235, Email: padhan@rediffmail.com) : Assessment of the effects of land use pattern on distribution of sulphur fraction in soil. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(3), 1685-91.

In the present investigation, various forms of sulphur (S) viz., total S, organic S, inorganic S and available S were estimated in soils under four different land uses viz., Rice-rice, rice-green gram, mango orchard and a fallow. Soils samples were taken up to a profile depth of 0.60m at 3 depths i.e. 0-0.20m, 0.20-0.40m and 0.40-0.60m. The soils were found to be slightly acidic to moderately acidic in reaction (5.83-6.59), showing an increase along the depth irrespective of the land use pattern. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content (mean 5.5 gkg^-1) was found well above the low level of SOC in soils. Calcium carbonate content, bulk density and clay content of soils didn't maintain any definite pattern along the depth. All forms of S were found to decrease along depth irrespective of the land use patterns. The available S content ranged from 12.2 to 21.4mgkg^-1 of soils. The relative preponderance of all the forms of S followed the order: mango orchard> fallow> rice-rice> rice-green gram. On an average organic S and available S fractions constituted 93 and 6 per cent of total S respectively. A correlation matrix revealed that all the forms of S maintained a significant positive correlation with SOC content while a negative correlation with pH of the soils. The results of the study will be useful in managing the different fractions of S in soils in order to maintain its availability well above the critical level.

2 illus, 2 tables, 38 ref

014266   Prabhakar A K;Singh K K;Lohani A K;Chandniha S K (Civil Engineering Dep, National Engineering of Technology, Kurukshetra, Email: ajayprabhakar2@gmail.com) : Long term rainfall variability assessment using modified Mann-Kendall test over Champua watershed, Odisha. J Agrometeorol 2017, 19(3), 288-9.

^ssc2 table, 6 ref

014265   Prabha S;Yadav A;Kumar A;Yadav H K;Kumar S; Yadav R S;Kumar R (NO, U.P. Council of Agricultural Research, Lucknow-226 010, Email: rajendrak64@yahoo.co.in) : Efficient bioinformatics tools for identification of SSRS. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 510-4.

During the last few decades, the use of molecular markers has played an increasing role in plant breeding and genetics. Among various molecular markers, SSR markers are the most popular and versatile molecular marker have been widely used bacause of their valuable features such as abundance, co-dominance inheritance, high polymorphism, reproducibility and ease of assay by PCR. All these feature which make them very suitable for physical mapping, genetic mapping, comparative mapping, genetic diversity, QTLs analysis and study of evolutionary relationship. Using molecular method for the development of SSR might be labarious, costly and time-consuming. Using bioinformatics tools to mine sequences in public databases facilitates a cost-effective detection of SSRs. SSR are useful as molecular markers because their development is inexpensive. In this review paper, introduction of SSRs marker and development of SSRs markers by bioinformatics tools are discussed.

43 ref

014264   Poonam Kumari;Brar A;Jitender Kumar (Botany and Plant Physiology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: poonamsanwal86@gmail.com) : Evaluation of shelf-life of aonla (Emblica officinalis G.) cultivars during storage at room temperature. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 573-6.

Five aonla cultivars viz. Chakaiya, Banarasi, Hathijhul, Krishna and Kanchan were evaluated for shelf-life during storage at room temperature. PLW increased with increase in the period of storage in all cultivars (0-15 days). There was no decay loss up to 6th day of storage, however it was observed on 9th day of storage in all the cultivars and it increased up to 15th day of storage. Maximum PLW and decay loss was recorded in fruits of cv. Banarasi (8.14% and 38.97%, respectively) on 15th day of storage whereas fruits of cv. Chakaiya had minimum PLW and decay loss (5.83% and 15.17%, respectively) on same day of storage. Specific gravity and firmness decreased during the storage from 0-15 days in all the cultivars. Fruits of cv. Banarasi had minimum specific gravity (0.99) as well as firmness (10.83kg/cm²) whereas fruits of cv. Chakaiya had maximum specific gravity (0.93) and firmness (11.10kg/cm²) at the end of the storage. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the different cultivars of aonla fruit for their biochemical and physiological behavior under room temperature storage and to find out the best among five cultivars for their shelf life under the Haryana agro-climatic conditions.

4 tables, 16 ref

014263   Plathia M;Sharma A;Wali V K;Shah R A;Gupta R (Fruit Science Div, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, FOA Main Campus Chatha-180 009, Email: rafiq_masoodi@rediffmail.com) : Standardization of method and time of grafting of peach (cv. Shan-e-Punjab) on peach seedling rotstock. Green Fmg 2016, 7(5), 1244-7.

Three methods of grafting peach viz., Tongue grafting, Cleft grafting and Side grafting were tried on desi peach seedling rootstock using peach cv. Shan-e-Punjab as scion, on seven different dates starting from 15th November to 15th February at 15 days interval. Tongue grafting proved to be the best method of grafting irrespective of time and was early to sprout and showed maximum bud take success and growth parameters of scion with respect to, scion length, scion girth and number of leaves on all the dates. Among various dates tried for grafting of peach cv. Shan-e-Punjab 30th December showed maximum bud take success and maximum scion length, scion girth and number of leaves irrespective of method of grafting.

4 tables, 17 ref

014262   Pawariya V;Chauhan J (Agricultural Economics Dep, SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: vikashpawariya@gmail.com) : Impact evaluation of return on investment due to watershed development project in Ajmer district of Rajasthan. Envir Conserv J 2017, 18(1-2), 109-15.

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy and is largely dependent upon natural resources like soil, water and vegetation. These resources are limited in supply and are getting depleted day by day. One of the practical solutions for conservation of these limited natural resources and sustainable development is through proper watershed development strategy. Watershed development projects have been undertaken with a view to improve and stabilize crop productivity in rain fed areas on a sustainable basis in the long run. There are some components of the watershed development programme which require time to show their full impact. Therefore, there is need to evaluate watershed development projects after providing some gestation period on the completion of the projects. The project in Srinagar B watershed was completed in 2010 and it was assumed that it was showing its full impact during the study period (2010-11) on productivity, pattern of agriculture and income of the beneficiaries. Both primary and secondary data were collected for the study. The primary data were collected from the farmers on the field. Different factors determining the return on investment plays a paramount role. It makes the background of the study.

6 tables, 10 ref

014261   Pawar R;Barkule S (NO, , 84/B, Baba Sadan, Jotirling Colony, Golibar Maidan, Godoli, Satara-415 001, Email: rohitpawar0099@gmail.com) : Study on effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.). J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 520-5.

In order to investigate the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield components in Cauliflower, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L., cv. Pusa snowball- 16, an experiment was conducted using Randomized Block Design with two replications. The experiment comprised of 14 different treatment - 322 - combinations comprising of different sources of nutrients including organic, inorganic and bio-fertilizers. The growth parameters like height of plant (12.10, 23.50 cm), number of leaves per plant (9.10, 14.40) and diameter of stem (1.20, 2.10 cm) at 40 and 60 DAT respectively, the days required for curd initiation (62.00 days), days required for curd maturity (85.70 days) and staying period of curd (9.50 days) were observed maximum in treatment combination 75% RDF + FYM + Azotobacter + Azospirillum (T₆). The yield parameters like weight of curd per plot (17.50 kg/plot) and yield per hectare (180.04 q/ha) which was increased 44.10 per cent over RDF. From the studies it can be inferred that the application of 75% RDF + FYM along with Azospirillum and Azotobactor was found to be the most effective treatment combination for getting enhanced growth and yield in cauliflower.

4 tables, 15 ref

014260   Pavan M P;Gangappa E;Konnanavar N (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Gandhi Krishi Vign, Bengaluru-560 065, Email: pavanmpgubbu@gmail.com) : Exploration of maize inbreds to augmen the nutritional security. Green Fmg 2016, 7(5), 1045-8.

Variability for grain nutrients among 561 maize inbred lines were estimated using NIR facility during summer-2014 at the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru. The results revealed higher estimates of PCV for grain nutrients suggesting significant difference and prevalence of adequate variability among the inbreds for eighteen grain nutrients. Significant difference was noticed for crude protein, lysine and methionine contents among the inbreds grouped into seven different clusters. Weak association recorded between crude protein and essential amino acids suggested their independent genetic control and the possibility of developing inbred lines rich in lysine, tryptophan, methionine dense protein content which can be subsequently utilized to develop maize hybrids.

1 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

014259   Pauline A A;Karthikeyan C (Agricultural Extension & Rural Sociology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore) : Sociological problems faced by farmers due to dyeing industrial effluents in the Noyyal river basin of Tamil Nadu. J Agric Ext Mgmt 2016, 17(1), 53-61.

The study mainly focuses on sociological problems faced by farmers due to dyeing industrial pollution. The study was conducted in Tiruppur and Erode districts of Tamil Nadu during the year 2015. A sample size of 90 farmers from each category viz., affected and unaffected areas were considered for the study. Totally 180 farmers were selected as respondents for the study. The selection of affected and unaffected areas was based on their distance from industrial zones and their well water quality standards. In the affected area, all the respondents had experienced major problems such as 'hike in wages of agricultural labour' (100%), 'fear of pollution problems influenced the division of family land and its disposal for other purposes' (100%),'contamination of drinking water source by industrial effluents' (100%),'deterioration in quality of drinking water in its taste' (100%), reduced availability of labour for agricultural purpose' (95.55%), 'more prevalence of eye, nose and throat irritations, head ache and viral fever' (100%) and 'increased health care expenditure' (91.11%) were reported by farmers in the Noyyal river basin.

3 tables, 3 ref

014258   Pattanayak S;Behera A K;Das P;Nayak M R;Jena S N;Behera B;Behera S (Agronomy Dep, College of Agriculture, Orissa Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar0751 003, Email: sarthakekun@gmail.com) : Performance of summer sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids under different nutrient management practices in coastal Odisha. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 435-40.

The field experiment was conducted at Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar during summer 2014 to find out appropriate hybrids and nutrient management practices for summer sunflower. Application of recommended dose of Fertiliser(RDF) i.e. 60-80-60 kg N, P₂O₅-K₂O ha^-1 + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha^-1 recorded the maximum capitulum diameter (15.60cm), seed yield (2.17 t ha^-1 ), stover yield (4.88 t ha^-1 ) and oil yield (0.91 t ha^-1 ), while application of RDF + Boron@ 1 kg ha^-1 recorded the highest number of total seed (970) and filled seed per capitulum (890) with the lowest unfilled seed (80) and sterility percentage (9.0%). The hybrid 'Super-48' recorded the highest seed and oil yield of 2.17 and 0.91 t ha^-1, respectively, at recommended dose of fertiliser + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha^-1. Experiment was conducted in - 321 - evaluating the new hybrids in addition to evaluate the response of variety to different nutrient management practices.

5 tables, 21 ref

014257   Patil T R G M;Kulkarni V V;Kenganal M; Shankergoud I;Diwan J R (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Raichur-584 104, Email: vik_gene@rediffmail.com) : Combining ability studies in restorer lines of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 603-8.

The restorer lines are used to get fertile hybrids in hybrid seed production system of sunflower. Improve-ment of R-lines for fertility and oil content of sunflower is required to get desirable hybrids upon crossing. In the pre-sent study, 6 restorer lines were crossed in full diallele and both direct and reciprocal crosses along with parents were evaluated for their combining ability. The analysis of variance revealed higher magnitude of SCA variance than GCA variance for all the characters studied except for days to 50 per cent flowering. Among six parents, GMU -520 and R-GM-41 were best general combiner for plant height, head diameter, test weight and leaf size in the desired direction. However, GMU-520 has advantage of yield per plant and oil content. From 15 direct crosses R-GM-41 x R -GM-49 exhibited significant specific combining ability for viz., days to 50 per cent flowering (-1.08), plant height (13.69), head diameter (4.79), leaf size (0.74), yield per plant (17.14), volume weight (2.54), test weight (1.75) and oil content (0.34) followed by RCR-630 x GMU-520, R-GM-41 x EC-602060, R-GM-49 x GMU-520 and EC-602060 x GMU-520 each exhibiting good specific combining ability for majority of characters. Among reciprocal crosses R-GM -41 x RCR-8 exhibited a high reciprocal effects for head diameter (4.57), yield per plant (15.16), test weight (2.02) and leaf size (0.75).

5 tables, 28 ref

014256   Patil S Y;Ambhure R G;Rasale V R;Mehtre S P (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, V.N.M.K.V., Parbhani, Maharashtra, Email: ambhure.ram05@gmail.com) : Estimation of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in F₄ progenies for shootfly tolerance and grain yield in rabi sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 739-44.

Present investigation entitled estimating genetic variability for grain yield and shootfly components in F₄ population of rabi sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The experimental material consists of 53 F₄ progenies with four check (Parbhani Moti and Parbhani Jyoti for grain yield assessment and IS 18551 (Resistance Check) and DJ6514 (Susceptible Check) for shootfly screening nursery). Analysis of variance showed significant genetic variability in the progenies for all traits under study. The lowest days required for maturity in progenies 1076-1 x RSF 19-3-38 (115 days) and highest in 1076-1 x RSF 19-3-08 (124 days). Panicle length was highest progeny 1071-1 x RSF 16-3-22 (23.03 cm) and lowest in 1076-1 x RSF 12-4-15 (15.42 cm), whereas the panicle girth was highest in progeny 1076-1 x RSF 12-4-09 (14.87). The highest grain yield per plot was observed for 1071-1 x RSF 12-4-13 (1.51 kg). The progenies namely 1071-1 x RSF 12-4-20, 1071-1 x RSF 12-4-04 and 1071-1 x RSF 16-3-13 were recorded at par glossy score with resistant check IS 18551. The character seedling vigour showed at par score with resistant check IS 18551. The genotype viz., 1071-1 x RSF - 320 - 12-4-08, 1071-1 x RSF 12-4-20, 1071-1 x RSF 12-4-05 and 1071-1 x RSF 16-3-07. Statically at par with resistant check IS 18551. High heritability accompanied with genetic advance recorded in the two traits viz., plant height and panicle weight. High heritability accompanied with genetic advance reported in non preference for oviposition. I and II, trichome density at upper and lower leaves surface and deadheart I and II count at 21 DAE and 28 DAE (days after emergence).

4 tables, 32 ref

014255   Patil R;Nanjappa D;Raghuraja J;Beerannavar B (Extension Leader, EEU, AHRS, UAHS, Shivamogga, Karnataka) : Performance of Raitha Samparka Kendras in Davangere district of Karnataka. J Agric Ext Mgmt 2016, 17(1), 13-20.

The study was conducted to assess the performance of Raitha Samparka Kendras (RSKs) of Davanagere District of Karnataka. Extension personnel and farmers constitute the sample for the study. The results regarding overall performance of RSKs reveal that 37.78 per cent of extension personnel indicated that RSKs had medium level of performance followed by equal (31.11%) percentage of extension personnel who indicated that RSKs had high and low level of performance. Less than half (40.00%) of the extension personnel indicated that there was a medium level of performance of RSKs with respect to infrastructure and other physical facilities, whereas 31.12 per cent and 28.88 per cent of extension personnel indicated low and high level of performance of RSKs. About 44.45 per cent of extension personnel indicated that RSKs had medium level of performance with regard to supply of critical inputs and customized services to farmers. A majority (86.66%) of extension personnel indicated that RSKs had medium level of performance on the planning for agricultural extension activities. With regards to formation of farmers groups 46.67 per cent of RSKs had medium level of performance. About 60.00 per cent of extension personnel indicated that RSKs had high level of performance with respect to follow up of extension activities. Less than half (42.22%) of farmers indicated that RSKs of Davangere district had medium level of performance on overall performance on different dimensions viz., dissemination of agricultural information, planning of extension activities, input supply and custom hiring services and follow up of extension activities.

4 tables, 12 ref

014254   Patil G T;Dorajeerao A V D;Sudhavani V; Suneetha D R S S (NO, College of Horticulture, ) : Rhizogenesis in west Indian cherry under Godavari zone of Andhra Pradesh, India. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 1025-30.

In an investigation to attempt for propagation of West Indian cherry through cuttings, it was observed that the root and shoot parameters were significantly influenced by month of planting, type of cuttings, IBA concentration as well as their interactions at 90 days after the planting. Percentage of rooted cuttings, length of longest root, leaf area per cutting and survival percentage was recorded maximum in those cuttings planted in the month of July and treated with IBA at the rate of 3000 ppm belonging to hard wood type. Delayed planting late in the month of October and treatment of IBA at 1500 ppm as well as semi hard wood type cuttings - 319 - exhibited the minimum survival.

4 tables, 9 ref

014253   Patil G T;Dorajeerao A V D (NO, College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari District-534 101) : C:N ratio as influenced by season and IBA treatment during the rhizogenesis in west Indian cherry cuttings. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 990-6.

C:N ratio as influenced by season and IBA treatment during the rhizogenesis in west Indian cherry currings was studied under Venkataramannagudem, Andhra Pradesh conditions, during the year 2015-16. Carbohydrates, proteins, phenols survival percentage of rooted cuttings, percentage of establishment of rooted cuttings were found to be maximum with the cuttings planted in the month of July. The only recorded maximum percentage of establishment of rooted cuttings, but they were found to have the minimum value of C:N ratio at the end of rooting experiment. Hard wood type of cuttings treated with IBA at the concentration of 3000 ppm were found to be better as compared to other combinations of cuttings type and IBA concentrations.

3 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

014252   Patil D G;Pujari K H;Zagade V V;Relekar P P (Post Harvest Management of Fruit, Vegetable and Flower Crops Dep, Post Graduate Institute of Post Harvest Management, Killa-Roha, Dr. B, Dapoli-415 712) : Effect of temperature on ripening behaviour of Mango cv. Alphonso. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 982-5.

Mango Cv. Alphonso fruits ripened at different temperature conditions viz., 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and ambient temperature (24-33°C) and were analysed for changes in chemical parameters, PLW, ripening behaviour and sensory qualities. It could be relealed that the changes in ripening, PLW, spoilage and shriveling were markedly reduced in 20°C temperature storage condition as compared to other storage conditions but, showed considerable delayed ripening. However, the fruits ripened at 25°C or 30°C temperature exhibited uniformity in ripening, better shelf life than those ripened at ambient condition. As regards the organoleptic evaluation, the mango fruits ripned at 25°C or 30°C temperature storage had better sensory score for colour as well as texture of the fruits than those ripened at either 20°C or ambient condition, however were at par with respect to flavor and overall acceptability of the fruit. Thus, it is suggested to ripen the mango Cv. Alphonso fruits either at 20°C or 30°C temperature for optimum ripening, quality and shelf life of the fruit.

6 tables, 11 ref

014251   Patil C S;Manickam R (NO, India Meteorological Department, Chennai) : Crop evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) in Bengaluru, Karnataka. J Agrometeorol 2017, 19(3), 292-3.

1 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

014250   Patel R J;Ahlawat T R;Patel A I;Amarcholi J J;Patel B B;Sharma K (Fruit Science Dep, ASPEE College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari-396 450, Email: tahlawar4@gmail.com) : Growth of mango (Mangifera indica L.) rootstocks as influenced pre-sowing teatments. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 582-6.

An experiment was carried out at Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during 2014 to evaluate the effect of pre-sowing treatments on survival percentage and growth of mango rootstocks. Mango stones were soaked in aqueous solutions of GA₃ (100 and 200 ppm), Beejamruth (2% and 3%) and Thiourea (1% and 2%) for 12 and 24 hours. The trial was evaluated in Completely Randomized Design based on factorial concept and the treatments were replicated thrice. Imposition of treatments led to significant differences at 5% level of significance for all parameters chosen in this study. Mango stones when treated with Thiourea at 1% had the maximum shoot length (49.93 cm), root length (34.38 cm), shoot dry weight (21.08 g) and total dry weight (26.36 g). The highest number of lateral roots (10.90) and survival percentage (64.17) was observed in mango stones dipped in 100 ppm GA₃. Between the two soaking duration, soaking mango stones for 24 hours recorded higher values for shoot length (45.03 cm), root length (32.79 cm), number of lateral roots (9.83), survival percentage (62.72), shoot root fresh weight ratio (4.30), shoot dry weight (21.33 g), total dry weight (26.28 g) and shoot root dry weight ratio (4.32). Thus, survival percentage and growth of mango rootstocks can be substantially improved by soaking mango stones in aqueous solutions of 100 ppm GA₃ or Thiourea at 1% for 24 hours before sowing.

1 table, 27 ref

014249   Patel R A;Kapadiya K B;Ghodasara D J (Veterinary Pathology Dep, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural, Anand-388 110, Email: komalkapadiya89@gmail.com) : Pathomorphological changes of flunixin meglumine toxicity in layer chicks. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(3), 1253-9.

The aim of the 21 day toxicity study was to evaluate the pathomorphological effect of flunixin meglumine in layer chicks. The chicks of Group I were kept - 317 - as control while groups II, III and IV were fed with diet containing flunixin meglumine @ 10 ppm, 25 ppm and 50 ppm respectively for 21 days. Clinical signs viz. anorexia, dullness, lethargy, lameness and uneven growth were noticed in chicks of treatment groups III and IV only. Maximum mortal-ity was observed in group IV (12%) followed by group III (4%). A dose dependant reduction in body weight was ob-served in all the treatment groups. The mean values of Kidney: Body weight ratio was significantly increased in group IV. The plasma uric acid, creatinine and BUN values were significantly increased in group III whereas in-crease in group IV was highly significant. Grossly, there was deposition of chalky white urates on serosal surface of kidney, heart and liver in chicks of group IV which died during experiment. Microscopically, lesions were character-ized by varying degrees of congestion, haemorrhages, degeneration, necrosis and deposition of urate crystals in visceral organs of group III and group IV chicks. The intensity and distribution of pathological lesions were more severe in chicks of group IV, followed by chicks of group III. The overall lesions gave an impression that flunixin me-glumine was nephrotoxic in nature.

9 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

014248   Patel M R;Vadher K H;Mer R R;Baraiya K G; Tandel K V (Aquaculture Dep, College of Fisheries, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Veraval-362 265, Email: mika.patel9@gmail.com) : Effect of partial replacement of fishmeal with Eichhornia crassipes on growth and survival of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) juveniles. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(3), 1659-62.

The objective of the study was to find out the effect of partial replacement of fish meal in the diet of Labeo rohita juveniles. In this experiment, the data pertaining to growth, survival rate, feed conversion ratio, protein effi-ciency ratio of L. rohita at partial replacement of fishmeal with E. crassipes were evaluated. For that purpose fry of approximately equal weight (57.97mg ± 1.25) were distributed in groups of 15 to each four aquaria at 0% (T₁), 10% (T₂), 20% (T₃), 30% (T₄) and 40% (T5) inclusion levels of aquatic macrophyte, Eichhornia crassipes. Maximum mean weight gain (235.25 ± 11.04 mg) was observed in T₁ and minimum (165.06 ± 10.93 mg) was observed in T5 at the end of the experiment. Among the treatments tested, the highest survival (89.99% ± 1.93) was recorded in treatment T₁ and minimum was found in T₄ (79.99% ± 2.72). Lowest FCR was recorded in treatment T₃ (2.02 ± 0.39) and highest was found in T5 (3.08 ± 0.59). Higher SGR was observed in treatment T₁ (297.15 ± 18.78%) and minimum was observed in T5 (182.74 ± 18.45%). The study revealed a decrease in the growth performance indices as the percentage of water hyacinth increases. In present study also there was not much difference in growth rate upto 20% incorporation of E. crassipes in the diet. Also, significant difference was observed among treatments with respect to feed utilization (p<60>0.05).

3 tables, 18 ref

014247   Patel K B;Kaswala A R;Patel K G;Dubey P K; Pathan O I (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari-396 450, Email: khyatipatel61@gmail.com) : Influence of paddy straw and organic manures on growth, yield, quality and economics of onion in organic farming. Green Fmg 2016, 7(5), 1192-5.

A field experiment was carried out at Organic farm, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari in rabi 2013-14 to study the influence of paddy straw and organic manures on growth, yield, quality and economics of - 316 - onion (Allium cepa L.) in organic farming. The effect of paddy straw and different percent of organic manure were significantly increased growth parameters, yield attributes, fresh and dry yield of leaves and bulb, quality parameters and economics of onion. Results showed that with combined application of paddy straw with decomposing culture and (16.7 N% BC: 33.33 N% VC: 33.33 N% CC) were significantly increased the plant height, number of leaves, polar diameter, fresh and dry yield of leaves and bulb, quality parameters, neck thickness and pyruvic acid of onion. From the present study, it is observed that combined application of paddy straw @ 5 t ha^-1 with pseudomonas culture alongwith organic manure treatment of 16.7% BC + 33.33% VC + 33.33% CC on N equivalent of RDN bases gave highest marketable yield of onion 34.07 t ha^-1 with net realization of Rs. 460988 and BCR values of 3.9. The paddy straw should be incorporated at the time of field preparation and organic manure should apply in two equal splits (125 kg ha^-1 N), at the time.

6 tables, 14 ref

014246   Patel J B;Sondarva J;Babariya C A;Rathod R R; Bhatiya V J (Seed Science and Technology Dep, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh-362 001, Email: jbpatelvasai38@gmail.com) : Effect of different storage conditions and seed treatments on seed variability in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 245-52.

The present investigation was carried out in laboratory of the Department of Seed Science and Technolo-gy, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh from the April 2013 to April 2015, wherein two kg of freshly harvested quality seed of soybean cv. Gujarat Junagadh Soybean 3 having high germination percentage and low moisture content (below 8%) was taken for each repetition and for each combination of treat-ments. The treatment consisted of two storage conditions (C) viz., C1 (Ambient temperature) and C2 (Cold storage at 7oC + 2oC), and five seed treatments (S) viz., S1 = Control, S2 = Carbendazim @ 2g/kg seed, S3 = Mancozeb @ 2g/ kg seed, S4 = Neem leaf powder @ 10g/kg seed, and S5 = Neem Oil @ 5 ml/kg seed. The experiment was carried out using Completely Randomized Design (Factorial) repeated three times. After proper mixing or smearing the seeds as per the treatments, seeds were packed in cloth bag and kept in laboratory under two different storage conditions. Observations were recorded at 90 days interval on germination (%), root length (cm), shoot length (cm), seedling dry weight (g), seed vigour index I, seed vigour index II and seed moisture content (%). The results revealed that storage condition (C) and seed treatments (S) exhibited significant differences almost for the all the traits for germination and seedling parameters after 2 years of storage. The results of soybean seed stored in two different storage conditions showed that on an average, the seed stored under cold storage (70C + 20C) noted higher values for all the traits studied except seed moisture content after 2 years of storage. Among the seed treatments, on an average, after 2 years of seed storage, significantly (p<60>0.05) higher values were recorded by all the seed treatments over the control. However, seed treated with Mancozeb @ 2g/kg of seed recorded the significantly highest germination percentage (71.50%) and it was at par with Neem leaf powder @ 10 g / kg seed (70.67%) and Carbendazim @ 2g /kg seed (69.67%) after 2 years of storage. The germination percentage noted in control treatment was 33.17 per cent after 2 years of storage. An ISTA standard for germination in soybean is 70 per cent. Most of the interactions effects were found significant (p<60>0.05) for all the traits studied.

8 tables, 18 ref

014245   Patel B;Patel S M;Dharaiya C N;Pinto S V; Modha H M (Patel Binjan, Dairy Technology Dep, SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand, Email: chetandharaiya@gmail.com) : Standardization of technology for manufacture of Moringa leaf buttermilk. Indian J Dairy Sci 2017, 70(3), 300-07.

Buttermilk, a "ready-to-serve" fermented milk product, is used as a refreshing beverage from time immemorial in India. An attempt was made to develop a buttermilk containing Moringa leaf powder (MLP) to improve its nutritional value. Buttermilk was prepared from dahi containing 4.5% milk fat and 8.5% MSNF. A Mesophilic/Thermophilic culture was used for preparing dahi. The most acceptable level of total milk solids (TMS) in buttermilk, acidity of dahi and MLP in buttermilk were optimized using Response Surface Methodology with central composite rotatable design. It was found that 5.31% TMS, 0.91% acidity of dahi and 0.62% MLP gave the most acceptable product. A blend of 0.08% pectin and 0.03% carrageenan was selected and addition of salt, sugar and spices @ 0.5%, 4.0%, 0.5% respectively were most suitable. The proximate chemical composition of Moringa buttermilk was 11.33% total solids, 1.58% protein, 1.8% fat and 0.83% ash. One serving size (300 g) of the product could be "a good source of - 315 - Vitamin A, calcium and iron" providing 10, 18 and 11% DV respectively. The shelf-life of the product was 20 days when packaged in Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and stored under refrigeration (7±2°C).

6 tables, 20 ref

014244   Patel B K;Patel S M;Pinto S V (Dairy Engineering Dep, SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand-388 110, Email: binjanpatel7@gmail.com) : Development of unique buttermilk by incorporation of Moringa. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 466-75.

The investigation was aimed at formulating a fermented beverage with incorporation of Moringa Pod Powder (MPP) to develop therapeutic buttermilk. Dahi (prepared from standardized milk) mesophilic/ thermophilic dahi culture. Optimisation of the product formulation was done by using Response Surface Methodolo-gy (RSM) with central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with varying levels of MPP, total milk solids (TMS) in buttermilk and acidity of dahi. It was found that 5.60% TMS, 0.90% acidity of dahi and 1.92% MPP gave the most acceptable product with a desirability of 0.917 which is very high. From amongst various stabilizers, it was found that a blend of 0.04% pectin and 0.015% carrageenan most suitable and addition of salt, sugar and spices blend @ 0.5%, 4.0%, 0.5% respectively were most acceptable. The proximate chemical composition of Moringa Pod Butter milk (MPBM) was 11.77% total solids, 1.51% protein, 1.84% fat and 0.89% ash. One serving size (300 g) of MPBM could be an "excellent source of calcium" having 21% Daily Value (DV). The product could be labelled as "a good source of Vitamin A, calcium and iron" providing 10, 18 and 11% DV respectively. MPBM was found to have consid-erable amount of Potassium and Vitamin C and fiber (9.0, 9.0 and 6.5% DV respectively). The shelf-life of the prod-uct was 20 days under refrigeration (7±2°C). The developed product is rich in fiber and iron, that is conventionally deficient in milk and hence makes the developed product complete food.

2 illus, 8 tables, 18 ref

014243   Parveen Kumar;Chauhan R S;Grover R K (Agricultural Economics Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: parv2509@gmail.com) : Economic analysis of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivation in eastern zone of Haryana (India) under polyhouse and open field condition. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 402-5.

The study was conducted in north zone of Haryana (India) state to find out the economic analysis of cucumber cultivation under polyhouse and open field condition. The primary data was collected by personal interview of the selected respondents with the help of well-designed and pre tested schedule. Simple statistical tools like average and percentage were used to calculate the economics of the crop. In the present study, it was found that the cost of cultivation of cucumber per acre under - 314 - polyhouse was Rs. 283684.40 while in case of open field condition it was Rs. 98003.39. In case of production and net returns, it was higher per acre in polyhouse; 245.47 quintal and Rs. 97138.68, respectively. Present study concluded that yield and income of farmers can be increased with help of polyhouse technology in case of cucumber cultivation.

1 table, 6 ref

014242   Parmar S K;Rathod A H;Kajale D B;Khule A A; Kanbi V H;Patel N H (Main Potato Res. Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agri. Univ, Deesa-385 535, Email: sanjayagri@ymail.com) : Genetic analysis for tuber yield and its quality traits in potato (Solanum tuerosum L.). Green Fmg 2016, 7(5), 1029-33.

An experiment was conducted to estimate heterosis and combining ability for tuber yield and its components under early harvest crop (75 day after planting) and medium harvest crop (90 day after planting) of potato in 32 crosses using Line x Tester (8 x 4) matting design. The female parents, Khfri Pushkar, Kufri Jyoti and Pollinators, Kufri Chipsona 2 was found good combiners at both the harvest conditions. The hybrids, Kufri Jyoti x Kufri Chipsona 2 had the highest per se performance with significant positive relative heterosis and positive SCA effects while, hybrid Kufri Laukar x Kufri Chipsona 1 and MS/95-117 x TPS 13 had the highest per se performance and significant positive SCA effects for tuber yield along with significant heterobeltiosis in 75 days harvest condition. The hybrid Kufri Pushkar x Kufri Chipsona 1 had the highest per se performance and significant positive SCA effect while, the hybrids Kufri Jyoti x Kufri Chipsona 1 and MS/95-117 x TPS 13 had the highest per se performance and significant positive SCA effect along with heterobeltiosis in 90 days harvest condition for tuber yield per plant.

4 tables, 8 ref

014241   Parmar S C;Jain A K;Shaikh A I;Patel D H; Aparnathi K D (Sheth M.C. College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand, Gujarat, Email: parmarsatya@yahoo.com) : Effect of paneer whey on composition, characteristics and shelf life of - 313 - biscuits. Indian J Dairy Sci 2017, 70(3), 294-9.

Sweet whey (Cheddar cheese whey) and acid whey (paneer whey) were tried in biscuits for their compatibility. Based on sensory evaluation, the latter was found more suitable in biscuits. Biscuits with 100 per cent whey has improved crust colour and surface characteristics than control biscuits. The incorporation of whey improved the fat, protein and mineral content as well as texture of biscuits as compared to control biscuits. The paneer whey was not found to have any adverse effect on microbiological quality of the biscuits. The physical properties of biscuits like loaf weight, crust colour, crumb colour and spread ratio have been markedly improved by addition of paneer whey. During storage, there was no significant difference observed in the volume, crust colour and surface characteristics and crumb colour of the biscuits prepared with paneer whey. No significant change was observed in peroxide value of control biscuits and biscuits prepared using whey. However, the storage period has significant effect in the peroxide values of both the types of biscuits. Overall, paneer whey addition in dough making of biscuits has improved composition, different characteristics and shelf life of biscuits.

2 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

014240   Parameswaranaik J;Senthil Kumar R;Singh S; Bhawar R S (NO, Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Email: parameshwar.jnaik@gmail.com) : Dairy farmers knowledge on climate variability in the northern dry zone of Karnataka. Indian J Dairy Sci 2017, 70(3), 364-70.

This paper deals with measuring the extent of knowledge of the dairy farmers towards climate variability in purposively selected area i.e. northern dry zone of Karnataka. In order to measure the knowledge towards climate variability a standardized test was developed for the present study, the test includes different statement which constitutes general aspects of climate variability and its effect on livestock (special emphasis has given on dairying aspects). The test was employed on 120 dairy farmers spread over two purposively selected districts of northern dry zone are of Karnataka. Through the knowledge test the majority of the respondents' falls under low and medium level of knowledge i.e. 42.50 percent and 35.83 percent respectively. Only 21.67 percent of the respondents possess a high level of knowledge. It may be due to lack of awareness about climate variability aspects and its effects livestock so knowledge of farmers' about climate variability. so knowledge of farmers about climate changes need to be managed with using effective extension approaches like campaigns, handout distribution, mass media as well as field demonstrations and a large scale climate change literacy programmes should be developed to prepare farmers, in which farmers can participate, learn and adapt effective coping strategies to increase their farm yield as well as their livelihood.

7 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

014239   Paramasivan M;Selvarani A (Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Killikulam, Valland-628 252, Email: paramusoil@gmail.com) : Productivity, water use efficiency and economics of system of rice intensification (SRI) in Nichabanadhi sub basin of southern Tamil Nadu. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 286-90.

Four hundred and sixteen on-farm demonstrations on system of rice intensification (SRI) were carried out in 350 hectares of farmer's fields in Sankarankovil, Vasudevanallur and Kuruvikulam blocks of Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu from 2008-09 to 2010-11 under Tamil Nadu - Irrigated Agriculture Modernization and Water Bodies Restoration and Management (TN-IAMWARM) project. Two methods viz., SRI and conventional were compared. The results revealed that the adoption of SRI favorable influenced yield attributes and yield of rice. The maximum grain yield (8222 kg ha^-1) obtained from SRI which was higher than conventional method (6534 kg ha^-1). Higher grain yield coupled with substantial water saving to the tune of 37.1 per cent resulted in higher water use efficiency of rice under SRI method. The best net income ( Rs. 50, 587) and benefit: cost ratio (3.64) were also associated with SRI than conventional method of rice cultivation. The cost of cultivation was comparatively lesser in SRI which re-sulted in gaining an additional income of Rs. 8080 ha^-1 as compared to conventional method of rice cultivation. The system of rice intensification (SRI) proved its benefits in this basin.

2 tables, 23 ref

014238   Panneerselvam P;Saritha B (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru-560 089, Email: panneerccri@rediffmail.com) : Influence of AM fungi and its associated bacteria on growth promotion and nutrient acquisition in grafted sapota seedling production. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 621-5.

A study was undertaken to know the effect of co-inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and its associated bacteria on enhancing AM root colonization, growth promotion and nutrient acquisition in grafted sapota plants. The best mycorrhiza associated bacteria i.e. Pseudomonas putida (HM590707) isolated from Funneliformis mosseae spore was evaluated along with AM fungi for growth promotion and AM fungal colonization in grafted sapota plants. The combined application of P. putida along with AM fungi significantly increased plant height (39.67%), stem girth (3.2 cm), total biomass (66.8 g plant^-1), AM root colonization (73.4%)and plant nutrient concentrations viz., N (2.52%), P (0.18%), K (2.90%), Fe (428.4 ppm) and Zn (21.40 ppm) as compared to uninoculated control. This finding clearly demonstrated that grafted sapota plants can be successfully established by combined inoculation of AM fungi and its associated bacteria which have a greater impact on healthy grafted plants.

3 tables, 41 ref

014237   Pandey G;Pandey D;Tripathi M;Singh A;Mishra M (NO, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, Lucknow-226 101) : Studies on bio-chemical profiling of Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis) for genetic diversity. J envir Biol 2016, 37(2), 179-84.

Biochemical profiling of physiologically mature fruits of 51 diverse Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) germplasm accessions was collected from Vindhyan hill region of Madhya Pradesh, with a view to select nutraceutically rich genotypes based on important biochemical traits. The mean ascorbic acid and total phenol (tannin) content amongst different accessions was recorded as 496.47mg 100 g^-1 and 4.88% with highest value found in CISH A-12 (654.50mg 100g^-1) and CISH A-30 (7.18%), respectively. Apart from the above, wide range of variability in the composition of other important biochemical attributes viz., total soluble solids (8.60-17.70°Brix), acidity (1.61-2.94%), total sugar (4.15-9.17), reducing sugar (2.19-4.45%) and TSS/acid ratio (3.89-8.33) was also recorded. Highest significant and positive correlation was observed between total sugar and TSS (0.895) followed by reducing sugar and TSS (0.882). Significant positive correlation between ascorbic acid and tannins (0.551) was an indication to be associated with binding capacity of ascorbic acid over a longer period of storage.

2 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

014236   Pandey A;Sharma M L (Agricultural Extension Dep, College of Agriculture, I.G.K.V., Raipur-492 012, Email: akankshapandey2212@gmail.com) : Knowledge level of the tribal farmers regarding seed production and management in Surguja and Surajpur district of Chhattisgarh, India. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 829-33.

Study was undertaken in Surguja and Surajpur districts of Chhattisgarh to know the knowledge level of tribal farmers regarding management and production of seeds. 120 tribal farmers were considered as respondents for this study. Respondents were interview through personal interview. Collected data were analyzed with the help of suitable statistical methods. The study revealed that majority of respondents were belonged to middle age group (36 to 55 years), educated up to primary school level and had medium family size with 6 to 10 members. Most of the respondents were have the membership of one organization and medium farming experience (16-30 years). Regarding land holdings most of respondents (41.67%) had 2.1 to 4 ha of land holdings belongs medium category - 311 - farmers. In various seed production and management practices respondents had high knowledge level i.e.winnowing and cleaning of seed, harvesting, threshing and seed storage structure, field preparation, moisture control, grading and seed selection with 97.50, 92.5, 90.83, 81.67, 37.50, 33.33 and 21.67 per cent, respectively. The overall extent of knowledge level of the farmers was 60.32 per cent and gap of knowledge was 39.68 per cent.

1 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

014235   Panda A K;Goyal R K;Godara A K;Sharma V K (Horticulture Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: asish.panda014@gmail.com) : Effect of packaging materials on the shelf-life of strawberry cv. sweet charlie under room temperature storage. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(3), 1290-4.

Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) fruits cv. Sweet Charlie were harvested at the 3/4th maturity stage. Freshly harvested fruits were packed in plastic punnets and wrapped with different packaging materials viz., low-density polyethylene (LDPE) 25, 50 and 75 micron, polypropylene (PP) 25 micron, cellophane paper and cling film. Effect of all the packaging materials was studied in ambient storage condition (18-25 °C and 80-90% RH). The result showed that LDPE 50 micron packaging material proved as the most effective one to control the weight loss (5.49%) and all of the LDPE films along with the PP and cling films appeared best to minimize decay loss. MAP con-ditions help prevent the decaying of strawberry fruits up to a day. The total soluble solids (6.35% - 5.78%) and titrat-able acidity (0.91% - 0.70%) were found to be decreased with the prolongation of storage periods, but no significant variation was recorded for different packaging materials. A better level of ascorbic acid in strawberry fruits packed with LDPE 50 (31.56 mg/ 100g) and 75 micron (29.86 mg/ 100g) packaging films was retained. The organoleptic rating of strawberry fruits was found best in fruits packed with LDPE 50 micron (7.90) packaging films. In future, these experimental results may prove very useful for storage of strawberry fruits for a certain period in better quality.

6 tables, 19 ref

014234   Niyas P A A;Sejian V;Bagath M;Parthipan S; Selvaraju S;Manjunathareddy G B;Kurien E K;Varma G;Bhatta R (NO, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore, Email: drsejian@gmail.com) : Effect of heat and nutritional stress on growth and testicular HSP70 expression in goats. J Agrometeorol 2017, 19(3), 189-94.

A study was conducted to assess the combined effects of heat and nutritional stress on body weight changes and HSP70 gene expressionin Osmanabadi goats. Twenty four adult Osmanabadi bucks were divided into four groups of six animals each viz. C (control), HS (heat stress), NS (nutritional stress) and CS (combined stress). The C and HS bucks had ad libitum access to their feed while NS and CS bucks were subjected to restricted feed (30% intake of C bucks) to - 310 - induce nutritional stress. The HS and CS bucks were exposed to heat stress in outside environment for six hours a day between 10:00 h to 16:00 h. Both C and HS groups showed significantly higher (P<60>0.01) body weight and body condition scoring as compared to NS and CS groups. The highest plasma growth hormone (P<60>0.01) was recorded in CS group and the lowest in all stress groups (C, HS and NS). The higher (P<60>0.05) expression of testicular Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA was reported in HS groups. It can be concluded from this study that when nutrition is not compromised Osmanabadi goats were able to withstand heat stress without compromising production.

1 illus, 2 table, 16 ref

014233   Nirgude V;Karuna K;Mankar A;Vikash Kumar; Spandana M (Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology) Dep, Bihar Agricultural Univ, Sabour-813 210, Email: nirgude.v7hort@gmail.com) : Response of NPK fertigation on pheno-physiological status of Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv. Mosambi under high density planting. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(3), 1306-11.

The field experiment was conducted during 2013-14 to study the effects of fertigation on the phenology and physiological status of Citrus sinensis cv. Mosambi. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with seven fertigation level, viz. T₁- 120% of RDF; T₂- 100% of RDF; T₃- 80% of RDF; T₄- 60% of RDF; T5- 40% of RDF; T6- Full dose in basal with drip irrigation and T7- Full dose in basal without drip irrigation and each treatment were replicated three times. Results obtained showed that increase in plant height (36.75 cm), trunk girth (4.67 cm), canopy volume (1.83 m3), leaf area index (5.51) and growth of current season shoot (9.42 cm2) of the plant were more responsive to higher dose of fertigation i.e. T₁ followed by T₂. The treatment effect was not marked on repro-ductive growth as expressed in terms of bud emergence, full bloom, fruit set and duration of bud emergence to ma-turity. The tree physiological parameters viz. total chlorophyll (2.65 mg/g), net photosynthesis rate (6.83 μmol CO₂/m²/sec), stomatal conductance (0.18 mol/m²/sec) and leaf area (31.9 cm²) were also higher under treatment receiv-ing higher dose of fertigation i.e. T₁. Therefore, on the basis of results obtained, treatment 120% RDF found superior in maintaining pheno-physiological status of mosambi plant under high density planting.

6 tables, 25 ref

014232   Nimbalkar S D;Patil D S;Sharma J P;Daniel J N (BAIF Development Research Foundation, Central Research Station, Urulikanchan, Tq. Haveli, Dist Pune, Maharashtra, Email: nimbalkar1970@gmail.com) : Quantitative estimation of carbon stock and carbon sequestration in smallholder agroforestry farms of mango and Indian gooseberry in Rajasthan, India. Envir Conserv J 2017, 18(1-2), 103-7.

Tree-based farming systems have the potential to sequester large quantities of carbon. An agroforestry system, promoted among small farmers in rural development projects in India, combines fruit and forestry trees with annual crops. As the carbon sequestration potential of this system has not been quantitatively estimated, a study was conducted on 25 - 309 - orchards each of amla (Emblica officinalis) and mango (Mangifera indica) in two districts of Rajasthan, India. The orchards, aged between 7-14 years, were selected randomly and biomass accumulation of the trees was estimated using non-destructive allometric methods with quadrate sampling. The mean accumulated carbon in above-ground woody biomass of an amla tree was 0.05 t and that of mango was 0.04 t at an average age of 10 years. Similarly, the estimated carbon sequestered by multipurpose forestry trees growing along the border of the orchard was 0.012 t m². Besides the above-ground biomass, the orchards also accumulated 8.1 t carbon ha^-1 in the upper 15 cm of the soil. The study estimated that the total above and below-ground biomass in a 10 year old agroforestry farm having amla or mango with forestry trees contained 23 t ha^-1 ' of carbon which was equivalent to 84.67 t CO₂ ha^-1.

1 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

014231   Nehra M;Mukesh Kumar;Vart D;Kaushik J;Sharma R K (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: mamtanehra089@gmail.com) : Molecular characterization of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br] inbreds using microsatellite markers. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 357-63.

Studies on genetic diversity in Pennisetum germplasm are the promising opportunities for the use of un-domesticated materials for improving pearl millet varieties. DNA based markers have now emerged as a potential genomic tool for estimation of genetic diversity among various cultivars and varietal identification. In present study, genetic diversity among 49 stay green inbreds of pearl millet was studied using simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Twenty nine polymorphic SSR primers, identified after initial screening of 70, were used to study diversity among these lines. A total of 108 alleles were amplified, collectively yielding unique SSR profiles for all the 49 inbreds. The average number of SSR alleles per locus was 3.72, with a range from 2 to 13. Polymorphic information content (PIC) values of various SSR loci across all the 49 inbreds ranged from 0.14 to 0.87 with an average of 0.51 per lo-cus. This indicated sufficient diversity among the 49 pearl millet inbreds and total 5 out of 29 polymorphic SSR loci, namely Xpsmp2070, Xpsmp2001, Xpsmp2008, Xpsmp2066, Xpsmp2072 revealed PIC values above 0.70, can be considered highly useful for differentiation of pearl millet inbred lines. The lowest PIC value (0.47) for linkage group 7 showed comparatively conserved nature of this linkage group A dendrogram obtained using WARD's minimum variance method further delineates 49 inbreds into 8 major clusters, and the clustering pattern corroborated with their pedigree and characteristics traits.

3 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

014230   Neha P;Solankey S S;Vati L;Chattopadhyay T (Horticulture (Vegetables and Floriculture), Bihar Agricultural Univ, Sabour, Bhagalpur-813 210, Email: tirthartha@gmail.com) : Molecular screening of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes for resistance alleles against important biotic stresses. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(3), 1654-8.

Molecular markers are vastly used as tool for screening of disease resistant/tolerant plant genotypes in early stage of growth in an environment-independent manner. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), the major biotic stresses like tomato yellow leaf curl virus, Fusarium wilt, tomato spotted wilt virus and root knot nematode cause severe crop loss. Recently, DNA based molecular markers for the screening of resistance alleles for the above-mentioned diseases have been reported in tomato. In the present study, a total of eighteen tomato genotypes have been screened for the presence of possible resistance alleles, using sequence characterized amplified region - 308 - (SCAR) molecular markers. Resistance allele-specific bands for Fusarium wilt disease, tomato spotted wilt disease and partial resistance allele-specifc band for root knot disease have been identified in some of the genotypes used in the present study. However, none of the genotypes was found to contain Ty3 resistance allele-specific band for resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl disease. Thus, possible resistance sources have been identified for three out of the four biotic stresses, mentioned earlier. Thus, the present study has screened the 18 tomato genotypes at mo-lecular level for presence of resistance alleles for biotic stress, which might be further evaluated and explored in future tomato breeding programmes, targeting biotic stress resistance in tomato. At the same time, the study docu-ments the applicability of molecular markers for rapid disease screening in tomato in an environment independent manner.

2 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

014229   Negalur R B;Halepyati A S;Reddy B G M; Narayanarao K (Agricultural Research Station, Gangavathi, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Raichur-583 227, Email: tushberkipilli@rediffmail.com) : Nutrient uptake and vailable soil nutrients in transplanted rice as influenced by land preparation & planting geometry. Green Fmg 2016, 7(5), 1116-20.

Field experiment on effect of land preparation methods and planting geometry on growth and yield of machine transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Gangavathi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka during kharif, 2012 and 2013 in clay soil under irrigated condition. Pooled mean indicated that, among the different land preparation methods and planting geometry puddling with rotovator fb levelling with spike tooth harrow and planting geometry of 30 x 21 cm recorded significantly higher uptake of nitrogen by grain (62.68 and 71.25 kg ha^-1, respectively), by straw (43.81 and 50.73 kg ha^-1, respectively) and total nitrogen uptake (106.49 and 121.16 kg ha^-1, respectively), uptake of phosphorous by grain ( 23.33 and 25.49 kg ha^-1, respectively), by straw (13.09 and 14.09 kg ha^-1, respectively) and total phosphorous uptake (36.42 and 39.58 kg ha^-1, respectively), uptake of potassium by grain (19.87 and 22.03 kg ha^-1, respectively), by straw (55.03 and 59.46 kg ha^-1, respectively) and total potassium uptake (74.90 and 81.49 kg ha^-1, respectively). Whereas, significantly lower available soil nitrogen (233.7 and 225.8 kg ha^-1, respectively), phosphorous (47.04 and 43.62 kg ha^-1, respectively) and potassium (333.12 and 331.48 kg ha^-1, respectively).

4 tables, 13 ref

014228   Neeraj;Goel S R;Anil Kumar;Singh G;Madan V K (Nematology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: neeraj1705@gmail.com) : Effect of plant extracts on hatching and mortality of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita larvae (in-vitro). Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2017, 14(1), 467-71.

This research was conducted to find out the effect of aqueous extracts of different medicinal plants against the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in laboratory at CCSHAU, Hisar. Aqueous extracts from plant leaves were screened for egg hatchability and nemic mortality against second stage juveniles (J₂) of M. incognita. The nematode eggs and juveniles were exposed to 24, 48 and 72 hrs to different dilutios of extracts. The dilutios as 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:40 and 1:80 were prepared by diluting stock solution. As a - 307 - result, M. arvesis (mentha)1:10 (v/v) dilution significantly reduced the egg hatchability and it was followed by C.longa(turmeric). At the end of 48 hrs incubation, 1:5 and 1:10 (v/v) dilutions of M. arvensis extract and C.longa produced maximum mortality in juveniles of the nematode. The results of our investigation show that five plants contain nematicidal compounds. It seems that the use of plant extracts might have increasing popularity in future as a component or ingredient of biopesticides. Therefore, further research is necessary to found out toxic compounds released by species and carried out experiments in vivo for the control of root-knot nematode, M. incognita.

2 tables, 5 ref

014227   Naz M;Sughar G;Soomro Z A;Ahmed I;Seema N; Nizamani G S;Saboohi;Nizamani M R (Biotechnology Dep, Sindhi Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Pakistan, Email: raymisbah@yahoo.com) : Somatic embryogenesis and callus formation in sugarcane (Saccharum SPP L.) using different concentration of 2,4-D and RAPD analysis of plants regenerates. Indian J agric Res 2017, 51(2), 93-102.

Present research was conduct to build up an efficient protocol for various concentrations of 2,4-D for "Callus formation and somatic embryogenesis in sugarcane (saccharin spp L.). Using various concentrations of 2,4-D and RAPD analysis of regenerated plants in the Laboratory of Biotechnology Nuclear Institute of Agriculture Tandojam during the year 2013-2014. Three sugarcane varieties Bl4, NIA-2010, NIA-1022 with various concentrations of 2,4-D (0.5.1.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mg l-1). While 3.0 mg l-1 Kin+IAA+IBA were used for callus proliferation and shoot formations. Four different concentration of IBA were used for rooting purpose 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 ml-1+20 g Sugar. Embryonic callus was obtained by culturing young apical merited. Eight-month field grown three sugarcane clones via; BL4, NIA-2010 and NIA-2011 we use for tissue culture somatic embryonic callus studies. The apical meristematic region was used for callus formation and somatic embryogenesis induction on 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mg l-1.2, 4-D actively growing callus was subcultured on kin. IAA, IBA, 3.0 mg l-1. Maximum callus proliferation and number of plantlets shoot length and regeneration growth was observed in those plants that call taken from 1.0 and 2.0 mg l-1.2, 4-D Maximum chlorophyll mutation frequency was recorded in NIA-2010 and BL4 grown on 1.0 mg l-1 2, 4-D. The maximum number of roots was observed in BL4 when 1.0 mg l-1 IBA+20% sugar was applied, variability obtained through callus culture and also confirmed through random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques.

2 illus, 10 tables, 46 ref