003123   Pattar A;Kukanoor L;Hedge N K;Jholgiker P (Post Harvest Technology Dep, K.R.C. College of Horticulture, Arabhavi (Karnataka), Email: archana271989@gmail.com) : Keeping quality of tamarind paste during storage. Asian J Hort 2013, 8(2), 430-2.

Attempt was made to standardize the protocol for the preparation of tamarind paste. The chemical compositions of tamarind paste and changes in chemical constituents during storage at ambient temperature have been studied. Results showed that higher amount of mean TSS (40.98%), ascorbic acid (3;96 mg/100g), reducing sugar (27.24%) and total sugar (30.05%) were noticed in recipe having 100 g paste + 30g salt + 10 ml oil (Sunflower) + 20mg butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA). However, minimum TSS (26.73%), ascorbic acid (3.64), reducing sugar (21.36) and total sugar (24.79) were noticed in recipe having 100 g paste + 10 ml oil (Sunflower) + 20 mg butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) without salt. Among the treatments the tamarind paste prepared from 100 g paste + 20 g salt + 10 ml oil + 20 mg BHA found superior with respect to sensory quality and microbiologically safe which was followed by the 100 g paste + 15 g with 10 ml oil + 20 mg BHA. The prepared tamarind paste remained acceptable even after 90 days of storage.

3 tables, 9 ref

003122   Pathak A;Sanjay Kumar;Jha V K (NO, Chemistry Central Dep, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal, Email: vinayj2@yahoo.com) : Development of building material from geopolymerization of construction and demolition waste (CDW). Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2014, 73(2), 133-7.

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) which is produced during new construction, renovation and demolition of buildings and other construction structures is considered priority waste and is generated several million tons globally. India generates 15-23 million tons per year. The recycling and utilization of CDW would be a significant contribution to the environment and sustainable development towards the adoption of "zero waste" principle. One of the promising technologies to convert industrial waste into value added product is geopolymerization and it involves a chemical reaction between solid alumino-silicate oxides and alkaline activator solution at ambient or slightly elevated temperatures. The product thus obtained has high mechanical strength. Two types of CDW, i.e. concrete powder and brick powder, were considered in the present study. Calorimetric analysis showed that brick dust is more reactive than concrete waste. The maximum compressive strength of geopolymer product from brick dust was found 11.43 MPa. It was found that the physico-mechanical properties of geopolymers obtained from CDW were comparable with the properties of equivalent building materials. The structural changes in resulting geopolymer were studied using XRD, FTIR and SEM-EDX.

6 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

003121   Ogundiran M B;Ikotun O J (Analytical/Environmental Unit, Chemistry Dep, Ibadan Univ, Nigeria, Email: mbogundiran@yahoo.com) : Investigating the suitability of Nigerian calcined kaolins as raw materials for geopolymer binders. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2014, 73(2), 138-42.

Clay minerals constitute large deposits of natural resources in Nigeria which may exhibit the pozzolanic properties of geopolymer materials. Therefore, this study investigated the suitability of Ikare and Ikere kaolins from two different geological locations in Nigeria as raw materials to synthesis geopolymer binders. In order to ascertain optimal geopolymerization conditions, the effects of calcining temperature, activator concentration and particle size on the compressive strength (engineering) and water absorption (durability) properties of the geopolymers produced were measured at 7 and 28 days at room temperature. The two kaolins with particle sizes 600, 425, 212 æm were calcined at 600°, 700° and 750°C and activated with sodium silicate at SiO₂/Na₂O mole ratios 2.1, 2.5 and 2.8. The best compressive strength and water absorption were obtained at 700°C calcination temperature, SiO₂/Na₂O mole ratio 2.1, 212 μm clay particle size and at 28 days curing time. The obtained CS for Ikare and Ikere kaolins at the optimal conditions were 23.2 and 26.1 MPa while water absorption values were 1.62 and 0.12% respectively. Calcined Nigerian kaolins are proposed as cost-effective and sustainable binders which may be applied to substitute or augment ordinary Portland cement in construction applications.

4 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

003120   Nath S K;Mukherjee S;Maitra S;Sanjay Kumar (NO, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: snath@nmlindia.org) : Ambient and elevated temperature geopolymerization behaviour of class F fly ash. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2014, 73(2), 126-32.

Geopolymerization is the process, where synthetic alkali activated alumino-silicate material is produced by reaction of a solid alumino-silicate with a highly concentrated aqueous alkali hydroxide or silicate solution. Depending on the raw material selection and processing conditions, geopolymers can exhibit a wide variety of properties and characteristics, including high compressive strength, fast or slow setting, acid resistance, and fire resistance. Fly ash, a by-product of coal fired power plant, is produced during combustion of coal. Fly ash is a powdery, aluminosilicate material along with minor impurities which is suitable for geopolymer reaction. The geopolymerization behaviour of class F fly ash has been studied in a temperature range of 27°-55°C using isothermal conduction calorimeter with different alkali concentrations. It was observed that the rate of reaction got intensified and increased with temperature. Compressive strength of the resulting geopolymer was also found to increase with temperature more significantly during early days. Attempt has been made to correlate the reaction with structure and properties.

13 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

003119   Menon L;Majumdar S D;Usha Ravi (School of Food Science, M.O.P. Vaishnav College of Women (Autonomous), No. 20, IV Lane, Nungambakkam High Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai-600 034, Email: usharavi62@gmail.com) : Mango (Mangifera indica L.) kernel flour as a potential ingredient in the development of composite flour bread. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2014, 5(1), 75-82.

Fruit residues and seed flours have been used to supplement food and feed because of their nutrient dense composition. The present study was undertaken to identify the feasibility of utilizing cereal-legume-seed kernel composite flour in preparation of bread. A composite flour was prepared using refined wheat flour (WF), soy flour (SF), sprouted mung bean flour (MF) and mango kernel flour (MKF). Three variations of composite flour were used for preparation of experimental breads, V-I (WF: SF: MF: MKF= 85:5:5:5), V-II (WF: SF: MF: MKF= 70:10:10:10) and V-III (WF: SF: MF: MKF= 60:14:13:13). Refined wheat flour bread served as control for the study. Pertinent physico-chemical, functional and organoleptic attributes were studied in composite flour variations and their bread preparations. Baking losses were estimated in experimental breads. Physical characteristics of the bread variations revealed a percentage decrease in loaf height (14%), weight (1.25%) and volume (25%) with a subsequent increase in mango kernel flour incorporation. Experimental variations maintained an average score of 7.23±0.86in comparison with the control (7.5±0.5) on a 9 point hedonic rating scale. V-I scored 5% higher than the control. The present study highlighted the significant utilization of mango seed kernel (`Alphonso' variety) in formulation and nutrient enrichment of bread.

1 illus, 3 tables, 42 ref

003118   Manjunatha G S;Radhakrishna;Venugopal K; Maruthi S V (Civil Engineering Dep, Gogte Institute of Technology, Belgaum) : Strength characteristics of open air cured geopolymer concrete. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2014, 73(2), 149-56.

Geopolymer concrete is an alternate material to the conventional concrete. The research on heat cured geopolymers is well documented by multiple researchers. However, there is very little information available on ambient cured geopolymer concrete. This paper illustrates the mechanical properties of ambient cured geopolymer concrete synthesized by activating Class F fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag with alkaline solution. Various mechanical properties like compressive, split tensile, flexural, shear, impact and bond strength of ambient cured geopolymer concrete were experimentally investigated. Stress-strain behaviour was also studied. Sample durability tests of conventional and geopolymer concrete were investigated and compared. It was found that many properties of ambient cured geopolymer concrete were superior when compared to conventional concrete. It was concluded that geopolymer concrete can be used as high performance concrete in place of conventional concrete for structural applications with many advantages.

15 illus, 4 tables, 34 ref

003117   Manivannan S;Surya Chandra V S;Sharma P K; James Raju K C;Das D (School of Physics, Hyderabad Univ, Hyderabad-500 046, Email: ddse@uohyd.ernet.in) : Effect of flux addition on mechanical and microwave dielectric properties of barium zinc tantalate ceramics. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2014, 73(2), 87-90.

Radio frequency (RF) window sections used in high power microwave windows in the fusion system require high mechanical strength along with excellent microwave dielectric properties. Barium zinc tantalate, Ba(Zn_1/3Ta_2/3)O₃ (BZT) exhibits high dielectric constant, small temperature coefficient of resonant frequency and high quality factor. Hence it is an important material for microwave window application in fusion reactor. In the present study, BZT ceramics was prepared by conventional solid state reaction. Calcination of the as milled raw powders at 1250°C for 6 h resulted in complete phase formation, which was then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) for its primary crystal structure and composition. The synthesized BZT composition sintered at temperatures 1550° and 1600°C resulted in a maximum of 94% and 95% of the theoretical density respectively. A maximum of 97% of the theoretical density was achieved for the samples containing 0.5 wt% B₂O₃ when sintered at a temperature of 1500°C. The effect of B₂O₃ flux addition, prior to compaction processing, on the microstructure, microwave dielectric properties and mechanical properties of BZT ceramics is investigated. The dielectric properties were measured in the microwave range by Hakki-Coleman method and were correlated with the structural and mechanical properties.

5 illus, 9 ref

003116   Maji K;Dasgupta S (Ceramic Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha-769 008, Email: dasguptas@nitrkl.ac.in) : Hydroxyapatite-chitosan and gelatin based scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2014, 73(2), 110-14.

Bone tissue engineering, using a porous scaffold material to induce the formation of bone from the surrounding tissues has some distinct advantages over autografting and allografting, and it is a rapidly growing alternative approach to heal damaged bone tissue. The current study focuses on fabrication and characterization of hydroxyapatite and natural biopolymer composite for improved bone repair and regeneration. The porous composite scaffold containing hydroxyapatite (HAp), chitosan and gelatin having 3D network of interconnected pores with an average pore size of 150 μm was fabricated using freeze drying method. Glutaraldehyde was used as a cross linker between chitosan and gelatin. Characteristic IR band for (-C=N-) group observed in IR study of the prepared scaffold indicated the crosslinking ability of glutaraldehyde with chitosan and gelatin. Total porosity in the scaffold varied between 60 and 70% as determined by Archimedes principle and depended on the solids loading of the scaffold. Microstructural analysis using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed an interconnected porous network in the scaffold where HAp nanoparticles were found to be dispersed in the biopolymer matrix. Thick bone like apatite layer deposition was observed on the surface of the scaffold on immersing it into simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C for 7 days. The developed scaffold exhibited a compressive strength of 1.75 MPa which is close to the lower limit of compressive strength of spongy bone. These types of composite scaffolds find application as efficient biomaterial for natural bone tissue regeneration and bone tissue engineering.

7 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

003115   Maharajan M;Mursalin M D;Narjinary M;Rana P; Sen S;Sen A (Sensor & Actuator Div, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramics Research Institute, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700 032, Email: shrabanee@cgcri.res.in) : Synthesis, characterization and vapour sensing properties of nanosized ZnFe₂O₄. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2014, 73(2), 102-4.

In recent years, there has been a renewed interest on spinel ferrites for their remarkable versatile applications. Among AFe₂O₄, zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄) has gained special importance due to its application in gas sensing, drug delivery and magnetic resonance imaging. Nanocrystalline powder of ZnFe₂O₄ with average size of 25-30 nm was synthesized using citrate-gel method. Thermogravimetric analysis and XRD confirmed the formation of nanocrystalline ZnFe₂O₄ at 400°C. The band appearing below 700 cm^{-1 in the FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of Zn(Fe-O) group. Microstructural investigation was done on SEM and TEM. The response of ZnFe₂O₄ towards alcohol and acetone vapour at 350°C was studied. The sample showed n-type conductivity with excellent vapour sensitivity.}

8 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

003114   Liu D;Li R Y;Ji M;Cai Y M (School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Univ, Tianjing, P.R. China, Email: liruying@tju.edu.cn) : Enhanced hydrogen and methane production from sewage sludge by addition of cornstalk in two-stage fermentation process. Asian J Chem 2013, 25(12), 6535-9.

Effects of cornstalk addition on hydrogen and methane production from sewage sludge in the two-stage fermentation process were investigated. Results of batch experiments showed that addition of cornstalk increased hydrogen production rate and hydrogen and methane yield of sewage sludge fermentation. At substrate concentration of 10 g-volatile solid/L and the total solid ratio of 2:1 for cornstalk and sewage sludge, hydrogen and methane yields were 13.4 and 172.6 mL/g-volatile solid, respectively. At the hydrogen production stage in the fermentation of the mixture of cornstalk and sewage sludge, more than 80% of VFA product was acetate, which showed different VFA profile from hydrogen fermentation of sole cornstalk or sole sewage sludge. In the two-stage fermentation process, most of the energy produced was methane energy and hydrogen energy was only 0.3-2.8% of the total produced energy. Hydrogen yield, methane yield and total biogas energy increased with the proportion of cornstalk.

4 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

003113   Joshi V K;Gill A;Vikas Kumar;Chauhan A (Food Science and Technology Dep, Dr. Y. S. Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173 230, Email: vkjoshipht@rediffmail.com) : Preparation of plum wine with reduced alcohol content: effect of must treatment and blending with sand pear juice on physico-chemical and sensory quality. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2014, 5(1), 67-74.

Plum (Prunus salicina L.) with attractive colour and flavour, but highly perishable fruit is grown all-over the world including India, holds promise to prepare wine. Attempt to optimize a technique for preparation of low alcoholic plum wine was made. Fruit of Santa rosa plum cultivar were used to produce wine by different methods, viz. conventional method (T₁), must ameliorated with honey (T₂), removal of alcohol from wine by distillation (T₃), inoculation with Schizosaccharomyces pombe to reduce the acidity followed by fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (T₄) and inoculation with Schizosaccharomyces pombe (T₅) only for deacidifying the must. A comparison of RF (Rate of fermentation) revealed that the must fermented by conventional method (T₁) had the highest RF (0.97) while that of T₅ recorded the lowest RF value. Must ameliorated with honey compared well with the cane sugar based on different parameters of wines examined. On the basis of physico-chemical characteristics, all the treatments except that with Schizosaccharomyces pombe in the pulp (T₅) can successfully be used for wine preparation with better physico-chemical characteristics. Blending of base wines with different proportions of sand pear juice showed that blending at 20% and 30% of pear juice not only reduced the alcohol content but also made the blend acceptable with respect to sensory qualities.

1 illus, 6 tables, 24 ref

003112   Ghosh R;Pal S;Sarkar R (Ceramic Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Email: ritwiksarkar@rediffmail.com) : Development of machinable hydroxyapatite - yttrium phosphate composite for biomedical applications. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2014, 73(2), 121-5.

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) and yttrium phosphate (YP) powders were synthesized through wet chemical route and calcination process. Calcined powders were used to prepare HAp-YP composites by solid mixing and sintering route, up to a YP content of 50 wt%. Sintered composites were characterized for phase analysis and densification study. The sintered composites were studied for machinability by drilling method using a conventional cemented carbide drill bit. Hydroxyapatite-yttrium phosphate composite pellets were studied for drilling by conventional drilling technique using carbide drill bits. In vitro cytotoxicity study of the sintered composites, using MTT assay by culturing in MG-63 cells, showed cell viability index <62>0.95.

13 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

003111   Dey P;Pal S K;Sarkar R (Ceramic Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha-769 008, Email: pinkideyvs@gmail.com) : Effect of alumina addition on 45S5 bioglass. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2014, 73(2), 105-9.

Bioglass is particularly recognized for its excellent biocompatibility and bioactive traits. Also it is prominently known for its bone bonding capability. One of the chief applications of bioglass is as an artificial bone graft meant for orthopaedic as well as periodontal purpose. Even though it is a promising material but due to the poor mechanical properties as compared to cortical bone, its use has been restricted. Along with poor mechanical properties, 45S5 crystallizes rapidly when it is heated above T_g; as a result its bioactivity is decreased. A possible solution towards this problem is addition of alumina in the glass structure. In this communication, effect of alumina addition on 45S5 has been reported. The alumina was added in 5, 2.5 and 1 wt% to the 45S5 composition by adjusting with silica content, during preparation via the sol-gel route. The samples so prepared were characterized using XRD, FESEM, bioactivity tests using simulated body fluid (SBF) and mechanical tests by universal testing machine (UTM). The modification in the composition of 45S5 has been done in order to increase the temperature range between glass transition and crystallization. The addition of alumina was also preferred in order to enhance the mechanical properties so that application of 45S5 can be broadened in the field of orthopaedic as well as periodontal.

9 illus, 11 ref

003110   Das D;Basu R N (Fuel Cell and Battery Div, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata-700 032, Email: rnbasu@cgcri.res.in) : Electrophoretic deposition of thin film zirconia electrolyte on non-conducting NiO-YSZ substrate. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2014, 73(2), 90-3.

Eight (8) mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), an electrolyte material for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), has been deposited onto porous non-conducting NiO-YSZ substrate using electrophoretic deposition technique (EPD) from a stable non-aqueous suspension of YSZ. Normally, EPD cannot be performed on a non-conducting substrate, but, YSZ particulate film has been successfully deposited on a non-conducting NiO-YSZ substrate following two different EPD approaches:(a) using a conducting metallic plate on the reverse side of the porous NiO-YSZ anode substrate and (b) using a conducting polymer coated NiO-YSZ substrate. The deposited films are then formed dense coatings of 5-15 μm after sintering at 1400°C for 6 h in air. Surface and cross-sectional morphologies of green and sintered films deposited by different EPD approaches are investigated using SEM. La_0.65Sr_0.3MnO₃ (LSM), a cathode for SOFC, is then screen-printed onto the electrolyte layer of such sintered half cells (anode+electrolyte) prepared by both the above approaches to construct SOFC single cells. A maximum output power density of 0.37 W.cm^{-2 is obtained using single cells prepared by conducting metallic plate assisted EPD compared to that of 0.73 W.cm-2 for polymer coated at 800°C using H₂ as fuel and O₂ as oxidant.}

4 illus, 15 ref

003109   Chavakula R;Mutyala N R;Chennupati S R (NO, Tyche Industries Limited, H. No. C-21/A, Road No. 9, Film Nagar, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad-500 093, Email: das.krishnac@gmail.com) : Industrially viable synthesis of 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propionaldehyde, a key intermediate of cinacalcet. J Indian Chem Soc 2013, 90(8), 1259-61.

An improved synthesis of 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propionaldehyde (2), a key intermediate of cinacalcet hydrochloride ((R)-alpha-methyl-N-[3-[3-(triflouoromethyl)phenyl]propyl]-1-naphthale ne methane amine hydrochloride) has been described. The key step include the Corey-Kim oxidation under normal conditions.

6 ref

003108   Banerjee A;Ghosh S;Ghosh M (Chemical Technology Dep, Univ College of Science & Technology, Calcutta Univ, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700 009, Email: mahuag@gmail.com) : Thermo-oxidative degradation of some common edible oils during drying. J Indian Chem Soc 2013, 90(8), 1183-8.

The study includes the deterioration of four widely used frying oils in India, viz. soybean oil, sunflower oil, rice bran oil and palm olein oil during frying at higher temperature. The oil samples were heated at 180-190 °C for 24 h along with potato chips and fried oil samples were collected after every 4 h. Fresh oil was never added to the frying vessel. The oil quality parameters viz. acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, conjugated diene and conjugated triene were determined. The investigation revealed that soybean oil possesses the least thermal stability. Though palm olein oil showed a greater thermal stability than others but from nutritional point of view, because of its higher degree of saturation, it is less suitable for human health. Considering all the aspects, rice bran oil came out as best option in the choice of frying oil.

6 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

003107   Badolia A;Sarkar R;Pal S K (Ceramic Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha-769 008, Email: ritwiksarkar@rediffmail.com) : Lanthanum phosphate containing machinable alumina ceramics for bio-medical applications. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2014, 73(2), 115-20.

Alumina-lanthanum phosphate composites were prepared using two commercial grade aluminas and synthetically prepared lanthanum phosphate. Composites were prepared by varying lanthanum phosphate content between 10 and 50 wt%. Mixed composites were pressed and sintered between 1400° and 1600°C. Sintered products were characterized for various properties including microstructure, machinability and bioactivity. Phase analysis confirmed separate existence of Al₂O₃ and LaPO₄ phase's different sintering temperatures. Sintering temperatures and lanthanum phosphate content were found to be important for the incorporation of machinability property in alumina. Bioactivity study indicated growth of apatite on immersing the samples in simulated body fluid for 7 days.

12 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

003106   Ahmedunni N;Reddy A M;Bhandary M H (Food science and Technology Dep, School of health sciences, Calicut) : Composition of fresh and stored fish processing waste. Bioinfolet 2014, 11(1A), 127-8.

1 table, 3 ref

002113   Usha Rani P;Subba Rao L V;Prasad M S; Chaitanya U;Keshavulu K (Seed Science and Technology Dep, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad-500 030) : Influence of production environments, seed age and seed treatment on seed storability and quality of rice Cv. IR 36. J Res-ANGRAU 2014, 42(1), 12-17.

Experiment conducted to study the influence of production environments on seed storability and quality of rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L.) revealed that though seeds produced in humid environment maintained significantly higher germination at the end of storage, but failed to maintain the seedling vigour. Whereas, seeds produced in arid environment recorded significantly high values for certain seed quality parameters viz., germination per cent, speed of germination, seedling vigour index, seedling length and biochemical parameters viz., alpha amylase activity, dehydrogenase activity and lower values for electrical conductivity and seed infection (%). Freshly harvested seed also exhibited relatively higher values for all the seed quality traits except electrical conductivity, seed infection (%) and moisture content fluctuations. Seed treated with carbendazim @ 2 g/kg showed significantly higher seed quality coupled with relevant biochemical parameters and the seed infection, electrical conductivity and moisture content were at lower levels. Seeds of rice genotype i.e. IR 36 produced in arid environment, freshly harvested and one year old seed but treated with chemicals (carbendazim @ 2 g/kg of seed and mancozeb @ 2.5 g/kg of seed) retained good germination (more than MSCS) and seedling vigour more than 9 months of storage period.

4 tables, 8 ref

002112   Thirunavukkarasu M;Subramanian K S (Nano Science and Technology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: thirusac@gmail.com) : Surface modified nano-zeolite used as carrier for slow release of sulphur. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(1), 19-26.

Surface modified nano-zeolite (SMNZ) was used as carrier to develop nano-zeolite based nano-sulphur fertilizer. A laboratory study on sulphur nano-fertilizer and conventional sulphur fertilizer were studied with percolation reactor system to evaluate the slow release of sulphur from both fertilizers in ambient temperature. SMNZ and sulphur nano-fertilizer were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Zeta Analyzer, Raman Spectroscopy, XRD and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Raman spectroscopy confirmed the sulphur attachment at 480 cm^{-1 in the SMNZ. The FTIR spectra at 1030 cm-1 confirmed the sulphate attachments in the SMNZ spectrum. Zeta analyzer showed the surface charge of sulphur nano-fertilizer had (-) 52.6 mV. SEM imaged the sulphur loaded SMNZ in irregular flake like structure. A comparative study of the release of sulphate (SO₄2-) from fertilizer-loaded SMNZ and (NH₄)₂ SO₄ fertilizers were performed using the percolation reactor. The results showed that the SO₄2- supply from fertilizer-loaded SMNZ was available even after 912 h of continuous percolation, whereas SO₄2- from (NH₄)₂ SO₄ was exhausted within 384 h. These properties suggest that SMNZ has a great potential as the fertilizer carrier for slow release of SO₄2-.}

5 illus, 1 table, 38 ref

002111   Tanuja S;Viji P;Zynudheen A A;Ninan G;Joshy C G (NO, Directorate of Research on Women in Agriculture, Nandan Kanan Khandagiri Road, Baramunda, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Email: tanujasomarajan@gmail.com) : Composition, textural quality and gel strength of surimi prepared from striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmusm, souvage, 1878). Fish Technol 2014, 51(2), 106-11.

Surimi was prepared from the meat of striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus using single wash and double wash method and the composition, gel strength and textural properties were compared. Crude protein and fat content of double wash surimi was significantly low (p<60>0.05). Both single wash and double wash surimi gels exhibited high expressible drip and low water holding capacity with double wash surimi gel showing significantly higher values (p<60>0:05). The gel strength, and textural parameter like hardness, and stiffness were significantly (p<60>0.05) higher for single wash surimi. The additional washing resulted in a significant decrease (p<60> 0.05) in total pigment content of the surimi.

2 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

002110   Ranjitha J;Vijiyalakshmi S (CO2 Research and Green Technologies Centre, VIT University, Vellore-14vijimicro21@gmail.com) : Facile methods for the extraction of essential oil from the plant species. Int J pharm Sci Res 2014, 5(4), 1107-15.

The present paper is an attempt to list out the various methods of extraction of essential oil from the different parts of the plants and their merits and demerits.

^iia43 ref

002109   Ramya H G;Satish Kumar;Mahesh Kumar (Processing and Food Engineering Dep, COAE&T, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana, Email: ramyarinda@gmail.com) : Mass exchange evaluation during optimization of osmotic dehydration for oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus sajor-caju) in salt-sugar solution. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(1), 110-16.

The objective of this study was to investigate the osmotic dehydration of Oyster mushrooms in salt-sugar solution at different solution concentrations, immersion times, temperatures and solution to fruit ratio to analyze the water loss, solute gain and weight reduction. Salt-sugar uptake and water transfer were quantitatively investigated during osmotic dehydration of Oyster mushrooms using response surface methodology. Experiments were conducted in a thermostatically controlled agitating incubator. With respect to water loss, solute gain and weight reduction both linear and quadratic effects of four process variables were found to be significant. For each response, second order polynomial models were developed using multiple linear regression analysis. ANOVA was performed to check the adequacy and accuracy of the fitted models. The response surfaces and contour maps showing the interaction of process variables were constructed. Applying desirability function method, the optimum operating conditions were found to be: solution temperature - 42.3° C, immersion time - 44.21 min, salt-sugar concentration - 15%: 52.57° B and solution to fruit ratio 4.99:1. At these optimum values, water loss, solute gain and weight reduction was 41, 2.15 and 38.6 (g/100 g initial mass) respectively.

4 illus, 4 tables, 33 ref

002108   Ramya H G;Satish Kumar;Kapoor S (Processing and Food Engineering Dep, COAE & T, PAU, Email: ramyarinda@gmail.com) : Optimization of osmotic dehydration process for oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus sajor-caju) in sodium chloride solution using RSM. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(1), 152-8.

Sodium chloride (NaCl) and water transfer were quantitatively investigated during osmotic dehydration of Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus sajor-caju) using response surface methodology with the NaCl concentration (10-20%, w/v), solution temperature (30-60° C) immersio n time (15-240 min) and solution to fruit ratio (4:1 to 8:1) were taken as independent process variables. Experiments were conducted in a thermostatically controlled agitating incubator. For each response, second order polynomial models were developed using multiple linear regression analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to check the adequacy and accuracy of the fitted models. The response surfaces and contour maps showing the interaction of process variables were constructed. Applying desirability function method, the optimum operating conditions were found to be: solution temperature -45° C, immersion time -53.54 min, salt concentration -14.09% and solution to fruit ratio 6.08:1. Corresponding to these optimum values water loss, solute gain and weight reduction were 38.13, 2.1 and 36.02 (g/100 g initial mass) respectively.

4 illus, 4 tables, 29 ref

002107   Pal S;Kundu T K (NO, , ) : Effect of methanol on 512 methane hydrate cage cluster - a molecular dynamics study. J Petrol Engng Technol 2014, 4(2), 16-24.

Molecular dynamic simulation study of methane hydrate cluster having 27 methane encapsulated pentagonal dodecahedron (512) hydrate cage with and without presence of eight methanol molecules in supercell has been performed to evalute the effect of methanol on the stability and formation of methane hydrate cluster. Methanol is found to act as an effective methane hydrate inhibitor below 30 atm pressure for 240 K and below 90 atm pressure for 250 K. The prediction by this molecular dynamics simulation study is found to be well corresponds with reported experimental results.

002106   Ogunsola A W;Peter B A (NO, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, Email: pbenjamin2008@yahoo.ca ) : Reactive poiseuille flow of a power-law fluid with thermal radiation through a saturated porous medium. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2014, 22(1), 35-43.

In this work, effects of thermal radiation on Poiseuille flow of a reactive power-law fluid of grade three between heated parallel plates through a saturated porous medium is considered. It is assumed that the fluid reacts satisfying Arrhenius law. The chemical reaction is assumed to be strongly exothermic. We employed Galerkin weighted residual method to solve the resulting non-linear equations. The effects of various physical parameters on the flow system were reported graphically.

7 illus, 9 ref

002105   Nithin K N;Reddy A M;Sudhakara N S (Fish Processing Technology Dep, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, India, Email: nithu@gmail.com) : Utilization of recovered meat from filleting waste in canned fish past product preparaion. Envir Ecol 2013, 31(2A), 793-94.

The mechanical separation using meat picking machine recover 36% of the adhering meat from frames and manual separation by steaming and hand picking a recovery of 44.6% is possible. The advantage of steaming is considerable quantities of flesh can be recovered from head portion, whereas in the mechanical reparation, it is not possible to recover - 385 - any flesh from head region. The canned fish paste can be used as bread spread and the product was found to be acceptable.

1 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

002104   Nagori A;Joshi P N;Ravishankar C N (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P. O. Matsyapuri, Cochin-682 029, Email: talktoankur411@gmail.com) : Development of solar dryer with electrical energy backup for hygienic drying of fish and fish products. Fish Technol 2014, 51(2), 112-16.

Traditional sun drying methods under open sun for preserving low value fishery as. well as agricultural products have several disadvantages such as contamination of food products by dust, dirt, birds, animals and insects and spoilage due to rain, wind and moisture. To overcome the disadvantage of open sun drying, a solar dryer with alternate energy backup of electricity was designed and developed for drying fishes and fish products hygienically in hot and humid climatic conditions. An experimental study on solar drying of small prawns was carried out and result was analyzed for validation of drying unit to be developed for hygienic drying of fish using solar energy. The experimental trials on solar drying were conducted using food grade stainless steel (SS 304) trays, drying chamber and solar heat collecting panels under controlled climatic conditions. The time required for reducing the moisture content of prawn to 8.7% was 8 h in the solar dryer. Colour and texture of the dried prawns prepared in closed drying chamber was found to be better than product prepared by other traditional drying methods. The collection efficiency of solar heat collecting panels was found to be approximately 82% and the distribution of hot air temperature inside the drying chamber was found to be uniform throughout the experiment. The average tray temperature inside the drying chamber at full load was 49°C without any alternate energy backup. Water activity of dried prawns was found 0.6 and the drying rate was also calculated. Solar drying process was found to be hygienic and reliable with respect to product quality.

6 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

002103   Hassn W A;Asaf L H;Salih M S M (Plant Protection Dep, University of Duhok, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Duhok, Iraq, Email: wazerhassanyahoo.com) : Effect of heavy metal Ions on the growth, sporulation and pathogenicty of Isaria javanica (Paecilomyces Javanicus). Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2014, 20(2), 1-7.

Effect of heavy metal ions (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) on the growth and sporulation of the entomopathogen fungi Isaria javanica (Synon. Paecilomyces javanicus) was conducted. The metal ions were added into culture media in three concentrations A- Concentration corresponding to the mean content of that metal in - 384 - soils of Duhok, Northern of Iraq, B- Concentration 10 - times higher and C- 100 times higher than the mean ones. Investigated metal ions, added to the media at low concentration, didnt affect the growth of entomogenous fungus which was unable to grow on the media containing Cu, Cd, and Zn at the highest (C) concentration. Moreover, Cu and Zn were irestricted fungal growth even at 10 times higher. The ions of Pb, and Fe were also considerably reduced fungal colonies at the highest concentration C. I. Javanica was virulent when resulted a high mortality of two aphid species, but the fungal spores were unable to detect in the media with the presence of Cd, Zn, and Pb at the highest C concentrations, whereas, Fe inhibited fungal sporulation at (A, B, and C) concentrations. Thus, strongly polluted soils with heavy metal ions could be disturb the detection of growth and conidiation of entomogenous fungi.

3 tables, 26 ref

002102   Getachew M;Alemayehu A (NO, , ) : Quantification of chromium (III) and chromium (VI) in the electroplating effluents of Homicho ammunition engineering industry. J Modern Chem chem Technol 2014, 5(2), 20-6.

Chromium is widely used for plating of the surface of ferrous materials to protect from rust as well as increasing strength. The industrial effluents of wastewater from metal plating workshops into the environment have produced huge and complex wastes which far exceed the assimilative capacity of nature and lead to an irreversible health and ecological consequences. So, the study was aimed to quantify chromium (III) and chromium (VI) in the electroplating effluents of Homicho Ammunition Engineering Industry. Wastewater samples were collected during the five working days (Monday to Friday). Chemical analysis and metal concentrations were determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and titration. The average results obtained were: Cr+6 (3.904 ± 0.016 mg/L), Cr+3 (1.112 ± 0.023 mg/L), total Cr (5.38 ± 0.415 mg/L. Significant differences (p <60> 0.05) were found among the wastewater analyzed. The amount of chromium (VI), chromium (III), and total chromium were above the permissible level that is not allowed to the natural water. However, a reduction of substances hazardous to environment has been demanded socially, economically as well as politically. Following the high toxicity of chromium (VI), substitution with environmental friendly chemicals such as chromium (III) and restriction of the use chromium (VI) and follow up should be implemented by Environmental protection authority at national level.

002101   Farhad N A;Peerzada G M;Gul U;Ganaie N B (NO, , ) : Catalyst, mixed catalyst and additive effects on the oscillatory behaviour of pyrogallol based chemical oscillator. J Modern Chem chem Technol 2014, 5(2), 11-9.

Present work is aimed to investigate the effect of the metal ions used as single as well as mixed catalysts and Mo(VI) ion as additive on the oscillatory behaviour of the reaction system comprising of pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) as organic substrate and inorganic 1). - 383 - The?bromate as oxidant in aqueous sulphuric acid medium (1.5 mol L reactions were monitored both spectrophotometrically and potentiometrically. From kinetic study, the order of reactivity of the metal ions towards oscillatory behaviour of the bromate driven pyrogallol based chemical oscillator was found to be Mn(II) <62> Ce(IV) <62> Ce(III). The Mn(II) and Ce(IV) metal ion solutions were mixed together in order to have their mixed catalyst effect on the aforesaid system. Further, the Mo(VI) ion used as additive was found to enhance the rate of Ce(IV) catalysed reaction system owing to the fact that there is decrease in the induction period which has been found to be linearly proportional to the concentration of Mo(VI) ion in the range of 0.00225-0.02225 mol L1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.991 under the optimal conditions of the reaction system. The order of reactivity of the metal ions towards oscillatory behaviour of the bromate driven pyrogallol based chemical oscillator was found to be Mn(II) <62> Ce(IV) <62> Ce(III). Further, the Mo(VI) ion used as additive was found to decrease the induction period in a linear fashion.

002100   Ebabhamiegbebho P A;Igene J O;Evivie S E (Animal Science Dep, Food Science and Technology Unit, Faculty of Agriculture, Benin Univ, Benin city, Nigeria, Email: besta_intercom@yahoo.com) : Development and evaluation of the retail cuts, yields and sensory properties of smoked grasscutter (Tryonomys swinderianus). J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(1), 220-5.

The study was carried out to develop retail cuts, evaluate the effect of the method of pelage (removal/ scalding) on the yield and organoleptic quality of smoked grasscutter (Tryonomys swinderianus). Sixteen grass cutters were purchased from Abico bush meat market in Benin City, Nigeria. The pelages were removed by water and fire scalding. Some were brined in 15% salt solution for 3 hrs while others were not. The carcasses were cut into seven retail cuts. All samples were smoke-dried for 6 hrs. Sensory evaluation was done by a 12-man panel using a 5-point hedonic scale. The results showed that there were significant differences (P<60>0.05) in the yield of fresh salted and non-salted grass cutter samples. There was also significant difference (P<60>0.05) in the smoked yield of salted smoked grasscutter with WSS giving the highest yield of 1.03 kg. The method of pelage removal did not have any significant effect (P<62>0.05) but there was significant effects in the smoked yields. Sensory evaluation showed significant differences (P<60>0.05) in the colour, tenderness, juiciness, flavor and overall acceptability. Salted samples had the highest scores all organoleptic properties. It was recommended that further studies be carried out to evaluate the effects of salting and smoking on economic and sensory parameters of other sources of bush meat in Nigeria.

4 tables, 25 ref

002099   Chauhan N;Haider S Z;Singh S;Lohani H (Centre for Aromatic Plants, , Industrial Estate, Selaqui, Dehradun 248 197, Email: zafarhaider.1@rediffmail.com) : Popularization of Perillaseed oil as a functional food source. Curr Sci 2013, 104(3), 284-5.

1 illus, 12 ref

002098   Barman P;Muzaddadi A U;Goswami U C;Mandal S C (NO, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural Univ, Lembucherra-799 210, Email: drarmaan@gmail.com) : Modified method for the preparation of Sukati mas (a traditional fish powder of north-east India) from Muwa (Amblypharyngodon mola). Fish Technol 2014, 51(2), 117-24.

Traditional method of sukati mas preparation was documented by conducting a study in Majuli (the biggest river island of the river Brahmaputra, Assam). Sukati mas was prepared by modified method (SM) using single fish muwa (Amblypharyngodon mola). The biochemical properties of SM were investigated and compared with the product prepared by traditional method (ST). Mean values of different parameters of ST and SM differed significantly (p<60>0.05) except pH. ST and SM contained moisture 3.45 and 2.34, protein 69.83 and 77.19, lipids 4.04 and 1.13, ash 20.65 and 17.82, salt 2.12 and 1.32% respectively. Similarly they contained minerals including Ca 1543 and 3469, P 1811 and 3318, Fe 4.62 and 7.23, Na 77.6 and 122.5, K 624 and - 382 - 777 mg%, respectively. Average pH was 7.23 in ST and 7.07 in SM. During 5 months storage, moisture, protein, lipids, ash, pH, TVBN and PV values in ST changed significantly (p<60>0.05), except salt content. Similarly in SM, all these parameters except protein and ash content, changed significantly (p<60>0.05). While the spoilage indices including TBV-N and PV increased significantly (p<60>0.05), their values remained within the acceptable limits in both the products. Based on sensory analysis, the panel of 10 judges preferred SM in terms of aesthetic appearance, smell, flavour and taste and the scores significantly differed (p<60>0.05) from the scores of ST after one month of storage. The results of biochemical and sensory analysis suggested that sukati mas prepared from single species (SM) has better prospects to be used as a good protein supplement in human diets.

6 tables, 30 ref

002097   Anju Rani;Meena V;Sharma S;Shringi A;Sharma P (Basic and Applied Sciences Dep, Modi Institute of Management and Technology, Kota-324 009, Email: anjusingh.biotechnology@gmail.com) : "Effect of bioparameters in the production of lipase from Streptomyces aurofaciens and Aspergillus niger". Adv Pl Sci 2013, 26(2), 571-4.

Lipase production both from Streptomyces aurofaciens and Aspergillus niger were tested using submerged fermentation (SmF) on a mineral culture medium and on basal medium. In the present study, different factors affect the activity of lipase were investigated. Olive oil was the best substrate for enhancing the enzyme activity. Due to high cost, instead of using olive oil sunflower oil and coconut oil were used as a substrate for production of lipase. Enzyme activity of lipase was determined by titrimetric method. In this study, olive oil was using as a standard, while sunflower oil and coconut oil as a test. The maximum lipase activity was achieved at 24 and 48 h of incubation period and the enzyme activity from Streptomyces aurofaciens was 47.61 and 52.82 U/ml and from Aspergillus niger was 26 and 26 U/ml by using sunflower oil and coconut oil as a substrate. The incubation period was very short for obtaining maximum lipase by using sunflower oil than coconut oil. No significant changes obtained in the pH ranges from 6 to 9.

4 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

002096   Anand S;Dhaliwal Y S;Malhotra S R (Food Science and Nutrition Dep, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur-176 062, Email: shailza74@yahoo.com) : Kiwi juice: effect of extraction techniques and clarifying treatments. Indian J agric Biochem 2013, 26(1), 81-5.

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) is a new and potential fruit of Himachal Pradesh. Extraction of kiwifruit juice by pectinase enzyme increased the recovery of juice. Four different clarifying treatment viz., sedimentation, filtration, `pectinase and filtration' and `kaolin and pectinase' were used. It was found that clarification of juice with `kaolin and pectinase' in combination recorded maximum recovery. The higher values of TSS and pH were recorded in kiwi juice clarified using `filtration' while acidity was higher in `kaolin and pectinase' treated juice. The storage of kiwi juice also had significant effect on the nutrients.

2 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

002095   Al-Jeddawi W;Paul D;Inyee H (NO, , ) : Effect of addition of low and high molecular weight water soluble chitosan on whole milk powder oxidation. Res Rev : J Dairy Sci Technol 2014, 3(2), 9-21.

Autoxidation significantly decreases the shelf life of whole milk powder (WMP) due to primary and secondary oxidation products such as hydroperoxides, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and hydrocarbons. Water soluble chitosan has been shown to reduce oxidation by chelating metals or combining with lipids resulting in a significant antioxidative effect. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidative effects of different concentrations of low (L) and high (H) molecular weight water soluble chitosan (9 and 90 kDa, respectively) on WMP. Commercially dried WMP was obtained and rehydrated 50% (wt/wt) with various aqueous chitosan solutions (2%L2, 4%L4, 2%H2, 4%H4) (L2 = Freeze-dried WMP with 2% low molecular weight chitosan added; L4 = Freeze-dried WMP with 4% low molecular weight chitosan added; H2 = Freeze-dried WMP with 2% high molecular weight chitosan added; H4 = Freeze-dried WMP with 4% high molecular weight chitosan added) yielding approximately 50% solids concentration. A control was prepared with no addition of chitosan. Rehydrated WMP was freeze-dried and then all samples were stored at 45 øC for 48 days. Samples were evaluated for moisture content, water activity, color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and peroxide value (PV) after an interval of every 8 day up to 48 days. Moisture and water activity was not affected by storage or by the addition of chitosan while chitosan did affect the lightness and color attributes of the WMP. All treatments of chitosan exhibited a significant increase in TBARS and PV during storage. However, 4% of the low molecular weight chitosan inhibited oxidation as measured by TBARS and PV when compared to all other treatments and the control.

002094   Agrawal A K;Khare A;Sinha G (College of Dairy Technology, Chhatisgarh Kamdhenu Vsishwavidyalaya, , Raipur, Chhattisgarh-492 012, Email: akagrawal_codt@gmail.com) : Storage of tamarind in commonly available packaging materials. J Res-ANGRAU 2014, 42(1), 40-6.

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) is a socially and economically important fruit of India as well as Chhattisgarh. It is very important from the therapeutic and nutritional value. But storage of tamarind, for a long period is a problem as many physico-chemical changes take place during storage. Ripe tamarind pulp was analysed for various physiological characteristics. The pulp was stored in various commonly available packaging materials like polyethylene, polypropylene, porcelain pot and aluminium foil box at room temperature (35°C) and low temperature (5°C). Changes in various physicochemical characteristics like moisture content, titratable acidity, pH and reducing sugar were recorded at 15 days interval during 45 days of storage. During storage at room temperature it was found that the moisture content, titratable acidity and reducing sugar increased in all packaging materials while pH decreased. In aluminium foil box and polyethylene the extent of increase was found less. The same trend of these parameters was found at low temperature but the extent of increase was less as compared to room temperature (35°C). Storage of tamarind at low temperature was found favorable to preserve its contents. Aluminium foil box and polyethylene was found suitable for storage of tamarind.

9 tables, 6 ref

001064   Varun C;Prabhu R M;Reddy A M (NO, , School of Health Sciences, Calicut Univ) : Preparation of ready to eat fish products from mincd meat of pink perch. Bioinfolet 2014, 11(1B), 155-7.

Suitability of minced meat from pink perch meat for the preparation of battered and breaded products was evaluated. Minced meat was prepared from the pink perch and biochemical analyses was carried out for fish meat and prepared fish cake and fish cutlet. Based on the sensory score the cutlet was found to be acceptable.

2 tables, 8 ref

001063   Sudha Devi G;Palanimuthu V;Arun Kumar P (NO, , AICRP on PHT Scheme, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore-560 065, Email: sugang17@gmail.com) : Development of proso millet based cold extruded product. Envir Ecol 2013, 31(1A), 212-15.

Small millets are coarse cereals, cereals, consumed mostly in traditional way as staple food and hardly any value added product is commercially produced using them in India. Hence, a study has conducted to develop ready-to-cook millet based pasta product using proso millet and wheat flour under different combination of proso millet-wheat flour mix using cold extrusion technique in a pasta making machine. The cooking characteristics namely, cooking time, swelling power and solid loss for various proso millets based pasta products varied from to 6.60 to 7.48 min, 2.1 to 3.88 (g/g) and 9.84 to 22.18%, respectively. Sensory scores of proso millet based pasta products for various sensory attributes like color, appearance, texture and overall acceptability were 7-8 indicating good acceptability and among the different treatments the best formulation was 60:40 (millet flour: wheat flour).

4 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

001062   Sinha V;Ghorai P K (Chemical Sciences Dep, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata-741 252, Email: pradip@iiserkol.ac.in) : CO adsorption on Fe_N (N = 1-4) transition metal clusters: a density functional theory study. Curr Sci 2014, 106(9), 1243-8.

The structures and stabilities of the Fe_N(CO)_m (N = 1-4, m = 1-5) clusters have been theoretically studied at the density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio levels of theory. In particular, the energetic, structural and vibrational frequencies of carbon monoxide (CO) chemisorptions on iron clusters are studied and compared with those of nitric oxide (NO) and ammonia (NH₃) adsorption. While the C-O and N-O bond lengths and vibrational frequencies strongly depend on cluster size and ligand population, the N-H bond length and vibrational frequency are independent on both cluster size and ligand population. For a particular Fe_N cluster, the vibrational frequency increases as the ligand population increases. On the other hand, keeping the number of ligands fixed, the vibrational frequency decreases significantly with the Feyv cluster size. NO and CO being strong field ligands in the spectrochemical series, we have seen red shift of the vibrational frequencies with both cluster size and ligand population. As NH₃ is a weak field ligand, we do not observe any variation. We have also observed that the HOMO-LUMO gap of both - 373 - Fe_N(CO)_m and Fe_N(NO)_m clusters strongly depends on N and m. For Fe_N(NH₃)_m cluster, HOMO-LUMO gap decreases as more NH₃ molecules are adsorbed on the metal centre.

8 illus, 18 ref

001061   Sandhu K S;Marwaha R S;Parveen Kumar (NO, Khalsa College, Amritsar-143 001, Email: pkumarcssri@gmail.com) : Processing attributes of potato varieties stored at ambient conditions of north-western plains. Potato J 2014, 41(1), 86-90.

1 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

001060   Nagesh A S;Prabhu R M;Reddy M (Fish Processing Technology Dep, College of Fisheries, Mangalore) : Changes in the quality of coated squid fillets during frozen storage. Bioinfolet 2014, 11(1B), 152-4.

Biochemical parameters like Salt soluble nitrogen (SSP), Non protein nitrogen (NPN), alpha amino nitrogen (AAN), and Total plate count decreased during frozen storage. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), tri-methyl amine nitrogen (TMA-N), and peroxide value (PV), free fatty acids (FFA), of coated squid fillets increased during frozen storage of 21 weeks. Sensory analysis of coated product revealed a decreasing trend in appearance, color, taste, texture and flavor. This study concluded that the coated squid fillets can be stored for 21 weeks in frozen state without significant changes in the quality.

3 tables, 17 ref

001059   Meshram S K;Mendiratta S K;Chand S;Sharma B D;Mishra B P;Niranjan S K (Division of Livestock Products Technology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Email: ankush.niranjan@gmail.com) : Microbiological assessment of nitrogen flushed mutton based snackspackaged within laminate during storage at room temperature. Envir Ecol 2013, 31(2), 408-10.

Since authors are lacking in cold chain facilities, - 372 - therefore there is necessitate to develop shelf stable meat products that can be kept for long time at room temperature without any contamination. Laminates inhibit the direct contact and nitrogen as an inert gas preventing the microbial contamination from environments. Hence this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen gas and laminate on microbial quality of ready-to-eat mutton based snack. During storage, TPC and YMC were increased irrespective of method of packaging. On paticular days of storage TPC and YMC (cfu/g) was significantly lower for nitrogen flushed mutton based snacks packaged within laminate than LDPE packaged mutton based snacks without nitrogen flush. No coliforms were detected throughout the storage study in both types of packaged snacks.

1 table, 6 ref

001058   Kaki S S;Ravinder Thumu;Rao B V S K; Chakrabarti P P;Prasad R B N (NO, Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technolog, Hyderabad, Email: rbnprasad@iict.res.in) : Isolation and characterization of oil from fatty tissues of emu birds farmed in India. J Lipid Sci Technol 2013, 45(1), 13-19.

Fatty tissues of Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) were extracted by different methods from the Emu birds grown in India. The oil extracted was analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics, i.e. free fatty acids, moisture content, iodine value, phosphorous content and unsaponifiable matter, saponification number. The fatty acid composition was determined for the extracted oil which showed oleic acid as major fatty acid and the overall composition was similar to the emu oil fatty acid composition reported for oil from Australia and USA. The oil was also analyzed for triacylglycerol (TAG) composition and the major molecular species was found to be with effective carbon number (ECN) of C48 and C46. The positional distribution of fatty acids on the triacylglycerol back bone was determined which showed that unsaturated fatty acids were located in sn-2 position and saturated fatty acids were present mostly in sn-1, 3 positions of the triacylglycerol molecule.

2 illus, 8 tables, 26 ref

001057   Kadam A R;Khamkar M B;Saitwal Y S;Kapse B M (Horticulture Dep, Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani-431 402) : Development of carbonated sweet orange RTS beverage. Bioinfolet 2014, 11(1B), 210-11.

Attempts were made in the present investigation in order to develop a carbonated ready to serve (RTS) beverage from sweet orange juice. The matured and freshly harvested fruits of Cv. Nucellar were washed and peeled manually. The juice was extracted by using screw type juice press followed by filtration. The beverage was prepared by adjusting the juice level (10, 15, 20%) with sugar syrup (60± Brix TSS and 0.5% acidity) and then carbonated at 80 and 100 psi pressure respectively. The resultant RTS beverage was then analyzed for various physico-chemical and sensorial quality characteristics. The study revealed that the RTS beverage prepared by using the 20 % sweet orange juice along with 0.3% acidity, 11.7± Brix TSS and carbonated at 100 psi pressure was found significantly superior with respect to various quality characteristics over other combinations.

3 tables, 4 ref

001056   Kadam A R;Kapse B M;Khamkar M B (Horticulture Dep, Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani-431 402) : Freeze drying of sweet orange juice. Bioinfolet 2014, 11(1B), 212-13.

The study revealed that sweet orange juice with 15% maltodextrin, dried in freeze dryer at -48°C for 28 hr was significantly superior, with respect to physico-chemical and sensorial quality parameters, over addition of 10% maltodextrin and control.

3 tables, 5 ref

001055   Chandrashekar P;Prasanth Kumar P K;Lokesh B R;Gopala Krishna A G (Lipid Science and Traditional Foods Dep, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Email: aggk_55@yahoo.com) : Spice oleoresin and extracts as nautral antioxidants for improving thermal stability of vegetable oils. J Lipid Sci Technol 2013, 45(1), 20-6.

Study on effect of spice oleoresin and extracts on high temperature stability of some vegetable oils namely, soybean, sunflower and groundnut oils was carried out. Vegetable oils containing added chilli and pepper oleoresins or extracts at 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10% (wt/wt) were subjected to heating at 120°C for various time periods of 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hr. Afterwards, samples were investigated for changes in color, peroxide formation and fatty acid composition using standard methods. Chilli and pepper oleoresin and extracts showed antioxidant effect in commercial soybean oil. There was a mild antioxidant effect in refined sunflower oil and unrefined groundnut oil. The extracts showed synergism with α-tocopherol when tested in sunflower oil. However, for deep frying purposes, the spice oleoresin or extracts may prove beneficial as antioxidants instead of the synthetic antioxidants.

3 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

001054   Babar K P;Thorat S S;Kotecha P M;Gaikwad R S (Food Science and Technology Dep, Post Graduate Institute, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Dist-Ahmednagar-413 722) : Effect of whey and hydrocolloids on quality of bread. Bioinfolet 2014, 11(1B), 253-4.

Bread prepared with 60% whey and 0.5% guar gum was standardized with highest overall acceptability.

1 table, 4 ref

001053   Ahmedunni N;Reddy A M;Bhandary M H;Prabhu R M (School of Health Sciences, Calicut Univ, Kerala) : Utilization of liquid waste of fish meral industry for preparation of fish silage. Bioinfolet 2014, 11(1B), 171-2.

Fish silage prepared from surimi processing waste and condensed fish soluble was analyzed for proximate composition and biochemical characteristics.

2 tables, 5 ref