001052   Ahmed I;Shenoy K B (Aquaculture Dep, College of Fisheries, Kankanady, Mangalore-575 002, Email: iqlas.ahmed@gmail.com) : Cortisol response of catla fry and fingerlings to handling stress. Envir Ecol 2013, 31(2), 477-80.

Routine aquaculture procedures such as, handling, netting, crowding, confinement and live transport (in approximate order of duration) evoke stress response in fish. The present study was carried out to quantify the elevation of cortisol as a measure of handling stress in fry and fmgerlings of catla. Three - 370 - groups of catla fry and fmgerlings viz., group I, group II and group III with mean sizes 0.13 ± 0.02; 0.46 ± 0.09 and 0.83 ± 0.08 g respectively were stressed in triplicates. Cortisol was estimated from whole body extracts of samples (n = 8) of fish after 0 min, 30 min, 2 h, 8 h, 1 d, 4 d and 10 days post stress. In all the groups cortisol rose sharply after 15 minutes and thereafter it gradually declined. The rate of decline was different in the three size groups. The magnitude of initial response was higher in the larger size group compared to the intermediate and smaller size group. However, the decline in the levels of cortisol post-handling was faster in the larger size groups compared to the smaller size group. Cortisol levels returned to basal levels after 4 days in larger and intermediate group, while, the levels of cortisol returned to near basal levels after 10 days in the smaller size group of catla seed.

1 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

025330   Zamani H A (Applied Chemistry Dep, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Mashhad, Iran, Email: haszamani@yahoo.com) : Potentiometric Tb<. J Indian Chem Soc 2013, 90(4), 437-42.

New Tb^{3+-PVC membrane sensor was constructed using a suitable ion carrier named 3-hydroxy-N'-(2-oxo-l,2-diphenylethylidene)naphtlialcne-2-carbohydrazi de (HNC). It has a linear dynamic range between 5.0 x 10-7 to 1.0 x 10-2 M, with a near Nernstian slope of 19.8 ± 0.4 mV per decade, a detection limit of 4.0 x 10-7 M. The effects of the membrane composition, pH, and additive anionic influence on the response properties were investigated. The best performance was obtained with a membrane composition of 30% poly(vinyl chloride), 66% solvent mediator (NB), 2% sodium tetraphenyl borate and 2% HNC. The potentiometric response of the sensor is independent of pH of the solution in the pH range 2.5-8.6. The proposed sensor has a very low response time (<60>10 s). The developed sensor was successfully applied as an indicator electrode in the TbIII ion potentiometric titration with EDTA and in the determination of F- in mouth wash samples.}

5 illus, 4 tables, 46 ref

025329   Vijayvargiya R;Bhadoria A K S;Nema A K (NO, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, Bhopal, Email: ajaycipet@gmail.com) : Photo and biodegradation performance of polypropylene blended with photodegradable additive ferrocene (part-I). Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2014, 3(1), 153-70.

Ferrocene additive is used as a photodegradable additive, which is commercially available and reported as UV active. Ferrocene additive was melt blended with polypropylene (PP) at 3 different concentrations i.e. 1, 2 & 3 (w/w) % respectively in twin screw extruder. After blending with polypropylene the performance of photo and bio degradation was evaluated. The films were evaluated for their mechanical, thermal, infrared spectroscopic analysis, and morphological characteristics. The results show that ferrocene can be used as an effective photodegradable additive. The photo degradation rate of the additive is very high at high concentration of ferrocene additive and the biodegradation was also proving that some low molecular weight species was formed during photo degradation, which is responsible for the 20% biodegradation after 47 days.

12 illus, 8 tables, 29 ref

025328   Surender Kumar;Khanna N;Mehta N (Livestock Products Technology Dep, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar-125 004, Email: nita.khanna@rediffmail.com) : Development and quality evaluation of chicken meat mince enriched noodles. Haryana Vet 2011, 50(Dec), 72-6.

Study was conducted to develop chicken meat mince (CMM) enriched noodles. Different levels (10-50%) of CMM were added in refined wheat flour (RWF) for the development of enriched noodles. They were dried in hot air oven at 60ñ2øC for 5-6 hours to attain moisture level less than 12% so as to meetthe PFA specifications for noodles. The noodles prepared with RWF acted as control and on incorporation of CMM, there was an increase in protein, moisture, fat and ash content and a decrease in breaking strength of noodles as compared to control. The noodles developed with addition of CMM had desirable organoleptic properties as indicated by the taste panel studies. However, based on sensory analysis, noodles with 20% CMM were found more acceptable than other levels and were found optimum for incorporation in RWF noodles for development of chicken enriched noodles.

4 tables, 26 ref

025327   Sudarshan S;Fairoze M N;Badhe S R;Prabha R (Livestock Products Technology Dep, Veterinary College, Bidar-585 401, Email: drsudi.lpt@gmail.com) : Effect of marinating chicken meat with garlic paste at room temperature on common food borne pathogens. J Cell Tissue Res 2014, 14(1), 4033-6.

Enhancement of flavour in food by addition of spices has been practiced from time immemorial. The role of spices as a biopreservative is one of the important aspect noticed in recent years. The incidence of pathogens in chicken meat especially of salmonella and Escherichia coli has been reported in India and elsewhere. Among the commonly used spices, the role of garlic in different forms as an antibacterial agent containing food stuff has been well documented. The present study was under taken with an objective of determining the antibacterial efficacy of garlic paste on common food borne pathogens in chicken meat by marinating under ambient temperature. Chicken meat was marinated with 1.5 and 2.5 percent of garlic paste (w/w) wrapped in aluminum foil for different durations. Microbial analysis was carried out at 0, 2, 4, and 6 hr interval of marination at room temperature (26 ± 2° C). Among the different groups of garlic paste concentrations and time combinations, 2.5 percent garlic paste and 4 hr duration of marination showed significant (P<60> 0.01) reduction in viable count of total bacteria, staphylococci, E. coli and salmonella count.

4 tables, 27 ref

025326   Simi Santosh;Chidambaram M (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai-600 036, Email: chidam@iitm.ac.in) : Model reference control of unstable - 411 - second-order systems with time delay. Indian chem Engr 2013, 35(2), 104-11.

Model reference controller was designed for a unstable second-order system with time delay. The method basically derives the control law so as to make the error dynamics decay as per a third-order model. The resultant feedback control system was that of a lead-lag filter on the measurement y and a conventional Proportional - Integral - Derivative (PID) controller with a lead-lag filter in the forward path. The performance of the control system for both the servo and regulatory problems was better than that of Panda (Chemical Engineering Science, 64, pp. 2807-2816, 2009). The controller is robust for uncertainties in the model parameters such as time delay, time constant or process gain.

6 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

025325   Purushotam Kumar;Ganguly S (Fish Processing Technology Dep, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, West Bengal Animal and Fishery Sciences U, Kolkata, West Bengal, Email: ganguly38@gmail.com) : Role of vacuum packaging in increasing shelf-life in fish processing technology. Asian J Bio Sci 2014, 9(1), 109-12.

Vacuum packaging involves placing a product in a film of low oxygen permeability, the removal of air from package and the application of a hermetic seal. Exclusion of the air from the package and thus creating a vacuum is, in effect, a certain type of modification of the atmosphere. The little gaseous atmosphere likely to be present in the beginning in the package will undergo changes during storage because of the metabolism of the product and/or action of micro-organisms and all the volatiles produced as a result of the decomposition are sealed within the package.

^iia25 ref

025324   Panchal I;Sharma D K;Nagajjaanavar K (Agricultural Processing and Energy Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: indu.panchal2964@yahoo.com) : Optimization of process parameters in soymilk for maximum production and quality by manufacturing unit. Ann Agri Bio Res 2014, 19(2), 304-7.

Process parameters were optimized to manufacture soymilk in commercial production unit. The quantity and quality attributes of soymilk prepared by using different combinations of bean to water ratios (1 : 5, 1 : 6 and 1 : 7 w/v) and different steam pressures/temperature (0.75, 1.1 and 1.4 kg/cm^{2) at the time of cooking slurry in grinder cooker were accessed. Soymilk yield was maximum 6.8 litre per kg of beans in 1 : 7 bean to water ratio and at steam pressure of 1.4 kg/cm2. Milk yield: reduced when bean to water ratio decreased. Protein per cent in soymilk increased with decrease in bean to water ratio. It was maximum 4.4% at 1 : 5 bean to water ratio and at 0.75 kg/cm2 cooking steam pressure. Fat per cent was maximum 2.27 at 1 : 5 bean to water ratio and steam pressure of 1.4 kg/cm2. Shelf life of soymilk is 12-13 days under refrigerated conditions.}

8 tables, 11 ref

025323   Khandegar V;Saroha A K (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, Email: aksaroha@chemical.iitd.ac.in) : Electrochemical treatment of effluent from small-scale dyeing unit. Indian chem Engr 2013, 35(2), 112-20.

Electrochemical treatment of small-scale dyeing unit effluent containing Reactive Yellow 86, Indanthrene Blue RS, Basic GR 4 and Reactive Yellow 145 dyes was carried out with aluminium electrodes in batch mode of operation. The effluent was characterized for various parameters. The experiments were performed for 120 min, keeping the inter-electrode distance at 3 cm with a current density of 0.0625 A/cm^{2; the colour removal efficiency was determined for each of the four dyes. A colour removal efficiency of <62> 97% was obtained for each of the dyes for an electrolysis time of 120 min. Further experiments were performed using aluminium sulphate as chemical coagulant to compare the colour removal efficiencies obtained by electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation.}

4 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

025322   Ghosh R (NO, , Refineries, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Email: GHOSHRK@indianoil.in) : Carbon and water management for the Indian hydrocarbon industry. Indian chem Engr 2013, 35(2), 122-31.

7 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

025321   Das A;Ray S;Raychaudhuri U;Chakraborty R (Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata, Email: crunu@hotmail.com) : Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria and its potential application in food technology. Int J Agric Envir Biotechnol 2014, 7(1), 47-53.

Today the use of probiotic bacteria in food is of increasing interest to provide beneficial health effects in the food industry. Microencapsulation technology can be used to maintain the viability of probiotic bacteria during food product processing and storage. However, it is unknown to consumers how these beneficial bacteria sustain viability in food products and in our bodies. These microcapsules are artificially created to support the growth of the probiotic and provide protection from harsh external environments. Polysaccharides like alginate, gelan, carrageenan, chitosan and starch are the most commonly used materials in microencapsulation of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Techniques commonly applied for probiotic microencapsulation are emulsion, extrusion, spray drying, and adhesion to starch. It is done on bakery products, ready to eat cereals, dairy products etc. Now a days aseptic microencapsulation is introduced to biodegradable material. New creation and future progress will be carried by double microencapsulation, improving strain & culture.

2 illus, 47 ref

025320   Chettri A;Kulkarni R C;Mahapatra C M;Pavan Kumar (Post Harvest Technology Div, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Email: kramvet23@gmail.com) : Physico-chemical quality of turkey meat balls stored at ambient temperature (20±2 C) under aerobic and vacuum packaging. Indian J Poult Sci 2012, 47(1), 98-101.

Studies were undertaken to develop shelf stable turkey meat balls using 15 (A) and 10 (B) % hydrated textured soya and meat balls without textured Soya were taken as control (C). The effect of hydrated textured soya and packaging methods on the physico-chemical quality of turkey meat balls at aerobic temperature (20±2°C) were studied. Result indicated that both aerobic and vacuum packaged turkey meat ball of all the groups (A, B and C) had shelf life of 4 days at ambient (20±2°C) temperature with satisfactory physico-chemical characteristics. The products were physico-chemically safe upto the end of aerobic storage period in both the storage conditions irrespective of the packaging methods. The physico-chemical quality parameters and proximate composition of turkey meat balls prepared with the incorporation of 10 and 15% levels of textured hydrated soya as well as turkey meat balls without soya incorporation remain well within the acceptable range up to 4 days at ambient storage under both aerobic and vacuum packaging conditions.

025319   Anita Kumari;Jana R K (Chemical Engineering Dep, Thadomal Sahani Engineering College, Bandra (W) Mumbai-400 050, Email: akiitd@yahoo.com) : Extraction of metals from sea-nodules using buffered sodium chloride media. Indian chem Engr 2013, 35(2), 79-86.

Effect of addition of buffering agent in sodium chloride solution has been studied for the extraction of metals from sea-nodules by electrochemical leaching method. These experiments were performed in a glass cell, containing at one end a closed refractory diaphragm tube having a ground sea-nodules mixture with a platinum wire spiral as an inert anode and two identical titanium plates as cathodes. The influence of various concentration ratios of buffering agent to buffering agent and sodium chloride concentration (NH₄C1/NH₄C1 + NaCl) on leaching rate was studied by keeping other conditions constant. The results indicate that, with the increase in concentration ratio, total metal recovery (%) increases up to a certain value, above which it decreases, whereas metal recovery at the cathode deposit increases continuously with the increase in the concentration ratio. The leaching rates of metals (Cu, Ni, Co, Mn and Fe) are compared. The - 409 - difference in leaching rate is explained. The experimental results of the present work are also compared with those available in the literature. The agreement is good.

6 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

024263   Vikesh Kumar;Upadhyay R;Sanyal P (NO, National Sugar Institute, Kanpur-208 017, Email: pradoshsanyal@yahoo.co.in ) : Assessment of cane juice deterioration by conductivity method. Sugar Tech 2012, 14(2), 95-100.

The aim of this study is to stabilize sugar cane juice using citric acid. Citric acid of different doses, were applied at different pH values (5.4-7.1). Reaction times were also varied and analyzed from 0 to 120 h. It is found 5 ppm dose of citric acid, sugar cane juice could be made stabilized and used as a soft drink because it becomes softer, thus degradation of sucrose is not expected, nor the negative effect on the product softness and taste. Simultaneously more emphasis given to the quality parameters like purity coefficient, titratable acidity index, and conductivity which were used in present investigation for measuring the juice deterioration and to evolve a methodology to assess the cane juice deterioration in a quicker and precise way.

4 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

024262   Venkata Subbaiah K;Jagadeesh S L;Reddy S; Kanamadi V C (Post-Harvest Technology Dep, Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi-591 310, Email: venkathort@gmail.com) : Effect of varieties and pre-treatment on physico-chemical and sensory quality of banana papads. Karnataka J agric Sci 2013, 26(1), 115-18.

Healthy, matured unripe banana of three varieties (Grand Naine, Yangambi KM-5 and Monthan) were washed in tap water and subjected to different pre-treatments. The paste prepared after steaming was rolled into balls of uniform size and pressed with the help of papad press. The sun dried papads were packed in 200 - 372 - guage polyethylene bags and stored in a cool and dry place. Papads of T₃(3.21%) made from Yangambi KM-5 showed the lowest moisture and Papads made from Grand Naine recorded the least drying time in T₂(4.15 hours) and T₇ (4.15 hours). The maximum reducing and non-reducing sugars were found in papad of T₇ (7.79% and 10.43% respectively) made from Grand Naine. With respect to sensory quality, the maximum score for texture, taste, flavour and overall acceptability was recorded in papads of T₄(Sulphur fumigation of banana without peel @ 2 g/kg for 30 min + steaming + grinding with papad masala @ 10 g/kg pulp + 25% Urd powder + pressing + drying) made from Grand Naine, whereas maximum score for colour and appearance was observed in papad of T₇ made from Monthan.

4 tables, 9 ref

024261   Sofo A;Rajabpoor S;Yaghini H;Shirani M; Archangi A;Sangi S E;Tavakoli F;Khodai M;Sorkheh K (School of Asgricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, Universita degli Studi Della Basilicata, Via dell' Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy) : Cold-induced changes in antioxidant defenses and reactive oxygen species in eight wild almond species. Free Radical Antioxidant 2014, 4(1), 70-4.

Wild almond species (Prunus spp.) demonstrate a greater resistance to low temperatures due to their antioxidant defenses and so represent valuable germplasm sources for rootstock breeding. Eight genotypes of wild almond were subjected to two different cold treatments. The enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant responses and the levels of some reactive oxygen species in leaves were measured. The high ascorbate content and high ascorbate peroxidase activity found in some almond species contributed to the decrease in H₂O₂. Generally, catalase activity increased after the cold treatments, whereas superoxide dismutase activity and OH levels varied markedly among the species. The differences in antioxidative traits among the almond species support the hypothesis of their importance in cold tolerance and could provide an useful probe to identify tolerant genotypes in breeding programs.

3 tables, 11 ref

024260   Muherjee A K;Mondal K;Mondal S;Mondal S (Food Technology Dep, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia-721 657, Email: mukherjee2001@gmail.com) : Degumming of palm oil by phospholipase A₂. Adv Life Sci 2013, 2(2), 51-2.

Phospholipases are group of enzymes which catalyse hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids in vegetable oils commonly known as gum. The nonhydratable gums of crude edible oils can be made hydratable by treatment with phospholipases (A₁, A₂, C and D). Phospholipase A₂ acts on ester-linkage of glycerophospholipid at Sn-2 position of esterified glycerol thereby releasing one molecule of fatty acid and makes the remaining phosphatide molecule soluble in water. Enzymatic degumming is found to be economical in terms of energy consumption, and it produces better quality oil with minimum loss during subsequent refining operations. The present work on degumming of palm oil with phospholipase A₂ has produced satisfactory results in terms of reduction of total phosphorous content of the oil (97%), as well as in producing a good yield (95%) of degummed oil as compared to conventional acid degumming process (93.5%).

024259   Kenny O;Smyth T J;Hewage C M;Brunton N P (Food Biosciences Dep, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland, Email: thomas.smyth@teagasc.ie) : Antioxidant properties and quantitative UPLC-MS/MS analysis of phenolic compounds in dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root extracts. Free Radical Antioxidant 2014, 4(1), 55-61.

There is an increasing effort worldwide to investigate the antioxidant efficacy of traditional medicinal plants, which may be used to alleviate oxidative stress synonymous with the pathophysiology of many metabolic disorders as well as prevent oxidative deterioration of food products. In this study the antioxidant potential of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root was evaluated. The radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of solid-liquid extracts from freeze dried dandelion root was measuring in vitro using the modified DPPH and FRAP colorimetric assay. The phenolic content was also evaluated in vitro using the Folin-Ciocaltteu colorimetric assay. Subsequent identification and quantification of phenolic in active extracts was carried out using UPLC-MS/MS. The ethyl acetate crude extract (E3) demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity for both the DPPH (227.728 ± 11.849 mg TE/g) and FRAP (463.066 ± 3.942 mg TE/g) assays. This extract also contained the highest phenolic content (228.723 ± 2.392 mg GAE/g). UPLC-MS/MS was used to identify and quantify phenolic compounds from E3 extract using an internal library of 36 phenolic standards. In total 18 phenolic compounds were quantified with chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic and vanillic being the most abundant compounds. The flavonoids apigenin-7-O-glycoside, luteolin-7-O-glycoside and naringenin-7-O-glycoside were detected for - 371 - the first time in dandelion root. The results of this study suggest that dandelion root is a good source of natural antioxidants and could be used in foods with the potential to delay the onset of diseases linked to metabolic derived reactive oxygen species (ROS).

1 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

024258   Das A K;Bhatt N;Kamalesh Prasad (NO, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar-364 002, Email: kamlesh@csmcri.org) : Selective binding of trans-zeatin present in Kappaphycus alvarezii sap using an ionic liquid. Curr Sci 2014, 106(10), 1409-13.

Trans-Zeatin is the first cytokinin extracted from plant tissue and has been used extensively in physiology and biochemistry research of plant hormones, plant protoplast cultivation, cultivation of fused cells and breeding work, etc. This cytokinin is reported to be present in the liquid plant stimulant obtained by mechanically squeezing fresh Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed. In this study, it was observed that addition of an ionic liquid, l-butyl-3-methylimidazoliuni tetra-fluoroborate [Bmim]BF₄, into the above plant stimulant gave instant formation of a white precipitate (KBF₄) due to ion-exchange between the imidazolium cation of the ionic liquid and potassium present in the plant stimulant. Characterizations of the precipitate employing various analytical tools confirmed presence of trans-zeatin in the precipitate.

6 illus, 24 ref

024257   Chan E M C;Tan Y P;Chin S J;Gan L Y;Kang K K; Fong C H;ChangH Q;Chern Y (Faculty of Applied Sciences6iUCSI University, , 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: chanwc@ucsiuniversity.edu.my) : Antioxidant properties of selected fresh and processed herbs and vegetables. Free Radical Antioxidant 2014, 4(1), 39-46.

Although the antioxidant properties (AOP) of herbs and vegetables are well known, the effects of different processing methods are poorly studied. In this study, the effects of blanching, microwave, freezing, brining, and pickling on the AOP of selected herbs and vegetables were analysed and evaluated for the first time. The AOP based on phenolic content (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and caffeoylquinic acid content), and antioxidant activity (free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing power, and ferrous ion chelating ability) were analysed using the Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride, molybdate, DPPH radical scavenging, potassium ferricyanide, and ferrozine assays, respectively. Processing methods were blanching, microwave, freezing, brining, and pickling. Of the 10 fresh herbs assessed, leaves of Anacardium occidentale displayed the strongest AOP followed by Polygonum minus and Cosmos caudatus. Although vegetables are low in phenolic content and weak in primary antioxidant activity, they are strong in secondary antioxidant - 370 - activity. Blanching, microwave, and freezing treatments had variable effects on the AOP of herbs, which included significant loss or gain and relatively unchanged. Brining with salt and pickling with vinegar over a three-week period led to declines in the AOP of vegetables. The effect of pickling was more adverse as the process involved pasteurisation. Herbs are rich in phenolics with potent primary antioxidant activity. Vegetables are strong in secondary antioxidant activity. The effects of processing on the AOP largely depend on the type of herbs and vegetables.

1 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

024256   Bhatia S;Jyoti;Uppal S K;Batta S K (Processing and Food Engineering Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: bhatia_surekha@rediffmail.com) : Partial purification and characterization of acid invertase from the fresh and stale sugarcane juice. Sugar Tech 2012, 14(2), 148-55.

Soluble acid invertases from the fresh and stale cane juice of variety CoJ83 were purified by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulphate and ion exchange chromatography with DEAE- cellulose. Three isoforms of acid invertase were identified in juice of fresh cane and four isoforms of enzyme were found in juice of stale cane. The isoforms obtained were characterized for their kinetic parameters. Optimum pH and optimum temperature range of isoforms from fresh cane juice were 4.5-5.0 and 35-45°C, however isoforms of invertase from juice of stale cane were having optimum pH of 4.0-4.5 and optimum temperature 40-55°C. Isoforms identified from juice of stale canes were kinetically more efficient in comparison to isoforms identified from juice of fresh canes, as they were having higher V_max/K_m values than isoforms from fresh cane juice. MnCl₂ inhibited the soluble acid invertase isoforms of fresh cane completely, but it was unable to inhibit completely the enzyme isoforms of juice of stale cane. ZnCl₂, NiCl₂, KC1, sodium metasilicate, sodium lauryl sulphate and KMnO₄ inhibited the activity of different invertase isoforms in both fresh and stale cane juice, but this inhibition percent was relatively less in stale cane enzyme isoforms as compared to enzyme isoforms from juice of fresh cane. This points to the existence of structural and conformational differences among invertase isoforms in juice of fresh and stale cane.

4 illus, 5 tables, 34 ref

024255   Baskaran V;Saravanan R (NO, , ) : Aloe: major processing concerns for manufacture of high quality gel. Indian J Arecanut Spices med Pl 2013, 15(4), 17-23.

5 illus

024254   Ahmad S T (Food Technology Dep, Islamic Science & Technology Univ, Awantipora, Jammu & Kashmir-192 122, Email: tariqtech@gmail.com) : Food security and the climate change. Adv Life Sci 2013, 2(2), 4-5.

Paper reviews the implications of climate and global environmental change and biofuel production for food security and nutrition, addressing strategies for adaptation and mitigation. This analysis includes a number of important socioeconomic factors, besides climate change and biofuel production, that are currently impacting food and nutrition security, and that will likely contribute to future effects.

^iia

023219   Yan Q;Yang L;Wang G;Wang Q;Zhang J (Life Science and Technology Dep, Xinxiang Medical Univ, Xinxiang Henan-453 003, Email: yqh3499@yahoo.com) : Determination of trace elements in edible fungi by axially view inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after microwave digestion. J Indian Chem Soc 2013, 90(3), 393-7.

Eight elements (Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Ni and Se) were determined in ten species of edible fungus. Trace elements were determined by axially viewed inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) after microwave digestion of the dried samples. The accuracy of the digestion procedures was determined by using standard reference material (GBW 07604-Poplar leaves). The precision and accuracy of determinations were verified through standard addition experiment. The proposed method can be used control and analysis of quality of some fungus samples.

5 tables, 16 ref

023218   Vijayaraghavan P (NO, , ) : Sustainable technologies for energy and environment in process industries. Indian chem Engr 2013, 55(1), 52-7.

1 illus, 1 ref

023217   Vasudeva S (NO, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd., Jalandhar) : Sustainable technologies for energy and environment in process industries. Indian chem Engr 2013, 55(1), 58-65.

023216   Tammina S K;Mandal B K (Trace Elements Speciation Reseach Laboratory, Environmental and Analyt, VIT University, Vellore-632 014) : review on synthesis and applications of Nickel Nanoparticles. Int J Nano Sci Technol 2014, 3(1), 1-8.

Now-a-days nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) are gaining attention due to its improved electrical, magnetic and catalytic properties. Currently, Ni NPs are synthesized by chemical reduction, hydrothermal, microemulsion and microwave assisted synthesis methods. In all these methods all researchers have tried to tune the size of Ni NPs, since the electrical, magnetic properties and catalytic activity increase with decreasing size of Ni NPs. The preparation of Ni NPs in large amounts is possible using the reported methods. New methods for synthesis are needed to avoid usage of toxic reducing and - 396 - stabilizing agents in preparing Ni NPs at industrial scale.

^iia35 ref

023215   Suna S;Tamer C E;Incedayi B;Sinir G O;Copur O U (Food Engineering Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag Univ, 16059 Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey, Email: etamer@uludag.edu.tr) : Impact of drying methods on physicochemical and sensory properties of apricot pestil. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2014, 13(1), 47-55.

Fruit leathers, or traditionally named as pestil are intermediate moisture pectic gels, eaten as snack, manufactured by dehydration of fruit pulp into leathery sheets. The aim of the study was to evaluate physicochemical and sensory properties of apricot pestil dried with different methods. One group was sun dried, other group was dried in vacuum oven at 55°C and the last one was dried in microwave oven (90 W). Analysis of moisture, water soluble dry matter, pH, titratable acidity, total and reducing sugar, hydroxymethylfurfural, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, minerals (K, Ca, Mg, Zn), color (L*, a*, b*) and sensory analysis were carried out. The moisture contents of apricot pestil samples were between 13.12±1.35 - 14.39±0.41 gm/100 gm. The HMF content of samples was affected by drying method. The HMF contents of microwave oven dried, vacuum oven dried and sundried pestil samples were 13.62±0.78, 19.39±0.26 and 45.64±1.29 mg/kg, respectively. Total phenolic compounds in samples were determined as between 110.03±0.72 - 121.24±6.19 mg GAE/100 gm. Retention of antioxidant activity of the sundried, microwave oven dried and vacuum oven dried samples was 59.80%, 39.23% and 19.15%, respectively. The mineral contents of pestil samples were higher because of increasing dry matter content. When comparing drying times, the shortest was observed in microwave oven drying followed by sun drying and vacuum oven drying. Drying methods considerably influenced the color changes of pestil samples. Chromatic parameters a*, b*, ΔE_ab* and C*_ab were found higher in microwave oven dried samples. Sensory evaluation analysis showed that all of the samples were acceptable by the panelists. The results of the analysis were important for selecting the quality criterion and for characterizing of this traditional product.

2 illus, 2 tables, 49 ref

023214   Shreyas L;Kanwar L;Kesava Rao K (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: kesava@chemeng.iisc.ernet.in) : Chemical engineering and the mitigation of fluorosis. Indian chem Engr 2013, 55(1), 38-49.

Prolonged consumption of excess fluoride by people and animals causes a disease called fluorosis. The sources of intake are water, food and air. Over the past seven decades, engineering attempts to tackle fluorosis have focused on - 395 - defluoridation or removal of excess fluoride from drinking water. A combined process based on coagulation using alum and adsorption/ion exchange using activated alumina is described along with some of the limitations and unsolved problems.

8 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

023213   Selvamuthukumaran M;Khanum F (Biochemistry & Nutrition Div, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddartha Nagar, Mysore-570 011, Email: msmkumaran@rediffmail.com) : Development of spiced seabuckthorn [Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson syn. Hippophae rhamnoides L.] mixed fruit squash. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2014, 13(1), 132-41.

Spiced seabuckthorn mixed fruit squash was developed by blending seabuckthorn juice with pineapple and grapes in varying proportions maintaining a constant total soluble solids, juice and acidity contents in the final product. Among all the blends, the seabuckthorn-pineapple combination exhibited the highest sensory scores. The shelf stability of the spiced squash samples was evaluated under ambient as well as at 37°C temperature conditions upto a period of 6 months. The physico-chemical properties of the spiced seabuckthorn-pineapple mixed fruit squash such as total soluble solids, reducing sugars and browning significantly increased during storage, while vitamin C, vitamin E, total phenols, total carotenoids, total anthocyanins and acidity contents significantly decreased. Accelerated temperature storage condition, i.e. 37°C pronounced more effect in terms of physico-chemical changes when compared to ambient temperature condition of the stored products. The spiced seabuckthorn-pineapple mixed fruit squash was acceptable upto 6 months under ambient temperature conditions when packed in PET bottles. The TPC count, yeast and mould count significantly reduced during entire period of storage, while spores and coliform count was found to be non detectable at both the storage conditions. The microbial load of stored spiced squash under these conditions was found to be within the acceptable limits.

3 illus, 4 tables, 35 ref

023212   Sankhla S;Chaturvedi A;Kuna A;Dhanlakshmi K (NO, , S-2/203, Old Mahavir Nagar, Tilak Nagar, New Delhi-110 018, Email: sneh.san.21@gmail.com) : Preservation of sugarcane juice using hurdle technology. Sugar Tech 2012, 14(1), 26-39.

Sugarcane juice was subjected following treatments viz. pasteurization at 80°C for 10 min + chemical treatments (KMS @ 150 ppm and citric acid @ 0.05%); pasteurization at 80°C for 10 min + chemical treatments (KMS @ 150 ppm and citric acid @ 0.05%) + sterilization at 80°C for 20 min. All the samples were packed in glass bottles, polyethylene Tetrapthelate, (PET) bottles and low density polyethylene pouches (LDPE) and then irradiated at 0.25,0.5 and 1.0 kGy and stored for 90 days at room and low temperature. Non-irradiated samples were taken as control. On treatment moisture content, ascorbic acid, viable bacte-,. rial count and viable yeast - 394 - and mold count were decreased significantly (P <62> 0.05) where as no significant effect was observed on reducing and total sugars in cane juice. Among the three packaging material used glass and PET was found to be at par in increasing the shelf life of sugarcane juice in comparison to LDPE pouches. On storage, ascorbic acid and total sugars were decreased significantly (P <62> 0.05). Moisture content, viable bacterial count and viable yeast mold count were increased on storage. Irradiation and packaging material statistically showed no significant differences on organoleptic properties of juice but storage showed changes in sensory scores. Among all the treatments pasteurization at 80°C for 10 min + chemical treatments (KMS @ 150 ppm and citric acid @ 0.05%) + sterilization at 80°C for 20 min was found to be best in maintain the shelf life of juice up to 60 days at room temperature and 90 days at low temperature with 1.0 kGy irradiation doses. Among glass bottles, PET bottles and LDPE pouches, glass and PET were found to be best in maintaining the quality of juice.

14 illus, 9 tables, 33 ref

023211   Rahnama A;Gharafozlou M;Gardeshzadeh A R (Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials Dep, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16765-654, Tehran, Iran, Email: gharagozlou@icrc.ac.ir) : Comparative study of copper precursors for synthesis of CuO nanoparticles by ultrasonic-assisted thermal decomposition method. J Indian Chem Soc 2013, 90(3), 271-7.

In this work, CuO nanoparticles were synthesized by an ultrasonic assisted thermal decomposition method using different copper precursors including copper acetate (Cu-A), copper nitrate (Cu-N) and copper chloride (Cu-C). The sample synthesized by copper acetate (Cu-A) was consisted of finer and more uniform particles than copper nitrate (Cu-N) which resulted in a wider band gap. On the other hand, copper chloride as a precursor resulted in a plate-like morphology. In comparison with the bulk CuO, the Cu-A sample showed a larger band gap which was attributed to its particle size. It was concluded that different copper precursors have significant effects on the particle size, morphology as well as the band gap of the final powder.

6 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

023210   Patel F;Patel P;Patel N;Patel S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Institute of Technology, Nirma Univ, Ahmedabad-382 481, Email: femina.patel@nirmauni.ac.in) : Color removal from dye wastewater. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(1), 70-8.

Dyes are organic compounds which are highly toxic in many aspects and it is advisable to remove them from the environment that they are polluting. The legislation in many countries has become stringent and thus has led to research of new techniques for removal of dyes and their color from dye wastewater. This paper is a review of the existing methods, their advantages and disadvantages. The methods are divided into physio/chemical and biological categories. No one method is able to completely remove color at low cost, high efficiency and at certain conditions. Some methods are specific and can only be applied to certain dyes while others can be applied to a wide range but are more efficient with certain dyes. Thus a more cost effective, efficient and widely applicable method is needed. Perovskite is a catalyst which be used for adsorption of dyes, it can be modified to be dye specific and has low cost. This paper gives a view on certain modifications of perovskite and their ability to remove certain dyes.

^iia3 tables, 30 ref

023209   Parepalli Y;Pamanji S R;Murthy C (Chemistry Division, Sciences and Humanities Dep, Vignan University, Vadlamudi, Guntur-522 213, Email: ChavaliM@gmail.com) : An overview of smart materials in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Int J Nano Sci Technol 2014, 3(1), 9-14.

Design of new materials with a multi-functional capability has become a key research focus in all materials science and engineering discipline in the recent past. A "smart material" is one having a structure at the nano-structural level that responds in a particular and controlled way to influences upon it. These range from magnetically changed materials, to "memory" molecules that return to their original form, to materials that generate an electric charge when pressed, twisted, or warped. In some extent, a structure made by this material or more than one type of this material incorporated with an appropriated sensor system has been well defined as a "smart structure", that can be used for the implementation of a damage and performance detection strategy for aerospace, civil and mechanical engineering and other applications. Since the last decade, an increasing interest in the development of miniaturized structures and systems, particularly on micro and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMs and NEMs), and integrated biosensor systems has evolved a new page in the area of smart materials and nanotechnology.

^iia1 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

023208   Nalineekanth;Mandal B K (Trace Elements Speciation Research Laboratory, Environmental and Analy, VIT University, Vellore-632 014, Email: badalmandal@it.ac.in) : Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide noble metal composites and their applications. Int J Nano Sci Technol 2014, 3(1), 62-79.

Graphene, two-dimensional carbon sheet with one atom thickness and single to several layered thinnest material in universe has created great research interest in many fields like physics, chemistry, material science, and biology. However, pure graphene sheets don't have wide scope of applications and they are restricted to very limited applications. Keeping this base point in mind, many efforts have been put forward for introducing secondary components or functional groups onto the graphene sheet, making these materials as graphene nanocomposites or hybrid materials. Now these materials can be used in day-to-day applications such as catalysts, energy storing devices, sensors, electrochemical and photochemical applications etc., due to the presence of various non-covalent forces such as hydrogen bonding, ionic, amphiphilic, and π-π interactions that are present between the graphene sheets and noble metal nanoparticles. Make these composites to be easily dispersed in various solvents, availability of high surface area and easy accessibility towards charge transfer nature are well developed in these composite materials. The graphene noble metal composite which they are prepared by greener method establishes non-covalent interaction rather than covalent interactions. The graphene nanocomposites act as promising electrode materials for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR), methanol oxidation reactions (MOR) as well as proton transfer membrane fuel cell technologies (PFMC). This review mainly focuses on synthesis techniques of graphene noble metal composites synthesized via greener approaches or techniques with a futuristic recommendation what are the remaining challenges that are to be fulfilled by the upcoming researchers.

94 ref

023207   Magoo A K;Mittal A;Roy S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology (II)-Delhi, New Delhi-110 016, Email: roys@chemical.iitd.ac.in) : Modeling packed bed Fischer-Tropsch reactors with phase evolution. Indian chem Engr 2013, 55(1), 29-37.

Focus of this paper is to model a three-phase packed bed reactor where a phase is evolving as a result of reaction, such as in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. In such systems, there is a strong two-way coupling between the hydrodynamics and the overall reaction kinetics. The hydrodynamics is affected by the amount of phase evolution and the amount of phase evolution in turn determines the local transport resistances, which in turn determine the local net rates of reaction. A reactor scale model incorporating species balance equation for the species in the gas and liquid phases, an overall energy balance and a pellet scale model accounting for partial wetting were used to complete the theoretical picture of the system. In the absence of local knowledge of transport effects, global correlations were used "locally" to predict the local hydrodynamics in the reactor.

5 illus, 8 ref

023206   Maddinedi S B;Mandal B K (Trace Elements Speciation Research Laboratory, Environmental and Analy, VIT University, Vellore-632 014, Email: badalmandal@vit.ac.in) : Low-cost and eco-friendly green methods for graphene synthesis. Int J Nano Sci Technol 2014, 3(1), 46-61.

Graphene, a god's material, exhibits the outstanding properties which promise different applications in biology, computers, electronics and other engineering, nanoscience and nanotechnology. Various chemical and physical methods have been established for the production of graphene from graphene oxide and graphite, each with their own disadvantages and advantages. However, the usages of this material in different applications greatly depend on their production scale, cost and dispersibility in different solvents. In this prospect, deoxygenation of graphene oxide is a versatile method to obtain a large scale graphene in low cost. Moreover, the development of eco-friendly methods would be an added advantage to obtain a biocompatible graphene with required surface functionalization. This review mainly emphases on a variety of low cost, green methods existing in the literature for the synthesis of graphene using plants, microorganisms, microwave and other green reducing agents. The promising advantages of the reported green methods and the possible future research directions also are discussed.

3 illus, 89 ref

023205   Kiran Kumar H A;Mandal B K (Trace Elements Speciation Research Laboratory, Environment and Analyti, VIT University, Vellore-632 014, ) : Green synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles. Int J Nano Sci Technol 2014, 3(1), 29-45.

Platinum (Pt) is one of the important noble metals and its nano form is used in many chemical, physical, electrical and biological applications. Different chemical and physical methods have been used in the synthesis of Pt nanoparticles (Pt NPs) which are reported to be time consuming, expensive and use of harsh chemicals in synthetic procedures. Since Pt NPs have been used in wide range of applications including human contacting applications, there is an - 391 - increasing demand for the production of NPs in large scale. In order to come out from above mentioned problem and also to produce green and safer materials in nano science researchers opted green chemistry which involves the use of natural products for the synthesis of metal NPs. In recent years production of metal nanoparticles by green routs has gained lot of attention because of its advantages over other conventional techniques. Synthesis of different metal nanoparticles and metal nano composites using various bioreducing agents such as plant extracts, bacteria, fungi and yeast has been reported. This review describes the advancements in the green synthesis of Pt NPs using different biomolecules and synthetic biocompatible agents.

^iia4 illus, 3 tables, 74 ref

023204   Kaul S;Singhal R;Behera B;Bangwal D;Garg M O (NO, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Petr, Dehradun-248 005, Email: skaul@iip.res.in) : Reactive extraction of non-edible oil seeds for biodiesel production. J scient ind Res 2014, 73(4), 235-42.

Biodiesel is one of the potential global liquid transportation fuels that might replace diesel. Government of India had launched a national mission on Biofuels with the aim of achieving a target of 20% blending of biodiesel by 2012. For this purpose, economic and sustainable production of biodiesel is required. This paper studies the reactive extraction of biodiesel from two potential non-edible oil seeds (karanja and simarouba glauca). A statistical study was carried out to determine the influence of operating parameters on the biodiesel yield. The smallest seed size resulted in high biodiesel yield whereas the optimum methanol to oil ratio and catalyst concentration depended on the type of feed. Reaction temperature of 65°C was found to be optimum. The ¹H-NMR and gas chromatographic analyses results were comparable. It was found from ¹H-NMR analysis that biodiesel produced from reactive extraction of simarouba had better oxidation stability as compared to karanja.

4 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

023203   Joshipura M H;Dabke S P;Subrahmanyam N (Chemical Engineering Dep, Institute of Technology, Nirma Univ, S G Highway, Tragad Patia, Ahmedabad-382 481, Email: milind.joshipura@nirmauni.ac.in) : Comparing four compound-specific cohesion factor relationships for Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state. Indian chem Engr 2013, 55(1), 1-28.

Approach described in one of our previous papers was applied to the Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state to develop compound-specific parameters for four different types of cohesion factor models. Compound-specific parameters for nearly 300 compounds are listed in the paper and can be utilized for the modelling of phase equilibrium of the mixtures of these compounds. Performance of the models was compared based on the accuracy in predicting various pure compound properties as well as vapour liquid equilibrium of binary systems. The modified Trebble Bishnoi (mGAS) type of cohesion factor model emerged as the best amongst the compared models. Generalization of compound-specific models was also done. These expressions would be useful in the absence of compound-specific parameters.

56 tables, 14 ref

023202   Harimi S;Zamani H A;Tadjarodi A;Bijanzad K (NO, Young Researchers Club, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Quchan, Iran, Email: haszamani@yahoo.com) : Construction of a new Pr<. J Indian Chem Soc 2013, 90(3), 279-84.

An ion selective electrode Pr³⁺-PVC membrane sensor containing 3% 2,3,4,5-tetra-(4-pyridiyl)-thiophene (TPT) as an ionophore, 3% sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB) as an anionic additive, 64% nitrobenzene (NB) as solvent mediator and 30% poly(vinyl chloride) was constructed. This electrode has a wide linear dynamic range from 1.0 x 10^-6 to 1.0 x 10^-2 M with a Nernstian slope of 20.2 ± 0.5 mV per decade and a low detection limit of 5.3 x 10^-7 M in the pH range of 3.0-8.4, while the response time was rapid (<126> 5 s). The developed electrode shows a good selectivity for Pr³⁺ ions respect to a large number of alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. It was employed as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Pr³⁺ ions with EDTA. This sensor was also to the determination of fluoride ion in mouth wash preparations and the monitoring of Pr³⁺ in mixtures of three - 390 - different ions.

5 illus, 4 tables, 45 ref

023201   Goswami A K;Usmani G A;Patil M P (NO, Institute of Chemical Technology Univ, Jalgaon, Email: goswamiakg1@gmail.com) : Methylester by transesterification of jatropha, cottonseed and used cooking oils as an alternative fuel for petrodiesel. Invertis J renewable Energy 2013, 3(2), 89-96.

Recently biodiesel has become more attractive because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resources. The properties of methyl esters obtained from Jatropha oil, used cooking oil, cotton seeds oil were analyzed. The transesterification reaction conditions that affect yield and purity of the product esters including oil quality, type and concentration of catalyst, temperature and reaction time were examined. Metlranol esterification of different oils at 60°C with 1-10 by vol. potassium methoxide was studied. With appropriate percent of potassium methoxide, the reaction has been carried out for 1 hour at temperature 60-70°C. A process for the production of the methyl ester of Jatropha oil, used cooking oil, cotton seeds oil has been studied. The essential part of the process is the transesterification of the cotton seed oil with methanol, in the presence of a catalyst, to yield the methyl ester as a product and glycerol as a by-product. The various properties like specific gravity, density,viscosity, saponification value,acid value of all three different oils Jatropha, used cooking oil and cottonseed oils and of their methyl esters were determined. Also the various petroleum analysis like pour point, flash point, aniline point, diesel index, cetane number & cloud point were studied. The results obtained for these three methyl esters of Jatropha, used cooking oil and cottonseed oils was matches with standard values as per B.I. Specification. All analyzed oils were sufficiently transesterified and could be used as diesel fuel.

2 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

023200   Dhar T M;Ghosh M;Bhattacharyya D K (NO, Central Instrument Facility, Main Campus, Bose Institute, Kolkata-700 009, Email: mahuag@gmail.com) : Aromatic oil composition and microstructures of some Indian cultivars of Cuminum cyminum L. in raw and roasted condition. J Indian Chem Soc 2013, 90(3), 387-91.

Aromatic oil is extracted from three cultivars of cumin grown in different regions of India by simple way of solvent extraction process using HPLC grade petroleum ether (boiling point range 40-60 °C). The composition of extracted oil is analyzed by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry in raw and roasted condition. It is found that in case of three cultivars some new compounds are generated during roasting presumably due to Maillard reaction and they are different in percentage and composition. GCMS study reveals that hairy cumin variety of Rajasthan is enriched with various compounds of essential oil than other two varieties. The proportion percent of some compounds Alphapinene (1.31%), cumene (16.18%), careen (27%), Alpha-phellandrene (18%) and coumarin (4.2%) in raw hairy cumin are higher than other two cultivars of Rajasthan and West Bengal respectively. These percent compositions are changed in roasted condition. The micro morphological characters when viewed under scanning electron microscope show some differences in seed structures and oil secretory parts between both raw and roasted seeds. The papillose hairs and - 389 - assemblage of canals tend to become stiff in the roasted materials than the raw ones. The structures of each seeds of the particular cultivars indicate a kind of character-specificity. A correlation of GCMS and SEM study have been established which may enable to identify the superior quality seeds.

3 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

023199   Bhuyan D J;Barooah M S;Bora S S; Singaravadivel K (Food and Nutrition Dep, College of Home Science, Assam Agricultural Univ, Jorhat-785 013, Email: deeprkn@gmail.com) : Biochemical and nutritional analysis of rice beer of Northeast India. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2014, 13(1), 142-8.

Biochemical properties of five different rice varieties of North East India and a starter culture cake (ASC1) collected from Arunachal Pradesh used in the process of rice beer preparation were analyzed. Further, microbial count of the starter culture cake and nutritional composition of the five laboratory prepared rice beer samples were evaluated. The crude protein, amylose, amylopectin, moisture, crude fat, starch, total soluble sugar, reducing sugar and non reducing sugar contents of rice varieties were estimated. Various biochemical parameters of ASC1 were also determined. Increase with time in the total acidity, volatile acidity, and alcohol % of rice beer was observed. The final recorded alcohol % value of rice beer was in the range of 12-13%. Minerals like calcium, sodium, potassium, iron and phosphorous were estimated with phosphorous having the highest content of 78.108 mg/100 ml. Crude and soluble protein, and vitamin C contents were also analyzed. The antiradical activity (Inhibition %) of the rice beer samples was in the range of 2.479-22.31%. Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from ASC1 was found to be the major organism responsible for rice beer fermentation. Highest CFU count of 19 was observed in MRSA medium which also indicates the prevalence of LAB in ASC1.

6 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

023198   Bhullar N;Sud D (Chemical Technology and Chemistry Dep, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal-148 106) : Decolorization of congo red, a carcinogenic textile dye using semiconductor mediated photocatalysis. Pollut Res 2012, 31(1), 7-10.

Photocatalytic degradation of congo red (CR), an anionic diazo dye has been investigated in a batch reactor using Titania P-25 (surface area: 50 m²/g) as a photocatalyst under UV light in slurry mode. The rate of decolorization was estimated from residual - 388 - concentration spectrophotometrically. Similar experiments were carried out by varying pH (2-10), amount of catalyst (0.25-2.00 g/L) and concentration (5-100 ppm). The degradation rate of CR was favorable at pH 4. Optimum value of catalyst dose was found to be 1.5 g/L. The complete degradation of CR was achieved in 2.5h under UV irradiation.

5 illus, 12 ref

023197   Balaji S;Mandal B K (Trace Elements Speciation Research Laboratory, Environmental and Analy, , VIT University, Email: badalmandal@vit.ac.in) : On bio-based polymer beads and their applications. Int J Nano Sci Technol 2014, 3(1), 15-28.

The modification of bio-polymeric materials like cellulose, chitosan, agar and agarose are more useful for increasing applications in biochemistry and other areas like chemical engineering and biotechnology with improved properties. Polysaccharides beads how more biocompatibility and sustainability after chemical modification. Cellulose bio-polymer hydrogel beads are extensively used for supporting enzymes entrapment and other potential advantages like bio-fuel cells, bio-sensors and tissue engineering due to their nature of bio-degradability and bio-sensitivity.

^iia136 ref

023196   Babitha B;Kiranmayi P (Food and Nutrition Dep, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, Email: kiranmayikodali@rediffmail.com) : Effect of storage conditions on the post harvest quality of tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum. Res J biol Sci 2013, 5(3), 3-7.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum ), being a very nutritious and highly perishable climacteric fruit. This study was planned to investigate the effect of storage conditions on the post-harvest quality of tomato. Tomatoes were stored at RT, MAP-RT, RF and MAP-RF for up to 24 days. The pH and moisture content of the fruits were recorded for every 8 days. The samples stored at RT and MAP-RT exhibited increase in pH. Slight increase in moisture content was observed in samples stored at room temperature.

5 tables, 16 ref

023195   Al-Tamimi S A;Aly F A;Al-Otaibi O M (Chemistry Dep, College of Science, Women Student-Medical Studies and Science Sections, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia, Email: satamimi@ksu.edu.sa) : Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of escitalopram oxalate in bulk and pharmaceutical formations using alkaline potassium permanganate. J Indian Chem Soc 2013, 90(3), 309-17.

Simple and sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric methods were established for the determination of escitalopram oxalate in bulk and in its pharmaceutical preparations using alkaline potassium permanganate as an oxidizing agent. The methods involve determination of escitalopram - 387 - oxalate by kinetic studies of its oxidation at room temperature for a fixed time of 15 min. The absorbance of the colored manganate ions was measured at 610 nm. Alternatively, the decrease in the absorbance of permanganate upon addition of the studied drug was also measured at 525 nm. The absorbance-concentration plots in both procedures were rectilinear over the range of 4.0-25.0 μg mL^-1. The different experimental parameters affecting the development were carefully studied and optimized. The determination of escitalopram oxalate by the fixed concentration and initial rate methods is also feasible with the calibration equations obtained but the fixed time method has been found to be more applicable. Both procedures were applied to the determination of escitalopram oxalate in formulations. The results obtained were in good agreement with those obtained using reference methods. The proposed methods have a great value in their application to the analysis of escitalopram oxalate in quality control laboratories.

5 illus, 6 tables, 26 ref

022160   Wang Y;Xu P;Feng L;Yang X;Qian L (Tea Science Dep, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Rd., Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China, Email: tyfwang@gamil.com) : Impact of instantaneous controlled pressure drop on microstructural modification of green tea and its infusion quality. J Fd Sci Technol 2014, 51(1), 51-8.

Instantaneous controlled pressure drop (DIC) was applied to obtain a suitable cell disruption extent as a technology in green tea processing. Microstructural observations showed that DIC increased cell disruption in an even manner as reflected from loosened palisade, distorted cells, widened space between cells, disrupted and rearranged cellular membrane in tea leaves. Color difference determination supported that DIC could facilitate the release and transport of cell contents. DIC sample showed a rise in redness, over 2.5 times greater than the control after spreading naturally for 24 h. Chemical determination revealed a better infusion behavior of tea polyphenols and amino acids in green tea manufactured by DIC method both at high and low temperature. The increase in tea polyphenols content in liquor for the first brew from twisted and needle tea was about 35% and that from flat tea was about 15% in DIC method over the traditional processing. These results suggest that DIC process can be applied in green tea processing for both a traditional product and a new kind of tea capable of making with cold water.

3 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

022159   Tiwari S;Ramakrishna Chetana;Puttaraju S; Khatoon S (Lipid Science and Traditional Foods Dep, Central Food Technological and Research Institute (Council of Scientif, Mysore, 570 020, Email: sakoon_buri@yahoo.com) : Physico-chemical characteristics of burfi prepared by using medium chain triglyceride rich margarines. J Fd Sci Technol 2014, 51(1), 136-41.

Medium chain triglyceride rich margarines were prepared using palm, coconut oil blends in the ratio of 80:20 (Margarine 1) and 60:40 (Margarine 2). The margarines were used to prepare burfi and compared with products prepared using commercial margarine, ghee and butter. The physicochemical characteristics such as texture, color, free fatty acid, peroxide value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter and fatty acid composition of oils, fats and margarines were carried out. Results showed that 11.0 and 21.9% of medium chain triglycerides were present in margarine 1 and 2 respectively. The texture, colour, moisture content, peroxide value and sensory evaluation were carried out for the burfi samples. Laboratory prepared margarines improved the textural quality of burfi compared to commercial margarine, ghee and butter. The sensory analyses of the burfi samples revealed that burfi prepared from margarine 1 was more acceptable compared to commercial margarine.

1 illus, 7 tables, 22 ref