021068   Liu Q;Zheng C;Hu C;Tan Q;Sun X (Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural Univ, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China, Email: zcmcaas@126.com) : Effects of arsenic ono nutrients uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) at different growth stages. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(4), 1769-72.

Arsenic (As) levels in soils have been elevated, especially in some wheat-producing areas of China. Understanding the effects of arsenic pollution on wheat (Triticum aestivum L) nutrient elements is of major significance for food production and security. A soil pot experiment was carried out to study the uptake of nutrient elements and arsenic at different growth stages. Arsenic concentrations in wheat shoots is ear sprouting stage <62> jointing stage <62> tillering stage. Ear sprouting stage was the main stage that arsenic could affect the nutrient elements uptake. When arsenic concentration in soil was ≤ 60 mg/kg, arsenic increased the straw P, N and K concentrations at the jointing and ear sprouting stages and enhanced the biomass as well as other agronomic parameters such as grain yield. The increase in wheat biomass and yield probably resulted from P, N, K abundance. However, when soil arsenic was ≥ 80 mg/kg, arsenic significantly decreased macroelement (P, K and N) concentrations in the shoots. The reduction in wheat biomass and yield at high arsenic levels probably resulted from both arsenic phytotoxicity and nutrient elements lack. The relationship between shoots arsenic and shoots N, P, K concentrations was quadratic equations. The Cu, Fe, Zn concentrations in wheat shoots significantly were decreased and they were negatively linearly correlated with arsenic concentrations in wheat shoots (R² = 0.7064, 0.8265 and 0.8302, respectively). The highest arsenic concentration in wheat grains was 0.39 mg/kg and did not exceed the maximum permissible limit for food stuffs of 0.7 mg/kg.

1 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

021067   Liu G (Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Dep, Jining Univ, Jining 273155, P.R., Email: liugd001@hotmail.com) : Synthesis and photocatalytic property of β-In₂S₃ nanocrystal. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(3), 1167-9.

Tetragonal β-In₂S₃ nanocrystals have been successfully synthesized via a simple solvothermal route. The β-In₂S₃ nanorods show good photocatalytic properties under sunlight irradiation.

3 illus, 11 ref

021066   Lim C S;Ghosh T;Chen M L;Oh W C (Advanced Materials Science & Engineering Dep, Hanseo Univ, Seosan-si, Chungnam-do 356-706, South Korea) : Photodegradation of organic dyes over nickel distributed CNT/TiO₂ composite synthesized by a simple of sol-gel method. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(3), 1375-80.

In this study, the multi-walled carbon nanotubes was oxidized by m-chlorperbenzoic acid at first and then reaction with titanium n-butoxide and nickel nitrate to prepare Ni distributed CNT/TiO₂ composite by a simple sol-gel method. The functional groups formed on the surface of MWCNTs were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The prepared Ni distributed CNT/TiO₂ composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The photodegradation of methylene blue, methylene orange and rhodamine B solution under UV irradiation was employed to test the photocatalytic activity of the Ni distributed CNT/TiO₂ composite. According to the results, Ni distributed CNT/TiO₂ composite showed excellent photocatalytic activity for decomposing of methylene blue, methylene orange and rhodamine-B solution, due to the electron absorb effect of MWCNTs and electron trap effect of nickel could improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂.

5 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

021065   Li Y;Hu H B;Zheng X D;Zhu J H;Liu L P (College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Longdong Univ, Qingyang 745000, P.R. China, Email: li7yan77@163.com) : Composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from the aerial part of Artemisia annua. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(3), 1091-3.

Artemisia annua is widely used as key components of traditional Chinese medicine in China. The compositions of essential oil extracted by hydro distillation from the stem and spike of Artemisia annua were identified using GC/MS. The stem oil comprized of 50 components, while the spike oil contained 41 components. There were 30 same compounds. Twenty seven unreported compounds were β-pinene, β-phellandrene, citronellol, borneol, linalool and cuminic alcohol etc. The relative content of terpenoids from the spike oil was more than it from the stem oil, so the antimicrobial activity of the spike oil was more active than it of the stem oil. MICs of the essential oil of them were different from microorganisms.

2 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

021064   Kilic O;Bagci E (Biology Dep, Art & Science Faculty, Bingol Univ, Bingol, Turkey, Email: eyupbagci@yahoo.com) : Chemical composition of essential oil of Tripleurospermum parviflorum (Willd.) Pobed (Asteraceae) from Turkey. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(3), 1319-21.

Chemical composition of essential oil of Tripleurospermum parviflorum (Asteraceae) from Turkey was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system. The yield of the oil is 0.3 mL/100 g. The essential oil composition of T. parviflorum was studied and 38 components representing 89.4% of the total oil were identified. The main components of T. parviflorum were β-farnesene (18.4%), β-sesquiphellandrene (10.1%), carvacrol methyl ether (7.9%) and benzene acetaldehyde (7.2%). The chemical distribution of essential oil compounds of Tripleurospermum parviflorum was discussed as potential uses of this species as natural product.

1 table, 30 ref

021063   Khatoon B A (Chemistry Dep, Yuvaraja's College, P.O. Box 57001, Mysore-570 005, Email: bakhatoon@gmail.com) : Extraction of volatile oil of Nigella sativa L. using multivariate analysis. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(3), 1258-60.

Present study investigate multivariate analysis to extract volatile oil of Nigella sativa L. cultivated in Middle East and East of Asia. Each cultivated seed used to extract volatile oil by specific method. The used method affect both the quantity and compound of the oil. To determine the best method factor analysis was applied and out of five different methods, three methods are recommended.

3 tables, 10 ref

021062   Jeyakumari A;Kothari D C;Venkateshwarlu G (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P.O. Matsyapuri, Cochin-682 029, Email: jeya131@gmail.com) : Microencapsulation of fish oil-milk based emulsion by spray drying: impact on oxidative stability. Fish Technol 2014, 51(1), 31-7.

Omega-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have numerous human health benefits. Fish oil has been known as a source of PUFA, but their addition to foods is limited by oxidative rancidity. Hence, fish oil has to be protected against oxidation preferably by microencapsulation. In the present study an attempt was made to prepare fish oil encapsulates. Fish oil-milk based emulsion was prepared and encapsulated by spray drying using either fish gelatin or maltodextrin as wall materials. Fish oil and wall material was used at the ratio of 1:2. In order to study the effect of natural antioxidants on the fish oil encapsulates, ginger essential oil was added at 0.25% concentration. Morphological characterization of fish oil encapsulates by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed spherical shape of particles without any cracks. Encapsulation efficiency was improved significantly (p<60>0.05) from 34.48-35.52% to 44.42-49.34% by the addition of fish gelatin or maltodextrin as wall material. Fish oil encapsulates were packed in two different ways which include normal and vacuum packing and stored at room temperature (28±2°C). Oxidative stability of the fish oil encapsulates showed better protective effect against oxidation (1.99 mg malonaldehyde kg^-1) for fish oil encapsulates prepared with fish gelatin and ginger essential oil and packed in vacuum condition than the control (8.22 mg malonaldehyde kg^-1). Results from the study indicated that fish gelatin was able to encapsulate fish oil and it was comparable with that of maltodextrin. Addition of essential oil as natural antioxidant improved the oxidative stability of fish oil encapsulates.

6 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

021061   Jenish S;Venkatesan S;Fernando L K (Chemical Engineering Dep, St. Peter's Engineering College, Avadi, Chennai-600 054, Email: jineshanthony@gmail.co) : Bio-ethanol production from unrefined sugar by fermentation using the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(3), 1279-81.

In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used for bio-ethanol production from unrefined sugar under anaerobic condition. The parameters that influence the production of bio-ethanol from unrefined sugar are optimized. The optimal values of the parameters such as sugar concentration, enzyme concentration, temperature and pH are found to be 300 gm/L, 2 gm/L, 38 °C and 4 respectively. Under this optimum operating conditions the maximum yield of bio-ethanol is 63%. The rate of formation of bio-ethanol is found to be well fitted with Michaelis-Menten equation and the values of V_max and K_m are found to be 0.71 mol/L sec and 81.63 mol/L, respectively.

6 illlus, 5 tables, 17 ref

021060   Hu S Z;Li F Y;Fan Z P (Institute of Eco-environmental Sciences, Liaoning Shihua Univ, Fushun 113001, P.R. China, Email: hushaozheng001@163.com) : Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of anatase-brookite-rutile composite TiO₂ nanocrystals prepared in H₂O/alcohol system. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(3), 1135-40.

Anatase-brookite-rutile composite TiO₂ nanocrystals with a narrow particle size distribution and good dispersibility were prepared by a hydrothermal method using TiC1₄ as the starting material in different H₂O/alcohol system. TEM, HRTEM, X-ray diffraction, UV-VIS diffuse reflectance spectra and FT-IR were used to characterize the synthesized particles. The results showed that the presence of alcohol was the key factor which determined the phase content in prepared TiO₂. The prepared TiO₂ exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than P25 under UV light.

5 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

021059   Gomathi G K;Ramya A;Elizabeth E A H (Nutrition and Dietetics Dep, S.T.E.T. Women's College, Mannargudi, Thiruvarur District, Tamilnadu, Email: gkgomathikannan@yahoo.com) : Acceptability of value added products with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis powder. Scient Trans Envir Technovation 2013, 6(3), 142-5.

Hibiscus flower (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) is easily available and economically beneficial to all age of people except during pregnancy period. Hibiscus tea is effective to reduce harmful diseases. This paper reports, varieties of beverages that can be prepared by incorporating hibiscus powder and also anlyse the sensory properties of incorporated beverages, on attributes of colour, flavor, taste and overall acceptability. The nutrient content of the products were higher -when compared to standard (normal tea powder).

7 illus, 7 tables, 10 ref

021058   Feng G D;Jiang L (Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds, Chemistry and Che, Baoji Univ of Arts and Science, No. 1 Hi-Tech Avenue, Baoji 721013, Shaanxi, P.R. China, Email: fengguodong00805@163.com) : Hydrothermal synthesis, crystal structure of zinc(H) complex of bis(2-benzimidazole) and aromatic carboxylate ligands. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(3), 1348-50.

A novel one-dimensional zinc(II) complex: [Zn₂L₂(H₂C₃PIm)₂]_n (1) with 2-carboxymethylbenzoic acid (H₂L) and 2,2'-(1,3-propanediyl)bis(1H-benzimidazole) (H₂C₃PIm) has been synthesized by means of hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The crystal is of triclinic, space group P-1 with a = 1.3354(5) nm, b = 1.3991(5) nm, c = 1.4245(5) nm, α = 83.617(5)°, β = 70.742(5)°, γ = 70.913(5)°, V = 2.3744(15) nm³, Dc = 1.451 g cm^-3, Z = 2, F(000) = 1068, Goof = 1.073, R₁ = 0.1067, wR₂ = 0.3379. The complex 1 shows a novel one-dimensional (1D) zigzag chain structure along the a axis and further extended into a 2D supramolecular structure through N-H...O hydrogen bonding interactions. The π-π packing interactions contribute to the formation of the three-dimensional supramolecular architecture and stabilize the crystal structure.

3 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

021057   ChandraSekhar B V V N;Ramesh Kumar N;Mukkanti K;Kalyan Chakravarthy A (NO, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Limited, Bachupalli, Qutubullapur, Rangareddy District-500 072, Email: bvvncs@rediffmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of novel antilipidemic agent. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(3), 1357-61.

Different novel compounds under statin family were synthesized by introduction of more hydrophilic scaffolds in to the statin skeleton by linking the pharmacophore dihydroxy heptanoic acid moiety with more hydrophilic scaffolds to result in compounds, which may be useful as better antilipidemic agents especially as 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors and may improve the level of hepato selectivity and expected to reduce the risk of adverse effects. The target compounds were synthesized starting from tert-butyl-2-((4R,6R)-6- (2-aminoethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)acetate, a key intermediate of atorvastatin.

2 tables, 19 ref

021056   Bisla G;Archana;Singh R (Food Science and Nutrition Dep, Banasthali Univ, Rajasthan, Email: gb_maan@rediffmail.com ) : Development of nutritious ice creams from soy milk and pumpkin seeds milk and evaluation of their acceptability and nourishing potential. J funct envir Bot 2013, 3(1), 12-19.

Soybean and pumpkin seeds are rich sources of protein as well as minerals mainly of iron, and inspite of their nutritional qualities, they are not consumed by a large number of people. Pineapple is a rich source of ascorbic acid. The objective of the present study was to prepare nutritionally enhanced ice creams by the incorporation of soy milk, pumpkin seeds milk and pineapple pulp and evaluation of their acceptability and nourishing potential. Totally six different types of ice creams were prepared from soymilk, pumpkin seed's milk as whole and their blends with or without addition of pineapple pulp. With the 9-point hedonic scale products were evaluated for their appearance, flavour, mouth feel and overall acceptability in which most of the ice creams were liked moderately to very much and two ice creams were most acceptable, that is, whole pumpkin seed milk with pineapple pulp and soya milk and pumpkin seed milk (50% + 50%) blended milk ice cream with pineapple pulp. The nutritional analysis of two most acceptable ice creams indicated that protein and fat value was found to be excellent and calcium, iron, vitamin C content were also found in good amount in comparison to standard cow's milk ice cream.

5 tables, 26 ref

021055   Baiju M V;Boopendranath M R (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P.O. Matsyapuri, Cochin-682 029, Email: vishnubaiju@yahoo.com) : Estimation of optimum engine power of fishing craft with reference to length. Fish Technol 2014, 51(1), 67-9.

^ssc2 tables, 10 ref

021054   Akhtar N;Hisham J;Khan B A;Khan H M S;Mahmood T;Rasul A;Iqbal M;Qayum M (Pharmacy Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia Univ of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan, Email: barki.gold@gmail.com) : Cosmetic application of phenolic cream from mulberry bark extract. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(4), 1805-8.

Aim of this study is to determine the effects of newly formulated O/W emulsion (cream) of ethanolic mulberry extract versus its vehicle (base) as control on skin melanin, skin erythema and skin moisture content. Concentrated 4% mulberry extract was entrapped in the inner aqueous phase of O/W emulsion. The newly formulated base and formulation were applied to the cheeks of undiseased human volunteers for a period of 8 weeks. Melanin, erythema and skin moisture were monitored every week and analyzed by Mexameter and Corneometer. Statistically the results of both base and formulation were compared by using ANOVA and Paired t-test. The base showed insignificant (p <62> 0.05) effects while the formulation showed statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in melanin content. Both the base and formulation showed insignificant (p <62> 0.05) effects on skin moisture content. Skin erythema was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced by the formulation. This formulation of cream containing 4% concentrated extract of mulberry can be used for skin whitening as it decreased skin melanin content. Furthermore, the decrease in erythema demonstrated that the cream will be safe to use and will not cause any irritation. The formulation is suggested not to be used in cold season as it causes dryness.

4 illus, 13 ref

021053   Agarwal U;Chaudhuri M G;Samanta S;Mukherjee S;Dey R (Metallurgical & Material Engineering Dep, J U, ) : Quantification of valuable metals from E-waste. Indian Sci Cruiser 2013, 27(1), 51-4.

E-waste is a growing environmental concern for both developed and developing countries in recent times. Huge quantity of e-waste is generated world-wide each year. Authors have processed three different kinds of e-waste sources (SMPS, mobile phone &television remote), and while presenting a reproducible technique using chloride leaching to extract the valuable content (e.g. gold, silver) and other elements (e.g. Co, Ni), also presented the comparative study of their observed composition.

1 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

020026   Zhang W J;Liu Y H;Wang D;Xin X X (NO, School of Material and Metallurgy, Northeastern Univ, Shenyang, Liaoning-110 004, P.R. China, Email: 6333787@qq.com) : Decomposition of oil shale by electron-beam irradiation at vacuum condition. Asian J Chem 2013, 25(17), 9465-7.

The electron-beam irradiation was used to investigate the fuel production generated from Fushun oil shale at vacuum condition. The kerogen decomposition mechanism was demonstrated and the influence of reaction conditions on the produced gas was discussed. Reaction results show that the gas yield increases along with the increasing of the electron-beam irradiation time. The maximum gas yield is 7.18%. Moreover, the gas yield is also proportional with the accelerating voltage. However, the pulse current has no obvious influence on the gas yield. The electron-beam irradiation in vacuum limits the secondary decomposition reaction, which provides high yield of hydrocarbon gas and depresses the formation of H₂O and H₂.

4 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

020025   Xun X;Li D;Wu Z;Liu L;Li X;Liu Y (NO, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Sci, Yueyang-414 006, P.R. China, Email: hiliu2000@126.com) : Biochemical and pharmacological study of venom from centipede Scoropendra subspinipes mutilans Koch. Asian J Chem 2013, 25(17), 9886-90.

Almost all centipedes are predators and have venom glands. The primary purpose of centipede venoms is to kill or paralyze prey. Centipede venoms are complex chemical cocktails in which proteins are the main components. In this study, the biochemical and pharmacological properties of the venom of the centipede Scoropendra subspinipes mutilans Koch was investigated. The RP-HPLC and MALDI-TOF MS spectra of the venom indicated that it contains diverse peptides with molecular weights from 3000-10000 Da. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp, it was found that the venom could inhibit both voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) and potassium channels (VGPC) in adult rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Furthermore, pharmacological activities of the 43 fractions collected from RP-HPLC were examined on both VGSCs and VGPCs in rat DRG neurons. Consequently, we identified four fractions containing peptide neurotoxins which could inhibit VGSCs, as well as the other four fractions that containing peptide neurotoxins which could inhibit VGPCs. This study indicates that the venom of the centipede Scoropendra subspinipes mutilans Koch is indeed a rich source of novel pharmacologically interesting peptides that would receive increased attention from pharmacologists and biochemists in the future.

4 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

020024   Wani T A;Sood M;Amin Q A;Wani N;Harleen Kour (Post Harvest Technology Div, Sher-e-Kashmir Agricultural Sciences and Technology(K) Univ, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, Email: towseef46@gmail.com) : Nutritional and organoleptic of noodles prepared by supplementation with cauliflower leaves. Asian J Hort 2013, 8(1), 304-12.

Effects of supplementation of wheat flour with dried cauliflower leaves were studied for nutritional and organoleptic quality of noodles. The malted wheat flour was blended with cauliflower leaf powder in the ratio's of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30 separately for the development of noodles. The developed product was stored for 90 days to ascertain the changes in physico-chemical and sensory characteristics. The results of study indicated that samples of cauliflower leaf powder added noodles, for all addition levels, contained more protein, fibre, sugars, iron, β-crotene and ash as compared to control sample. The result obtained in this study suggested that acceptable noodles in terms of physico-chemical and sensory properties could be produced by incorporating cauliflower leaf powder into malted wheat flour upto the level of 10 per cent flour weight basis. Thus, cauliflower leaf powder could be successfully used to enrich noodles, giving alternative utilization opportunity to producers and healthy choice option to the consumers.

16 tables, 25 ref

020023   Wang G;Liu Y;Liang H;Zhou X;Wang K (Chemical Engineering Dep, Shenyang Chemical Technology Univ, Shenyang-110 142, P.R. China, Email: wgsh-lyc@163.com) : Formation mechanism of basic magnesium chlorides whiskers. Asian J Chem 2013, 25(17), 9731-5.

The amorphous magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)₂], Mg²⁺, Cl^- ions, H₂O and [Mg(OH)y]^2-y (y = 0,...6) anion coordination-polyhedras were proposed as the basic crystallization growth units to form the basic magnesium chlorides whiskers with the general composition xMg(OH)₂.MgCl₂.yH₂O according to the experiment of the dissolution of MgO and MgCl₂ in water and the coordination reaction of Mg²⁺ and OH^- and the phase formation and transition reported in the literature can be easily predicted.

7 illus, 15 ref

020022   Vongkul A;Dejmanee SA (Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangal Technology Srivijaya Univ, Thung Yai, Nakhon Si Thammarat-80240, Thailand, Email: auy_vk@hotmail.com) : Determination of selenium in milk by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Asian J Chem 2013, 25(17), 10007-10.

This work has optimized the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry to directly determine the total selenium concentrations in milk samples. The study emphasized the effect of modifiers on the sensitivities and stabilizations of three selenium species (selenomethionine, selenite and selenate) that were spiked in aqueous solution and diluted milk solutions. At the same time, palladium nitrate, rhodium chloride and the combinations of these modifiers with magnesium nitrate were used as chemical modifiers. The use of a combination between 5 μg Pd(NO₃)₂ and 3 μg Mg(NO₃)₂ was successful modifier in an equal sensitivities and stabilization for all these species in both aqueous and milk solutions. This modifier can be applied for the direct determination of selenium in milk samples with standard addition method. The Se content in milk samples was found range from 33 to 70 μg L^-1. The percentage recovery was found within the range between 87.42 to 111.69%.

4 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

020021   Sangwan V;Dahiya S (Foods and Nutrition Dep, I.C. College of Home Science, CCCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Mineral profile of wheat flour and wheat flour biscuits fortified with sorghum and soy flour. Indian J Nutr Diet 2012, 49(12), 516-26.

The results of the present study showed that organoleptically acceptable biscuits can be prepared by substituting wheat flour with sorghum and soybean flour at different levels of substitution. There was a significant improvement in the mineral profile of fortified biscuits. Sincere efforts are required to popularize these nutritious biscuits among population through on-going nutrition intervention programmes for combating malnutrition particularly micronutrient deficiencies. There is need to commercialize these value added biscuits at home level and commercial level so as to raise the income level of rural women and increase the demand for less utilized sorghum and soybean.

5 tables, 17 ref

020020   Sangani S L;Vaghan S N;Patel J M (Horticulture Dep, College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Bharuch, Gujarat) : Eco-dynamics studies on herbal based sapota beverages. Asian J Hort 2013, 8(1), 213-17.

The investigation was carried to evaluate the influence of various herbs on biochemical properties of herbal based sapota beverages. The product was prepared by using sapota with different type of bland viz. fruits (aonla. pineapple, kokum and tamarind) along with different spices and herbs. The known quantity of beverage base was filled in to aluminium foil pouches and heat sealed. The product was stored under ambient condition (22 - 35°C) for 6 months and evaluated for bio-chemical composition at an interval of two month up to completion of study. During study it was observed that a pattern of gradual increase in acidity, total soluble solids, reducing sugars, total sugars, whereas, decreasing trend was recorded in pH and non-reducing sugars during entire periods of storage.

6 tables, 20 ref

020019   Patel A N;Ray N R;Chavda J C;Patel K A (Horticulture Dep, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand, Gujarat, Email: kiran12raj@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of mango-papaya blended pulp and its storage behaviour cv. Mallika, Amrapalli and Totapuri. Asian J Hort 2013, 8(1), 84-7.

An experiment on evaluation of mango - papaya blended pulp and its storage behaviour was carried out at Fruit Processing Center, Department of Horticulture, B. A. College of Agriculture Anand during summer season in the year 2010. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Block Design (Factorial) with twelve treatment combinations and replicated thrice. The treatment comprised of three varieties (V₁-Mallika, V₂-Amrapalli and V₃-Totapuri) and four mango-papaya pulp proportions (T₁-100%mango pulp (control), T₂-85% mango pulp +15% papaya pulp, T₃-70% mango pulp +30% papaya pulp and T₄ - 55% mango pulp +45% papaya pulp). Among different varieties, variety Amrapalli - V₂ recorded significantly the maximum TSS i.e. 17.84,16.79 and 17.56 OB, ascorbic acid per cent i.e. 41.12,41.18 and 41.13 per cent, reducing sugar i.e. 11.71,11.70 and 11.65 and minimum acidity per cent i.e. 0.44, 0.46 and 0.44 per cent, respectively at initial, 3 and 6 month after storage. In case of blending of papaya pulp with mango pulp, treatment T₄ recorded significantly the maximum acidity per cent i.e. 0.76, 0.74 and 0.75, ascorbic acid contents i.e. 39.14, 39.12 and 39.18 mg/100ml, reducing sugar content i.e. 13.20,13.12 and 13.12 per cent and total sugar content i.e. 23.49,23.49 and 23.48 per cent, respectively at initial, 3 and 6 month after storage. Significantly maximum TSS i.e. 20.27 OB was found with interaction V₁T₁ (100% Mallika mango pulp), maximum pH i.e. 5.33 was found with V₃T₁ (100% Totapuri mango pulp), maximum acidity content i.e.0.95 per cent with V₁T₄ (55% Mallika mango pulp + 45% papaya pulp) while minimum ascorbic acid content i.e. 19.37 mg/100 ml pulp with V₁T₁ inter-action (100% Mallika mango pulp) and highest reducing sugar content i.e. 16.33 per cent was found in interaction V₂T₄ (55% Amrapalli mango pulp + 45% papaya pulp) at 6 month after storage.

3 tables, 12 ref

020018   Padmanathan N;Selladurai S (Ionics Lab, Physics Dep, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: padmanmsc@gmail.com) : Polyol mediated synthesis and microstructural features of polycrystalline LiMPO₄ (M=Mn and Co) olivine phosphates for Lithium batteries. Asian J Chem 2013, 25(17), 9605-9.

Well crystalline LiMPO₄ (M = Mn and Co) powder was synthesized via polyol mediated wet chemical route at low temperature. Glutinous diethylene glycol plays an important role during synthesis which provide reducing atmosphere, lessen the surplus agglomeration and hinders the particle growth. The phase and micro-structural features of the obtained olivine phosphate was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrates that the sample exhibits pure orthorhombic structure with Pnma space group. Morphological scrutiny flaunts the formation of uniformly distributed nanosize particles appeared spherical in shape. The statistical mean diameter of the particles was approximately at 200 nm for LiMPO₄ nanostructures. As prepared olivine micro/nanostructure can be more favorable for fast lithium insertion/extraction reaction. Using the proposed polyol technique, it is possible to obtain the well crystalline submicron and nano size olivine phosphates for high potential lithium battery applications.

7 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

020017   Lande R A (Home Science Dep, Shri Shivaji Arts, Commerce and Science College, Akola, Maharashtra, Email: smtaley@rediffmail.com) : Effect of carbonation on physical and chemical attributes of lime juice. Asian J Home Sci 2013, 8(1), 197-9.

Citrus fruits like sweet limes, lemon, oranges and limes are rich sources of vitamin 'C' and they contains flavonoids which act as antioxidant. However, indoles found in citrus fruits protect against cancers. The beverage industry is the largest outlet for fruits juice and concentrates absorbing over 80 per cent of fruit production in India. More over 60 per cent of the fruit produced are used in fruit based beverages such as fruit juice drinks, squashes cardials, punches etc. The fresh fruit juice is best in taste, aroma and colour. Therefore, in fruit juice industry, it is necessary to use such methods those would help to retain their properties up to maximum extent. In view of this, in The study attempts have been made to standardize preparation of lime juice beverage, its palatability, acceptability and storability. The lime juice prepared by using 140 ppm potassium metabisulphate with carbonation at 80 psi pressure was found superior in respect of retention of all quality attributes like colour, test, texture and flavour and was found acceptable upto 90 days of storage over the non-carbonated lime juice prepared by using 40 ppm potassium metabisulphate. The lime juice having the highest ascorbic acid contained the longest storability upto 90 days and better sensory qualities. However, further decreases in ascorbic acid content indicated the acceptable storability upto 75 days of storage.

3 tables, 2 ref

020016   Lad P K;Relekar P P;Pujari K H (Fruit Vegetable Dep, Flower Crops, P.G. Institute of Post Harvest Management (Dr. B.S.K.K.V, Killa-Roha, Raigad, Maharashtra) : Quality evaluation and storage behaviour of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) squash cv. sai sarbati. Asian J Hort 2013, 8(1), 350-3.

Lime squash with 5, 10, 15 per cent lime juice concentration and 450 and 500 B T.S.S was prepared and subjected to physico-chemical analysis and organoleptic evaluation at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of storage. An increasing trend in T.S.S, reducing and total sugar content and decreasing trend in acidity and ascorbic acid was noticed during storage period of 90 days. Squash prepared with the recipe of 10 per cent juice and 500 B T.S.S was found to be the best recipe with respect to organoleptic qualities like colour, flavour, taste and overall acceptability.

1 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

020015   Karthik K V;Deepa H A;Priya S;Sathya T (NO, , ) : Extraction of rice bran oil and its application in producing biodiesel. J Petrol Engng Technol 2014, 4(1), 1-9.

Increased environmental awareness and depletion of resources are driving industry to develop viable alternative fuels from renewable resources that are environmentally more acceptable. Vegetable oil is a potential alternative fuel. The most detrimental properties of vegetable oils are its high viscosity and low volatility and these cause several problems during their long duration usage in compression ignition (CI) engines. The most commonly used method to make vegetable oil suitable for use in CI engines is to convert it into biodiesel, i.e. vegetable oil esters using process of transesterification. Rice bran oil obtained from rice bran which contains 12% oil is an underutilized non-edible vegetable oil, which is available in large quantities in rice cultivating countries, and very little research has been done to utilize this oil as a replacement for mineral Diesel. In the present work, the transesterification process for production of rice bran oil methyl ester has been investigated. Rice bran oil methyl ester thus produced was characterized to find its suitability to be used as a fuel in engines. Results showed that biodiesel obtained under the optimum conditions has comparable properties to substitute mineral Diesel, hence rice bran oil methyl ester biodiesel could be recommended as a mineral Diesel fuel substitute for compression ignition (CI) engines in transportation as well as in the agriculture sector. The yield of rice bran oil ester is around 87% which can be increased to 98% using two stage transesterification processes.

020014   Jayachitra J;Ramanathan N (Microbiology Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, Email: microjayachitra@yahoo.com) : Selection of starter cultures for curd fermentation and their effect on the quality of the curd. Res J biol Sci 2013, 5(2), 9-16.

Effect of starter cultures on curd fermentation and curd quality were studied. Curd samples were inoculated with various lactic starter cultures like Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus individually and mixed combinations of these two microbes at various levels of inocula viz., 0.1,0.2, 0.5,1.0 ml with 1.0 ml curd as control per 100 ml of pasteurized milk. One ml of individual and combined inocula produced good fermented curd. The curd fermented with Lactococcus lactis + Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus recorded better result when evaluated for sensory factors like colour (8.60), flavour (8.30), texture (8.50), taste (8.40) and consistency (8.70) and so was found better than individual inoculations and control. The pH, acidity, protein, fat, ash and total solids were higher in Lactococcus lactis + Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus compared to Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus used individually. Curd samples recorded a Lactic acid bacteria count of 8.2x10⁸ cfu ml^-1 in Lactococcus lactis, 7.8x10⁸ cfu ml^-1 in Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, 9.3x10⁸ cfu ml^-1 in Lactococcus lactis + Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus and 5.6xl0⁸ cfu ml^-1 in contol during 12 hrs of incubation.

5 tables, 22 ref

020013   Hiremath J;Prathima B K;Roopadevi G (Dairy Chemistry Dep, Dairy Science College, Bangalore-560 024) : Nutritional quality of weaning foods enriched with caseinophosphopepides. Indian J Nutr Diet 2012, 49(12), 527-31.

CPP_N and CPP_T were isolated from casein hydrolysates using two enzymes neutrase and trypsin respectively. CPP_T exhibited higher calcium binding and solubilizing potential than the CPP_N. Weaning foods incorporated with CPPs showed higher FER and bone minerals density compared to control. From the present study it may be concluded that by enrichment of weaning foods with CPPs, the feed efficiency ratio and bone mineral density may be enhanced. Hence, the study explores the possibility of application of CPPs in the weaning foods for enhancement of bio-availability of minerals.

4 tables, 14 ref

020012   Byanna C N;Doreyappa Gowda I N (NO, Agricultural ciences Univ, G.K.V.K., Bengaluru, Karnataka) : Standardization of sweet orange and kokum blended RTS beverage using sugar substitutes. Asian J Hort 2013, 8(1), 164-9.

The investigation on standardization of sweet orange and kokum blended RTS beverage using sugar substitutes was carried out at the Processing laboratory in the Division of Post Harvest Technology, Indian Institute of Horticulture Research, Bengaluru from November, 2009 to June, 2010. Sweet orange and kokum at the ratio of 88 :12 RTS beverage with sugar and sugar substitutes and their combinations revealed that the treatments 50 per cent sucrose + 50 per cent fructose and 50 per cent sucrose + 50 per cent sucralose were at par with sucrose in respect of overall acceptability scores and these were rated the better recipes in sensory evaluation. Highest TSS of 14.60 Brix0, pH 3.31, acidity of 0.28 per cent, ascorbic acid of 6.53 mg/100g, reducing sugars of 12,48 per cent, non-reducing sugars of 3.58 per cent and total sugars of 14.12 per cent were recorded in 50 per cent sucrose + 50 per cent fructose, sucralose and 50 per cent sucrose + 50 per cent fructose, sucralose, 50 per cent sucrose + 50 per cent fructose, 50 per cent sucrose + 50 per cent fructose, 50 per cent sucrose + 50 per cent aspartame, 50 per cent sucrose + 50 per cent fructose, respectively. The TSS, titratable acidity and reducing sugars were increased, while pH, total sugars, non-reducing sugars and ascorbic acid were decreased during storage. The sweet orange and kokum blended RTS beverage with sugar substitutes had storage stability upto 6 months.

4 tables, 17 ref

020011   Banerjee S (NO, , ) : Renewable energy resource (biofuel) for sustainable future. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2014, 5(1), 18-21.

The equal distribution of resources should be for all, irrespective of rich or poor. There must be a balance between the need and consumption. The developed countries are utilizing more resources as compared to developing countries. This imbalance is responsible for rich becoming richer and poor becoming poorer. This is due to sharp increase in population in developing countries. To achieve a sustainable life style, there should be equal distribution of global resources and income to meet everyone's need. This paper is a review article based on sustainable development scenario. This article also indicates the depletion of non-renewable energy resource level and its adverse impacts on the environment. But biofuel is a good. example of renewable energy resource, an example of sustainability and biofuel can be generated from waste plastic, municipal solid waste, biomass, cellulosic material, etc.

018961   Sunil Kumar;Rai D C (NO, Livestock Products Technology Dep, Kumarganj, Faizabad-224 229) : Effect of Citric Acid on the Physico-Chemical Attributes of Milk Paneer. Indian vet J 2011, 88(10), 58-60.

Study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different levels of citric acid incorporation viz. 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 per cent (w/v) ont eh quality of buffalo milk paneer. Study revealed that inncorporation of citric acid at the rate of 0.2 perrcent resulted in better yield, moisture, protein content, total solid recover, flavor, body and texture and overall acceptability as compare those prepared with 0.4 and 0.6 per cent critic acid, respectively. However, fat and total s content of the product increased with incrE in the level of citric acid. Therefore, citric acid incorporation at 0.2 per cent w/v was adjudged best for the preparation of buffalo milk paneer.

1 table, 6 ref

018960   Srinivasa Rao T;Lakshmi Kavitha K (NO, , ) : Bacteriophages as biocontrol agents of foodborne bacterial pathogens. Res Rev : J vet Sci Technol 2014, 3(1), 1-5.

Foodborne bacterial pathogens continue to be a serious food safety problem worldwide. At present, the leading causes of death due to foodborne bacterial pathogens are Listeria, Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni. The process of making food safe is never-ending, and as a result, food safety experts, microbiologists, and industry insiders are constantly searching for new ways to improve the food safely system. Within the last few years, food growers and producers have begun to use a novel means of improving food safety through the use of bacteriophages. These phages, also known as lytic viruses, take up residence inside certain strains of foodborne bacteria, begin multiplying, and eventually destroy the bacterial cell. With today's awareness on the use of fresh foods without chemical preservatives, there is a need for novel preservation strategies. Treatment with specific phages in the food industry can prevent the decay of products and the spread of bacterial diseases and ultimately promote safe environments in animal food production, processing, and handling. This review discusses the current status of use of bacteriophages as biopreservatives to prevent the spoilage of foods and to kill the foodborne pathogens.

018959   Sokoto M A;Hassan L G;Salleh M A;Dangoggo S M;Ahmad H G (Pure and Applied Chemistry Dep, Usmanu Danfodiyo Univ, Sokoto, Email: abdullahiso@yahoo.com) : Thermo-chemical properties of Lagenaria vulgaris, Lagenaria ladle and Cucurbita pepo de-oiled cakes. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2013, 18(1), 12-7.

Use of biomass for fuel required understanding of its chemical nature and thermal characteristic for maximum and effective utilisation, thus seed cakes of Lagenaria vulgaris, Lagenaria ladle and Cucurbita pepo were analyzed for their thermal and chemical properties. The thermal behaviour of the cakes was determined using thermo-gravimetric method and proximate compositions of the cakes were deduced from the thermogram. The percentage of fixed carbon (FC) were within the range of 22.534 and 37.009%, while volatile matter of the cakes were 57.758% for Lagenaria ladle, 56.303% for Lagenaria vulgaris and 54.882% for C. pepo. Major organic elements in the cakes were measured using CHNS-923 elemental analyzer. Calorific values and oxygen required for the combustion of the cakes were quantified using bomb calorimeter and stoichiometric equation respectively. The results showed the co-firing potential of the cakes in furnaces and boilers as well as their potentiality of being viable feedstock for biogas production.

4 tables, 15 ref

018958   Sharma V K;Tiwari R;Gupta B S (Fruit Science Dep, College of Horticulture, Mandsaur) : Quantitative and qualitative enhancement in guava cv. L-49 by the application of NPK fertilizers under Malwa plateau conditions of Madhya Pradesh. Asian J Hort 2012, 7(2), 493-6.

The results obtained from the present investigation show that the individual application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and their interactions significantly influenced the physico-chemical properties of guava cv. L-49. Treatments with higher doses of nitrogen were found very effective to improve the physico- chemical parameters of guava fruit. The maximum fruit diameter (8.11 cm) was recorded by combined application of 600 g N, 400 g P₂O₅ and 600 g K₂O per tree followed by combination of 600 g N, 400 g P₂O₅ and 300 g K₂O per tree and maximum fruit length (7.63 cm) was recorded by combined application of 600 g N, 400 g P₂O₅ and 0 g K₂O. The maximum volume of fruit, pulp weight and pulp percentage were recorded in N₂P₂K₁. The maximum total soluble solids (12.00 0Brix) were recorded in combined application of 600 g N, 400 g P₂O₅ and 300 g K₂O per tree. The maximum total sugars (9.187%), non-reducing sugar (4.870%) were recorded in N₀P₂K₂ and maximum reducing sugar (4.947%) was recorded in N₁P₂K₂ (300 g N + 400 g P₂O₅ + 600 g K₂O) treatment combination.

2 tables, 13 ref

018957   Sharma J (NO, PPG Asian Paints Pvt. Ltd., L B S Marg Bhandup (W), Mumbai-400 078) : Biopolymers: polymers based on renewable building blocks for industrial coatings. Paintindia 2014, 64(1), 61-8.

There is a strongly increasing drive to search for monomers from alternative sources such as agricultural crops e.g. polymers based on renewable resources, materials based on mono-saccharides, fatty acids, starch, cellulose, lactic acid and natural am/no acids, bio-based monomers etc. Bio-based polymers can be made from a variety of sources - including soybean, castor bean, corn and sugarcane which can be fermented & converted into polymers. There are many conventional routes to polymers that can be integrated with bio-based feedstocks to either supplement or replace current petrochemical feedstocks. Renewable building blocks for some of the resins used in OEM and Industrial finishes like Alkyds, Polyesters, Polyurethanes, Acrylics and Epoxies are reviewed in this article.

13 illus, 20 ref

018956   Saradha Ramadas V;Thilagavathi T (Food Service Management and Dietetics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Wom, Coimbatore-641 043) : Impact of natural processing on the quality of selected fruits. Res Highlight 2013, 23(2), 78-86.

The findings of the study revealed that there is a vast scope for the development of value added products from locally available seasonal fruits and definitely may reduce the post harvest losses of fruits by utilizing the fruit during seasonal time for the development of value added fruit products. Inclusion of these products in diet helps in improving the nutritional value of Indian meal. Low cost as well as good sensory, nutritional and shelf-life qualities of processed fruit products are appropriate for commercialization.

2 illus, 7 tables, 8 ref

018955   Raibole N (NO, , , Email: author.paintindia@gmail.com) : Carbon nanotube and paints. Paintindia 2014, 64(1), 69-76.

7 illus, 6 ref

018954   Prabhu Y T;Rao K V;Sesha Sai Kumar V (NO, Centre for Nano Science and Technology, I.S.T., Jawaharlal Nehru Tech, Hyderabad-500 085, Email: prabusj@gmail.com) : Surfactant-assisted combustion method for the synthesis of α-Fe₂O₃ nanocrystalline powders. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2013, 18(1), 1-11.

In this present work, a new surfactant-assisted combustion method has been performed to synthesize α-Fe2O3 powders by using iron nitrate as an oxidizer, glycine as a fuel and TWEEN 80 as a non-ionic surfactant. The effects of the fuel at different molar ratios assisted with surfactant are investigated with XRD, DT/TGA, UV-Vis Spectroscopy, FT-IR and SEM techniques. The investigation range of molar ratios of oxidizer is 0.1M; fuels are of molar ratios 0.1M, 0.15M, 0.2M, 0.25M and 0.3M and with surfactant ratio 0.07M have been studied. Structural characterization of different samples is investigated by X-ray Diffractometer. From X-ray Diffraction data lattice parameters, crystallite sizes, micro strains, cell volumes and porosities of the samples are calculated. The average crystallite sizes of the samples are obtained by Debye-Schererr's formula and Williamson-Hall plot. The XRD result also indicates rhombohedral system (R3c) with lattice parameters a=5.035Ao and c= 13.748Ao with the JCPDS data card no: 33-0664. Thermal studies of the samples are analyzed by TG/DTA analysis. Particle size distributions were observed by Particle size analyzer. Surface morphology of the samples is studied by scanning electron microscopy.

11 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

018953   Patel K K;Gupta R;Kuchi V S (Post Harvest Management Dep, K.N.K. College of Horticulture, Mandsaur, West Bengal) : Influence of pretreatments and varieties on biochemical quality during aonla (Emblica officinalis G.) murabba preservation. Int J Agric Envir Biotechnol 2013, 6(4), 633-7.

Matured aonla fruits of three cultivars namely, Kanchan, Chakaiya and NA-7 were harvested and each variety was pretreated with water (control), salt 2%, alum 2% and salt+alum 2% so that a total of twelve different treatment combinations were made before processing in to murabba. Murabba was analyzed for quality during storage for six months. TSS and total sugars increased while ascorbic acid, titrable acidity and fiber content of the aonla murabba decreased during the storage period. For most of the biochemical parameters variety, NA-7 and pretreatment salt+alum 2% proved to be promising in retaining the quality.

2 tables, 16 ref

018952   Patel A N;Dighe A (NO, Champion Industries, Vithal Udyognagar-388 121, Email: author.paintindia@gmail.com) : Characterization of fatty acid based self-crosslinking poly (urethane urea) anionomers: morphological perspective. Paintindia 2012, 62(10), 51-62.

Fatty acid based self-crosslinking Polyurethane urea (PUU) anionomers can find potential applications in coatings field due to enhanced chemical resistance properties. To optimize their performance in coatings, the molecular features that influence the microphase morphology and dynamic mechanical (DM) behavior of polymer films must be understood and exploited. In this work, comprehensive materials characterization of model PUU anionomers films with oxidative-crosslinking microstruc-ture is addressed. For this, linoleic fatty acid based precursor (LPE) was included in polymer backbone which provides reactive sites for autooxidative polymerization. Three series of compositions were prepared with urea content of 8.4%, 13.2% and 18.1 % where within each series LPE content has been increasing in same proportion. Different experimental techniques like FTIR., DSC, DMA and mechanical testing were utilized to study the effect of compositional variables on the extent of phase segregation, domain structure and mechanical properties of fully cured polymer samples. The extent soft segment (SS) oxidative crosslinking had marked effect on the microphase morphology and DM properties of materials of lowest urea content. Significant phase mixing was observed with evolvement of single heterogenous phase in the sample with highest LPE content. Samples with 13.2 % urea shows less sensitivity towards increased SS crosslinking in their microphase morphology change. Their mechanical and DM properties were observed to be dominated by interlocked hard domains. With higher urea content, such kind of hard segment cohesion results due to greater strength of bidenate H-bonding among urea linkages. While samples with highest %urea, were clearly found to be well microphase separated compared to other two series with highest HS interconnectivity and have marginal effect of extent of SS crosslinking on microphase separation. This study gives an insight about effect of extent of complex oxidative crosslinking on the microphase separation and DM behavior of segmented PUU anionomers based films with different urea content which is useful in designing such materials in coating system with specific surface structure and function.

5 illus, 4 tables, 43 ref

018951   Newatia N;Chawla A;Prasad S;Choksi H H (NO, , ) : Techno-economical analysis of biodiesel production using castor oil: an Indian approach. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2014, 4(1), 22-31.

Biodiesel is an alternative biodegradable and nontoxic fuel, which is essentially free of sulphur and aromatics. It is usually produced by a trans-esterification reaction of vegetable or waste oil with a low molecular weight alcohol, such as ethanol and methanol. Industrially, the most common method for biodiesel production is a basic homogeneous reaction. Hence, this work presents the trans-esterification of castor oil with methanol in the presence of sodium-methoxide as catalyst. This paper represents the method of producing bio-diesel using castor oil and opportunity for India to become world leader in bio-diesel production using it. This paper will also try analyses various production available for preparation of bio-diesel and it also compares the test results produced from the various catalysts and the methods used for the production of bio-diesel from various sources, various catalysts and the methods available for the production of the bio-diesel. It also discusses the drawbacks available in the current processes available, and provides the technological solutions available for the same. As India is world's largest producer of Castor oil. It also analysis the FFA levels of castor oil, and the reason why it could help India and provide opportunity to grow as a big bio-diesel market by analyzing the economic aspect of production of bio-diesel using the castor oil in commercial scale in India.

018950   More A P;Gadhave R V (NO, Surface Coating Technology, ICT, Mumbai) : Phase change material- efficient way of saving of energy. Paintindia 2012, 62(10), 64-70.

As the demand for the energy increasing day by day but its sources are decreasing there is a need for better utilization of available energy. This can be done by storage of the available energy when it is not required and released of the same in necessary conditions. Thermal energy is one of the important form of energy. And phase change material is worked on the basis of above principle which stores and released the thermal energy based in the form of latent heat. Inorganic, organic and eutectic type phase change materials are available. Phase change material can be incorporated into matrix by various techniques like direct addition,microencapsulation, nanoencapsulation etc. They find application in textile, aerospace, refrigerator, building materials, air conditioners etc. The incorporation of phase change material in paint or coating has not yet been explored fully, yet it could one of the best solutions for architectural industry.

5 illus, 28 ref

018949   Markam R;Virendra Singh (Horticulture Dep, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh, Gujarat, Email: virendrahorti_2008@yahoo.com) : Studies on microbial and sensory quality of custard apple RTS beverage. Asian J Hort 2012, 7(2), 460-4.

The effect of chemical preservative of potassium metabisulphite was studied on the microbial and sensory quality of the custard apple RTS beverage stored at ambient temperature (28-32°C) for 180 days with an interval of 1 month. Mean score of taste panel for colour, taste, flavour, appearance and overall acceptance significantly (p<60>0.05) decreased, whereas, the microbial contamination was found maximum at 30 days of storage, and then it was decreased.

7 tables, 12 ref

018948   Malathi A N;Santhosh K S;Nidoni U (Processing and Food Engineering Dep, College of Agricultural Engineering, Raichur, Karnataka, Email: manucngowda@gmail.com) : Recent trends of biodegradable polymer: biodegradable films for food packaging and application of nanotechnology in biodegradable food packaging. Curr Trends Technol Sci 2014, 3(2), 73-9.

Most of today synthetic polymer are produced and they have undesirable influence on the environment and cause problem with waste deposition and utilization. The one of the approaches to solving these problem is the development of biodegradable polymer. This review provides information on performance of biodegradable polymer, focusing on food packaging. It gives an overview of classification of biodegradable polymer and mainly concentrated on Biodegradable polymers from biomass products. The application of nano technology in food packaging expand the use of edible and biodegradable films that reduce the packaging waste associated with processed foods this supports the preservation of fresh foods by extending their shelf life.

7 illus, 41 ref

018947   Madhup M K;Wandre P M (NO, 3M India Ltd, Ahmedabad) : Evaluation and characterization of epoxy phenolic novolac (EPN) resin with commercially available amines and amides. Paintindia 2012, 62(11), 75-82.

Different types of epoxy resins and curatives are available commercially, a study was made to evaluate performance properties of commercially available "Epoxy phenolic Novolac-EPN" based epoxy resin curing with different amines and amides available and the trend of properties were captured based on experiments done at different stoichiometry of the curative. This paper represents briefly the introduction of chemistry of epoxy and amine/amide under study followed by the introduction of general tests done for epoxy or similar coating system. Result and discussion section has detailed experimental data and short term performance properties of the experimental film.

7 ref

018946   Kavita Prakash;Panda R;Panda H;Panda A (Chemistry Dep, Sainik School, Tillaiya P.O.: Tilaiya Dam, Koderma-825 413) : Studies on modified rosin. Paintindia 2012, 62(11), 53-70.

Different curing agents for epoxy resin from modified rosin were prepared comprising at least one non-acid functional rosin moiety and at/east one moiety that is reactive with epoxy.

14 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

018945   Kaushalendra Kumar;Kewalramani N (NO, , ) : Status of some essential heavy metals in different water sources of Haryana state. Res Rev : J vet Sci Technol 2014, 3(1), 24-8.

In order to assess the status of copper, zinc and iron in drinking water sources of animals of different districts of Haryana state, a survey work was carried out. All the districts were divided into two zones on the basis of different agro-climatic conditions. The present study was carried out with the objective to know the status of these trace minerals in feeds and fodders of all the districts of Haryana. At the same time, to know the status of these minerals in the animal body, samples of milk, hair and tissues were also collected. Water also gets contaminated with these minerals, due to corrosion of pipes, fertilizers, industrial waste, etc. So water samples from different sources, i.e., hand pump and tube well were also collected to see the content of Cu, Zn and Fe. Total 148 samples of water were collected from all the districts of Haryana. To check the contamination of water by trace minerals, the copper, zinc and iron content of water was estimated. The copper content of water from both hand pump and tube well was 0.037 ppm which was within a normal range. The zinc content of water from tube well and hand pump was 0.031 and 0.043 ppm respectively. These values were lower than the maximum permissible level of 5 ppm. With respect to iron, the value obtained was 0.29 ppm which is close to the maximum permissible level.

018944   Kamble P (AkzoNobel India Limited, Colour Group, R&T Centre, Plot No. 1/1 TTC Industrial Area, Thane Belapur Road, Koparkhairne, Navi Mumbai-400 709, Email: author.paintindia@gmail.com ) : Smart pigments. Paintindia 2014, 64(1), 53-60.

This is a review article about smart pigments and its various applications. This paper covers structure of smart pigments and the important phenomena of smart materials on which it works. Smart group of materials refers to those which change their colour in response to a change in their environment, leading to the suffix "chromic". A variety of chromic materials exist and thus its various effects has been given like thermochromic, photochromic, piezochromic, electrochromic, solvatechromic, Carsolchromic, chronochromic, vapochromic, gas-chromic, tribo-chromic, etc. Applications of Smart pigments in interior & exterior decorative water based paints which consist of heat-activated paint for colour-changing interior designs to enhance the decoration effect of houses. It also includes smart humidity indicator pigments SHIs which are unique nano-materials with a moisture-sensitive nano-structure embedded in a polymer coating matrix resulting in color change.

16 illus, 1 table, 15 ref