018943   Kamani P K (Oil and Paint Technology Dep, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur-208 002) : Forms of corrosion: erosion-corrosion-part 9. Paintindia 2014, 64(1), 97-101.

Fretting-corrosion is a combined damage mechanism involving corrosion at points where two moving metal surfaces make rubbing contact. It is a special wear process that occurs at the contact area between two materials under load and subject to minute relative motion by vibration or some other forces. The amplitude of the relative movement may be very small, typically of the order of a few microns. Virtually all machines vibrate, fretting occurs in joints that are bolted, pinned, press-fitted, keyed and riveted; between components that are not intended to move; in oscillating splints, couplings, bearings, clutches, spindles and seals; and in base plates, universal joints and shackles.

2 illus, 47 ref

018942   Hinzmann D;Klotzbach T;Herrwerth S (NO, Evonik Industries AG, Germany, Email: author.paintindia@gmail.com) : Silicone-epoxy hybrid binders-a strong network against rust. Paintindia 2012, 62(11), 83-5, 87.

8 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

018941   Gota K R;Suresh S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal-462 051, Email: sureshpecchem@gmail.com) : Removal of phenol from binary aqueous solutions with 4-nitrophenol by photocatalytic system. Curr Trends Technol Sci 2014, 3(2), 69-72.

Photocatalytic degradation has been proven to be a promising method treating water contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants. The term photocatalysis is defined as a catalytic reaction involving light adsorption by a catalyst or a substrate. The main objective of this research was to study photocatalytic degradation of binary mixture (phenol (P) + 4-nitrophenol (4NP)) in aqueous solutions by using halogen, sunlight, H₂O₂, TiO₂ and the combination of them and effect of the initial reactant concentration, solution pH, reaction time on photocatalytic reactivity were systematically discussed. The optimum value of parameter found through the different experiments as follows pH =11; C₀ = 100 mg/l; t= 4 h reaction time. Combined halogen/H₂O₂/TiO₂ process may be applied as an effective process for the removal of binary mixture (P+4NP) from aqueous solutions such as industrial wastewaters and polluted water resources.

6 illus, 15 ref

018940   Dey A K;Dey A;Sukladas S (Civil Engineering Dep, CIT, Kokrajhar, Assam, Email: amitofcit@gmail.com) : Analysis of production of CH₄ and CO₂ from food waste (MSW) by anaerobic digestion (dry system) under mesophilic condition. Curr Trends Technol Sci 2014, 3(2), 86-92.

Aim of this study to understand the usability of organic portion of municipal solid waste (MSW) mainly residential waste (food waste) to find the amount of methane gas that can be produced from the residential waste and the process by which methane gas can be produced as a biogas is anaerobic digestion, soothe objective is to find the amount of biogas (methane gas) produced from food waste which is considered as residential waste and is a part of municipal solid waste. Although the gas obtained from anaerobic digestion are many but the mainly component parts of gas consists of methane (55%) and carbon dioxide (45%) and traces of sulphur dioxide. In the study we considered dry systems based upon percentage of dry matter present in total solid content. Wet system contains dry matter 10-15% whereas the amount of dry matter present in dry system is 20-40%. For the experiment, intended for the analysis five sets of digesters are considered for the dry system. The ranges for the percentage of dry matter taken were 25%, 28%, 31%, 34%, and 37%.

9 illus, 9 tables, 18 ref

018939   Chaike P R;Supe V S;Sonavane P N (Horticulture Dep, Post Graduate Institute, Maharana Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, Email: pandurangchalke@gmail.com) : Effect of packaging and storage temperature on storage behaviour of ready-to-serve beverage of fallen unripe mango fruits. Asian J Hort 2012, 7(2), 256-8.

The pulp of two varieties viz., Keshar and Local was used to prepare beverages with 15 per cent pulp, 15° Brix TSS and 0.30 per cent acidity and this beverage was treated with three packaging materials viz., glass bottle, standing pouch and PET bottle and storage temperatures viz., cold (5-7°C) and ambient (28-32°C). The data regarding physico-chemical parameters viz., TSS, acidity, pH, total sugars, reducing sugars, non reducing sugars, microbial count and organoleptic evaluation were recorded at an interval of 15 days. Increase in TSS, pH, total sugars, reducing sugars and microbial count, while decrease in acidity, non reducing sugars and ascorbic acid was observed in irrespective of variety, packaging materials and storage temperatures. The rate of decrease was found to be more in beverage stored in standing pouch and PET bottle at ambient temperature as compared to glass bottle at cold storage (5-7°C). The beverage of Keshar variety packed in glass bottle and stored at 5-7°C had maximum acceptability over rest of the treatments.

6 tables, 10 ref

018938   Adewoye A O;Adewoye S O;Opasola O A (Earth Sciences Dep, Ladoke Akintola Technology Univ, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Email: soadewoye@lautech.edu.ng) : Microbiological examination of sachet water experimentally exposed to sunlight. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2013, 18(1), 36-42.

Micobiological analysis of sachet water experimentally exposed to sunlight was carried out in this study. The results of total viable counts range between 1.90 x 10⁵ to 2.38 x 10⁵. A total of twelve(12) bacteria were isolated from the sachet water. The isolates were identified to be Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus alvei, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonasfluorescens, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacteraerogenes, Staph.aerus, Streptococcus lactis, Micrococcus acidophilus,Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. From the results of coliform count it was recorded that the sachet water exposed to sunlight are not good for human consumption because 50% (15/30) of the samples exposed to sunlight had more than 10 total coliform per 100ml of water while 16.67% (5/30) of the sample had 10 total coliform per 100ml of water and only 33.3% (10/30) of the sample had less than 10 coliform count per 100ml, this revealed that exposure to sunlight supported the proliferation of bacteria activity. Therefore, pure water exposed to sunlight is not good for human consumption.

2 tables, 22 ref

017928   Zhou Y;Chen L;Lv W;Lu J (College of Resource and Environment Engineering, East China Science and Technology Univ, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai-200 237, P.R. China, Email: zhouyanbo@ecust.edu.cn) : Enhanced sorption of phenanthrene from water by modified peat and the thermodynamic analysis. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(8), 3737-40.

In this study, the sorption processes of phenanthrene from aqueous solutions using natural and surfactant modified peat were investigated. The effects of initial concentration, contact time and temperature on the amount of phenanthrene adsorbed were studied and the mechanism involved was discussed. Good correlation coefficients were obtained for the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, showing that the sorption process of phenanthrene by peats followed the pseudosecond- order rate expression. The sorption capacity of peat increased with enhanced hydrophobicity and decreased surface negative charge. Equilibrium sorption studies showed that the sorption process was better described by the Langmuir isotherm in comparison to the Freundlich and Tempkin isotherm. The thermodynamic parameters were evaluated and the sorption of phenanthrene by peats was found to be spontaneous and exothermic. Evidently, modified peat has a great potential application in the effective remediation of polluted groundwater.

2 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

017927   Yilmaz M;Turgut G;Aydin S;Ertugrul M (Nanoscience and Nano Engineering Dep, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ataturk Univ, Erzurum 25240, Turkey, Email: mehmetyilmaz@atauni.edu.tr) : Electrochemical deposition of ZnO thin films on to tin(IV) oxide: fluorine. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(8), 3371-4.

In this study firstly, fluorine doped tin(IV) oxide thin film was formed on glass substrate by spray pyrolysis method. Then ZnO film was growth by electrochemical deposition onto conductive fluorine doped tin(IV) oxide film sprayed and ZnO thin films were annealed in air at 450 °C. The crystal structures of fluorine doped tin(IV) oxide and ZnO thin films was characterized with XRD. It was identified that fluorine doped tin(IV) oxide and ZnO films had cassiterite and hexagonal wurtzite structure, respectively. Surface morphology of annealed and unannealed ZnO was characterized by SEM. According to SEM analysis, annealed ZnO thin film compared to the unannealed film has a homogeneous surface morphology and small grains. Also, electrical measurement of the obtained FTO/ZnO/Au structure investigated by I-V measurements. Series resistance, barrier height and ideality factor values of obtained structure were calculated and discussed from I-V measurements.

4 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

017926   Yang H;Yu X;Sun X;Ji Y;Qi Y (Biophysics Dep, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical Univ, Shenyang-110 001, Liaoning, P.R. China, Email: hzyang@mail.cmu.edu.cn) : Crystallization behaviour of MgB₂ films fabricated on different cathodes via electrochemical technique. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(8), 3510-2.

An electrochemical technique has been devised and settled to fabricate superconducting MgB₂ films in molten salts. MgCl₂, Mg(BO₂)₂, NaCl and KCl were used as electrolyte, graphite was used as anode and graphite and stainless steel were chosen as cathode, respectively. In the process of electrolysis, MgB₂ films were fabricated under Ar-gas flow. X-ray diffraction analysis was adopted to investigate the phase composition and crystallization property of the films. The results indicate that MgB₂ films have been fabricated successfully on different cathodes and the optimized electrolysis temperature are 620 °C for graphite and 606 °C for stainless steel. Furthermore, pulse power supply can enhance the content of MgB₂ phase.

4 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

017925   Yang H;Ji Y;Yu X;Zhu H;Zhou L (Biophysics Dep, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical Univ, Shenyang-110 001, Liaoning, P.R. China, Email: hzyang@mail.edu.cn) : Preparation of silica-based inorganic capsule shell via a novel emulsion-sol-gel route. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(8), 3507-9.

NH₄OH was directly adopted as water phase and catalyst to prepare the silica shell, hexane and Span 80 were respectively adopted as oil phase and emulsifier to prepare water-in-oil emulsion. TEOS was adopted as the silica source, then the silica shell can be obtained through the sol-gel route at the interface of emulsion. Scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction were chosen to investigate the morphological and crystallized properties of samples. Results reveal that the morphology of capsule experienced the regular-irregular-regular-irregular transformation and hollow capsule can be obtained when the ratio of water phase to oil phase is 1:6. Furthermore, a schematic model of the experiment is proposed.

5 illus, 11 ref

017924   Yadav A;Jain D K (Pharmaceutics Dep, College of Pharmacy, Indore Professional Studies Academy, Knowledge Village, Rajendra Nagar, Indore-452 012, Email: akash.ipsa@gmail.com) : Formulation development and physicochemical characterization of floating microballoons of propranolol hydrochloride. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(8), 3561-5.

Microballoons floatable on JPXIII No.1 solution were developed as a dosage form capable of floating in the stomach. Microballoons were prepared by the emulsion solvent diffusion method using enteric acrylic polymers with drug in a mixture of dichloromethane and ethanol. It was found that preparation temperature determined the formation of cavity inside the microballoons and the surface smoothness, determining the floatability and the drug release rate of the microballoon. The correlation between the buoyancy of microballoons and their physical properties, i.e. apparent density and roundness of microballoons were elucidated. The drug loading efficiency of microballoons with various types of drug was investigated and correlated to the distribution coefficient of drug between dichloromethane and water. The optimum loading amount of propranolol hydrochloride in the microballoons was found to impart ideal floatable properties to the microballoons.

5 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

017923   Vitta S;Thiruvengadam V (Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400 076, Email: satish.vitta@iitb.ac.in) : Multifunctional bacterial cellulose and nanoparticle-embedded composites. Curr Sci 2012, 102(10), 1398-1405.

Cellulose, a linear polymer of glucopyranose sugar molecules, is synthesized both by plants and bacteria. The plant-produced cellulose is present along with other compounds such as hemicelluloses and lignin, and has been used historically for a wide variety of applications ranging from paper-making to cosmetics. The cellulose produced by bacteria, on the other hand, is pure and difficult to make on a large scale as it requires special bacterial cultures. The cellulose fibres, however, have high strength compared to plant-produced cellulose because of the high degree of crystallinity, and hence have found a renewed interest. Cellulose alone with its limited physical properties, however, cannot satisfy the wide-ranging properties required in the case of modern devices. Hence it has been functionalized by incorporating nano and submicron particles of a variety of materials depending on the end application. The unique, relatively inert, porous network structure of cellulose facilitates this method of functionalization. This flexibility facilitates development of multifunctional composites and has been recently demonstrated by synthesizing composites for widely different areas ranging from biocompatible arterial grafts to biodegradable, electrically conducting paper. This review summarizes these recent developments and highlights the application potential of pure bacterial cellulose and functionalized bacterial cellulose.

10 illus, 40 ref

017922   Vibhakara H S;Chandra Mohan G;Jayathilakan K; Radhika M;Raju P S;Bawa A S (Fruits and Vegetable Technology Div, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, Email: dfrlmysore@sancharnet.in ) : Combination processing and preservation of precut carrots using low dose gamma irradiation as a process hurdle. Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(2), 43-52.

Precut carrot slices were hurdle processed involving preservative hurdles such as osmotic blanching, osmo dewatering, acidification and low dose gamma irradiation. Maintenance of water activity below 0.94, pH at below 4.5 and low intensity gamma irradiation at 1.5 kGy could extend the shelf life of osmo treated carrot slices to an extent of 4 months under 30 + 1oC. Hurdle processed carrot slices showed higher retention of carotenoids, restricted changes in tristimulus colour coordinates in terms of L, a, b values with adequate microbiological stability in terms of standard plate counts, coliforms and yeasts and molds. The synergistic effect of hurdles were evaluated against individual hurdle effects and the stability of carrot slices and the synergism was established facilitating effective stabilization of product in terms of microbiology, carotenoids, tristimulus colour values and sensory attributes inclusive of texture. The technology would be useful for commercialization of precut carrot slices in packaged form without the use of chemical additives.

1 illus, 9 tables, 35 ref

017921   Tiwari A K;Vidyarthi A S (NO, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi) : Production of jackwine- a wine from ripe jackfruit. Pharmbit 2010, 22(2), 154-7.

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is a horticultural crop of almost all parts of India and widely used for culinary purposes. The fruit contains carbohydrates, latex, vitamins and minerals. Sugar content in the fruit varies with the age and parts of fruit. Attempts were made to produce wine (Jackwine) from ripe Jackfruit. The maximum alcohol content in the /ackwine was) 0% (V/V); with a sugar utilization of 14% (TSS). These early results promise the use of this fruit for commercial wine production beside its utilization in vegetable, pickles & other food products. The development of suitable technology based on the process will help the farmer to increase their livelihood and thus, strengthening the economy of rural India.

1 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

017920   Syed H M;Jadhav B A (Food Chemistry and Nutrition Dep, College of Food Technology Marathawada Agricultural Univ, Parbhani-431 402) : Effect of various drying techniques on loss of colour and vitamins in fenugreek leaves. Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(2), 63-5.

Effect of various drying methods on the quality characteristics i.e. retention of colour, carotenoid & ascorbic acid content of fenugreek leaves was investigated. Sun dried product was compared with the product dried in cabinet drier & microwave oven. Sun dried & microwave oven dried samples showed considerable changes in colour & ascorbic acid content when compared to the cabinet dried samples.

2 tables, 10 ref

017919   Suryaprakasa Rao P V (NO, , ) : Preservation of perishable foods by solar drying. Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(5), 66-70.

1 table

017918   Srijaya M;Parvathi R;Kusuma D L (Food Technology Div, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, Email: psrijaya@gmail.com) : Impact of gamma irradiation combined with hot water blanching and calcium chloride treatment on shelf life and quality of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana). Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(6), 88-96.

Changes in quality characteristics of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana.) as influenced by γ-irradiation (0.25 and 0.75 KGy), hot water blanching, CaCI₂ treatment and low temperature (12 ± 1°C) storage were studied. Non irradiated samples served as controls. It has been found that, despite the irradiation treatment alone, fruits which were pretreated and irradiated showed significantly (p<60>0.01) less physiological loss in weight and maintained the colour of ber during the entire storage period (30 days at 12°C). Irradiated fruits had lower pH, TSS and higher titrable acids than control fruits. Irradiation at both the levels caused significant decrease in ascorbic acid content by the end of storage. Results showed that radiation in combination with pretreatments were suitable for shelf life extension and maintenance of fruit quality.

5 illus, 5 tables, 28 ref

017917   Singh S V (Chemical Engineering and Technology Dep, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: satyavirsingh59@rediffmail.com) : Variation in TDS of fresh kinnow fruit with storage at ambient conditions. Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(5), 29-31.

Citrus juice is processed to produce many products including concentrates and powders. For this purpose, the total dissolved solids recovered per unit mass of fresh fruit assume importance. Methodology for calculating total dissolved solids (T.D.S) per unit mass of fruit from physiological loss of weight, juice recovery and juice T.S.S is given. It has been found that TDS per unit mass of fresh fruit increases slightly with progress of harvest season. TDS decreases with the increase of storage period of fruit on fresh fruit mass basis. The rate of decrease in T.D.S per unit mass of fresh fruit with storage time increases with progress of season from 30 Dec. to 31st Jan. For maximization of profit, criteria has been suggested in conclusions. Recommendations for better recovery of T.D.S. per unit mass of fresh fruit are given in the paper.

1 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

017916   Singh S;Srivastava A;Sharma V P;Mathur P K (Chemistry Dep, Lucknow Univ, Lucknow-226 007, Email: pkmathur_lko@rediffmail.com) : Assessment of Indian consumer preferences for food and beverages packaging materials: a survey study. Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(3), 84-9.

Ever since the advent of the packaging material for food items, there has been quest for a cheap, safe, light weight, easy to transport and unbreakable packaging material and this search is still going on. As a part of this research work a detailed study was conducted to elicit consumer response to various food packaging materials being used in India. A total of 500 consumers were contacted in cities and towns. Plastic packaging materials were predominantly in use, out-pacing all others. Consumption of packaged food was more in cities than in small towns and villages. People in higher income groups use more of plastic packaged food than low income groups. Beverages, tea, packaged mineral water, biscuits, condiments, packaged milk, sugar are mostly plastic packed. Knowledge and awareness about BIS, AGMARK and Food Standards Regulations is limited to 20% consumers in cities and 5% in villages.

3 tables, 25 ref

017915   Singh R K;Jha A;Singh C K;Singh K (Agronomy Dep, BHU, Varanasi-221 005, Email: alok_ndri@rediffmail.com) : Optimization of process and physico-chemical properties of ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage of cane juice with curd. Sugar Tech 2012, 14(4), 405-11.

Sugarcane juice was extracted in the month of February from matured fresh sugarcane variety CoS 95255, which was raised using standard agronomical practices. Juice was extracted after though cleaning of cane stalks using standard methods. Cane juice from sugarcane variety was used in this study having 18.3-19.5 °brix total soluble solid (TSS), 0.13-0.18% acidity, 6.05-6.16 mg/100 g ascorbic acid, 59.14-63.18 °brix sucrose, 5.1-5.4 pH and 4.36-5.43 °brix reducing sugar. The proportions of sugarcane juice with curd in the RTS beverage was optimized using various cane juice to curd proportions. Sugarcane juice with curd was preserved and packed in 200 ml glass bottles and kept for different storage periods (0, 5, 15 and 20 days). Beverages prepared from 4:1 proportion of juice: curd were found superior after 15 days of storage.

1 illus, 7 tables, 23 ref

017914   Sharma S;Garg N (Chemistry Dep, R.G. (P.G.) College, Meerut-250 005, Email: saroj.sharmamrt@gmail.com) : Comparative study of sensory characteristics and nutritive value of weaned mixes prepared out of sorghum malt. Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(1), 34-7.

The objective of this study was to prepare low cost, nutritious weaning food from the blend of sorghum malt, green gram malt and sesame flour. The methods used to prepare these mixes were standardized first. Sorghum and green gram whole were germinated and toasted, ground, sieved and malt flour was prepared. The mixes were evaluated for determination of moisture, protein, fat, crude fiber, ash and carbohydrate as per the standard methods. Essential amino acid and fatty acid content were calculated. Sensory evaluation showed that the formulated weaned mixes easily meet the protein requirement of infants and are a good source of essential fatty acids. The availability of lysine is provided by green gram whole. In terms of sensory attributes, the mixes containing maximum proportion of sorghum malt than green gram malt and sesame flour were highly acceptable. Such weaning foods could be prepared by the locals from domestically available raw materials at low cost.

4 tables, 25 ref

017913   Sharma R;Sharma P C;Joshi V K (Food Science and Technology Dep, Dr YS Parmar Horticulture and Forestry Univ, Naubi, Solan, Himachal Pradesh-173 230, Email: drrakes@gmail.com) : Standardization of method for olive oil extraction, packaging and storage at semi-pilot scale. Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(3), 64-73.

Efforts were made to standardize a suitable method using enzymatic treatments to enhance yield and quality of olive oil at semi-pilot scale. Different enzymes viz. pectinase, cellulase and pectinase CCM alone or in combinations were added to the crushed olives during malaxation step at different concentrations. The storage stability of oils was also evaluated up to 6 months after packing in transparent glass bottles (TGB) and coloured glass bottles (ACGB) with and without addition of TBHQ @ 0.02 percent as anti-oxidant and storing at ambient conditions (18.2-26.6oC, 60% RH). Among various enzymatic treatments, pectinasec 0.10, cellulaser 0.08, and pectinase + cellulase (1:1) @ 0.05% were optimized. A combination of pectinase + cellulase (1:1) when used @ 0.05% resulted in maximum oil recovery and minimum loss of oil in cake compared to individual enzymes, when used even at higher concentrations. The oils obtained with enzymatic treatments had higher contents of natural antioxidants (total phenols), lower values of free fatty acids and peroxides and similar values of fatty acids. The use of enzymes significantly improved the oil recovery and did not exert any adverse effect on the nutritional and pharmaceutical quality of the oil. During six months of storage at ambient conditions, all the oils underwent some increase in their free fatty acid contents (0.88 to 2.87%), peroxide value (7.35 to 14.84 meq/kg) and saponification value (191.34 to 193.82) with corresponding decrease in iodine value (80.81 to 78.14) and total phenols (0.159 to 0.131 mg/g). These changes were however, less in the oils packed in coloured glass bottles compared to those packed in transparent glass bottles. Further, addition of anti-oxidant (TBHQ@0.02%) followed by packing in coloured glass bottles resulted in better retention of physico-chemical and sensory quality attributes of the oil during storage.

1 illus, 8 tables, 22 ref

017912   Sharma R;Joshi V K;Abrol G S (Food Science and Technology Dep, Dr YS Parmar Horticulture and Forestry Univ, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh-173 230, Email: drrakes@gmail.com) : Fermented fruit and vegetable product as functional foods. Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(4), 45-53.

^iia5 tables, 43 ref

017911   Sharma M;Narsaiah K;Gupta R K (NO, Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana, Punjab-141 004, Email: sharma.monikaft@gmail.com) : Encapsulation of food ingredients using liposomes. Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(5), 54-9.

Liposomes are artificial membranes primarily composed of phospholipids. Liposomes are formed spontaneously when phospholipids are placed in an aqueous environment. Two methods can be followed for the formation of liposomes either by simple hydration method or emulsion method. The approaches used for simple hydration include reverse-phase evaporation, thin-film hydration, thin-film and sonication and freeze-thawing. In the food industry, liposomes have been investigated to deliver proteins, enzymes, vitamins, antioxidants and flavors. The great advantage of liposomes over other encapsulation technologies viz. spray-drying, extrusion, fluidized beds, is the stability imparted by the liposomes to water-soluble molecules for high water activity applications. Because of their unique properties, liposomes are able to enhance the performance of products such as increasing ingredient solubility, improving ingredient bioavailability and in vitro and in vivo stability.

1 illus, 29 ref

017910   Saxena A;Maity T;Jain S C (NO, Amity Institute of Food Technology (AIFT), Amity Univ, Sector-125, Noida-201 303, Email: aloksaxena156@gmail.com) : Advancements in edible biopolymer film packaging. Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(6), 104-9.

^iia32 ref

017909   Satish A;Naveena M S;Girish T K;Leela Bai S; Vijayalakshmi N S;Baldev Raj (Food Packaging and Technology Dep, CSIR- Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 020) : Suitability of pet bottles for food contact applications. Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(6), 97-103.

Polyethylene terephthalate or PET is used as packaging material for different food products, beverages, edible oils, mineral water etc. It is lightweight, usually transparent; though available in a range of colours. The study was investigated to evaluate the suitability of PET bottles for food contact applications along with their shrinkage behavior at high processing temperature. PET bottles and preforms were evaluated for their suitability in food packaging by overall migration of additives using different food simulants such as distilled water for aqueous/non acidic foods (pH ≥ 5) without fat, 50% ethanol for alcoholic beverages, 3% acetic acid for aqueous, acidic food (pH≤5) without fat at 40°C/10 days and n-Heptane for edible fatty foods at 38°C/0.5 as per Bureau of Indian Standards IS - 9845-1998 (2004). Overall migration values of PET bottles were well below the safety limits of 10 mg/dm² and 60 ppm as per IS: 12252-2004. Shrinkage behaviour was also studied for water bottle and juice bottle using distilled water and 3% acetic acid as simulants at 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C and 100°C for 2 hr., and it was observed that shrinkage of water bottle was upto 4.4% at 80°C and 25.8% at 100°C whereas juice bottles showed shrinkage upto 3.9% at 90°C and 12.7% at 100°C. This low shrinkage values in juice bottles is due to their construction design and higher thickness. Further investigation is needed to assess the toxic effects of some specific components of PET bottles like antimony, acetaldehyde, terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol migrating from PET to food.

4 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

017908   Sardeshpande M V;Ranade V V (Industrial Flow Modeling Group, Chemical Engineering and Process Devel, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411 008, Email: vv.ranade@ncl.res.in) : Computational fluid dynamics modelling of solid suspension in stirred tanks. Curr Sci 2012, 102(11), 1539-51.

Solid suspension and mixing are crucial in many important processes, including multiphase catalytic reactions, crystallization, precipitation, etc. In recent years, various efforts have been made to numerically simulate solid-liquid flows in stirred vessels using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In this article, we present a brief account of the group's efforts at developing and using CFD models for simulating solid suspension in stirred tanks. Computational models were developed and evaluated by comparing model predictions with the data as well as published experimental data. A variety of experimental techniques ranging from torque and wall pressure fluctuations to ultrasound velocity profiler were used. Efforts were made to develop appropriate sub-models for capturing influence of the prevailing turbulence and solid volume fraction on effective inter-phase coupling terms. A hysteresis in variation of the height of the cloud of suspended solid with impeller rotational speed was observed. The hysteresis, besides having applications in realizing better suspension at lower effective power consumption, also offers an attractive evaluation test for CFD models. A new way to carry out dynamic settling of solid cloud by sudden impeller stoppage has been developed. The approach, models and results presented here will be useful for extending applications of CFD models for simulating industrial stirred slurry reactors as well as further research in the field.

17 illus, 41 ref

017907   Routray C R;Tosh B;Nayak N (Chemistry Dep, Orissa Engineering College, Bhubaneswar-751 007, Email: bntosh@yahoo.com) : Grafting of polymethyl methacrylate onto cellulose acetate in homogenous medium using ceric (IV) ion as initiator. Indian J chem Technol 2013, 20(3), 202-9.

CA-g-PMMA copolymer has been synthesized in homogeneous medium of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as initiator. Different grafting parameters, such as graft yield, grafting efficiency and total conversion of monomer to polymer are evaluated at different reaction conditions of temperature, time, monomer and initiator concentrations. It is observed that the graft yield decreases with increase in temperature of grafting. CAN in presence of DMSO forms free radical on cellulose acetate (CA) backbone via ring opening mechanism and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is grafted through homogeneous breaking of the acrylic double bond. The role of methylene blue (MB) as a homopolymer inhibitor and its effect on grafting is also studied. In presence of MB the amount of PMMA homopolymer formation reduces and consequently graft yield increases. The viscosity average molecular weights of grafted PMMA and rate of grafting are also calculated. The products are characterized by FTIR and ¹H-NMR analyses and a possible reaction mechanism is deduced. The thermal degradation of the grafted products is also studied by thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermogravimetry.

5 tables, 40 ref

017906   Revathy S;Palanichamy M;Jeyalakshmi R (Chemistry Dep, Dr. Ambedkar Government Arts College, Vyasarpadi, Chennai-600 039, Email: revathy_selvaraj@yahoo.co.in) : Photocatalytic degradation of acid blue 113 over iron modified vermiculite using solar light. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(8), 3605-10.

Natural vermiculite was enriched with iron by incipient wet method, and characterized by XRD and FT-IR. The structure of vermiculite was retained after modification. The modified vermiculite was used as the catalyst for the solar light assisted degradation of acid blue113, a very commonly used dye in textile industry. The degradation was carried out by varying amount of H₂O₂ (15 mM - 75 mM) for 250 mL of 50 ppm dye solution. The degradation was monitored by measuring absorbance at 566 nm. The complete degradation of the dye required 240 min. The degradation was more than 90% solar light assisted and removal of dye by adsorption was minimum (5%). Complete mineralization of dye was evident from total organic carbon analysis. In support of total organic carbon results, the percentage chemical oxygen demand (% COD) increased with an increase in irradiation time. The optimum pH range for degradation was 2.9 to 3.5. Dissolution of iron from vermiculite was proved negligible. It was established that any textile effluent carrying acid blue 113 will be effectively mineralized using low cost naturally occurring eco-friendly vermiculite.

10 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

017905   Revathi R;Reddiyar Lisha N;Chandra B (Pharmaceutical Analysis Dep, The Erode College of Pharmacy, Erode-638 112, Email: revathethiraj@gmail.com) : Development & validation of stability indicating UV spectroscopic method for quantitation of cefoxitin sodium in pharmaceutical dosage form. Indian J chem Technol 2013, 20(5), 327-30.

Simple, sensitive, rapid, cheap and reliable UV spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of cefoxitin in powder for injection dosage form has been developed. The UV-spectrum has scanned between 200 nm and 400 nm, and 231 nm is selected as maximum wavelength for absorption. This method obeys Beer's law in the range of 10 - 50 μg/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.999. The accuracy (98.71-99.36%) and precision results are found to be satisfactory, and hence this method can be used for routine analysis of cefoxitin sodium in sterile dosage form. The method is then validated according to the Q2 R1, International Conference on Harmonization (2005) guideline. Stability of the drug is studied by hydrolysis, oxidation and effect of heat. It is found that the drug is more degraded in water when compared to other stress condition.

4 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

017904   Ravi Prakash;Anu;Dudani L;Sushil Jangir (NO, B.S.A. India Food Ingredient Ltd., Alwar, Rajasthan, Email: ravidiarytechnologist@gmail.com) : Solar heat in milk powder plant. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 101-3.

India has now become the largest producer of milk and hence, more and more milk are required to be processed and converted into powder, thus needing more energy. With the ever increasing volatility in the crude oil market and the rise of crude oil prices to more than 100$ per barrel, there is a need to decrease the dependence on the Non-renewable energy sources and look for Alternative renewable sources. Solar energy is the best alternative as major part of India receives a good intensity of this energy for almost 10 months per year. This will give an added advantage in reducing CO2/CO emissions reducing global warming and will save the precious Ozone Layer.

4 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

017903   Rao L N;Prabhakar G;Shaik F (Chemical Engineering Dep, R.V.R. & J.C. College of Engineering, Guntur-522 019) : Biosorption of lead ions from aqueous solution by Ficus benghalensis L equilibrium & kinetic studies. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2013, 3(1), 158-67.

The biosorption is carried out to test the suitability of abundantly available plant based material Ficus benghalensis L. leaf powder as an adsorbent for removal of lead ions from aqueous solution. The equilibrium studies were systematically carried out in a batch process, covering various process parameters that include contact time, adsorbent size and dosage, initial lead ion concentration and pH of the aqueous solution. It was observed that there was a significant increased in percentage removal of lead ions as pH increased from 2 to 6 and reached maximum at 6 pH. The contact time was noted to be 20 minutes. The Langmuir isotherm was more suitable for biosorption followed by Freundlich and Temkin isotherms with a maximum adsorption capacity of 28.63 mg/g of lead ion on the biomass of Ficus benghalensis L. leaves. The biosorption of lead ions followed second order kinetic model having a correlation coefficient of 0.9996.

10 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

017902   Pattar A;Kukanoor L;Hegde N K;Jholgiker P (Post-harvest Technology Dep, Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi-591 310, Karnataka, Email: archana271989@gmail.com ) : Preparation of value added products (paste and spiced squash) from tamarind and their storage study. Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(5), 44-53.

An attempt was made to utilize tamarind pulp for the preparation of tamarind paste and spiced squash. The chemical compositions and changes in chemical constituents during storage at ambient temperature have been studied. Results showed that TSS, titratable acidity and sugar content increased, where as ascorbic acid decreased. Better quality of paste was prepared from 100g paste + 20g salt with 10ml oil + 20mg BHA' followed by 100g paste + 15g salt with 10ml oil + 20mg BHA respectively. The spiced squash having 30%' juice, 50% TSS, 1% acidity and 0.5% salt was superior to other recipes. The tamarind paste and spiced squash retained their characteristic colour, aroma and taste upto 3 months of storage at room temperature.

6 illus, 6 tables, 23 ref

017901   Patel P H;Shrivastava B;Prajapati J;Akhtar J (Quality Assurance Dep, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National Univ, Jagatpura, Jaipur-302 025, Email: jawed_pharma@yahoo.com) : Validated liquid chromtographic method for simultaneous estimation of niacinamide and salicyclic acid in semi-Solid dosage form. Indian J chem Technol 2013, 20(3), 185-8.

A simple, precise and accurate RP-HPLC method has been described for estimation of niacinamide and salicylic acid in semi-solid dosage form. The separation is done by using column Oyster BDS C¹⁸ (250 mm x 4.6 mm) at 25°C and 74:26 (v/v) water: methanol as mobile phase at flow rate of 1 mL/min and pH adjusted to 3 with triethylamine and glacial acetic acid. Detection is carried out at 280 nm. The method has been validated according to ICH guideline in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and solution stability. The linearity of proposed method is investigated in the range of 250-750 μg/mL (r²=0.999) for niacinamide and 100-300 μg/mL (r²=0.999) for salicylic acid. The percentage recoveries of niacinamide and salicylic acid are found to be 99.07-100.08% and 99.57-100.25% respectively. The proposed method provides an accurate and precise quality control tool for analysis of niacinamide and salicylic acid in semisolid dosage forms.

4 tables, 12 ref

017900   Pandey A;Jain S C (NO, Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity Campus Univ, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, Email: alka_foodtech@yahoo.com) : Soy milk: advancements in processing technology. Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(5), 60-5.

^iia2 tables, 46 ref

017899   Nagaraja S;Sakthivel M;Sudhakaran R (Mechanical Engineering Dep, SNS College of Engineering, Coimbatore-641 107, Email: nagarajacit@yahoo.com) : Combustion and performance analysis of variable compression ratio engine fueled with preheated palm oil-diesel blends. Indian J chem Technol 2013, 20(3), 189-94.

Effect of compression ratio on combustion and performance of single cylinder four-stroke variable compression ratio engine, when fueled by pre- heated palm oil and its 5, 10, 15 and 20% blends with diesel, has been investigated and compared with petroleum based diesel fuel (PBDF). The suitability of palm oil (pre-heated at 90°C) as fuel has been studied in this work. The brake thermal efficiency at full load in pre-heated palm oil blends and PBDF has been analyzed and the blend O20 (20% preheated palm oil + 80% diesel) is found to give maximum thermal efficiency at the highest compression ratio. Also, the specific fuel consumption of O20 blend is found to be lower than that of PBDF at a higher compression ratio. Exhaust gas temperature is low for all the blends as compared to PBDF. The emission of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon decreases with an increase in blending ratio and compression ratio. Also CO₂ emission is found to be higher than in PBDF. The combustion parameters of testing fuel blends are also investigated and the results are found to be closer to that of PBDF at a higher compression ratio and full load. The engine performance is found to be optimum using O20 as fuel at 20:1 compression ratio during full load condition.

3 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

017898   Mudgil D;Barak S;Khatkar B S (Food Technology Dep, Guru Jambheshwar Science & Technology Univ, Hisar-125 001, Email: dsmudgil@yahoo.com) : Food additives in confectionery industry. Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(3), 80-3.

The manufacture of confectionery is fast becoming a specialized industry. This article discusses briefly the additives being used in the manufacturing of confectionery. Chiefly, sweeteners, coloring agents, flavoring agents, emulsifiers, gelling agents, stabilizing agents and pH controlling acidulants and salts are used in the preparation of various confectionery products. The application of each additive along with their functional characteristics has been discussed below.

3 tables, 8 ref

017897   Meena Sundari P;Meenambal T (Chemistry Dep, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore-641 659, Email: meenamurali98@gmail.com) : Comparative study and microwave irradiated industrial solid waste as adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue from its aqueous solution. Indian J chem Technol 2013, 20(3), 165-72.

Raw shot blasting dust (SBD) has been collected from a foundry and then treated in a microwave (MWSBD). Both raw and treated samples are employed as adsorbents for adsorption of methylene blue (MB) from its aqueous solution. Composition of raw SBD and MWSBD is studied through wet analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry analysis proves the presence of groups like Si-O-Si, Si-OH, iron oxide and traces of ammonia in adsorbent. Surface morphology of adsorbent is studied through scanning electron microscopy and surface area analysis is conducted to evaluate surface area, total pore volume and pore diameter. The effect of pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage and contact time has been studied and optimum experimental conditions are obtained. Results reveal that as the amount of adsorbent increases, the percentage removal of the dye also increases. The adsorption of MB dye onto raw SBD and MWSBD follows pseudo second order kinetics and intra-particle diffusion model. Study on the dye by both the adsorbents fits the Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubnin- Radushkevich isotherms well. The study confirms the potentiality of an abundant low cost solid waste material and its availability for the removal of basic dyes from aqueous solution.

3 illus, 4 tables, 36 ref

017896   Mao Y;Li N;Han Y;Ning B;Gao Z;Zhou Z (School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Univ, Tianjin, P.R. China, Email: zzjtju@126.com) : L-cysteine-capped CdTe quantum dots based fluorescence quenching method for determination of chloroamphenicol. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(8), 3715-8.

L-Cysteine-capped CdTe quantum dots (QDs) with a narrow, symmetric emission spectrum was synthesized in aqueous medium. Based on the fluorescence quenching of CdTe quantum dots, a simple, rapid and sensitive method was developed for the quantitative determination of chloroamphenicol. Under optimum conditions, the calibration plot of the relative fluorescence intensity with the concentration of chloroamphenicol was linear in the range from 5 to 40 μg mL^-1 with the correlation coefficient of 0.9963. The limit of detection was 50 ng mL^-1. The content of chloroamphenicol in pharmaceutical tablet were determined by the proposed method and the results agreed with the claimed value. In addition, the possible fluorescence quenching mechanism was also discussed.

7 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

017895   Mandeep Kaur;Sharma H K;Jyoti Bala (NO, Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity Campus Univ, Sec-125, Noida, Email: mandeepnahal@gmail.com) : Kinetic changes in quality attributes of stored carrot-pineapple blended juice. Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(5), 32-43.

Carrot-pineapple blended juice was analyzed for kinetics of degradation of quality parameters (β-carotene. ascorbic acid, reducing sugars, pH, acidity, L, a, b- color value, total solids, total soluble solids and sensory] parameters) at ambient (28±2°C) and refrigeration temperature (5±1 °C) for 3 months. The homogenized (300 psi) carrot juice was blended with pineapple juice in five different proportions (30:70, 40:60, 60:40 70:30 and 80:20) and processed samples were stored and changes in quality attributes were examined Zero- and first-order kinetic models were applied to describe degradation of quality parameters. Rate off degradation of major nutrients β-caortene and ascorbic acid in 80:20 samples at refrigeration temperature was minimum as compared to other samples. The overall acceptability of blended juice based on the sensory scores (80:20) was also found better.

4 illus, 9 tables, 31 ref

017894   Madan Lal;Verma G;Dharamvir K (Physics Dep, Punjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: gera_phy_hpu@yahoo.co.in) : Better dispersability of un-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes through sonication techniques. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(8), 3537-40.

Different sonication techniques have been applied to increase dispersion efficiency of carbon nanotubes. During sonication (probe and bath), the effects of good dispersion on un-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and microstructure structure were characterized by tunneling electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The particle size distribution of the dispersed multiwalled carbon nanotubes was determined by using dynamic light scattering (DLS). The estimated length and diameter was observed to be ca. 210 and 9.44 nm (bath sonication) and ca. 396 and 10.04 nm (probe sonication) from the TEM images.

4 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

017893   Ma W X;Zhou Y;Wang Q L;Zhang Z (NO, School of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang-222 005, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China, Email: weixingma650528@163.com) : Spectrophotometric determination of centrophenoxine hydrochloride with colour reaction of Rose Bengal. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(8), 3483-6.

New spectrophotometric method for determination of centrophenoxine hydrochloride was proposed based on the colour reaction of centrophenoxine hydrochloride with rose bengal to form ion association complex in the Clark-Lubs buffer media with pH 2.6, whose maximum wavelength was at 568 nm with the apparent molar absorptivity of complex was 5.589 x 10³ L mol-^-1 cm^-1, Beer law was obeyed in the range of 2-21 mg L^-1 for centrophenoxine hydrochloride. The proposed method was stable, accurate, sensitive and rapid and has been applied for the determination of centrophenoxine hydrochloride with satisfactory results.

5 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

017892   Ma W X;Qian B H;Ge H Y (NO, School of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang-222 005, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China, Email: weixingma650528@163.com) : Synthesis and crystal structure of complex [Cd(CH₃COO)₂(C₇H₆N₂S)₂ ]. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(8), 3504-6.

A mixed complex [Cd(CH₃COO)₂(C₇H₆N₂S)₂] was synthesized based on the reaction of cadmium acetate and 2-aminobenzothiazole (C₇H₆N₂S) in methanol medium. The structure of this complex was characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectrum. The crystal structure of the compound [Cd(CH₃COO)₂(C₇H₆N₂S)₂] was also determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction. The crystal belongs to crystal orthorhombic system with space group Pna2(1) and crystallographic data of the compound are: a = 0.88831(15) nm, b = 2.7449 (3) nm, c = 0.90103(16) nm, α = b = γ = 90°, V = 2.1970(6) nm³; D_c = 1.605 g/cm³; Z = 4; F(000) = 1064; m = 1.214 mm^-1.

4 tables, 13 ref

017891   Ma W X;Li N;Sha O;Liu Y H (School of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang-222 005, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China, Email: weixingma650528@163.com) : Fading spectrophotometric determination of pioglitazone hydrochloride with eosine B. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(8), 3487-9.

Fading spectrophotometric method for the determination of pioglitazone hydrochloride was carried out based on the reaction between pioglitazone hydrochloride and eosine B to form ion-association complex with the fading absorption peak at 518 nm, where the absorbance ΔA was correlated with its concentration. Linear relationship with good correlation coefficient (0.9996) was found between the absorbance ΔA and the concentration of pioglitazone hydrochloride in a concentration range of 3-27 μg mL^-1. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of the investigated drug in tablets or capsules in agreement with the results of ultraviolet spectrophotometry.

5 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

017890   Lv W;Zhou Y;He B;Qiu H;Lu J (College of Resource & Environmental Engineering, East China Science & Technology Univ, No. 130, Meilong Road, Shanghai-200 237, P.R. China) : Adsorption of Ni(II), Cd(II) from aqueous single metal solutions by the palm thread impregnated with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(8), 3473-8.

Adsorption of Ni(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solutions was searched by using palm threads (PT) impregnated with anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS). Two types of palm threads were used/applied; one was untreated palm threads (UPT) and the other was basified with NaOH i.e., basified palm threads (BPT). When treated with surfactant-impregnated basified palm threads (SDBS-BPT) the removal of Ni(II) and Cd(II) was up to 21.0 and 25.3 mg g^-1, which was more better than the Ni(II) and Cd(II) removal performance of untreated palm threads with surfactant (SDBS-UPT) (i.e., 9.2 and 16.6 mg g^-1). The kinetics of the adsorption of Ni(II) and Cd(II) onto the surfactant-impregnated palm threads were best described by the pseudo-second-order model and after being pretreated with NaOH. The sorption rate constants (k₂) of Ni(II) and Cd(II) increased from 0.5499 and 0.2017-1.5023 and 0.7274 g mg^-1 h^-1, respectively and the total basicity also increased from 310.5-530.8 μeq g^-1. The isotherm was described better by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm than by the Langmuir model. The active groups and the total basicity enhanced significantly. when it was pretreated with NaOH and impregnated with SDBS, which resulted in the improved sorption rate and sorption capacity for Ni(II) and Cd(II). The sorption performance of SDBS-BPT indicates that it is an effective biosorbent for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions.

3 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref

017889   Li C;Zhang Y (Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Dep, Henan Urban Construction Univ, Pingdingshan-467 036, Henan Province, P.R. China, Email: lcy1394@163.com) : Preparation and application progress of polyethylene hollow fiber ion-exchange membrane. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(8), 3602-4.

In the paper, preparations of polyethylene hollow fiber ion-exchange membranes are described. Generally, the preparations consist of three steps: First, free radicals are produced on the surface of polyethylene hollow fiber membranes using γ-ray or electron beam. Second, pre-functional groups are introduced when monomer reacts with free radicals. Finally, polyethylene hollow fiber ion-exchange membranes are produced when reagents react with pre-functional groups. In addition, applications of membranes in the protein separation, metal ion removal and enzyme immobilization are also described, which is helpful to research on preparations of hollow fiber ion-exchange membranes for other materials.

2 tables, 22 ref

017888   Khavidaki H D;Aghaie M;Shishehbore M R;Aghaie H (Chemistry Dep, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: hn_aghaie@yahoo.com) : Adsorptive removal of thallium(III) ions from aqueous solutions using eucalyptus leaves powders. Indian J chem Technol 2013, 20(6), 380-4.

Adsorption of thallium(III) ions from aqueous solutions onto eucalyptus leaves powders as a low cost adsorbent has been studied in batch mode. It is observed that modification of the adsorbent with basic solution (NaOH solution) is essential for achieving a significant adsorption. The alkaline modified adsorbent shows a significant amount of adsorption. However, the adsorbent treated with nitric acid shows no activity. The effects of experimental conditions such as initial solution pH, agitation speed, contact time, adsorbent amounts, initial thallium concentration and temperature are studied. The results show that adsorption is strongly pH-dependent. The maximum adsorption of thallium(III) ion obtained at 25±1°C is found to be 78.2%. The equilibrium data are described by the Langmuir isotherm but a slightly inferior fit is obtained using the Freundlich model. The monolayer saturation capacity is calculated to be 217.4 mg g^-1. The separation factor indicates that eucalyptus leaves powders are favorable for the sorption of thallium(III).

2 illus, 20 ref

017887   Kadian S S;Sharma A;Sood D R (Food Technology Dep, Guru Jambheshwar Science & Technology Univ, Hisar, Haryana, Email: smitasmita426@gmail.com) : Effect of light and heat on stability of crude carotenoid extract from natural sources. Int J pharm Sci Res 2013, 4(6), 2415-8.

Carotenoids are accessory coloring pigments found occurring naturally in the plants and some photosynthetic organisms. Recently there has been an increased focus on the health benefits and food applications of these natural pigments. The stability and bioavailability of carotenoids vary significantly across a range of processing paradigms. The study was planned to investigate stability of carotenoids (β-carotene, lutein and lycopene) subjected to different ranges of temperature and light. It concluded that most stable extract under light is marigold followed by tomato and least stable is carrot. Marigold extract (lutein) is most heat stable followed by tomato extract (lycopene) then carrot extract (β- carotene).

18 ref

017886   Joshi V K;Abrol G S;Thakur N S (Food Science and Technology Dep, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar U.H.F., Nauni Solan-173 230) : Wild apricot vermouth: effect of sugar, alcohol concentration and spices level on physico-chemical and sensory evaluation. Indian Fd Packer 2012, 66(2), 53-62.

Wild apricot (Prunus armenica L.) grows naturally in hilly areas of northern India. The fruit is highly acidic, fibrous but low in TSS (°B) and thus, not utilized commercially. Wild apricot vermouth was prepared having different sugar levels (8,10 and 12 °B), different alcohol levels (15,17 and 19%) and spices extract levels (2.5 and 5%). The base wine contained residual sugars, desirable acidity, proper amount of TSS, low volatile acidity and satisfactory amount of tannins and total esters and hence was found suitable for vermouth preparation. Out of three different alcohol levels used, the highest TSS, ethanol, higher alcohols and total esters were found in 19% alcohol level vermouth whereas, total sugars, titratable acidity and total phenols were recorded in 15% alcohol level wild apricot vermouth. Out of three different sugar levels used, vermouth having 12% sugar had the highest TSS, reducing sugars, total sugars and total esters as well as total carotenoids. Further, 5% spices extract had more pronounced effect on TSS, total sugars, titratable acidity, total esters and total phenols than 2.5% spices level. After six months of maturation of vermouth in general, TSS, total sugars and total phenols decreased significantly while reducing sugars and total esters increased with increase in maturation period. In general, the maturation of the product for six months, improved the quality of the product considerably. The variable alcohol content, sugars and spices levels influenced the various sensory quality characteristics. On the basis of sensory quality characteristics, a product having 8% sugar, 17% alcohol and 5% spices extract was adjudged to be the best by the judges.

10 illus, 7 tables, 26 ref

017885   Jaitak V;Kaul V K;Das P (Natural Plant Products Div, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176 061, Email: vkaul2002@yahoo.co.in) : Environmentally benign michael and claisen schmidt reaction of aromatic carbonyl compounds by alkaline polyionic resin. Indian J Chem-Sect B 2013, 52(8), 1137-45.

Regioselective Michael reaction between aryl methyl ketones and α,β-unsaturated compounds has been carried out using basic polyionic resin as a reusable reagent. Results indicate that the reaction proceeds in consecutive manner as double Michael (27-65%) and triple Michael (40-45%) products with overall yields of 55-80%. Moreover, A-2XMP resin has also been applied on Claisen Schmidt condensations of aromatic aldehydes and ketones (acyclic as well as cyclic) under different reaction conditions yielding dehydrated products in 82-94% yield. The reactions give an opportunity for easy separation, reusability of polyionic resin and easy purification of products in continuous or multiple processing of organic compounds.

3 tables, 38 ref