015791   Varsha Rani;Grewal R B;Khetarpaul N (Foods and Nutrition Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Physical characteristics of baked and extruded products prepared using pulses and coarse cereal grains. Ann Biol 2013, 29(1), 100-5.

Use of composite flour in the production of baked and extruded products has been a subject for research in the past decade. The physical characteristics of baked and extruded products are important parameters in adjudging their consumer acceptance and market value. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the physical characteristics of baked and extruded products prepared using composite flour of coarse-cereals with soybean and lentil flour. Various physical characteristics of chapati, macroni, noodles, bread, biscuit and cakes were evaluated and compared using standard methods. The result of the three replicates were pooled and expressed as mean±standard deviation. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Least Significance Difference (LSD) were carried out. Significance was accepted at P<60>0.05. As a result the incorporation of soy flour alone or in combination with coarse cereal grains resulted in a quality baked and extruded products. Lentil flour may also be added @15% in baked and extruded products without deteriorating the physical quality. The use of lentil and soy flour in combination with coarse cereal flour may be proven in achieving various health benefits in addition of good sensory acquisition.

6 tables, 13 ref

015790   Tavakoli R;Mohadjerani M;Hosseinzadeh R; Mahmood Tajbakhsh;Naqinezhad A (Oraganic Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Chemistry, Mazandaran Univ, Babolsar, Iran, Email: m.mohajerani@umz.ac.ir ) : Essential oils composition from Descurainia sophia L. leaves and stems growing wild in North of Iran. Analyt chem Lett 2012, 2(5), 269-74.

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves and stems of Descurainia sophia L. were analysed by GC and GC-MS, separately, The main components of the leave and stem oils were relatively similar and included hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, (E)-ocimen, phytol, methyl linolenate, α-cedrol, (Z)-caryophyIlene and β-ionone. The essential oils consisted mainly of sesquiterpenoids (39.65% for leaves and 39.46% for stems).

1 table, 13 ref

015789   Tarkemeh A;Rowshan V;Najafian S (Agriculture Dep, Payame Noor Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: amenetarakeme@gmail.com) : Essential oil content and composition of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. as affected by drying method and extraction time. Analyt chem Lett 2012, 2(4), 244-9.

The aerial parts of Lavandula angustifolia Mill., were collected from Iran at the full-flowering stage and dried by-three different drying methods (sun-drying, shade-drying and oven-drying at 45°C). The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation method with two different times of extraction (1 and 3 hours) and analyzed using GC and GC/MS. Although extraction time has no significant effect on the essential oil composition, the drying methods yielded significant effects. Forty components were detected in the oil of L. angustifolia under different drying methods, including, 1,8-cineole (29.0-38.0%), linalool (6.8-19.2%), camphor (9.6-14.6%), borneol (8.4-15.2%) and β-phellandrene (4.0-7.0%), as main components.

2 tables, 28 ref

015788   Sravani K;Dhanapal K;Balasubramanian A;Reddy G V S (Fish Processing Technology Dep, College of Fishery Science, Muthukar, Email: kdhanpal@yahoo.com) : Biochemical changes and visual appearance of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita during ice storage. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2013, 15(1), 169-75.

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality changes of fresh Indian Major Carp (IMC), Rohu during ice storage in a polystyrene insulated box for 18 days. Biochemical and visual analysis were carried out on every alternate day. Moisture content decreased significantly from the 12th day of storage. Total crude protein slightly decreased throughout the period of study where as ash content fluctuated throughout the storage study. The fat content increased up to 8th day and then slightly decreased till the end of storage period. The value of pH increased from 6.51 ± 0.00 up to 10th day and then showed a slight decreasing trend. The parameter values of Trimethylamine Nitrogen (TMAN), Total Volatile Base Nitrogen (TVBN), Free Fatty Acids (FFA) and other lipid peroxidation products like Peroxide Value (PV), Thiobar Butric Acid (TBA) value increased gradually. Both chemical analyses and visual appearance examination showed that the quality of rohu fish was in acceptable condition up to 17th day of ice storage. Results from chemical analysis were well correlated with basic visual appearance.

4 tables, 48 ref

015787   Singh A;Singh A K;Singh J;Singh R (NO, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Agriculture and Technology Univ, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, Email: anupam4uk@gmail.com) : Detection of species specific milk by using polymerase chain reaction. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2011, 13(4), 643-6.

The adulteration of food products is a significant problem in the food processing and production. Most frequently, such products are adulterated that are produced in big quantities and further, the expensive products whose adulteration brings a profit. This is how fraudulent producers try to cheat consumers and authorities. Adulteration of costly milk with cheaper one becomes a matter of concern for research workers. Buffalo milk is frequently used for adulteration because of its prevailing production in the world and its lower price as compared to other types. The present study was carried out for detection of milk species with the use of cytochrome b gene variability by PCR. Milk samples from Buffalo, sheep and goat were utilized for molecular analysis. The milks of these principal dairying species are well characterized. Genomic DNA was isolated from four samples of each species. Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was amplified by PCR using a common forward primer and species-specific reverse primer. PCR cycling protocol included initial denaturation at 94°C for 5 minutes then followed by 40 cycles of 94°C for 30 seconds, 60°C for 30 seconds 72°C for 30 seconds and final extension at 72°C for 10 minutes. PCR amplicons were resolved by Agarose gel electrophoresis and for each species produce a characteristic band pattern. The PCR products showed species-specific DNA fragments of 155 bp, 270 bp, 330 bp from goat, Buffalo and sheep respectively and will help traders and consumers against milk adulteration.

2 illus, 11 ref

015786   Sanyal U;Kalidindi S B;Nair S;Jagirdar B R (Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: jagirdar@ipc.iisc.ernet.in) : Towards sustainability: a new, solid-state synthetic route for supported metal nanocatalysts. Curr Sci 2012, 102(1), 78-84.

Noble metal ions like Pt(IV) and Pd(II) were impreg-nated on γ-alumina and aerosol 300 silica surfaces. Reduction of these ions using ammonia borane in the solid state resulted in the formation of the respective metal nanoparticles embedded in BNH_x polymer which is dispersed on the oxide support. Removal of the BNH_x polymer was accomplished by washing the samples repeatedly with methanol. In this process the polymer undergoes solvolysis to release H₂ accompanied by the formation of ammonium methoxy borate salt, which has been removed by repeated methanol washings. As a result, metal nanoparticles well dispersed on γ-alumina and aerosol 300 silica were obtained. These samples have been characterized by a combination of techniques, including electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy and surface area analyser.

4 illus, 30 ref

015785   Sangwan V;Dahiya S (Foods and Nutrition Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: veenu1484@yahoo.com) : Physico-chemical properties of wheat-sorghum composite flours and their biscuits. Ann Biol 2013, 29(1), 106-8.

The present study was conducted to assess the physico-chemical properties of wheat-sorghum composite flours and their biscuits. The shelf of the composite flour biscuits was also studied. The water absorption capacity and gel consistency of flour blends increased while their gluten content decreased significantly (P<60>0.05) as the level of substitution of wheat flour with sorghum flour increased. Sorghum flour biscuits had maximum spread ratio (6.48) and there was a significant (P<60>0.05) increase in the spread ratio of biscuits as the level of substitution of wheat flour with sorghum flour increased. A positive and significant (P<60>0.05) correlation (0.824) was found between the gel consistency of the raw flours and the spread ratio of the biscuits. The value added wheat-sorghum biscuits had good keeping quality and could be stored in polythene bags without any adverse changes in their organoleptic and chemical properties up to 60 days at room temperature.

3 tables, 15 ref

015784   Muthamilselvan A;Panchal P K;Jeyagopal A V; Nanda L K;Maithani P B (NO, Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, AMD Complex, Sec-5, Pratap Nagar (Extn), Jaipur-302 033, Email: thamil_ak@yahoo.co.in) : Anomalous concentration of REE-Th-U in microclinite-pyroxenite-albitite in Ajmer and Nagaur districts, Rajasthan. Curr Sci 2012, 102(1), 22-4.

4 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

015783   Mejri J;Bouajila J;Aydi A;Barth D;Adderrabba M;Mejri M (Unite de recherche en physico-chimie moleculaire, Institut Preparatoire des Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques, IPEST, BP51, La Marsa 2070, Tunisia, Email: jmejri2001@yahoo.fr) : Supercritical CO₂ extract and essential oil of Ruta chalepensis L. growing in Tunisia: a natural source of undecan-2-one. Analyt chem Lett 2012, 2(5), 290-300.

Extraction of essential oil was carried out using two processes: hydrodistillation and supercritical C 0, extraction. The chemical composition of extracted essential oil was determined. The yield of extraction by supercritical CO₂ was about 7.8%. This yield is more important than that obtained by hydrodistillation process (5.51%). The chemical composition of the supercritical CO₂ extract indicates the presence of only two compounds. The major one is undecan-2-one (100%). The second one is limonene which is present as trace. However, 23 compounds were identified in the essential oil of the aerial part of Ruta chalepensis extracted by hydrodistillation process. The major compound is also undecan-2-one (77.7%).)

3 illus, 3 tables, 46 ref

015782   Majee R N;Mazumder P M;Mazumder A;Mazumder R (NO, Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Namkum, Ranchi-834 010, Email: lppd@ilri.ernet.in) : Synthesis and biological activity of hydrazide, thiocarbamate, thiadiazole and oxadiazole of (E)-2-undecen-1, 11-dioic acid obtained from aleuritic acid of shellac. J Indian Chem Soc 2013, 90(1), 111-4.

New derivatives such as hydrazide, thiocarbamate, thiadiazole and oxadiazole of (E)-2-undecen-1,11-dioic acid obtained from aleuritic acid of shellac were synthesized and their biological activities such as anthelmintic, antimicrobial and anticonvulsant activities were studied.

^ssc13 ref

015781   Khiari A;Karmous T;Ayed N;Bessiere J M (Unite de Recherche 1201 de Chimie Industrielle, Institut National des Sciences Appliquees et de Technologie, B.P. 676, Centre Urbain Nord, 1080 Tunis-Cedex, Tunisia, Email: ayednaceur5@yahoo.fr) : Analytical specification of Tunisian aromatized cereals by GC-MS. Analyt chem Lett 2012, 2(4), 250-68.

Several varieties of Tunisian aromatized cereals are prepared by the combination of different vegetable matters: cereals (wheat, barley, corn, sorghum), leguminous plants (chickpea, lentils, fenugreek), spices (anise, coriander, cumin, caraway, cinnamon) and dried aromatic herbs (marjoram, thyme, rosemary, rosebuds, mint). These varieties are used as dietetic beverages and foodstuffs in Tunisia and hence the study of these varieties consists in presenting their regional properties through the GC-MS analysis of 27 Tunisian aromatized cereals and the identification of the raw materials that constitute them.

7 tables, 27 ref

015780   Bhagyashree P;Vanita B;Sneha D (Agricultural Process Engineering Dep, Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola-444 001, Email: bhagyashreepatil21@gmail.com) : Thin layer of long pepper (Piper longum L.). J Spices aromatic Crop 2013, 22(1), 31-7.

Effect of drying air temperatures on the drying kinetics of long pepper was investigated during 2010 using a hot-air tray dryer. In order to select the appropriate drying model, twelve mathematical drying models were fitted to the experimental data. Result indicated that the drying took place in the falling rate period. Considering the statistical criteria such as coefficient of determination (R²), Chi square (X²), sum of square error (SSE) and root mean square error (RMSE), Midilli et al. model was found to fit well to describe the drying behaviour of long pepper. Multiple regression analysis was used to find the correlation of the model coefficients with temperatures. Model coefficient equations predicted the moisture ratio (MR) well at various drying temperatures for long pepper with an R²=l and SE=0. Effective moisture diffusivity, (D_eff) was observed in the range of 1.397 x 10^-10 to 6.190 x 10^-10 m²S^-1 for the temperature range pf 40° to 80°C. The overall acceptability (OA) (90%) was highest in tray drying method at 60°C air temperature and the drying time was reduced to 50% against sun drying. This study will be useful to optimize drying process parameters for commercial production of dried long pepper.

4 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

015779   Adzila S;Sopyan I;Yong T C;Singh R;Hoong W Y; Purbolaksono J;Hamdi M (Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing, Mechanical E, Faculty of Engineering. Malaya Univ, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: ramesh79@um.edu.my) : Mechanochemical synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite bioceramics. Indian J Chem-Sect A 2013, 52(12), 1570-5.

Nanosized hydroxyapatite powder has been synthesized by the mechanochemical method using a dry mixture of calcium hydroxide and diammonium hydrogen phosphate. The effect of mechanochemical process on powder properties has been investigated. Three rotation speeds of 170 rpm, 270 rpm and 370 rpm have been employed with 15 hours milling time. Characterization of the nanopowders has been accomplished by Fourier transform infra red, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses. The samples have been prepared and sintered in air at varying temperatures ranging from 1050-1350 °C. Results show that increase in rotation speed (370 rpm) increases the crystallite size (9-21 nm). Agglomerate formation with irregular shapes is found in the samples prepared at 270 and 370 rpm. The sintering process influences the stability of powder by yielding TCP phase at all the sintering temperatures. At 370 rpm, the sample sintered at 1250 °C shows the maximum relative density of 95.3% as well as hardness of 5.3 GPa.

4 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

014757   Yadav R (CBD Div, IPIRTI, Bangalore, Karnataka-560 022, Email: author.paintindia@gmail.com) : Toughening of cardanol based epoxidized novolac resin with acrylonitrile butadiene liquid rubber. Paintindia 2012, 62(12), 55-9.

Epoxy resins are considered as one of the most important classes of thermosetting polymers for many industrial applications, but unfortunately they are characterized by a relatively low toughness. An epoxy resin based on cardanol and varying content of carboxyl-terminated (poly) butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer was cured using polyamine as a hardener. The ultimate aim of the study was to modify the brittle epoxy matrix by the liquid rubber to improve toughness characteristics. In this respect, many efforts have been made to improve the toughness of cured epoxy resins by the introduction of rigid particles, reactive rubbers, interpenetrating polymer networks and thermoplastics within the matrix. Toughening of blend of cardanol based epoxidized novolac resin with varying weight ratios (0-25 wt%) of carboxyl terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) copolymer have been investigated. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis established that the interaction between oxirane groups of epoxy and CTBN were responsible for characteristic peak shifts in the blends compared to their counterparts. Scanning electron microscopy of fracture surfaces indicates cavitation of the rubber particles to be a major deformation mechanism. Particle-particle interaction is also found.

4 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

014756   Thakor N J;Atkari V T;Powale M S (Agricultural Process Engineering Dep, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. B.S.Konkan Kri, Dapoli, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, Email: apedapoli@gmail.com) : Dehydration of math by different drying methods. Int J agric Engng 2013, 6(1), 1-7.

Vegetables are highly perishable commodities and, therefore, need to be preserve as long aspossible in order to make the commodity available in off seasons. Dehydration is a value addition operation of a produce. The optimization of such an operation leads to an improvement in the quality of the output. Dehydrated vegetables are used basically as a raw material in food products. Dehydration of math (Amaranthus cruentus)was carried out by tray drying and microwave drying. Before going for dehydration test physical properties of math (Amaranthus cruentus) were determined. Thetemperatures selected for tray drying were 40°C, 50°C and 60°C. The math (Amaranthus cruentus) was alsodried in microwave oven for three different durations i.e.10 sec, 1 min and 2 min. The dehydrated math(Amaranthus cruentus) was tested for ascorbic acid content, a-carotene content, dehydration test and organoleptic evaluation.

6 illus, 6 tables, 3 ref

014755   Sudha Devi G;Palanmuthu V;Arunkumar H S; Arunkumar P (NO, Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, G.K.V.K., Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: sugang17@gmail.com) : Processing, packaging and storage of pasta from proso millet. Int J agric Engng 2013, 6(1), 151-6.

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) a specific type of staple food popular in India and other parts of the world. There was no significant work on the commercial exploitation in the value addition of proso millet products. Hence, a study was conducted to produce pasta from clean and polished proso millet blended with wheat flour and water under different combinations. Also with a view to improve the shelf life of pasta by packaging interventions, the effect of LDPE and PP usage on the sensory, physico-chemical and biochemical quality of pasta during three months of storage at ambient atmosphere condition was studied. Pasta prepared under equal proportions of millet and wheat flour got maximum overall acceptance in the sensory panel and the rate of loss of most quality attributes was low in pasta stored under LDPE samples as compared to samples packaged under PP. Based on the results obtained in the study it was concluded that pasta could be best preserved up to 3 months at ambient atmospheric condition under LDPE without appreciable quality loss.

7 tables, 15 ref

014754   Srivastava V C;Poddar P;Rajinikanth V;Sahoo K L (CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, , Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: vcsrivas@nmlindia.org) : Light metals research- legacy and current standing. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 527-31.

The ever increasing emphasis on the specific strength and the stringent material characteristics sought in various industries, catering to aerospace, defence, automobiles and load bearing structures have led to an unprecedented worldwide thrust on the development and processing of light metals and alloy products. These include AI-, Mg-, and Ti-alloys, metallic foams and metal matrix composites. CSIR-NML not only has an illustrious legacy but has kept pace with international research on light metals and alloys till date. Research in this area has culminated in several new materials and processes, which have seen commercial exploitation and/or transfer of technology to the industries. This paper highlights the accomplishments of CSIR-NML vis-a-vis contemporary national and international research trends.

3 illus, 13 ref

014753   Sivaprasad S;Paul S K;Narasaiah N;Tarafder S; Gupta S K;Bhasin V (Materials Science & Technology Div, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 003, Email: shiva@nmlindia.org) : Ratchetting fatigue in piping materials. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 567-70.

Ratchetting fatigue is one of the life limiting deformation phenomenon in pressure vessel and piping components. This paper presents the ratchetting fatigue behaviour of piping materials employed in nuclear industries. Reliable methods for evaluating ratchetting fatigue life are discussed. Interaction of ratchetting with other deformation modes (e.g., low cycle fatigue, tensile) is presented. A unified model based on a kinematic hardening rule has been developed that can predict both low cycle fatigue as well as ratchetting life.

4 illus, 10 ref

014752   Sanjay Kumar;Sahoo D P;Nath S K;Alex T C; Rakesh Kumar (Recycling and Waste Utilization Group, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: sunju@nmlindia.org) : From grey waste to green geopolymer. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 511-6.

The current paper is an overview of research and development of waste based geopolymer at CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory. The paper covers the fundamental understanding of geopolymerisation, application of new approaches such as mechanical activation for tailoring of properties and synergistic use of different waste for product development. The paper also touches upon translating science into technology. Finally its impact on sustainability has been discussed.

6 illus, 29 ref

014751   Sandhya S V;Kiran Kumar;Kuttiraja M;Varghese E P;Sindhu R;Sankar Vani;Kumar S K;Pandey A;Parameswaran B (Centre for Biofuels, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Sci, , Trivandrum-695 019, Email: binodkannur@niist.res.in) : Evaluation of polymeric adsorbent resins for efficient detoxification of liquor generated during acid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Indian J expl Biol 2013, 51(11), 1012-17.

Production of fuel ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass conventionally includes biomass pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation. The liquor generated during dilute acid pretreatment of biomass contains considerable quantities of pentose sugars as well as various degradation products of sugars and lignin, like furfural, hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), organic acids, aldehydes and others, which are known to be inhibitory for microbial growth. This pentose rich liquor is a potent resource which can be used to produce alcohol or other value added metabolites by microbial fermentation. However, the presence of these inhibitory compounds is a major hindrance and their removal is essential for efficient utilization of this byproduct stream. In the present work, the polymeric adsorbent resins, XAD-4, XAD-7 and XAD-16 were evaluated for their ability to adsorb fermentation inhibitors like furfural and HMF from the acid pretreated liquor. These resins could remove 55-75% of furfural and 100% of HMF and more than 90% sugar remained un-adsorbed in the pretreated liquor. Desorption of furfural from stationary phase was evaluated by using ethanol and hot water. The results suggest that these polymeric resins may be used for detoxification of acid pretreatment liquor with selective removal of sugar degradation products without affecting the sugar content in the solution.

4 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

014750   Sairam S;Urooj A (DOS in Food Science and Nutrition, University of Mysore, Mysore-570 006, Email: asnaurooj@oodsci.uni-mysore.ac.in) : Artocarpus altilis - mode of anti-hyperglycemic activity: elucidation by suitable in-vitro and ex-vivo techniques. Int J pharm Sci Res 2013, 4(8), 3013-19.

Medicinal plants have been reported to play an important role in modulating glycemic responses. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the anti-diabetic effect of medicinal plants such as inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, manipulation of glucose transporters, β-cell regeneration and enhancing insulin releasing activity. In the present study, the hypoglycemic potential of Artocarpus altilis leaves (AL), bark (AB) and fruit (AF) parts were investigated using suitable in-viro and exvivo techniques such as glucose adsorption, glucose diffusion retardation index (GDRI), inhibition of enteric enzymes → α-amylase, α-glucosidase, sucrase and effect of selected samples on glucose uptake using yeast cell as model system. The cold and hot aqueous extracts of AB significantly (P≤0.05) inhibted the activity of all the three enzymes followed by AL and AF, while ALP and ABP enhanced the activity of α-glucosidase, ALP enhanced the glucose uptake by yeast cells significantly (P≤0.05) followed by ABP and SFP, and ABP, which was dependent on glucose concentratin. The results suggest that the possible mode of action of Artocarus altilis as hypoglycemic agent is by glucose adsorption, inhibiting carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and by facilitating the glucose diffusion through cell membrane. Hence, there is further scope to explore Artocarpus altilis as a therapeutic agent in the management of type II diabetes.

^iia23 ref

014749   Sahu R K;Mohanta O;Bhattacharya M (NO, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: rksahu@nmlindia.org) : Coercivity enhancement of hexaferrite magnets. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 580-1.

Permanent magnets as a continuous source of magnetic energy are an essential requirement for devices. The quest for low cost and high coercivity magnetic materials free of rare earth metals has been the main driving force for magnetic materials research in recent times. Although hexaferrite powder offers a low cost and high corrosion resistance magnet, it finds limited application in high performance miniaturized devices compared to NdFeB and AINiCo magnets, because of its low coercivity. We have synthesized La and Co doped hexaferrite powder of particle size <60>120 nm using a microwave method followed by electroless coating of Co. The optimized powder exhibits more than 35% enhancement in the coercivity compared to the parent compound.

1 illus, 7 ref

014748   Sahu K K;Mishra D;Jha M K;Agrawal A (Metal Extraction and Forming Div, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: kksahu@nmlindia.org) : Processing of secondaries and wastes for metal extraction. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 504-10.

Recycling of metallic wastes is an integral part of sustainable development. Growing demand for metals, fast depletion of economic deposits with increasing volume of metallic waste generation and reduced energy and environmental pollution in recycling as compared to primary processing have rendered recycling a necessity. CSIR-NML realized the importance of metallic waste recycling way back in 1960s and initiated programs on recycling various metals from secondary resources and wastes containing base, precious, energy critical elements, rare metals and rare earth metals and today CSIR-NML pursues major projects in these areas. This article briefly outlines some of the interesting R&D developments in this area at CSIR-NML and their immediate future prospects.

3 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

014747   Sahoo K L;Mandal S;Paul K K;Ghosh S (NO, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: klsah@nmlindia.org) : Metallurgical heritage of India: preservation and rejuvenation. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 552-6.

India is reputed for its metallurgical heritage since the 4th century BC. CSIR-NML uncovered some of the secrets of the archaeological monuments of India such as the corrosion resistance of Delhi iron pillar and Konark Temple and the structural integrity of the Nilchakra of the Puri temple using some modern tools and techniques. Although these monuments have stood the test of time, traditional artisan practices may become extinct without science and technology interventions to make them competitive in the market. CSIR-NML has been working with clusters of metalworking artisans towards implementation of total technology packages that improve the quality and economy of production of traditional items without compromising on the traditional practices and heritage. The important works on 'Bidri wares', casting of brass and bell metals, rural blacksmithy are highlighted.

3 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

014746   Rajinikanth V;Munda P;Minz R K;Ghosh Chowdhury S (NO, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: sgc@nmlindia.org) : In quest of self reliance: NML's steel development program. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 532-6.

Driven by the prophecy "Necessity is the Mother of Invention", CSIR-NML's indigenous substitute steel development program centered around replacing the scarce nickel in a variety of steels, mainly with the abundantly available manganese. This article captures the glimpses of steel development activities vis-a-vis the requirements of the country, undertaken at National Metallurgical Laboratory through the last sixty years. These include the classic development of Ni-free stainless steel (Thackeron Steel), heat resistant steels, tool and die-steels, HSLA steels and more recently the silt erosion resistant steel.

4 illus, 15 ref

014745   Pathak L C;Mishra S K (NO, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: lokesh@nmlindia.org) : Superhard coatings. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 557-62.

Superhard materials are known as incompressible solids with hardness ~ 40GPa and diamond is the only naturally occurring superhard material with hardness <62> SOGPa. Applications of superhard coatings increase the components' life by reducing the frictional wear and mechanical damage. In this paper, we have reviewed the development of several superhard coatings at CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, (CSIR), Jamshedpur. Phase formation and mechanical properties of the coatings are discussed. The future potential of these coatings are specially emphasized.

10 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

014744   Panda A K;Singh S;Roy R K;Ghosh M;Mitra A (NO, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: akpanda@nmlindia.org) : Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) for magneto-mechanical applications. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 577-9.

Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs), like NiMnGa were developed in the form of ribbons by rapid solidification route using melt spinning technique. The prepared melt spun ribbons annealed to enhance structural ordering were found to comprise of a combination of martensite and austenite phase. These materials as ribbons exhibited reversible change in the strain with the application of magnetic field and vice versa. Such properties are essential for applications in magnetically induced actuators like magnetically controlled diaphragms, micro-pumps and latches.

4 illus, 9 ref

014743   Mohanty A;Tiwari S K;Mishra T;Chakravarty S (NO, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: akm@nmlindia.org) : Making the glitter last-development of a novel lacquer for copper based alloys. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 574-6.

A novel polymeric corrosion inhibitor based lacquer was developed at CSIR-NML that can be used as a coating to prevent tarnishing of copper and its alloys for long durations. The tarnishing inhibition efficiency of the lacquer was evaluated using electrochemical, salt spray and outdoor exposure techniques. Results obtained from these studies suggest that the developed lacquer efficiently protects the copper and brass surfaces from tarnishing for very long durations.

3 illus, 3 ref

014742   Kumar S;Zanzad P N;Ambadkar R K;Rindhe S N; Kumar P;Karle S D (Livestock Products Technology Dep, College of Veterinary Sciences, Parbhani) : Storage stability of chicken sausage incorporated with selected levels of sodium caseinate. J Vet Publ Hlth 2011, 9(1), 33-7.

Effect of incorporation of sodium caseinate (1.5%) on storage stability of chicken sausage at 4±1°C was studied. The control and treated samples were stored under refrigeration in aerobic packaged conditions. The samples drawn at a regular interval of 7 days were analyzed for sensory, physico-chemical and microbial quality. The sensory scores for all the quality attributes declined significantly (P<60>0.05) with the progress of storage. Similarly, TBA value, tyrosine content and microbial counts increased considerably at the later part of storage, but were within the spoilage limit. Total viable count and psychrophilic counts were not influenced by addition of milk proteins. No coliforms and Salmonella could be detected till 28th day of storage. Thus it was concluded that chicken sausages made with incorporation of 1.5% SC packed in HDPE pouches could be stored safely for 28 days under refrigerated storage (4±1°C).

illus, table, ref

014741   Khayata W;Sarkis N;Ali A M (Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alep, , , Email: ws.sarah2005@gmail.com) : Studying omega-3 and omega-6 content of native walnut and storage effect on it. Int J pharm Sci Res 2013, 4(8), 2963-66.

Walnuts from Northwest region of Syria was collected to determine Omega-6 (linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6)) and Omega-3 (α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3)) in their oils, also called essential fatty acids (EFAs). This work was carried out using two different portions of samples. First samples were collected at harvest and second samples stored for one year under normal conditions. The extraction of the oil contained in Walnuts was done with hexane by ultrasonic technology, extract contained fatty acid and these fatty acids were estered. Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Syrian Walnuts major fatty acids were 18:2n-2 (linoleic acid) and 18:3n-3 (α -linolenic acid). Regarding n-6/n-3 ratio corresponded to the desired profile; Syrian Walnuts could be of potential interest due to their high nutritive value and lipid content.

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014740   Kailath A J;Mandal S;Das G (NO, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: ansu@nmlindia.org) : Cu-based bulk metallic glasses with high plasticity. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 571-3.

The excellent physical, chemical and mechanical properties of Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMG) have evoked the curiosity of the research fraternity worldwide. Though the fracture strength exhibited by bulk metallic glasses are superior to conventional crystalline alloys, limited room temperature plastic strain is a major drawback for their engineering applications. This paper reports development of Cu-based bulk metallic glasses exhibiting high plastic strain using an indigenously developed suction casting system. Several Cu-Zr-Ti (BMG) in the form of rods having diameter up to 4 mm (length: 70 mm) and plates having thickness: 1.5 mm (length: 70 mm, breadth: 8 mm) have been prepared. This Cu-Zr-Ti (BMG) are found to have plastic strain only up to 2%. Efforts to improve plastic strain by minor addition of certain elements (Cu-Zr-Ti-Me) have resulted in enhancement of the plastic strain to 16%.

4 illus, 18 ref

014739   Kadam P G;Mhaske S T (Polymer and Surface Engineering Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Properties of polyamide hot melt adhesive (HMA) synthesized using polymerized fatty acid and ethylenediamine. J Polym Mater 2013, 30(1), 65-78.

Polyamide hot melt adhesives (HMA) were synthesized using ethylenediamine and polymerized fatty acid (PFA) of two different compositions - Type 1 consisting 1% trilinoleic acid, 98% dilinoleic acid, 1% linoleic acid and Type 2 consisting of 22% trilinoleic acid, 75% dilinoleic acid, 3% linoleic acid. The effect of PFA composition on the properties of HMA such as thermal properties: softening temperature (T_s, melting temperature (T_m, crystallization temperature (T_c, enthalpy of melting (H_m and enthalpy of crystallization (H_c; mechanical properties: tensile strength, stiffness, tensile modulus, % elongation at break and hardness; adhesion properties: lap shear strength (LSS) and T-peel strength (TPS); and rheological properties were investigated. T_s, T_m, H_m, T_c, H_c hardness, stiffness, tensile strength and tensile modulus were higher for Type 2 PFA synthesized HMA; whereas % elongation at break was higher for Type 1 PFA synthesized HMA. Both the adhesives showed similar TPS and LSS. PHT1 showed higher crystallinity compared to PHT2, determined using X-ray diffraction analysis. Structure and molecular arrangement of the polymeric chains of the prepared adhesive had a profound effect on the obtained properties.

10 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

014738   Esthappan S K;Sinha M K;Katiyar P;Srivastav A;Joseph R (Polymer Science and Rubber Technology Dep, Cochin Science & Technology Univ, Cochin-682 022, Email: saisyk@gmail.com) : Polypropylene/zinc oxide nanocomposite fibers: morphology and thermal analysis. J Polym Mater 2013, 30(1), 79-89.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were prepared from zinc chloride and sodium hydroxide in chitosan medium. Polypropylene (PP) /ZnO composites were prepared by melt mixing method. It was then spun in to fibers by melt spinning and subsequent drawing. Mechanical properties of the PP fiber were improved by the addition of ZnO nanoparticles. Thermogravimetric analysis showed significant improvement in thermal stability of PP fiber.

9 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref

014737   Desayi D B;Kukanoor L H;Patil C P;Shirur M; Shivakumar B B (Post Harvest Technology Dep, Kittur Rani Chennamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi-591 310, Email: dadahort@gmail.com) : Utilization of dried mushroom powder for development of mushroom fortified biscuits. Mushroom Res 2012, 21(1), 67-71.

Study was conducted to develop the mushroom fortified biscuits as influenced by fortification of different levels of mushroom powder and artificial flavours. Mushroom fortified biscuits were prepared by adding mushroom powder to the biscuit recipe at 5,10 and 15 per cent concentrations along with addition of strawberry and vanilla flavours at each level, whereas biscuits prepared only with bakery recipe were kept as control. Among different treatments, 10 per cent mushroom powder along with 0.2 per cent vanilla flavour recorded highest scores for organoleptic parameters like colour and appearance, flavour, crispness, taste and overall acceptability even upto 30 days of storage. Whereas, it was at par with fortification of 10 per cent mushroom powder along with 0.2 per cent strawberry flavour. Fortification with 10 per cent mushroom powder along with 0.2 per cent vanilla or strawberry flavour in bakery recipe was better for preparation of mushroom fortified biscuits.

3 tables, 9 ref

014736   Das A;Singh R (Mineral Processing Div, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: adas@nmlindia.org) : Judicious utilization of non-renewable mineral resources through physical enrichment. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 490-6.

The infrastructural and economic growth of the nation is heavily dependent on minerals especially in the steel, power and cement sectors. The quality of available resources deteriorated due to intense utilization of high grade ores. Low grade ores and secondary resources require elaborate enrichment before utilization. The pivotal role played by CSIR-NML in developing necessary scientific know-how is discussed. In view of the changing energy and environment scenario, preparations for future R&D needs in the minerals sector are also described.

1 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

014735   Chaturvedi V K;Sridevi R;Kumar B;Joseph B; Asgola H S (Mycology Laboratory, Bacteriology and Mycology Div, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122) : Anticandidal activity of some of the common chemicals and dyes. J Vet Publ Hlth 2011, 9(1), 51-3.

Total of twelve common dyes and chemicals comprising salicylic acid, benzoic acid, boric acid, phenol, thionin, crystal violet, iodine, alum, copper sulphate, malachite green, methylene blue and lactic acid were screened for the anticandidal activity by their effect on the germ tube formation. The majority of the chemicals showed anti candidal activity except lactic acid and methylene blue. Promising effect was seen with salicylic acid, boric acid, phenol, iodine, crystal violet, copper sulphate and to a lesser degree with thionin. The alum, malachite green and benzoic acid also had significant effect on the germ tube formation.

014734   Banerjee D;Duari B;Dey R;Chaudhuri B;Pal A (NO, M.I.T., Bishnupur) : Micro and macro analysis of high build solventless organic coating (accelerated) after cathodic disbondment. Paintindia 2012, 62(12), 62-5.

Different organic coating material viz High Build Epoxy, Coal Tar Epoxy, Polyurethane, Class Flake Epoxy, Concrete Coating, Cold dip Galvanizing applied on steel plate are subjected to Salt Spray Test as per ASTM B117 for 2000 hrs and then Cathodic Disbondment Test as per ASTM C8. Further metal beneath cathodic disbondment (caused due to blistering) are under microscope to find out type of corrosion and list them from minimum to worst.

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014733   Bandyopadhyay D;Singh S D;Vaish A K;Goswami M C;Pal J;Ghorai S (Ferrous Processing and Process Modeling Group, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: db@nmlindia.org) : Iron and steel: from cradle to crown. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 497-503.

Driven by national need to develop indigenous technology to suit raw materials of our country, CSIR-NML, since inception, conceptualized and executed several pioneering research programmes in the area of iron and steel making, including production of pig iron in low shaft furnace, sponge iron making in rotary kiln. Research activity on top and side blown converters was considered ahead of time initiatives. Ferroalloy development, the backbone of steel industry originated and was nurtured for more than five decades at NML. Energy and environmental considerations shaped foundry research whereas development of tribal iron making was driven by a quest to preserve heritage. Starting with baby blast furnace in early years to advanced modeling studies in recent times, this article narrates the journey of NML in iron and steel making with emphasis on relevance and impact.

1 table, 3 ref

014732   Bandgar P S;Mehetre S A;Ghatge J S (Renewable Energy Sources Dep, Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Agricultural Engineering and Tech, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, Email: psbandgar@gmail.com) : Drying of onion slices in solar tent dryer. Int J agric Engng 2013, 6(1), 157-61.

The experiment was conducted to study this drying of onion slices in solar tent dryer designed by D.Y. Patil College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur. The minimum temperature was 35.5°C at 8:00 am while maximum temperature attained in solar tent dryer was 54.3°C at 02.30 pm. Solar radiation received was increased from 300 W/m² to more than 900W/m². The initial moisture content of fresh onion slices were taken for drying was 84.7 per cent which was reduced to 11.13 per cent (wb) in three days drying period, whereas open drying required five days. Cost analysis revealed that the cost Of dried onion slices was Rs.90/- per kg and break-even point was 85.45 per cent. Payback period was 2.24 years. The profit of solar tent dryer was found to be Rs.2005.24/-

8 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

014731   Baggen P (NO, Business Unit Colorants, CPS Color, Email: author.paintindia@gmail.com) : Point-of-sale tinting: achiecing cost-effective color variety. Paintindia 2012, 62(12), 66.

Globally, paint markets differ greatly in the way they create color. While North America, Scandinavia and Australia concentrate on in-can, point-of-sale (POS) tinting, emerging markets, such as Asia and Africa are dominated by direct milling, paint-in-paint mixing and in-batch tinting. In South America, Europe and the Middle-East, the whole range of color mixing possibilities can be found depending on the region. Making the move from readymixed paints to point-of-sale tinting offers many benefits to manufacturers and retailers; including financial.

014730   Asogwa E U;Agbongiarhuoyi A E;Mokwunye F C; Ndagi I;Adebiyi S;Ndubuaku T C N (NO, Kola Research Programme, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan) : Challenges of kolanuts processing, trade and export from Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African countries. Int J Sci Nat 2012, 3(1), 6-11.

Kolanuts have been an important trade item in the West African region for many centuries. There is dearth of recent and accurate information on the production figures of kolanuts and the volume of traded nuts and prices of produce exported from various sub-Saharan African countries. Information on kolanut production and marketing is scattered and not considered reliable. There are few statistics kept by government agencies as kola is not as important a national crop as coffee, cocoa, or other export crops. In Nigeria, the few literatures available are very old and not coherent. The issues of storage pests and diseases attack, pre-processing of nuts, storage and preservation and smuggling across boarder from producing countries especially Nigeria are major factors affecting the industry. Kola farmers need to be adequately enlightened on the judicious use of alternative pesticides in controlling the effects of weevils, moulds and rots. This will help increase the quantity and quality of kolanut for sale in local and international markets. The Government of producing countries should intensify effort through relevant stakeholders to bring kolanut into the mainstream of commodities in the global market. The study seeks to assess the challenges facing kolanut processing, trade and export from Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African countries.

55 ref

014729   Arun Kumar P;Nirmala R;Bhavya E P (Institute, Southern Regional Station, Bengaluru, Karnataka, , , Email: uppinarun@gmail.com) : Effect of different packaging and storage conditions on shelf-life of processed drumstick leaves. Int J agric Engng 2013, 6(1), 28-31.

Green leafy vegetables are common in the Indian diet. A variety of greens are consumed in different parts of the country. Leafy vegetables are highly perishable and their shelf life depends on duration and conditions of storage. In the view of the increasing demand for products with a fresh-like quality which are very nutritious and easily available in the local market, a research has been conducted to assess the quality of the drumstick leaves by using different packaging materials and methods under different storage conditions. Influence of packaging conditions on minimally processed drumstick leaves were studied during 12 days of storage at 5°C. The pretreated drumstick leaves were packaged in Low density polyethylene(LDPE) and polypropylene materials of different thickness namely, 150, 250 and 350 gauges under normal ambient air and refrigerated condition and stored in ambient (25±2C), refrigerated (5±2°C) temperatures with quality analysis under a day interval for twelve days. The results observed for different conditions with respect to the quality deterioration revealed that 350 gauge thick LDPE was found to be the best in maintaining the colour and the reduction in vitamin C content(150 mg/ 100 g), beta carotene content (4793μg/100 g) was found to be less during the storage and it was also observed that the rate of increase in the microbial load i.e. fungi, bacteria was less with the values 2.96 x10⁶ and 1.21 x10⁴, respectively at the end of storage period.

7 illus, 4 ref

014728   Arumuganathan T;Ramanathan M;Krishnamoorthy A S;Rai R D;Manikantan M R;Indurani C;Anandakumar S (NO, Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan-173 213, Email: arumuganathan@gmail.com) : Modified atmosphere storage of button mushroom using diffusion channel system. Mushroom Res 2012, 21(1), 55-65.

Button mushroom was stored in diffusion channel storage system, which is a new concept in modified atmosphere storage. PET jars of 7 litre capacity were used as storage chambers and provided with diffusion channels having lengths of 5,10 and 15 cm and inner diameter of 3, 4 and 5 mm to modify the inside atmosphere. The experiment was conducted to assess the suitability of the system under ambient condition. The quality parameters viz., phenol, protein, total amino acids, total sugars and vitamin - C were analysed for the fresh as well as stored button mushrooms. The quality analysis of all the stored mushrooms showed that the mushrooms stored with 3 mm diameter and 15 cm long diffusion channel for 500 g mushroom was found to be the best combination as compared to all other treatments. By adopting this storage technique, button mushrooms could be effectively stored for 8 days under ambient condition with lowest acceptable change in quality parameters.

6 illus, 32 ref

014727   Alwaan I M;Hassan A;Jawaid M (NO, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Teknologi Malaysia Univ, Johor, Malaysia, Email: ism10alw@yahoo.com) : Effect of natural rubber/epoxidized natural rubber (90/10) on mechanical and thermal properties of linear low density polyethylene. J Polym Mater 2013, 30(1), 117-30.

The effects of blending different amounts of (90/10) natural rubber/epoxidized natural rubber (NR/ENR-50) with metallocene linear low density polyethylene (mLLDPE) on the tensile strength, elongation at yield point, Young's modulus, hardness and thermal properties were investigated. In this study, N, N-m-phenylenebismaleimide (HVA-2) was used as compatibilizer for the blends. The highest tensile strength was observed in the blend of 90/(9/1) mLLDPE/NR/ENR-50. With increasing mixed rubber content, the tensile modulus is found to decrease continuously, but interestingly the hardness and elongation at yield point is shown to increase. The crystallinity percentage of 10% rubber/mLLDPE was the lowest percentage. The maximum physical crosslinks occur in 90/(9/1) mLLDPE/NR/ENR-50 composite blend. The FTIR showed that the epoxy and double bond groups were found to be absent in all blends indicating thermal stability and compatibility of mLLDPE/rubber blends were improved by addition of 10 and 30% loading of rubber, in the presence of HVA-2 as compatibilizer.

5 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

013701   Sood D R;Waldia R S;Sood R;Sharma A (Food Technology Dep, Guru Jambheshwar Science and Technology Univ, Hisar-125 001) : Functional properties, hydration indices and biochemical constituents of pigeon pea genotypes. Indian J Nutr Diet 2012, 49(8), 333-41.

Twenty three genotypes of pigeonpea were evaluated for functional properties, hydration indices and biochemical constituents. Considerable variability was noticed in almost majority of attributes determined. Fat absorbing capacity values were found to be lower than water absorbing capacity values. Porosity per cent ranged from 29.63 to 46.34 and bulk density from 0.638 to 0.815. Seed density and pH of leachates of incubated seeds did not vary much. Genotypes exhibited good swelling and hydration capacity. Seed coat varied from 12.91 to 19.53 percent. Methionine was found to be the most limiting amino acids and tyrosine content was greater than individual sulphur containing amino acids. In comparison to standard reference protein, the evaluated pigeonpea genotypes appeared to be excelling and can be employed for further improvement of cooking, nutritional and functional properties.

3 tables, 26 ref

013700   Sivasakthi M;Narayanasamy S (Food Science and Technology Dep, Pondicherry Univ, Puducherry-605 014) : Osmotic dehydration of coconut slices with the impregnation of mint extract. Indian J Nutr Diet 2012, 49(10), 442-50.

Osmotic dehydration of food materials followed by air-drying technology is an emerging interest because of their excellent quality traits. Coconut slices of thickness 0.5±0.1 mm was osmotic dehydrated in (100, 90 and 80%) sucrose solutions of different concentrations with or without the infusion of mint extract (5,10 and 15%) and the osmotic process was carried out half an hour. Then the slices were dried in a hot air oven at temperature of 50-60°C for about 7 to 8 hours. Osmotic medium without the infusion of mint extract serves as the control. The chemical, sensory, color, texture, antioxidant and other parameters which affect the quality and shelf-life of the chips were determined. Moisture, rehydration and chemical studies insist favorable results in storage and shelf life of the product within desirable standard limits. Sensory parameters with highly accepted score of 7.5 of the selected mint infused chips (100 per cent sucrose in 100 per cent of solution containing 10 per cent of mint extract) when compared with control revealed significant difference at (p≤0.5) level. In fact, the use of mint juice infused osmo-hot air dried coconut chips showed higher total sugars, energy, antioxidant minerals than control, which could be endorsed commercially as a healthy snack food especially for children and the vulnerable group.

1 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref

013699   Singh V K;Garg M K;Pare A (Processing & Food Engineering Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: vijurss@gmail.com) : Shelf life prediction model of packaged foods and its validation. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(4), 1303-7.

Computer based mathematical model was developed to predict the moisture content of packed material under different storage conditions. The developed model was tested for its validation. No significant difference was obtained between the observed and predicted values. Thus the developed model can be used for the prediction of shelf life of the product and to study the effects of different parameters. This study will be useful for proper selection of packaging material for biscuits under different climatic conditions.

1 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

013698   Pathak S;Pandey A;Gupta A (Horticulture Dep, ND Agriculture & Technology Univ, Kumarganj, Faizabad-224 229, Email: avnish.hort2010@gmail.com) : Change in quality parameter of blended beverages (RTS + nectar) during shortage. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(4), 1226-8.

The present investigation was carried out during 2009-10 with the objective to develop litchi and pomegranate blended RTS and nectar beverages. Results of on change during storage of litchi and pomegranate blended RTS and nectar beverage indicated that total soluble solids increased gradually after two months of storage. Ascorbic acid content of RTS and nectar showed a continuous decline during entire period of storage whereas changes were significant upto four months of storage. Browning showed a continuous increase in RTS and nectar. The quality of RTS was found to be acceptable upto four month of storage and nectar up to five months of storage. The organoleptic score of RTS and nectar decreased gradually with the storage period. There were no significant changes observed up to four month in RTS and five month of storage in nectar.

3 tables, 11 ref

013697   Mousavi R S;Ghavami M;Nateghi L (Food Science and Technology Dep, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran, Iran) : Effect of mint and basil extracts on stability of palm oil. Ann Biol Res 2013, 4(2), 241-6.

In this study, antioxidant activity of extracted mint and basil extracts using different solvent (methanol, acetone and hexane) was evaluated. Mint and basil extracts at different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5%) were added to palm oil. The results of peroxide revealed that oil samples containing the highest concentration of methanolic extract of mint showed the lowest peroxide index. This results probably because the methanol extract was able to extract higher amount of phenolic compounds compared to acetone and hexane. Therefore mint methanol extract, could be a suitable substitute for detrimental and synthetic antioxidants which usually used by factories.

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013696   Maiti S;Chowdhury M;Chakraborty A;Ray S;Sa B (NO, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Ashram More, G.T. Road, Asansol-713 301, Email: sabya245@rediffmail.com) : Sulfated locust bean gum hydrogel beads for immediate analgesic effect of tramadol hydrochloride. J scient ind Res 2014, 73(1), 21-8.

In this study, locust bean gum (LBG) was chemically modified to its carboxymethyl sulfate derivative (CSLBG) and characterized by its degree of sulfation and carboxymethylation. Ionotropic gelation of aqueous CSLBG droplets led to the formation of hydrogel beads (1777-1879 μm) in presence of basic aluminum chloride solution. A potent analgesic tramadol hydrochloride (BCS class I) was incorporated into the hydrogel beads in various amounts (20, 30 and 40%, w/w). Irrespective of initial drug loading, the beads were spherical under scanning electron microscope but distortion was noted after drying. The beads were capable of entrapping a maximum of 53.28% drug. The hydrogels disintegrated in 3-5min and liberated almost all of their content in 15min in 0.1(N) HCl solution. A statistically significant difference was noted in t_85% values of the formulations (p <60> 0.05). FTIR spectroscopy did not reveal any chemical interaction between drug and CSLBG. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-Ray diffraction analyses suggested amorphous dispersion of the drug after its encapsulation into the hydrogel beads. CSLBG hydrogel beads satisfied the single point dissolution test criteria as set by US FDA (NLT 85% in 15min) for immediate release dosage forms and thus, could be useful in achieving immediate analgesic action of the drug.

2 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref