023332   Solomon S (NO, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow-226 002, Email: drsolomonsushil1952@gmail.com ) : Sugarcane by-products based industries in India. Sugar Tech 2011, 13(4), 408-16.

Sugarcane is one of the best converter of solar energy into biomass and sugar. The biomass which contains fiber, lignin, pentosans and pith can be converted into value added products by application of suitable chemical, biochemical and microbial technologies. The processing of sugarcane generates bagasse, molasses and press mud which has great economic value. Besides these main byproducts, there are other residues which are produced from sugarcane and have less commercial value such as trash, green tops, wax, fly ash and spent wash. Indian sugar industry has been processing these by-products to generate bioethanol, bio-electricity and many value added products in Sugar-Agro-industrial Complexes.

^iia1 table, 4 ref

023331   Solomon S (NO, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow-226 002, Email: drsolomonsushil1952@gmail.com ) : Indian sugar industry. Sugar Tech 2011, 13(4), 255-65.

Sugar industry is the second largest agro-based industry in India and contributes significantly to the socio-economic development of rural population. It supports 50 million farmers and their families and provides direct employment to over 0.5 million skilled and semi-skilled persons in sugar mills and integrated industries. The Indian sugar industry plays a leading role in global sugar market being the world's second largest producer after Brazil, producing nearly 15 and 25% of global sugar and sugarcane, respectively. The sugar industry which encompasses 599 operating sugar mills, 309 distilleries and 180 cogen-eration plant and numerous pulp, paper and chemical making units is supported by four leading sugarcane research institutions, twenty-two state sugarcane research stations, world class sugar machinery manufacturers, suppliers and technical experts. Currently, the industry produces around 300-350 million tonnes (Mt) cane, 20-22 Mt white sugar and 6-8 Mt jaggery and khandsari to meet the domestic consumption of sweeteners. Besides, about 2.7 billion liters of alcohol and 2,300 MW power and many chemicals are also produced. The industry is able to export around 1,300 MW of power to the grid. Indian sugar industry is fully capable of meeting demand of potable alcohol as well as 10% blending in gasoline. Industry is gradually transforming into sugar complexes by producing sugar, bio-electricity, bio-ethanol, bio-manure and chemicals; these contribute about 1% to the National GDP. Emerging businesses like fuel ethanol, raw sugar and structural changes in global market have provided new horizons for the Indian sugar industry. The sector today has transformational opportunities that would enable it not only to continue to service the largest domestic markets but has also emerged as a significant carbon credit and green power producer and has the potential to support an ethanol blending programme of E10 and beyond.

^iia3 tables, 7 ref

023330   Sabnis A S;Bhave V G;Kathalewar M S;Mare M; Raut P P (Polymer and Surface Engineering Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai) : New polyester polyol derived from recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) for coating application. Archiv appl Sci Res 2012, 4(1), 85-93.

The recycling of post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a worldwide concern due to its environmental impact and large volume of these waste materials produced by society. Current work aims at effective recycling of waste PET from soft drink bottles by glycolysis method and thereby utilization of recycled product for coating application. In the investigation, Ethylene Glycol (EG) was used for glycolysis of PET in presence of 0.5% zinc acetate as transesterification catalyst. PET & EG were taken on molar basis at 1:4 and 1:6. The glycolyzed product was characterized by hydroxyl and acid values, FTIR, ¹HNMR spectroscopy. Polyester polyol was successfully synthesized by esterification of glycolyzed product, Adipic acid, Phthalic anhydride and Neopentyl glycol. The produced resin was cured with different polyisocyanate curing agents. The mechanical properties of the cured resins were evaluated. The chemical resistances of cured coatings were evaluated for water, solvents, salt spray, acid and alkali resistance.

6 illus, 6 tables, 14 ref

023329   Pawar M S;Rathod R K;Chavhan G R (Agricultural and Food Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, Email: mangalpawa.32@gmail.com) : Modeling for modified atmospheric packaging of sapota. Fd Sci Res J 2012, 3(1), 36-9.

In the storage and transportation process of fresh fruits and vegetables, respiration rate control plays major role in prolonging the self life of the product. The lowering of O₂ gas concentration and the elevating the CO₂ gas concentration surrounding the produce are usually effective for respiration depression. Respiration rate can be determined by measuring the consumption of O₂ and evolution of CO₂. So based on respiration rate, surface area of packaging material, storage temperature and permeability of packaging material this model was developed for obtaining time for equilibration by which design of packaging parameters, was determined for the better self life of the commodity.

2 illus, 7 ref

023328   Pare B;Swami D;Thapak T R;Qureshi T (Laboratory of Photocatalysis, Chemistry Dep, Govt. Madhav Science Post Graduate College, Vikram Univ, Ujjain-456 010, Email: brijeshpare2009@hotmail.com) : Photocatalytic degradation of environmentally hazardous crystal violet dye using bismuth oxychloride as photocatalyst. Int J chem Sci 2011, 9(3), 1183-93.

Photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet, a widely used industrial dye has been studied utilizing visible light and BiOCl as photocatalyst. This manuscript discusses the optimizing conditions for efficient photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet such as the effect of variation of pH, dye concentration, catalyst loading, light intensity and effect of addition of oxidants such as H₂O₂ & K₂S₂O₈ and salts such as Na₂CO₃ & NaCl. Experimental studies revealed the catalyst loading of 90 mg/100 mL as the optimal dose for the degradation of 2.5 x 10^-5 mole dm^-3 dye. The gradual reduction in the COD revealed its complete mineralization. Results demonstrated that BiOCl in the presence of visible irradiation can effectively degrade crystal violet dye.

2 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

023327   Ogunmodede O T;Adewole E;Adeniran O A;Adewale O B;Adewum F (Chemical Sciences Dep, Afe Babalola Univ, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria) : Contents of nitrosamine and its precursors in some roasted Nigerian food grains, tubers and animals and their potential ingestion in the diet. Archiv appl Sci Res 2012, 4(1), 285-91.

Nitrate, nitrite and N - nitrosamine levels were determined in three varieties of food materials. Nitrate in tubers varied from 60.00 mg/kg in cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) to 108.00 mg/kg in white yam (Discorea rotunda), while nitrite was from 23.67 mg/kg in cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) to 80.00 mg/kg in white yam (Discorea rotunda), and nitrosamine was from 0.05 mg/kg in cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) to 0.12 mg/kg in white yam (Discorea rotunda) varieties. Their levels in grains varied between 38.00 mg/kg in white maize (Zea may) and 82.00 mg/kg in coconut (Cocos nucifera) for nitrate and 10.00 mg/kg and 52.00 mg/kg for nitrite while nitrosamine was from 0.02 mg/kg in yellow maize (Zea may) to 0.05 mg/kg in cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale). Nitrate in meats varied between 47.67 mg/kg in cow meat to 63.33 mg/kg in fish (Tilapia), while nitrosamine was from 0.09 mg/kg in pork to 0.14 mg/kg in fish (Tilapia). On roasting, nitrite and nitrosamine increase in the food samples. Daily intake estimated that the nitrate, nitrite and nitrosamine contents of the food tubers, grains and meats seem to be higher than current acceptable daily intake.

2 tables, 11 ref

023326   Nair N V (NO, Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore-641 007, Email: vijay52in@yahoo.com) : Sugarcane varietal development programmes in India: an overview. Sugar Tech 2011, 13(4), 275-80.

Sugarcane breeding in India is almost a century old. The first interspecific cross between S. officina-rum x S.spontaneum was made in 1912 at Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Coimbatore and Co 205, one of the resultant hybrids was released for cultivation in 1918 marking the beginning of the sugarcane varietal improvement programmes in the country based on interspecific hybridization, back crossing of the hybrids to S.officinarum followed by intercrossing of the back cross derivatives. Apart from SBI, 23 state research stations also contribute to the sugarcane varietal development in the country. The current breeding strategy is that of a centralized hybridization programme at Coimbatore followed by progeny evaluation and selection at the 23 research stations located across the country to identify improved location-specific varieties. Consequently the varieties bred by SBI and the associate centres occupy over 90% of the cane area in the country.

^iia1 table, 15 ref

023325   Murali P;Hari K (Statistics & Economics Section, Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Coimbatore-641 007, Email: muralisundar@rediffmail.com) : Bio-fuel market scenario in India. Sugar Tech 2011, 13(4), 394-8.

Petroleum resources are finite and therefore search for alternative is continuing all over the world. Development of bio-fuels as an alternative and renewable source of energy for transportation has become critical in the national effort towards maximum self-reliance-the corner stone of our energy security strategy. Bio-fuels like ethanol and bio-diesel being environment friendly, will help us to conform to the stricter emission norms. International experience has demonstrated the advantages of using ethanol and bio-fuel as automotive fuel. There is a lot happening in the field of bio-fuels in India but, the demand and supply scenario is uneven and hinders the bio-fuel blending program. Hence, assessment of potential demand and supply situation assumes greater importance. In this paper, Authors examine the :-current production trends and government policies and future requirements of the bio-fuel in the country. The study has highlighted the importance of the bio-fuel production and bio-fuel market prospects in the country.

^iia3 tables, 15 ref

023324   Kshirsagar P J;Talathi J M;Torane S R;Naik V G (Agril. Economics Dep, College of Agriculture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra) : Economics of value addition in Kokum (Garcinia indica) fruits processing. Int Res J agric econ Statists 2012, 3(1), 49-52.

Value addition to the Kokum fruits through processing assumes an important activity because raw/ripe fruits need to be processed before their consumption. In this context, Kokum crop has attained the status of commercial importance. The product wise capital investment per processing units viz., Kokum syrup, Kokum agal, Kokum rind and Kokum RTS was found to be Rs. 1962014.31, Rs. 374814.95, Rs. 62749.89 and Rs. 77371.38, respectively. In these productwise capital investment, the working capital investment for Kokum syrup, agal, rind and RTS was observed to be 86.70 per cent, 87.16 per cent, 73.77 per cent and 84.05 per cent, respectively. In Kokum processing unit, gross return obtained from the Kokum syrup was Rs. 26,41,076.00, from Kokum agal Rs. 4,86,998.00, from Kokum rind Rs. 1,66,635.00 and from Kokum RTS Rs. 20000.00. After deducting the total cost from gross return, the net return amounted to Rs. 683434.87 in syrup, Rs. 111380.11 in Kokum agal unit Rs. 112092.27 in Kokum rind, andRs. 124968.28 in Kokum RTS. The value addition in Kokum fruit processing by preparing Kokum syrup was Rs. 33.81 per liter, which was observed to be maximum when compared with Kokum rind (Rs. 27.00 per kg), Kokum agal (Rs. 18.55 per liter) and Kokum RTS (Rs. 3.72 per 200 ml of packet). Therefore, in Kokum raw material based processing activities, the value addition needs to be encouraged to process raw material into Kokum syrup. The major constraints experienced in the processing of Kokum in the study area were, irregular supply of electricity and water expressed by 90.00 per cent of the sample processors, respectively.

4 tables, 4 ref

023323   Kaushik G;Naik S N;Satya S (Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, Email: geetanjalikaushik2007@gmail.com) : Effect of domestic processing techniques on the mineral content in soybean. Asian J Chem 2010, 22(7), 5159-64.

Food legumes are widely consumed all over the world as these are good sources of dietary proteins, carbohydrates and minerals. Common domestic processing techniques like soaking, germination and cooking are employed so as to enhance the digestibility and nutritive value. The effects of soaking, germination (5 day period) and cooking (microwave, pressure and ordinary cooking) were studied on the mineral content of soybean. Germination (2nd day) leads to significant increases in the Ca, Cu and Zn content. Microwave cooking resulted in greater retention of minerals as compared to pressure cooking and ordinary cooking. Based on these results germination (day 2) for soybean should be popularized as a simple process for naturally fortifying food with essential minerals. While amongst cooking treatments microwave cooking could be suggested for soybean preparation.

2 tables, 23 ref

023322   Gurumurthy B S (NO, Sugar Technologist, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: bsgurumurthy@hotmail.com) : Advancement in sugar processing technologies in India emerging innovations. Sugar Tech 2011, 13(4), 378-93.

Indian sugar industry has witnessed steady growth in terms of total production of sugar, total number of factories in operation, average plant size and to some extent in terms of duration and recovery. The growth has been steady and consistent when seen over a block of 4 to 5 years. The sugar industry in India has also progressively advanced in terms of innovation and technology development. This article has gone through a short discussion on every station so that one can understand as to how the sugar industry has systematically absorbed advanced technologies and innovations stage by stage with in the frame work of Government acts, rules and regulations. It has always responded well to the various assistance, incentives and subsidies for expansion, modernization, innovation and technology development. The industry has balanced well, the various issues that are always linked with but not under the control of the industry, like cane price and cane payment, sugar price and monthly releases, export/import of sugar and more importantly surplus and shortage situations.

12 tables, 7 ref

023321   Dutta M;Ray T;Basu J K (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur) : Batch adsorption of fluoride ions onto microwave assisted activated carbon derived from acacia auriculiformis scrap wood. Archiv appl Sci Res 2012, 4(1), 536-50.

Adsorption of fluoride was done from its aqueous solution by using microwave assisted activated carbon. The activated carbon was prepared by carbonization of Acacia Auriculiformis scrap wood char followed by microwave heating. A batch study on fluoride sorption was carried out at various experimental conditions, including different pH, initial fluoride concentrations, adsorbent concentrations, competitive anion chloride and different temperatures. Fluoride adsorption was found to be pH dependent and the maximum removal of fluoride was obtained at pH of 4.4. On the other hand, the fluoride adsorption was reduced in the presence of chloride ions. The percentage removal of fluoride was found to be increased with increase in temperature and adsorbent dose and a maximum removal of 97.2% was obtained with an adsorbent dose of 2 g/l. On the other hand, the adsorption of fluoride was also increased with decrease in particle size and the maximum removal occurred at a particle size of 58 μm. In order to investigate the mechanism of fluoride removal, various adsorption isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and Herkin-Jura were fitted at 293, 303, and 323 K. The experimental data revealed that the Langmuir isotherm gave more satisfactory fit for fluoride removal. The monolayer adsorption capacity according to Langmuir isotherm was found to be 19.92 mg/g. The adsorption process was observed to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters were also determined and change in enthalpy and entropy were found to be 6.094 kJ/mol and 19.022 J/mol-K respectively.

9 illus, 6 tables, 46 ref

023320   Dong X;Wang L;Tian Y;Si S (Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Dep, Hefei Normal Univ, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P.R. China, Email: shengzhusi@163.com) : Partial least squares method for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of four food pigments. Asian J Chem 2010, 22(7), 5759-65.

Due to the strong overlapping of absorption spectra, the simultaneous determination of four food pigments mixtures (amaranth, carmine, enticed red, pyrosine) by using spectrophotometric method is difficult. A chemometrics method, partial least squares (PLS), was described for the simultaneous determination of four pigments in synthetic samples. Spectra of mixtures of four food pigments between 380-640 nm wavelengths by 0.2 nm intervals were recorded, in the range of concentrations comprised between 1-8 μg mL^-1 for amaranth, carmine, enticed red and 0.5-4 μg mL^-1 for pyrosine, respectively. The analyte recoveries from synthetic mixtures range from 100.26 to 103.24 % for amaranth, from 93.677 to 113.03 % for carmine, from 95.749 to 99.448 % for enticed red and from 85.446 to 104.33 % for pyrosine, respectively. The root mean square difference (RMSD) for the four analytes are 0.052772, 0.079997,0.088947,0.061912, respectively. The result shows that PLS is an efficient chemometrics method applied for prediction of the four analytes.

2 illus, 5 tables, 17 ref

023319   Deshmukh A W;Wasewar K L;Verma M N (Chemical Engineering Dep, Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nagpur (M.S.), Email: awasdk@gmail.com) : Solar drying of food materials as an alternative for energy crisis and environmental protection. Int J chem Sci 2011, 9(3), 1175-82.

Food problem in India and most other developing countries worldwide is due largely to the inability to preserve food surpluses rather than to low production. In many countries of the world, the use of solar thermal systems in the agricultural area to conserve vegetables, fruits, coffee and other crops has shown to be practical, economical and the responsible approach environmentally. Solar heating systems to dry food and other crops can improve the quality of the product, while reducing wasted produce and traditional fuels; thus, improving the quality of life. Solar drying is an affordable and cost effective alternative for preservation of food and agricultural crops. The external heating media is not required; thus, able to overcome global energy crises. It not only save energy, but also saves time, occupies less area, improves quality of product, makes the process more efficient and protects the environment. This systemic review contain the types and application of various solar dryers for agricultural and food products in view of global energy crises. A cabinet type natural solar dryer is designed for food drying. Its construction, design parameter, applicability for food drying is also discussed in this paper.

5 illus, 23 ref

023318   Desayi D B;Kukanoor L H;Patil C P;Shirur M; Shivakumar B B (Post Harvest Technology Dep, Kittur Rani Chennamma College of Horticulture, Arabhvi-591 310) : Development, recovery and evaluation of fresh mushroom chips and mushroom fortified noodles. Mushroom Res 2011, 20(2), 111-15.

Among the different treatments fresh mushroom chips prepared by soaking in one per cent salt+ one per cent KMS+0.5 per cent citric acid for five minutes along with partial dehydration for two minutes recorded higher per cent recovery, lower oil uptake, higher scores for organoleptic characters like colour and appearance, flavour, crispness, taste and overall acceptability. Among the different treatments 15 per cent mushroom powder fortified with noodle flour recorded the highest scores for organoleptic parameters like colour and appearance, flavour, crispness, taste and overall acceptability. Fortification of 20 percent mushroom powder to the noodle flour was found better for mushroom fortified noodles.

3 tables, 8 ref

023317   Babar K P;Shastri P N;Khogare D T;Thorat S S; Gaikwad R S (Food Science and Technology Dep, P.G.I., Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, Email: kalyan.foodtech@gmail.com) : Dehydration of vegetables by application of radio frequency heating. Fd Sci Res J 2012, 3(1), 69-73.

Radio frequency (RF) energy as emerging drying technologies. When properly applied can be energy efficient and had great potential in food and allied industries for a wide range of materials. The present investigation was undertaken to study the dehydration of vegetables by application of radio frequency (RF) heating. The dehydration of carrot and cabbage with initial moisture content 89 per cent, and French bean with 90 per cent was carried out for 180 min, 120 min and 180 min, respectively to achieve final moisture content of 5.1 for carrot. 1 per cent for cabbage and French bean. The overall quality of RF dried product was observed to be superior over hot air drying.

6 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

023316   Baba Alafara A;Adekola F A;Shobande O E;Ghosh M K;Ayinla K I;Adebayo S A (Chemistry Dep, P.M.B 1515, Ilorin Univ, Ilorin-240 003 (Nigeria), Email: baalafara@yahoo.com) : Chemical hydration by acid leaching of a brand of cement in nigerian market. Int J chem Sci 2011, 9(3), 1534-44.

In this work, experiment on chemical hydration by acid leaching from a brand of cement in Nigerian market has been studied. The physico-chemical characterization of the sample by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) has been examined. The influence of acid concentration and system temperature on the dissolution rates has been investigated. The dissolution rates are greatly influenced by acid concentration and reaction temperature. The dissolution investigations gave rise to activation energy value of 26.3 kJ/mol, which affirmed the diffusion reaction mechanism. Also, about 4.13 s^-1 and 0.98 were obtained as the system's Arrhenius constant and reaction order for the dissolution process, respectively.

7 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

023315   Achi S S;Adeyemo D J;Maju C;Tagang J (Chemistry Dep, Bingham Univ, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria) : Characterization of buffing dust using nigerian research reactor 1 (NIRR-1) and its environmental impact. Archiv appl Sci Res 2012, 4(1), 372-80.

Buffing dust from chrome tanned leather which is proteinous, impregnated with Chromium, synthetic fat, oil, tanning agents and dye chemicals is one of the difficult tannery wastes to manage. Its Characterization using neutron activation analysis technique indicates that Al, Cr, Fe, K and Na contribute as much as 17,600ppm, 5,000ppm, 43,000ppm, 5,500ppm and 12,200ppm respectively, while As, Ba, Br, Ca, Co, Cs, Dy, Eu, Hf, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Ta, Th, Ti, U, V, Yb and Zn contribute 3.5 + ppm, 64 ± 4ppm, 3.1 ± 0.02 ppm, 1.0 ± 0.1ppm, 3.4 ± 0.2 ppm, 0.23 ± 0.05 ppm, <60> 0.7 ppm, 0.06 ± 0.01 ppm, <60> 1.1ppm, 11.5 ± 0.03ppm, 0.03 ± 0.005ppm, <60> 7250ppm, 153 ± 21ppm, 24 ± 2ppm, 0.8 ± 0.05ppm, 2.02 ± 0.06ppm, 2.1 ± 0.1ppm, <60> 1ppm, <60> 1.2ppm, <60> 2500ppm, <60> 1.5ppm, <60> 15ppm, <60> <60> 0.9 ppm and 769 ± 21ppm respectively. The results obtained were validated with the data obtained from the simultaneous analysis of IAE-336 (Lichen) and IAEA 358 (Cabbage) which are all Internationally certified biological reference materials.

4 tables, 16 ref

022151   Yadav K C;Lal A;Vaithegi R (Food Process Engineering Dep, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad-211 007) : Effect of thermal processing on shelf life of Indian traditional sweet based holige under different storage conditions. Allahabad Fmr 2011, 66(2), 1-9.

The Holige was retort processed (95°C / 30 min) and stored for 45 days in Aluminium foil laminated pouches (approximately 50 g) and stored at 40°C / 38% RH and 27°C / 65% RH. The physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory stability of the Holige was evaluated during storage. There was no change in brix, however the pH was slightly decreased from 6.30 to 6.29 and 6.30 to 6.28 at a temperature of 40°C and 27°C and relative humidity of 38% and 65% RH respectively. The water activity was also slightly decreased from 0.75 to 0.64 and 0.75 to 0.62 at a temperature of 40°C and 27°C and relative humidity of 38% and 65% respectively. However these change did not affect the acceptance of the product. The product was microbiologically safe and acceptable upto 45 days of storage.

4 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

022150   Venugopalan R;Sathiyamoorthy D (Powder Metallurgy Div, BARC, , Trombay, Mumbai-400 085) : Development of carbon / carbon composites for nuclear reactor applications. BARC Newsl 2012, (NULL), 16-20.

Carbon and carbon fiber reinforced materials are promising materials for use in nuclear reactors, due to their excellent thermal and mechanical properties. In the present studies, experiments were carried out to prepare carbon-carbon(C/C) composites using non-graphitizing precursors such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber and phenolic resin matrix. A typical sample of C/C composite at 40 vol% of PAN fibre showed to be amorphous. These fibers have been used to make a 2-D preform and phenol formaldehyde resin was impregnated, cured and carbonized to form the matrix. Impregnation was carried out under different conditions, and its effect was studied by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and XPS. The C/C composite samples have been irradiated by neutrons at neutron flux of 1x10¹²n/cm²/s with varying fluences at 40°C. The stored energy is very less about 23.4 J/g and 43.3 J/g as compared to irradiated graphite. The composites were coated with silicon carbide (SiC) for improved oxidation resistance by chemical vapor deposition technique.

5 illus, 13 ref

022149   Usha Ravi;Menon L;Gomathy G (School of Food Science, M.O.P. Vaishnav College of Women, #20, IV Lane, Nungambakkam High Road, Chennai-600 034) : Devekionebt and quality assessment of value added plantain stem juice incorporated with grape juice. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2011, 2(2), 204-10.

The current scenario in the food industry mainly concentrates on value addition and agricultural waste reutilization. The objective of this study was to develop a blended crush with the incorporation of plantain stem (Musa sapientum Linn.) and grape (Vitis vinifera Linn.) juice and to analyze its physicochemical and nutritional values in order to determine the quality and consumer acceptability of the crush. The crushes were prepared with plantain stem juice and grape juice in different proportions (v/v) and compared both with pure standard plantain stem crush and grape crush. The physicochemical characteristics of the crush variations were found affected by the proportion of plantain stem juice incorporated. However, both juices are equally attributed in enhancing the nutritive value of the blended beverages when compared with the standards.

3 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref

022148   Shusheel Kumar;Chandra S;Singh A P (Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology Dep, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agric. & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh) : Shelf life and quality evaluation of ripe tomato under modified atmosphere packaging. Ann hort 2012, 5(1), 116-21.

Evaluation of Modified Atmospheric Packaging (MAP) was done at different temperatures to determine its effectiveness in extending the shelf life of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Harvesting of tomato fruits was done at yellowish orange state of ripeness. Then fruits were sorted, washed and treated with a solution of sodium hypochlorite (150 ppm chlorine). Packaging of fruits was done in BOPP (Bi-axially oriented polypropylene) and LDPE (Low density polyethylene), films with 50 micron thickness. To control moisture accumulation 5.0 g silica gel was packed in perforated packs and placed inside the packages. The MA packages and control samples were stored and held at low temperature cabinets set at 25°C (48% RH) and 30°C (45% RH). Evaluation of T.S.S., pH and T.A. (%) was done one day interval upto a month. MAP was also superior in delaying ripening of fruits. BOPP was found better in retaining T.A. %; T.S.S. and pH in the samples. Optimum storage temperature was found to be 25°C, BOPP packed samples had longest shelf life of 23 days.

4 illus, 5 ref

022147   Sharma K D;Sharma R;Attri S (Food Science & Technology Dep, Dr YSP University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan-173 230, Email: kdshama40@yahoo.com) : Instant value added products from dehydrated peach, plum and apricot fruits. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2011, 2(4), 409-20.

The peach, plum and apricot fruits were harvested at optimum stage of maturity and characterized for physical and chemical parameters and dehydrated in mechanical dehydrator at 60±2°C until 10-12% moisture. The fruit powder was prepared by further drying the fruit halves up to 3-4% moisture at 70±2°C and then grinding. Different proportions of fruit powder were mixed with the other ingredients for the manufacture of chutney mix and ready-to-serve drink mix. Pickle was prepared by reconstituting the halves and mixing the other powdered ingredients like spices, salt and jaggery. All the products were packed in laminated pouches and stored at ambient temperature (l3-28°C) for 6 month. On the basis of sensory data the products viz., powder, ready-to-serve drink mix and chutney mix prepared from apricot were rated as the best products followed by plum and peach fruits while dried pickle from the plum halves was rated excellent followed by apricot and peach. All physico-chemical and sensory parameters of different products exhibited changes during storage of these products. There was increase in moisture, reducing sugars, non-enzymatic browning and decrease in total sugars, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and sulphur dioxide however, changes were minimum and products remained acceptable during storage period of 6 months.

6 illus, 26 ref

022146   Sharma A;Grover E (Textiles and Apparel Designing Dep, College of Home Sciences, Central Agricultural University, Sangsangre, West Garo Hills, Tura-794 101, Email: anshusharma_2002@rediffmail.com) : Colour fastness of walnut dye on cotton. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2011, 2(2), 164-9.

The term natural dye, cover all the dyes derived from natural resources such as plants, insects and animals. The colour fastness of a coloured textile is therefore defined as its resistance to changes when subjected to a particular set of conditions. Walnut (Juglans regia Linn.) is a large deciduous, monoecious tree, mostly grown in un-reclaimed and poor soil. In the present study an attempt has been made to dye cotton yarns with walnut bark dye and to test the colour fastness of dyed material against light, crocking, perspiration and washing. It has been found that walnut dye can be successfully used for dyeing of cotton. This dye may be useful in imparting number of fast shades on cotton using common mordants like Alum, FeSO₄, CUSO₄ and Chrome with good fastness properties. Thus, this dye may find its use in dyeing of cotton fabrics.

1 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

022145   Sasikala R;Bharadwaj S R (Chemistry Div, BARC, , Trombay, Mumbai-400 085) : Photocatalytic hydrogen generation from water using solar radiation. BARC Newsl 2012, (NULL), 10-15.

Solar photocatalytic water splitting is considered as a potential method for hydrogen production as both solar energy and water are renewable. The major task is the design of suitable photocatalysts, which can work efficiently under solar radiation, especially under visible light. The performance of the visible light active photocatalysts synthesized till date is far from satisfactory for any practical applications, which necessitates a lot more research and attention in this field. In the light of our recent findings, this article addresses the different problems associated with the development and efficient utilization of solar energy for the photocatalytic water splitting reaction.

7 illus, 1 table, 6ref

022144   Preeti;Singh R P (Biochemistry Dep, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Daizabad-224 229) : Biochemical and shelf life studies in table pea. Ann Pl Soil Res 2011, 13(2), 89-91.

The present study was conducted during Rabi season at Kumarganj, Faizabad. Three varieties of Table Pea namely Arkel, Azad Pea-3 and NDVP-6 were grown in randomized block design. The edible pods of each variety were collected and stored at ambient temperature in polyethylene bags at different intervals to record biochemical parameters and the shelf life of edible pods. It was observed that the contents of protein, lysine, methionine, tryptophan and vitamin C gradually decreased in all the three varieties. Protein, methionine, lysine, tryptophan, vitamin C and total minerals content in all the three varieties decreased from 26.48 to 26.34 per cent, 2.32 to 2.23 g/100g protein, 7.74 to 7.51 g/l00g protein, 0. 89 to 0.74 g/100g protein, 21.07-20.30 mg/100 g and 2.65-2.20 mg/l00 g, respectively. On the other hand, crude fibre and β carotene increased to a considerable amount on storage. β carotene and crude fibre increased from 404.37 to 431.69 μg/100g and 9.05-9.15%, respectively when stored for six days. It was found that variety Azad Pea-3 and Arkel can be stored up to four days at ambient temperature, while variety NDVP-6 up to six days without much loss in their biochemical parameters.

8 tables, 16 ref

022143   Mohanty P;Pant K K;Naik S N;Das L M;Vasudevan P (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi-110 016) : Fuel production from biomass: Indian perspective for pyrolysis oil. J scient ind Res 2011, 70(8), 668-74.

This review presents current status of crude pyro-oil production in India from agro and forest based biomass with its limitations and the state of technologies for second and third generation fuel production. Also, bio oil obtained from hydropyrolysis of different bamboo species has been characterized. Bio-fuel production is reviewed as a two step process: i) raw biomass is converted in steps into crude pyro-oil and to a low calorific fuel substrates in gas, liquid or solid phase; and ii these substrates are catalytically converted to high grade fuels and hydrogen.

2 illus, 4 tables, 43 ref

022142   Gupta B;Ranu Prasad (Foods and Nutrition Dep, Halina School of Home Science, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad-211 007) : Quality parameters of ice lolly prepared by the incorporation of fruit juices. Allahabad Fmr 2012, 68(1), 25-31.

Fruits have been a major part of the human diet since time immemorial and still are. Fruits are generally high in vitamin C, and many other vitamins and minerals. Fruits are also very high in dietary fibre. An ice lolly is a frozen water dessert on a stick that is coloured and flavoured. It is made by freezing coloured, flavoured water around a stick. The experiment was replicated five times and data obtained during investigation was statistically analyzed by using Analysis of variance (ANOVA two way classifications) and critical difference (CD) techniques. Sensory evaluation of the prepared fruit juice ice lolly was carried out using the nine point hedonic scale. The ash, moisture, vitamin C and total carotene content were determined. Fruit juice (orange and pineapple) was mixed in water in the percentage of 75 percent (T₁) Treatment, 80 percent (T₂) Treatment and 90 percent (T₃) Treatment respectively. Fruit juice ice lolly in the percentage of 80 percent T₂ Treatment was found to be best in terms of flavour and taste as well as 80 percent T₂ Treatment was found to be best in terms of overall acceptability results. The nutritional composition of fruit juice ice lolly, In terms of moisture and vitamin C percentage of 90 percent T₃ is best treatment. The total carotene content percentage was found more in T₃ Treatment.

4 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

022141   Desale G R;Vasudevan P;Pothal J K;Zala K S; Bhatti B A;Singh S N;Sen P K (NO, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSMCRI0, CSIR, Bhavnagar-364 002, Email: grdesale@csmcri.org) : Purification of water using vertical multiple effect distillation unit. J scient ind Res 2011, 70(8), 634-8.

This study presents use of a vertical multiple effect distillation (VMED) technique for defluoridation and dearsenification of contaminated water and desalination of sea water. Distillation of tap water was also undertaken for comparison. VMED unit has been found able to remove all types of salt from water to produce good quality distilled water.

9 illus, 16 ref

021016   Vijay Bhooshan Kumar;Mohanta D (Nanoscience Laboratory, Physics Dep, Tezpur Univ, Tezpur-784 028, Email: best@tezu.ernet.in) : Formation of nanoscale tungsten oxide structures and colouration characteristics. Bull Mater Sci 2011, 34(3), 435-42.

In this work, pH dependent evolution of tungsten oxide (WO₃) nanostructures is being reported along with physical characteristics. The synthesis was carried out via an inexpensive solvothermal cum chemical reduction route, with sodium tungstate (Na₂WO₄) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (C₁₉H₄₂NBr) as main reactants. The X-ray diffraction, together with transmission electron microscopic studies have revealed formation of regular polyhedral nanocrystalline structures and fractals as one goes from higher pH (= 5-5) to lower pH (= 2) values. The average crystallite size, as calculated through Williamson-Hall plots, was varied within 2-8-6-8 nm for different pH samples. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals in-plane bending vibration δ (W-OH), observable at <126>1630 cm^-1 and strong stretching v (W-O-W) located at <126>814 cm^-1. Raman spectroscopy has divulged WO₃ Raman active optical phonon modes positioned at <126>717 and 805 cm^-1. The thermochromic and photochromic properties of the nanoscale WO₃ sample prepared at pH = 5-5, are also highlighted.

8 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

021015   Velu S;Muruganandam L (Chemical Engineering Div, School of Mechanical and Building Sciences (SMBS), VIT Univ, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, Email: svelu@vit.ac.in) : Development of PES membranes for separation of metal ions: effect of polymer composition. Int J chem Sci 2011, 9(2), 757-68.

Asymmetric ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were prepared from poly (ether sulfone) (PES) using N,N'-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent by phase inversion method. Solution cast PES membranes were homogeneous for all studied compositions, 12.5 to 20% polymer and 87.5 to 80% of solvent. The fabricated membranes were characterized for their UF performance such as pure water flux, water content and membrane hydraulic resistance and found to be moderate changes. It is estimated that the pure water flux of 20% PES membrane increases from 12 to 76 L/m².h, when the polymer concentration was decreased to 12.5% in the casting solution. The membranes were also characterized for their separation performance through metal ions in aqueous solution. The percentage rejection of metal ions was increased while the permeate flux has decreasing trend.

5 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

021014   Toliwal S D;Jadav K;Pavagadhi T (Industrial Chemistry Dep, Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and Research, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120, Email: toliwalsd@yahoo.co.in) : Inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 1 N HC1 solutions by schiff base derived from non-traditional oils. Indian J chem Technol 2011, 18(4), 301-8.

2-alkyl-N-benzylidenehydrazinecarbothioamide of fatty acid hydrazides from nontraditional oils (neem, rice bran and karanja) have been synthesized and evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel (MS) in hydrochloric acid (HC1) solution by weight loss method. Adsorption of all Schiff bases on MS surface in acid solution obeyed Temkin's adsorption isotherm. Inhibition efficiency of these compounds increases with increase in concentration of the compound, and vary with solution temperature, immersion time and concentration of acid solution. Various thermodynamic parameters are also calculated to investigate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition.

8 illus, 5 tables, 40 ref

021013   Subathira A;Meyyappan R M (Technology Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Email: asubathira2000@yahoo.co.in ) : Anticorrosion behavior of polyaniline polypyrrole composite coating on stainless steel. Int J chem Sci 2011, 9(2), 493-502.

Polyaniline/polypyrrole composite coatings were deposited by electrochemical polymerization method onto SS304 electrodes using constant potential technique. This study will provide a better understanding of the corrosion protection mechanism of the composite coatings. The structure of the coating was determined by using Reflection Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy (RAIR). The RAIR peaks ratios of the characteristic peaks were used to monitor the changes in the structure of polymer with respect to the process parameters. The change in corrosion current with process parameter was correlated with the extent of oxidation of the polymer. The mean roughness, rms roughness and the 3-D morphology of the coatings obtained from Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to correlate the surface energy changes of the coatings.

7 illus, 5 tables, 7 ref

021012   Srivastava S K;Thakur S K;Tripathi R C;Verma N (Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, P.O. FRI, Dhanbad-828 108, Email: sukusri1@rediffmail.com) : Removal of lead ions using fly ash as adsorbent. Int J chem Sci 2011, 9(2), 836-44.

Aim of this work is to find out the effectiveness of fly ash for the removal of lead ions from its aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were done in order to evaluate the efficiency of lignite as well as bituminous fly ashes. The ashes used for the purpose were Neyveli Lignite fly ash from NLC Neyveli, Tamil Nadu & Fluidized Bed Combustion ash or Bituminous ash from Tata Steel, Jamadoba. The effect of the parameters, contact time and pH on adsorption of lead on two flyashes used were studied. The contact time necessary for obtaining equilibrium concentration was found to be approximately one hour in acidic medium and approximately 1.5 hours in alkaline medium for both the ashes. Experimental results show that the value of equilibrium concentration of Pb²⁺ (lead ions) in alkaline medium, at pH 7.80 was less than the corresponding value in acidic medium at pH 5.50. Hence fly ash in alkaline medium was found to be more effective for adsorption of lead than in acidic medium but time taken would be more. It was observed that both the fly ashes were highly effective for removing the concentration of Pb²⁺ (or lead ions) from its aqueous solution.

4 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

021011   Sopyan I;Hafizah N;Jamal P (Manufacturing and Materials Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic Malaysia Univ, P.O.Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lampur, Malaysia, Email: sopyan@iium.edu.my) : Immobilization of TiO₂ with cement: photocatalytic degradation of phenol and its kinetic studies. Indian J chem Technol 2011, 18(4), 263-70.

Two types of TiO₂ powders with water-to-titanium tetraisopropoxide (TPT) ratios of 1 (Powder 1) and 2 (Powder 2) were synthesized via sol-gel method. Both powders were characterized physicochemically before immobilized with white plaster cement for photodegradation of phenol in liquid phase. Aqueous phenol solution containing cement-bonded of TiO₂ Powders 1 and 2 were irradiated with UV light of 2.6 mW/cm² intensity and their efficiency was compared using Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model. From the kinetic analysis, it was found that the adsorption equilibrium constant (KLH) of Powder 1 was higher than that of Powder 2 due to higher specific surface area. Powder 2 has higher value of the reaction rate constant (kr) as its high crystallinity was capable to generate better charge separation to destruct phenol molecules on its surface.

8 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

021010   Singh S K;Mukherjee A K;Singh M M (Chemistry Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007, Email: ashim.apc@itbhu.ac.in) : Corrosion behaviour of mild steel in aqueous acetic acid solutions containing different amounts of formic acid. Indian J chem Technol 2011, 18(4), 291-300.

The kinetics of mild steel corrosion in 20:0, 19:1, 18:2 and 15:5 (v/v%) aqueous mixture of acetic and formic acids has been investigated by weight loss and potentiostatic polarization techniques. The effects of composition of electrolyte and temperature on the corrosion rate of mild steel have been evaluated. The corrosion rate of mild steel increased linearly with temperature as well as amount of formic acid in the mixture. Anodic polarization curves exhibited active nature over the whole range of potential at each composition and temperature. Addition of sodium acetate to the mixture led to the transition from active to active-passive-transpassive behaviour in the solutions having lower concentration of formic acid. On replacing sodium acetate by sodium formate, and sodium sulphate, no change in the nature of polarization behaviour is observed.

7 illus, 1 table, 50 ref

021009   Shanbhag A V;Venkatesha T V;Prabhu R A; Praveen B M (Chemistry Dep, S.M, College, Honavar-581 334) : Inhibition effcets of acetyl coumarines and thiazole derivatives on corrosion of zinc in acidic medium. Bull Mater Sci 2011, 34(3), 571-6.

The corrosion inhibition characteristics of acetyl coumarine (AC), bromo acetyl coumarine (BAC) and thiazole derivatives (BTMQ and BTCQ) on the corrosion of zinc in 0.1 M HC1 solution were investigated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and impedance techniques. The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in inhibitor concentration upto 5 x 10^-4 M, then gave almost same inhibition efficiency. The polarization measurements indicated the mixed nature of inhibitors. The adsorption of compounds obeyed Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. The thermodynamic functions for adsorption processes were evaluated.

10 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

021008   Satish Kumar;Godara R K;Goyal R K (Horticulture Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Storage studies of RTS prepared from different cultivars of mango. Ann Biol 2011, 27(2), 159-62.

Mango fresh fruits are available for a short period. To make best use of mango fruit, RTS was prepared from four cultivars of mango i. e. Dashehari, Langra, S. B. Chausa and Amrapali. Mango RTS was prepared from mango pulp 10%, sugar 13% and acidity 0.3% and stored at room temperature over a period of six months for subsequent analysis at monthly interval. It was observed that sugars increased, whereas ascorbic acid, acidity, carotenoids and organoleptic rating decreased.

5 tables, 17 ref

021007   Satish Kumar;Godara R K (Horticulture Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Preparation of RTS from aonla-guava blend and its storage studies. Ann Biol 2011, 27(2), 163-6.

Aonla and guava can be presently grown in most part of India. Both are characterized as rich source of vitamin-C and both have less storage life. To make best use of fruits during glut in the market, the present studies were conducted to find out the best combination of blend of RTS prepared from juice of aonla(100%), aonla (75%)+guava (25%) and aonla (50%)+guava (50%). The maximum organoleptic score (8.0) was recorded in RTS having aonla (50%)+guava (50%). TSS (15.8%) and total sugar (12.07%) content increased, whereas non-reducing sugar (6.33%) and acidity (0.288%) decreased significantly.

2 tables, 10 ref

021006   Salman J M;Abd F M;Muhammed A A (NO, Iraqi Industrial Ministry, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: jasim_63@yahoo.com) : Batch and fixed-bed adsorption studies of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid pesticide from aqueous solution using coconut activated carbon. Int J chem Sci 2011, 9(2), 620-6.

Adsorption study of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from aqueous solution using commercial coconut activated carbon (CAC) as adsorbent has been carried out in batch experiments revealed that the equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models and were found to be best represented by the Langmuir isotherm model; with maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 300 mg/g at 30°C when the initial concentration was 50-300 mg/L. At the same time a fixed-bed adsorption study of 2,4-D from aqueous solution using CAC as adsorbent has been achieved using fixed-bed column where the effects of important factors such as the initial 2,4-D concentration, flow rate and bed height on the breakthrough characteristics of the adsorption system were evaluated. The results obtained confirmed that the breakthrough curves were dependent on initial pesticide concentrations, flow rate and bed height with the highest bed capacity of 50 mg/g at 150 mg/L initial 2, 4-D concentration, 10 mL/min flow rate and.3 mm bed height.

2 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

021005   Salman J M;Abd F M;Muhammed A A (NO, Ministry of Industrial and Minerals, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: jasim_63@yahoo.com) : Adsorption of carbofuran insecticide from aqueous solution using commercial activated carbon. Int J chem Sci 2011, 9(2), 557-64.

Adsorption characteristics of carbofuran on commercial activated carbon (CAC-F200) from aqueous solution were evaluated. Batch adsorption processes were conducted to study the effects of various parameters such as initial concentration, agitation time and solution pH on carbofuran adsorption. Adsorption capacity was found to increase with increase in initial concentration and agitation time, while acidic pH was more favorable for the adsorption of carbofuran. Equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. The equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm, yielding maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 97.1 mg/g at 30°C. The adsorption kinetics was found to follow the pseudo second order kinetic model.

3 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

021004   Prasanna Rani K N;Rao B V S K;Anjaneyulu B; Neeharika T S V R;Prasad R B N (Centre for Lipid Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: rbnprasad@iict.res.in) : Removal of sediments in crude coconut oil employing various unit operations. J Lipid Sci Technol 2011, 43(3), 118-22.

Coconut oil is generally obtained by expelling. However, if proper processing systems are not available lot.of sediments accumulate along with the oil. Present study aims at separation of the sediments from crude coconut oil by employing different techniques such as gravity settling, centrifugal separation, filtration and degumming. The clarity of the obtained oil was monitored by turbidity measurement. Also the crude oil and the sediments were analyzed for their physico-chemical properties. The study revealed that separation of sediments from the oil by filtration using filters of 5-15 μ pore size under reduced pressure and water degumming of the oil with at 60-70°C for 1 hr were the best methods for the separation of sediments from crude coconut oil.

2 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

021003   Patil S V;Wadekar S D;Kale S B;Lali A M; Bowmick D N;Pratap A P (Oils Dep, Oleochemicals and surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Techno, Nathalal Parikh Road, Matunga (East), Mumbai-400 019, Email: amitpratap101@rediffmail.com) : Effect of glycerol and soybean oil as a carbon source on the production of mannosylerythritol lipids by Pseudozyma antarctica (ATCC 32657). J Lipid Sci Technol 2011, 43(1), 16-20.

Biosurfactants have a growing demand in recent years due to their large potential for industrial applications. Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are glycolipid class of biosurfactants with well defined diverse group of structures. Mannosylerythritol lipid is a glycolipid type of biosurfactants, which was produced by replacing conventional carbon sources with glycerol, aiming for utilization of waste glycerol among bioresources. Glycerol is readily available from commercial fat-splitting process as sweet water and a by-product of biodiesel production at very low cost. Pseudozyma antarctica (ATCC 32657), efficiently produced mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) using a combination of glycerol and soybean oil. The biomass (2.85 g/lit) and formation of MELs (0.77 g/lit) was maximum on glycerol at 10% (w/v) after 7 days in shake flask. Biomass (7.9 g/lit) and 3.62 g/lit of mannosylerythritol lipid was produced, when glycerol in combination with soybean oil was used as carbon source.

6 illus, 25 ref

021002   Pal M;Ghosh M (Chemical Technology Dep, Univ College of Science & Technolgy, Univ of Calcutta, Kolkata-700 009, Email: mahuag@gmail.com) : Bioaccumulation of n-3 PUFA and methyl mercury in the Anadromous Hilsa (Tenualosa) ilisha fish and its eggs available in West Bengal, India. J Lipid Sci Technol 2011, 43(1), 11-15.

The bioaccumulation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and organic mercury (methyl mercury) were assessed in Hilsa (Tenualosa) ilisha fish species available in West Bengal, India. The total lipid content and fatty acid composition of the lipid in various parts of the fish samples including egg were determined. The average content of organic mercury was also quantified in those tissues which ranged from 0.03-0.05%1/4 g g^-1 of wet tissue which is quite below than the safe limits given by WHO. The study infers that phytoplankton diet of Hilsa fish helps them to deposit PUFA rich lipid in their muscle tissues and the high lipid containing part allows them to bioaccumulate a higher amount of organic mercury (methyl mercury).

1 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

021001   Padmaja A;Prasad N B L (NO, Oil Technological Research Institute, J.N.T.U.A., Anantapur-515 001) : Effect of mango peel extracts on oxidative stability of soybean oil. J Lipid Sci Technol 2011, 43(1), 5-10.

The study aimed at determination of the effect of peel extracts of four mango varieties (baneesha, malgoa, totapuri and nee/am) in inhibiting the oxidative rancidity of refined, bleached and deodourised soybean oil (RBDSBO) samples. Total phenolic content was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. Baneesha peel extracts (BPE), malgoa peel extracts (MPE), totapuri peel extracts (TPE) and neelam peel extracts (NPE) showed a phenolic content of 27.0, 24.8, 28.0 and 28.2 mg GAE/gm respectively. TPE and NPE showed a highest DPPH activity of 84.2% and 84.1% and relative reducing power of 65.5% and 65.2% respectively. HPLC analysis with photo diode array detector, showed the presence of some phenolic compounds like rutin, quercetin, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, kaempferol and α-tocopherol. The oxidative stability of RBDSBO samples with four mango peel extracts was compared RBDSBO samples with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at the same concentration level i.e., 200 ppm along with control (i.e., RBDSBO samples without antioxidant). The results showed that NPE and TPE had high antioxidant activity than other two peel extracts. BPE, MPE, TPE and NPE showed a higher induction period at 200 ppm levels than BHT in RBDSBO samples.

4 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

021000   Mahadwad O K;Parikh P A;Jasra R V;Patil C (Chemical Engineering Dep, VVP Engineering College, Rajkot-360 005) : Photocatalytic degradation of reactive black-5 dye using TiO₂ impregnated ZSM-5. Bull Mater Sci 2011, 34(3), 551-6.

In the present study, photocatalytic degradation of reactive black-5 (RB-5) dye was investigated using supported TiO₂ photocatalyst based adsorbent as a semiconductor photocatalyst in a batch reactor. The synthesized photocatalyst composition was developed using TiO₂ as photoactive component and zeolite (ZSM-5) as the adsorbents. Attempts were also made to optimize the composition of the supported catalyst and to study the reliability of prepared catalyst. The optimum formulation of supported catalyst was found to be (Ti₂: ZSM-5 = 0-15:1) which gave the highest efficiency with 98% degradation of 50 mg/L RB-5 solution in 90 min. Effect of different parameters such as initial concentration of dye solution, catalyst amount on the rate of photodegradation was also studied. The reduction in the chemical oxygen demand (COD, 88%) proves the mineralization of the RB-5 dye along with the colour removal. The supported TiO₂ was found to be stable for repeated use.

8 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

020999   Karunakaran C;Gomathisankar P;Manikandan G (Chemistry Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar-608 022, Email: karunakaranc@rediffmail.com) : Solar photocatalytic detoxification of cyanide with bacterial disinfection by oxide ceramics. Indian J chem Technol 2011, 18(3), 169-76.

Under natural sunlight (975+25 Wm^-2), CeO₂ catalyzes the oxidation of cyanide to cyanate in alkaline medium and the photokinetic behaviour of the reaction is similar to those on TiO₂ and ZnO surfaces; the oxidation follows the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics on cyanide ion, and depends on the area of the catalyst bed and dissolved oxygen. However, the adsorption of cyanide on the oxides in dark is too small to be measured analytically and detected spectroscopically. Although the photocatalytic efficiencies under identical solar irradiance are of the order: CeO₂ <60> ZnO <60> TiO₂, which is in accordance with the charge-transfer resistance and capacitance of the oxides, CeO₂ and ZnO show bactericidal activity as well. At a loading of 0.8 gL^-1 they inactivate 40 and 44% of 2.5 x 10¹² CPU mL^-1 E. coli in 30 min even without direct light.

5 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

020998   Kamal M (Chemistry Dep, Christ Church P G College, Kanpur-208 001, Email: meetk_dwi@yahoo.co.in) : Camphor and poly (antimonyacrylate) based interpenetrating polymer network: synthesis and characterization. Indian J chem Technol 2011, 18(4), 284-90.

Interpenetrating polymer based on camphor and poly(antimonyacrylate) using benzoylperoxide (BPO) as an initiator and divinyl benzene as cross-linking agent have been synthesized. The formation of IPN has been confirmed by presence of two-phase in SEM photographs. The IR spectrum reveals a band at 1730 cm^-1 due to -C=O group and at 3030 cm^-1 due to aromatic C-C stretching of phenyl group. Specific rotation [α]²⁵ = + 43.2° is observed for IPN (whereas that of pure camphor is 43.5 ± 1). The shifting of band from 1705 cm^-1 to 1730 cm^-1, due to carbonyl group of camphor confirms the formation of complex between camphor and poly(antimony acrylate). The value of mutual interaction constant (k_AB) between polymer (A) and camphor (B) in DMSO, DMF, dioxan are calculated as DMSO (k_AB = 0.7), DMF (k_AB = 0.63) and dioxan (k_AB = 0.22). The properties like percentage swelling, average molecular weight between crosslinks (M_c), Young's modulus are generally direct function of [poly (antimonyacrylate)] and [divinyl benzene]. The values of glass transition temperature (T_g) and activation energy (E_a) of IPN, calculated from DSC and TGA, are 240°C and 25 kJ/mol, respectively.

7 illus, 6 tables, 38 ref

020997   Ingole P G;Bajaj H C;Singh K (Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar-364 021, Email: kripal@csmcri.org) : Optical resolution of α-amino acid derivative through membrane process. Indian J chem Technol 2011, 18(3), 197-206.

Study deals with preparation, characterization and performance of chiral selective composite membrane. The reported membranes are prepared by forming the chiral selective layer on polysulfone (PS) microporous membrane. The chiral selective layer is prepared in-situ on PS membrane by co-polymerization of dibasic amino acid (lysine) and piperazine with trimesoyl chloride. The membranes are characterized by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The membrane performance is determined by performing optical resolution of racemic lysine monohydrochloride in pressure driven transport. The influence of concentration and ratio of monomers in co-polymerization on the membrane flux, separation and enantioseparation is observed. The observation indicates that membranes perform enantioseparation achieving <62>95% enantiomeric excess (%ee) for D-lysine hydrochloride in permeate. The composite membrane prepared with equal proportions of L-lysine and piperazine exhibited highest %ee with reasonable flux of D-lysine hydrochloride (4.03 gm^-2h^-1 at 1034.21 kPa). High enantiomeric excess is obtained with feed solutions of low concentration.

11 illus, 3 tables, 46 ref

020996   Hardia N;Gupta P L;Dwivedi R;Mehta A;Basak J; Saxena S;Dixit R;Prasada R (Catalysis & Nanokmaterials Research Lab, School of Chemical Sciences, Takshahila Campus, Devi Ahilya Univ, Khandwa Road, Indore-452 001, Email: premlatagupta03@yahoo.co.in) : Rigid thermosetting liquid moulding resin from sunflower oil. Indian J chem Technol 2011, 18(4), 271-6.

Sunflower oil monoglyceride (SFOM) has been prepared by transesterification of sunflower oil with glycerine in the temperature range 200-230° using sol-gel prepared nanocrystalline MgO as catalyst. The catalyst has been characterized by powder XRD, BET surface area measurement and atomic force microscopy. The resulting SFOM has been reacted with maleic anhydride to produce SFOM maleate half esters, using 2-methly imidazole as the catalyst. The effect of the catalyst concentration is optimized. Finally, the polyfunctional SFOM maleate half ester monomer is free radically copolymerized with reactive diluents such as styrene to produce hard, thermosetting liquid moulding resin. The polymer is characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and IR spectroscopic techniques.

7 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref