020995   Gupta A;Sheth M (Foods and Nutrition Dep, Faculty of Family and Community Sciences, The Maharaja Sayajirao Baro, Vadodara, Email: mkss7@hotmail.com) : Suitability of groundnut oil for repeated deep frying. J Lipid Sci Technol 2011, 43(3), 111-17.

Consumption of deep fat fried products prepared in groundnut oil form a major part of daily diet of large number of Gujarat households in India. The quality of such oils is likely to get affected when heated repeatedly and may be a cause for increased incidence of metabolic syndrome. In view of this, the study was undertaken using the groundnut oil for its intermittent frying stability and resultant sensory qualities of French fries. In terms of chemical properties of the oil, the oxidative indicators viz., peroxide value, p-anisidine and total oxidation value increased significantly (p<0.001) at the end of 25 hr of intermittent frying. Acid value, non-conjugated trans isomers and total polar components increased significantly (p<0.001) with increase in the number of intermittent frying. Linoleic acid decreased by 25.8% at 25 hr of frying, whereas the linolenic acid was not detected even at 15 hr of frying. Oleic acid, the major fatty acid of the groundnut oil showed a progressive increase with intermittent frying. The resultant sensory quality of French fries intermittently fried in groundnut oil consistently decreased with a significant reduction in the flavor, odor and overall acceptability scores (p<0.05). Flavor showed a positive correlation with odor, greasiness and overall acceptability of r=0.79, r=0.88 and r=0.96 respectively.

5 tables, 31 ref

020994   Guo Z;Zhu H;Zhang X;Wang F;Guo Y;Wei Y (Chemistry Dep, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Beijing-100 044, China, Email: zhuho128@126.com) : Microwave-assisted synthesis of high-loading, highly dispersed Pt/carbon aerogel catalyst for direct methanol fuel cell. Bull Mater Sci 2011, 34(3), 577-81.

A Pt supported on carbon aerogel catalyst has been synthesized by the microwave-assisted polyol process. The Pt supported on carbon aerogel catalyst was characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results show a uniform dispersion of spherical Pt nanoparticles 2.5-3-0 nm in diameter. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were used to evaluate the electrocatalytic activity of the Pt/carbon aerogel catalyst for methanol oxidation at room temperature. The Pt/carbon aerogel catalyst shows higher electrochemical catalytic activity and stability for methanol oxidation than a commercial Pt/C catalyst of the same Pt loading.

6 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

020993   Gopala Krishna A G;Bhatnagar A S;Prabhakar D S;Anil Kumar H G;Prasanth Kumar P K (Lipid Science & Traditional Foods Dep, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 020, Email: aggk_55@yahoo.com) : Use of low temperature for the production of superior quality rice bran oil. J Lipid Sci Technol 2011, 43(3), 102-10.

Routine processing of crude oil in rice bran oil industries results in heavy loss of oil, natural nutrients and antioxidants. Hence, there is a need for a simple method involving minimal processing to obtain a good quality and natural nutraceuticals retained rice bran oil. The studies on rice bran extraction carried out with two extraction solvents and three extraction temperatures indicated that the rice bran oil obtained by soxhlet extraction at low temperature (5°C) by using hexane provided the best results. This haziness free crude oil having color (57.0 Lovibond units in 1^'' cell), unsaponifiable lipids (4.4 g / 100g oil), wax (1.0 g / 100g oil), phospholipids (1.0 g / 100g oil), oryzanol (1.8 g / 100g oil) and tocopherols (100 mg / 100g oil) showed significant reduction (p ± 0.05) as against color (18.6%), wax (54.5%), phospholipids (68.8%), and unsaponifiable lipids (22.8%) of the crude rice bran oil obtained by conventional soxhlet extraction process at normal extraction temperature (35-40°C). The low temperature extracted oil retained the inherent nutraceuticals like oryzanol (1.8 g / 100 g oil) and tocopherols (100 mg / 100 g oil) to a greater extent as compared to commercially available physical (1.3 g /100 g oil & 70 mg /100 g oil) and chemical refined (0.3 g / 100 g oil & 57 mg / 100 g oil) rice bran oils. The low temperature extracted oil was also found to have better oxidative stability (38.7-48.7% less peroxide formation) and radical scavenging activity (92%) as compared to commercially available physical (87%) and chemical refined (75%) rice bran oils respectively.

2 illus, 5 tables, 21 ref

020992   Ghosh M;Ghosh M;Bhattacharya D K;Bhowal J (School of Community Science & Technology, Food Processing & Nutrition Science, Bengal Engineering and Science Un, Shibpur, Howrah, Email: dkb_oiltech@yahoo.com) : Antioxidant properties of aqueous and organic extracts of whole fat rice bran and defatted rice bran. J Lipid Sci Technol 2011, 43(3), 95-101.

Rice bran is an excellent source of several categories of bioactive phytonutrients. The main objective of the study was to characterize the various valuable nutrients especially antioxidant activity of aqueous and other polar solvent extracts of whole fat rice bran and defatted rice bran to utilize it as an important functional component for making several health promoting functional foods. This extraction was done at two different temperature (At room temperature i.e 25°C and at 4°C). The extract yield varied with solvent used in the order of water > ethanol > methanol. The chemical composition of polar solvent (ethanol, methanol) extract of whole fat rice bran and defatted rice bran was not done due to relatively lower yield than that of water extract of whole fat rice bran and defatted rice bran. However the antioxidant activity was determined. The aqueous extract of whole fat rice bran (obtained 5% level on the dry basis) contained 3% moisture, 10% ash, 47.3% carbohydrate, 10.45% protein, 2.94% fiber, 26.2% fat and 0.58% oryzanol where as the aqueous extract of defatted rice bran (obtained 4% level on the dry basis) contained 4% moisture, 10% ash, 58.3% carbohydrate, 19.2 % protein, 8% fiber. The fatty acid composition of the extracted oil of aqueous extract of whole fat rice bran was almost identical to the fatty acid composition of rice bran oil. The antioxidant activity of the polar solvent(s) extract of whole fat rice bran varied with solvent used in the order of acetone > ethanol > water. It is quite evident that though all the antioxidants which are oil soluble, the aqueous extract of whole fat rice bran contain significant proportion of antioxidants which could be otherwise utilized as nutritious food component to prevent various health degenerating diseases.

8 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

020991   El-Katori E E;Fouda A S;AlSarawy A A (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, King Khalid Univ, B.O.9004, Abha-61413, Saudi Arabia, Email: emad_992002@yahoo.com) : Removal of some thiazole dyestuffs from aqueous media by absorption onto different types of carbon. Indian J chem Technol 2011, 18(4), 319-26.

Group of 5-thiazolidinone derivatives based dyestuffs have been synthesized and investigated¹. This paper describes the possibility of using carbon for their removal, as organic pollutants, from aqueous solutions. The removal of these dyestuffs from their aqueous solutions is carried out by using different adsorbent such as granular activated carbon (GAC), carbon soot (CS) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) at different temperatures 25°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C. Kinetics and mass transfer studies are carried out by applying different models such as Lagergren, Weber-Morris, Langmuir and Freundlish. Different kinetic parameters (K_ad, K_p, a, b, R_L, n, K) are calculated from these models. The thermodynamic parameters (E_a92, ΔH∴, ΔS∴ and ΔG) are also calculated for the interpretation of the adsorption process.

6 illus, 8 tables, 25 ref

020990   Dhanabal T;Amirthaganesan G;Ravichandran J (Post Graduate and Research Chemistry Dep, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore-641 020, Email: profga@yahoo.co.in) : Pitting corrosion protection of low nickel stainless steel by electropolymerized conducting polymer coating in o.5 M NaCL solution. Bull Mater Sci 2011, 34(3), 563-9.

Conducting polymers of polyaniline (PANi) and poly(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) were electropolymer-ized by cyclic voltammetric technique on low nickel stainless steel (LN SS) in H2SO4 solution containing aniline and o-phenylenediamine monomers. The coatings were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible and scanning electron microscopic techniques and the results are discussed. The corrosion protective properties of PANi and PoPD coatings on LN SS in 0-5 M NaCI were evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) techniques. The potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic results indicate that the PoPD coating inhibits the corrosion of LN SS in 0-5 M NaCI solution more effectively than PANi.

7 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

020989   Dhakite P A;Gogte B B;Phate B W (Applied Chemistry Dep, Shri Shankarprasad Agnihotri College of Engg. Ramnagar, Wardha-442 001, Email: pravinchemkb@rediffmail.com) : Ecofriendly liquid detergents based on malenised vegetables oils. Int J chem Sci 2011, 9(2), 816-24.

Malenized Linseed oil suitable for use in liquid detergent has been synthesized. The reaction conditions such as mole ratio, temperature, time of reaction and use of catalyst have been standardized to get a product with desired HLB ratio, viscosity and solubility. A standard liquid detergent mainly based on malenised vegetables oils and Alpha olefin sulphonate has been prepared. In successive compositions acid slurry and sodium lauryl sulphate has been replaced by neutralized malenized linseed oil by 50 to 100%. A comparison of our maleic based detergents with commercial samples shows that maleic treated oils give excellent foaming, surface tension reduction and detergency properties. The raw material cost of our novel liquid detergents is reasonable and they can be tried on pilot scale and commercial scale production. The special feature of these liquid detergents is its freedom from conventional linear alkyl benzene sulphonate and sodium tripolyphosphate so they can be labeled as ecofriendly products for green environment.

7 tables, 11 ref

020988   Deshpande A D;Gogte B B;Phate B W (Applied Chemistry Dep, Indira Gandhi Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur) : Naturly synthesised ecofriendly carbohydrate based polymeric surfactants for liquid detergents and powder detergents. Int J chem Sci 2011, 9(2), 825-35.

In last five decades there is a common trend to use petroleum products as active and useful ingredients in commercial products like liquid and powder detergents, paints, printing inks, cosmetics and textiles auxiliaries. Commercial detergent powder use linear alkyl benzene sulphonate in the range of 15-20%. There is a need to synthesize novel product based on vegetable origins which are ecofriendly and biodegradable. Efforts are necessary to substitute this petroleum based products on novel polymers. The present research work is aimed at developing a polymeric surfactants based on sorbitol, maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, oxalic acid, citric acid and starch as the polymeric surfactant is based on sorbitol and starch which will have biodegradable characteristics. It is used in powder detergent and liquid detergent formulation as partial substitute for LABS and AOS. In our laboratory we are working from last two decades on novel polymeric surfactants mainly based on vegetable sources like starch, sorbitol etc. Developed novel polymers which can be used in wall finishes, enamels, printing inks and liquid and powder detergents. We are trying to formulate detergents consisting dolomite, silicate with minimum amount of STPP.

12 tables, 17 ref

020987   David J;Thakur S N (Dairy Technology Dep, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad-211 007) : Formulation of ready-to-use gulabjamun mix by using spray dried skim milk. Bioved 2011, 22(2), 227-30.

With the current upward trend in nutritional and health awareness the consumer's demand for functional foods has increased. This has forced the food industry to bring functional food products in the market with acceptable sensory characteristics. The present study was undertaken with different levels (50%, 48%, 46% and 44%) of skim milk powder (spray dried). Gulabjamun mix was prepared by heat treatment (95 ± 5°C, 45 min.) of skim milk powder (T₁=50%, T₂=48%, T₃=46%, T₄=44%), then mix it with Maida 20%, Vanaspati T₁(18%), T₂(20%), T₃(22%), T₄(24%) and 2% Baking powder and 10% suji. The Ready-to-use Gulabjamun mix then added with water (40-50 ml/100 g of mix) for dough making. Gulabjamun balls were formed and fried in soybean refined oil at 125±5°C/10 ± 2 minutes. Balls were soaked in sugar syrup for 1-2 hours and then drained of the syrup to serve the product. The products acceptability as per organoleptic evaluation stand as T₁, <62> T₂ <62> T₃ <62> T₄.

5 tables, 5 ref

020986   David J;Rajeev Kumar (Dairy Technology Dep, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad-211 007) : Effect of different levels of carageenan for manufacturing narmpak sandesh. Bioved 2011, 22(2), 255-8.

A study was conducted to observe the effect of carageenan for manufacturing Narmpak (soft grade) Sandesh. Different levels of carageenan (i.e. 0.075%, 0.100% and 0.125%) was used to observe the quality of Narmpak Sandesh. Buffalo milk standardized to 4% fat and 8.5% SNF mixed with three different levels of carageenan were used for chhana making by using 1% citric acid solution. Chhana mixed with 30% ground sugar and kneaded well. The mixture is then heated in an iron pan with continuous scrapping, until desired consistency and flavour developed. The mixture then transferred to a shallow tray and allowed to cool and set properly. Narmpak Sandesh from a mixture of buffalo milk and 0.075% carageenan proved to be the best in quality.

1 illus, 4 tables, 5 ref

020985   Chowdary K P R;Enturi V;Sandhya Rani A (College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Univ, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: prof.kprchowdary@rediffmail.com) : Preparation and evaluation of starch phosphate- a new modified starch as a disintegrant in tablet formulations. Int J chem Sci 2011, 9(2), 889-99.

Starch phosphate prepared by reacting potato starch with di-sodium hydrogen orthophosphate anhydrous at elevated temperatures was found to be a white, crystalline, non-hygroscopic powder. Starch phosphate prepared exhibited excellent flow characteristics. Starch phosphate was insoluble in water and aqueous fluids of acidic and alkaline pHs. It also exhibited good swelling (400%) in water. It has no pasting or gelling property when heated at 100°C in water for 30 min. As starch phosphate exhibited good swelling in water, it is considered as a promising disintegrant in tablet formulations and was evaluated as disintegrant in tablet formulations. Tablets of (i) sulfamethoxazole (100 mg) and (ii) paracetamol (120 mg) were prepared by wet granulation method employing starch phosphate at 5 and 10% strength as disintegrant and were evaluated. For comparison tablets were also prepared employing crospovidone (a super disintegrant) as disintegrant at 5 and 10% strength in the tablets. Paracetamol and sulfamethoxazole tablets formulated employing starch phosphate (both wet and dry addition) disintegrated within 3 min. Wet addition of starch phosphate gave relatively fast disintegration than dry addition with both the drugs. Paracetamol and sulfamethoxazole tablets formulated employing starch phosphate as disintegrant gave rapid and higher dissolution of the contained drug when compared to those formulated with crospovidone and commercial product in each case. Wet addition of starch phosphate gave relatively faster dissolution with both the drugs than dry addition. Thus starch phosphate, a new modified starch, was found to be a promising disintegrant in tablet formulations and can be used in a concentration of 5-10% as an efficient disintegrant.

1 illus, 5 tables, 5 ref

020984   Choudhary V;Khetarpaul N;Jood S (Foods and Nutrition Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Chemical composition of fresh and dehydrated snap peas (Pisum sativum L.) and their utilization in product development. Ann Biol 2011, 27(2), 183-6.

Snap peas (Pisum sativum L.) contained 83.4% moisture. 35.21 mg/100 g vitamin C and 76.67 μg/100 g β-carotene on fresh weight basis. Fresh snap peas were dehydrated using four methods i. e. solar, hot air, vacuum and microwave drying. Crude protein and fat content were found highest in vacuum dried snap peas (21.78 and 2.83%) and lowest in hot air-dried snap peas (20.85 and 1.47%). Whereas ash content was found highest in microwave dried snap peas (4.46%) and lowest in hot air dried snap peas (3.96%). Dietary fibre and starch contents were found highest in vaccum dried snap peas. Three types of product, namely, dry vegetable, pakoras and soup prepared using fresh snap peas were found organoleptically acceptable. Dry vegetable and pakoras were found in the category of 'liked very much' and soup was in the category of 'liked moderately".

3 tables, 8 ref

020983   Chen Z S;Gong W P;Chen T F;Li S L (State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South Univ, Changsha, Hunan-410 083, P.R. China, Email: weiping_gong@mail.csu.edu.cn) : Synthesis and characterization of pyrochlore-type yttrium titanate nanoparticles by modified sol-gel method. Bull Mater Sci 2011, 34(3), 429-34.

Pyrochlore-type yttrium titanate (Y₂ Ti₂O₇) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a simple soft-chemistry technique viz. citric acid sol-gel method (CAM). The preparation process was monitored by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis and Fourier transform-infrared experiments and the microstructures and average size of as-prepared products were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy images. It was found that compared with traditional solid state reaction (SSR), Y₂Ti₂O₇ nanopowders were synthesized at a relatively low temperature (750 ° C) for shortened reaction time. Detailed analysis showed that the as-prepared Y₂Ti₂O₇ with good dispersibility and narrow size distribution were quasi-spherical; the average size was about 20-30 nm, also, the obtained products had higher BEX surface area (50 m₂/g). Xhese properties are very helpful for a photocatalyst to achieve excellent activity and may result in better behaviour in hydrogen storage.

7 illus, 26 ref

020982   Banerjee R;Panja S S;Nandi M M (Chemistry Dep, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur-713 209, Email: murarimohan_nandi@yahoo.co.in) : Electrochemical and quantum chemical investigation of some corrosion inhibitors aluminium alloy in 0.6 M aqueous sodium chloride solution. Indian J chem Technol 2011, 18(4), 309-13.

The role of phthalic acid (I) and related compounds, viz., o-phenylenediamine (II) and anthranilic acid (III) to protect aruminium alloy against corrosion in 0.6 M aqueous sodium chloride solution is studied using potentiodynamic polarization technique and impedance studies. The order of inhibition effect of these compounds is found to be I < II < III. Density functional theory (DFT) has been used to analyze the characteristics of the inhibition mechanism and to describe electronic and structural nature of the inhibitor on the corrosion process. Attempt has been made to correlate the inhibiting properties with the electronic parameters and molecular area of the inhibitors.

5 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

020981   Anwar S I;Singh R D;Singh J (Agricultural Engineering Div, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh) : Process development for production of jaggery (gur) with Aonla as a natural source of vitamin C. J Instn Engrs-Pt AG 2011, 92(Jun), 33-5.

Jaggery (gur) is one of the major products of sugarcane in India and is produced by decentralized units located in rural areas. It is consumed as a sweetener and a food material as well. It is liked due to its nutritional qualities imparted upon by the presence of glucose, fructose, minerals (iron, calcium, phosphorus etc.). Addition of aonla (Emblica officinalis) in jaggery has been done for improving upon its taste and value addition. Value-added jaggery may fetch better market prices and will have great export potential. In the present study, a process for making jaggery with aonla as a natural source of vitamin C has been developed. This includes processing of aonla in suitable form, quantity to be added and the suitable stage for addition in jaggery. Analysis of samples indicated incorporation of 75.4 mg of vitamin C/100 g of jaggery sample.

4 illus, 17 ref

020980   Anand Babu C;Sujish D;Murugappa M S; Mohanakrishnan G;Kalyanasundaran P;Baldev Raj (Chemical Technology and Vibration Diagnostics Div, Fast Reactor Technology Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102, Email: cababu@igcar.gov.in) : Comprehensive treatment method for defluoridation of drinking water. Indian J chem Technol 2011, 18(4), 314-18.

The fluoride concentration in ground water is increasing at an alarming rate. Poor ground water recharge, excessive consumption of water and other geological factors contribute to this effect. Conventional reverse osmosis (RO) membrane system has failed because fluoride concentration in permeate is not consistently below 1 mg/L. Moreover, the reject stream of the RO process containing higher fluoride concentration is left untreated. A treatment method has been devised with an objective to reduce fluoride concentration to less than 1 mg/L from fluoride contaminated water using calcium carbonate pretreatment and reverse osmosis. Also a passive adsorption system to treat the reject stream of membrane process has been developed wherein the fluoride concentration in the final effluent is below ambient concentration. This combined system can be used to treat fluoride contaminated water without generating secondary wastes.

3 illus, 5 tables, 10 ref

020979   Aksoy F;Yabanova I;Bayrakceken H (Machine Education Dep, Technical Education Faculty, Afyon Kocatepe Univ, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey, Email: faksoy@aku.edu.tr) : Estimation of dynamic viscosities of vegetable oils using artificial neural networks. Indian J chem Technol 2011, 18(3), 227-33.

In this study, viscosities of raw sunflower and corn oils are measured at 1°C intervals between 0-100°C. Experimental results are fitted to six equations that are used in viscosity estimation and the correlation coefficients are determined. The best correlation coefficient is obtained using In(μ)=a+b/(T+c) equation with 0.99972 and 0.99974 for sunflower and corn oil, respectively. In addition to this, viscosity values are obtained using artificial neural networks and the results are compared to the equation leading to the best correlation coefficient. Using artificial neural networks, the correlation coefficients are obtained as 0.999907 and 0.999925 for raw sunflower and corn oil respectively.

6 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

019866   Shrivastava V S;Bhadane B S (Centre for P.G. Research in Chemistry, G.T.P. College, Nandurbar-425 412) : Corelation study among milk quality parameters of cattles milk collected from GIDC Surat and Ankleshwar. Int J chem Sci 2005, 3(3), 485-91.

Milk samples of cow and buffalo were collected from near by areas of Sachin GIDC Surat and Piraman gaon near GIDC Ankleshwar at ~ 5.30 a.m. in the month of October, 2002. The milk samples were immediately preserved in a frozen mixture (ice + salt). The concentration of Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, Mn, Ni, Cr, Fe and I was detected by ICP-AES. Beside the milk samples, ground water and industrial waste water samples have also been analysed. The corelation and regression studies have been carried out among the possible pairs. The corelation and regression provides an excellent tool for the prediction of parameters values within reasonable degree of accuracy.

8 tables, 10 ref

019865   Shivashankar S;Krishna Moorthy P N;Roy T K (NO, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake P.O., Bangalore-560 089, Email: drsshivashankariihr@yahoo.co.in) : Volatile constituents of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cake. J med aromatic Pl Sci 2011, 33(2), 139-43.

Composition of neem cake volatiles extracted by steam distillation was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. There were a total of 107 volatiles in neem cake accounting for 80.69% of the total volatiles present in cake. The major groups of volatile compounds identified were aldehydes (27.06%) followed by acids (14.35 %) nitrogenous compounds (8.45 %), alcohols(7.34%), hydrocarbons (7.13%),ketones(6.05%) and sulfur compounds (4.31 %). Phenols, esters and others together constituted 6.43% of the total. The most abundant individual constituent was 2,4-decadienal (5.15%) followed by lH-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde (4.19%), octanoic acid (3.42%), 2,3, 5,6-tetramethyIpyrazine (3.01%), benzene ethanol (2.82%), 2-furancarboxaldehyde (2.74%) and 5-methylfurfural (2.68 %).

1 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

019864   Rekha B;Debnath S;Lokesh B R;Gopala Krishna A G (Lipid Science and Traditional Foods Dep, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR), Mysore-570 020) : Oil uptake and thermal stability of some vegetable oils and fats during frying and heating. J Lipid Sci Technol 2011, 43(2), 56-63.

Groundnut oil (GNO), coconut oil (CNO) palm oil (PO), rice bran oil (RBO) and ghee (milk fat) differing in fatty acid chain length (short, medium and long), saponification value (177-261) and viscosity (19.3-28.7 cP), were investigated for changes in thermal stability during deep fat frying of pooh, (an Indian fried food) at 180°C as well as during static heating at 120°C. Moisture content and oil uptake of pooh determined along with other parameters did not show significant change (15.6-17.5%; 24.0-25.9%) indicating that the oils containing short chain fatty acids with a higher saponification value(250-261) and long chain fatty acids with a lesser saponification value (177-199) showed almost similar oil uptake (25.5-25.8%, 24-25.9%). Similarly, the static heated oils showed that peroxide value increased with heating period while free fatty acid value did not show much change. Oils containing unsaturated fatty acids showed a higher level of total polar matters although negligible changes were observed in fatty acid composition compared to respective fresh oils.

7 tables, 24 ref

019863   Mukherjee R S (NO, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: rsm290365@gmail.com ) : Effect on tensile strength of composite with reduced quantity of binder at elevated process temperature: a study on Mosquito Repellant coil (Composite) with elevated process temperature of Guar Gum (binder). Int J appl Engng Res Dindigul 2011, 2(1), 157-62.

Owing to the high density, the mosquito repellant coils (composite) dry only slowly and warp during drying. The flexural load bearing capacity of the coils is low, so that breakage readily occurs during handling. To provide adequate strength against breakage excess binders (guar Gum) may cause non burner problem. Therefore present study determined an optimum solution of usage of binder in mosquito coil to get the desired tensile strength with satisfactory burning quality. Binder of 3% (w/w) at normal temperature shows the same performance in terms of mechanical properties and burn time as in 1% (w/w) but at elevated temperature. The results of this study may help to optimum use of Guar Gum which intern save the natural resources and produce a better composite product.

2 illus, 4 tables, 5 ref

019862   Mridula D;Singh K K;Patil R T (NO, Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana-141 004) : Physico-chemical quality and acceptability of β-carotene rich extruded snack food with chickpea dhal/DSF. Bioved 2011, 22(1), 1-12.

β-carotene rich extrudates were prepared from rice, wheat, 8% chickpea dhal (T₁) or defatted soya flour (DSF) (T₂) and dried carrot (0 to 12.5%), using single screw (collet) extruder at 14% feed moisture, 25 kg/h feed rate and 500 rpm/min screw speed. Expansion in diameter and bulk density of T₁ and T₂ extrudates with dried carrot were in the range of 2.86-4.17 and 2.89-3.89, and 0.132-0.319 and 0.14-0.328 g/cm³, respectively, which were significantly affected with the level of dried carrot and type of legume in feed material. Increased level of dried carrot in feed material resulted in increase of WAI while WSI was unaffected but it was affected with the type of legume in feed material. Colour quality was found affected and resulted in darker extrudates at increased level of dried carrot in feed material, which affected the sensory acceptability for. appearance and colour. Protein, fat, ash, dietary fibre and β-carotene content (w.b.) in both types of carrot incorporated extrudates were in the range of 8.74-10.96%, 0.67-1.21%, 1.02-2.06%, 0.48-1.61 and 35.96-1105.84mg/100g, respectively. Although addition of dried carrot affected the overall sensory quality of. extruded snack food samples but type of legumes (chickpea dhal I DSJF) did not bring significant difference in the overall sensory quality. Sensory acceptability score <62>7 and β-carotene content for extrudates up to 7.5% dried carrot indicated the commercial scope of its incorporation in extruded products based on cereal and legume.

31 ref

019861   Gulla S;Waghray K (Food Technology Dep, College of Technology Univ, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad) : Oxidative stability of edible vegetable oils enriched with blending- an experimental approach on soybean oil and pamolein-based blends. J Lipid Sci Technol 2011, 43(2), 49-53.

The frying performance of soybean oil and palmolein blends with sesame oil in the ratios of 80:20 and 20:80 was carried out with sesame oil as control by preparing "muruku" at 180°C. The intermittent frying of muruku for each oil blend was performed and the oil samples for each batch of frying were withdrawn, cooled and poured into small vials and analysed for rancidity parameters by standardized methods. Steady rise in the rancidity parameters was observed in all the blends. Control had an acid value ranging from 3.55 to 4.87 and sesame-soybean oil blends of 80:20 and 20:80 showed an acid value ranging from 0.396 to 5.14 and 0.21 to 0.97 respectively for the four consecutive fryings. For sesame-palmolein blends of 80:20 and 20:80, the acid values ranged from 3.13 to 6.40 and 3.43 to 7.49 respectively. Control had an initial free fatty acid content of 1.78 and it increased to 2.45 for the 4* frying. The free fatty content of all the blends registered a regular rise at intervals, which were very much significant in comparision to control. Peroxide value increased gradually in all the blends and control and the rise was transiently seen from 5.31 to 20.51 meq/kg. Small increases in para-anisidine value occurred for all the blends, and for control it was 3.78 to a maximum of 6.62. The increase in para-anisidine value was marginally higher in sesame-palmolein (20:80) from 2.12 to 10.266. The totox value of control increased from 14.34 to 47.6. Highest increase in totox value was seen in sesame-palmolein (80:20) from 20.1 to 65.1 followed by 20:80 blend of the same from 25.8 to 61.4. The thiobarbituric acid values were on the rise for all the blends studied and so where the Kries test values. All the blends showed an incipient rancidity by the end of the 3rd frying.

2 tables, 18 ref

019860   Ananda A P;Nagendra B S;Krishnakantha T P; Joseph R (NO, Ganesh Consultancy and Analytical Services, Herbal Industrial Area, Mysore, Karnataka, Email: rikyme@gmail.com) : Enhancement of antioxidant profile of Japanese cherry (Muntingia calabura Linn.) by alcoholic fermentation. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2012, 3(6), 1743-51.

Japanese cherry (Muntingia calabura) with supplements to promote yeast growth was subjected to alcoholic fermentation for 28 days. A clear fluid with 10 percent alcohol (v/v) was obtained. It contained 1.68 mg per ml total phenolics (as gallic acid equivalent) and 1.3 mg per ml of reducing power factor (as tannic acid equivalent) which were about 2 fold and 1.6 fold increases respectively over the unfermented must. The fermented fluid offered total protection to salmon milt DNA against experimentally induced damage in vitro in comparison to only partial protection by the unfermented fluid. The fermented fluid also inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcous aureus cultures and caused the inactivation of E.coli in biofilm morphology. The wine of Japanese cherry was found to be comparable in acceptability to a market sample of traditional white wine.

3 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

018777   Yeole K V;Mhaske S T (Polymer and Surface Engineering Dep, Istitute of Chemical Technology, Matunga-400 019) : Conductive coatings. Paintindia 2011, 61(9), 58-64.

Conductive coatings are having attracting attention due to its functional properties and diverse applications. Ease, economy, efficiency of synthesis and applications will add new dimensions to the research of conductive coatings. Doping with phosphorous, tin, boron improves the properties of conductivity of polymers. Conductive pigment and metal particle helps to improve conductivity of conductive coatings. The recent applications in automotive sector, textile and ink industry, corrosion protection of metals, coatings on electronic objects are some of the promising areas where conductive coatings are showing tremendous growth. Nanoparticles coupled with conducting polymers are also used in many applications.

9 illus, 23 ref

018776   Yadav R;Ray A (Food Technology Dep, Guru Jambheshwar Science and Technology Univ, Hisar-125 001) : Physico-chemical changes in tomato fruit under active packaging. Ann Biol 2011, 27(1), 87-90.

This investigation relates to various active packaging (AP) ingredients such as carbon dioxide, ethylene, oxygen and moisture scavengers in the form of sachet which were incorporated inside LDPE packages of tomato fruit and changes during storage of this fruit were studied. The effects of chitosan antimicrobial film on whole tomato fruit at room temperature (30 ± 2 °C) were also observed. Results showed that active packaging ingredients/techniques were found to be effective in enhancing the storage life of tomato as compared to the control samples in terms of parameters studied i.e. PLW, TSS, titratable acidity ascorbic acid. However, the chitosan film treated fruits were found to be of significantly better quality during storage.

4 tables, 7 ref

018775   Yadav P;Pandey J P;Garg S K (Post Harvest Processing and Food Engineering Dep, College of Technology, G.B. Pant Agriculture and Technology Univ, Pantnagar-263 145) : Microbial changes of chocolate during storage. Pantnagar J Res 2011, 9(2), 279-83.

The chocolate samples (heat seal packed, butter paper packed and unpacked chocolate) were stored in desiccators having salt solution for maintain relative humidity (30%, 55% and 75%) and kept in incubators at experimental temperature (25,30,35 and 40 UC). The microbiai growth (total bacterial count, E. coli, yeast and mould count and Salmonella) were recorded using IS standard method where as biochemical change (moisture content, free fatty acid and peroxide value) determine by AOAC official method and Indian Standard Method. The organoleptic quality evaluation was performed by sensory panelist. Experiments were replicated, data annualized by ANOVA for RBD four factors and kinetic model for moisture absorption, microbiai growth (total bacterial count, E. coli, yeast and mould count and Salmonella) and biochemical changes were developed mathematical model. The chocolate quality was detected in terms of total bacterial count, yeast and mould count, E. coli and Salmonella. The results showed that the values were rise with increasing relative humidity, temperature and storage duration. Sensory and texture evaluation results were concluded that temperature fluctuation had more influence on texture precipitation and showed to have a serious fat bloom on chocolates without packed followed by butter paper and heat sealed. Where as the higher relative humidity value and low temperature showed increasing growth of microorganism on chocolates during storage period and also ensures sugar bloom. It can be concluded by above investigation that the temperature fluctuation and high relative humidity have a large impact on chocolate texture. Sensory panelists distinguished textural changes in chocolate, while instrumental techniques differentiated only a few attributes that were interrelated, the results were well correlated with the earlier findings of research workers.

1 table, 16 ref

018774   Thingom P;Chhetry G K N (Life Sciences Dep, Manipur Univ, Canchipur, Imphal, Manipur-795 003, Email: premathingom@gamil.com) : Comparative biochemical analyses of soybean seeds, Hawaijar and stored Hawaijar. J mycopathol Res 2011, 49(1), 77-81.

Hawaijar, a naturally fermented indigenous soybean food, plays a very importnat role in food habits of the people of Manipur. In this paper, the biochemical properties of the raw soybean seeds, hawaijar and stored hawaijar are compared. The pH of fermented soybean increased with fermentation time (7.49 on the third day) and days of torage. The mean moisture content of raw soybean seeds was 9.97%, highest in bioled soybean seeds (63.85%) and reduced with subsequent fermentation and storage. Ash content did not show much change during the processing of soybean for hawaijar formation. Crude fibre content was lowest in boiled unfermented beans and highest in the three days fermented soybean. The percentage of soluble protein in boiled soybean seeds was lesser than the raw seeds which showed slight increase during fermentation and storage. The amount of free amino acids increased suddenly on the 3rd day of fermentation and slightly increased during storage. The fat content of boiled soybean seed was lesser than the raw unfermented seeds but increased suddenly during the 2nd day of fermentaion. The content of total soluble sugar of raw soybean seed (2.27%) was found to decrease to 1.2% after boiling. The reducing sugar level decreased during the processing of soybean for hawaijar production but increased slightly during fermentation.

1 table, 35 ref

018773   Smith N (NO, Bayer Material Science Private Limited, Thane) : Bayer: polyurethanes inside-out. Paintindia 2011, 61(9), 93-5.

Bayer now begins to offer its coatings and adhesives raw materials, Desmodur N 75, Desmodur N 3390 and Desmodur L 75 from the new local production site in Ankleshwar, Gujarat. During 2011, the company is running a series of articles in Paintlndia which has focused on the principles of two-component polyurethane chemistry and the use of this technology in different applications of industrial coatings. In this month's article, more details about these three products themselves are shared: their structures, the effect these have on their physical and chemical properties, and the resulting differences in their behaviour when used in formulated systems. The aim is for the industrial consumers in our country to begin to know polyurethanes, as Bayer does, "inside-out.

3 illus, 2 tables, ref

018772   Shrivastava B K (Chemistry Dep, Dehradun Institute of Technology, Dehradun-248 001) : Efficient management of reverse osmosis system in water treatment plant. Int J chem Sci 2009, 7(3), 2047-55.

Reverse osmosis system has emerged as most efficient treatment system worldwide for treating water of high conductivity. Reverse osmosis is a multipurpose system, which is used to remove dissolved solids, heavy metals and bacteria and viruses. Due to the lack of implementation of a number of factors, performance of reverse osmosis system is severely affected leading to frequent breakdown, unsatisfactory treatment of feedwater and wastage of resources. This paper undertakes a study to find out the best possible steps for efficient reverse osmosis management in water treatment process. It was found that the life of membranes in reverse osmosis can be extended and satisfactory treatment of feedwater can be done leading to cost-effectiveness in operation.

17 ref

018771   Shikha D;Awasthi R (Chemistry Dep, Brahmanand College, Kanpur) : Utilization of agro waste (CNSL) in coatings. Paintindia 2011, 61(9), 65-7.

Present trends in the utilisation of CNSL are in its use as an alternative indigenous source for phenol in the production of epoxy resins, in the production of surface active agents and in insecticides and fungicides after chlorination. Coatings based on CNSL were prepared from hexamine. These coatings were evaluated for their various physical, chemical and mechanical properties. These resins are less expensive than the conventional resins. Because of the dark colour, their use can be restricted to industrial coatings where colour is not important but cost and protection are important factors for selection.

4 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

018770   Prakash K;Panda R;Panda H;Panda A (NO, Chemsitry Dep, Sainik School, Tilaiya, P.O.: Tilaiya Dam, Dist; Koderma, Jharkhand) : Photo-active hydrogenated rosin epoxy methacrylate. Paintindia 2011, 61(9), 53-7.

Hydrogenated rosin epoxy methacrylate (HREM), based on hydrogenated rosin and glycidyl methacrylate (CMA), was synthesized for use as an advanced tackifier in the UV-crosslinking pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) system.

5 illus, 9 ref

018769   Pradhan N S;Jarode H (NO, Aquent Impex, 607, Universal Majestic, Ghatkopar-Mankhurd Link Road, Off. Eastern Express Highway, Behind RBK International School, C) : Epoxy floorings. Paintindia 2011, 61(9), 101-3.

With the upsurge in the residential ultramodern construction activities like malls, towers etc. as well as new norms in the industrial areas need for the proper floorings has shot up fast. The most popular version in this area is various types of Epoxy floorings. The epoxy resin formulations find extensive use in constructional industries because of their extreme versatility. These are used in variety of building operations because of their outstanding strength, chemical resistance and ease of mixing and polymerization.

^iia1 illus, 2 ref

018768   Phalke A (Business Development Coatings, Adhesives and Specialities Bayer Material Science Private Limited, Thane) : Shining prospect of polyurethane in auto OEM clear coats. Paintindia 2011, 61(5), 59-63.

Innovation is one of the most important success factors to maintain a strong competitive position in the automotive market. New developments in coating raw materials by Bayer Material Science show that polyurethane has outstanding potential to provide such innovation, both in terms of performance and also to aid compliance with the increasingly stringent regulatory requirements of the future. This article will demonstrate the innovative contribution that polyurethane technology can make to automotive OEM coatings, covering the latest trends and developments. The article also presents a comparative study of polyurethane versus ISA technology.

12 illus, 1 table, ref

018767   Mehta B D;Chee-Seng Y;Gaonkar S (NO, BASF India Limited, 1st Floor, VIBGYOR Towers, Plot No. C-62, 'G' Block, Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai-400 051, Email: author.paintindia@gmail.com) : Busting the "yellowing" myth: why copolymers of acrylic-styrene are ideal for exterior paints?. Paintindia 2011, 61(7), 53-6.

This paper aims to help paint formulators understand why properly designed copolymers of acrylic-styrene are the desired choice of binders for mid to high PVC exterior paints in terms of cost performance. An experiment is used to prove that the yellowing of the paints formulated with acrylic-styrene binders is insignificant for the human eye to notice. Along with good dirt-pick up resistance, water and efflorescence resistance gives acrylic-styrene based paints an edge over exterior paints formulated with other binder classes at PVC levels. The parameters such as water resistance, alkali resistance, dirt pick up resistance play a ma/or role in deriving the durability of exterior paint rather than only its UV resistance.

8 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

018766   Kumbhare P H (Microbiology Dep, Guru Nanak College of Science, Ballarpur-442 701) : Utilization of peanut press cake waste for the production of a protein-rich human food, ''oncom'' and a commercially valuable enzyme, ''acid protease''. J microbial Wld 2011, 13(1), 44-9.

Peanut Press Cake (PPC) is the residue that remains after oil extraction by expeller from Peanut (Groundnut=Arachis hypogea). During Peanut Press Cake fermentation, inoculated molds produce Acid protease, Amylase, Lipase enzymes and flavour metabolites which modify the PPC constituents such as proteins, carbohydrates and lipids to amino acids, simple sugars and fatty acids which enhance its flavour, digestibility and nutritive value. In the investigation the Acid protease (EC No. 2.4.23.6) produced by R. oligosporus MTCC 556 from fermented peanut press cake (Oncom) was isolated and partially purified and reported/Acid protease is used commercially for clarifying wines and fruit juices, chill-proofing beer, improving bread dough, tenderizing meat, cheese manufacture and in Oriental food fermentations. Present research article is therefore focused on the utilization of Peanut Press Cake waste for the production of nutritionally-rich human food, Oncom and Acid protease a commercially valuable enzyme.

2 illus, 16 ref

018765   Kulkarni S;Choudhary P (Cosmetic Technology Dep, L.A.D. & Smt. R.P. College for Women, Nagpur) : Production and isolation of biosurfactant-sophorolipid and its application in body wash formulation. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2011, 13(1), 217-21.

The yeast Starmerella bombicola was used to produce Sophorolipid which is a biosurfactant through aerobic fermentation. Isolation of Sophorolipid was carried out by solvent extraction method. Characterization was done by determining surface tension and Critical micelle concentration.Results were found to be satisfactory. Body washes were formulated using different concentrations of Sophorolipid. Formulation containing Cocoamidopropylbetaine and Sophorolipids in the ratio of 3:2 was found to be most satisfactory.

2 tables, 11 ref

018764   Kulkarni S B;Bajpai N D;Meghre V S (Cosmetic Technology Dep, L.A.D and Smt. R.P College for Women, Seminary Hills, Nagpur-440 010) : Evaluation of some marketed facepacks and cakes for microbial load. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2011, 13(1), 213-16.

Face Packs are one of the very popular skin care products which are used by majority of consumers to maintain beauty and improve the skin condition. Various raw materials of natural origin are used to prepare face packs therefore, consumers consider them as safe and do not even suspect of any hidden danger lurking in such products. In order to verify the safety, Microbiological analysis of one of the main ingredient used in the face pack i.e., fuller's earth "clay" (Soil origin) and marketed samples of face packs containing fuller's earth was carried in the laboratory. It was revealed that these products are heavily contaminated with microorganisms calling for stringent microbiological standards from consumer's safety point.

4 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

018763   Kulkarni R D;Chaudhari M;Mishra S (Chemical Technology Dep, North Maharashtra Univ, Jalgaon, Email: author,paintindia.com) : Recent development in UV cure photoinitiators. Paintindia 2011, 61(5), 72-80.

Bimolecular photoinitiators are those aryl-aryl ketone derivatives, which upon irradiation, abstract Hydrogen ion from a coinitiator generating coinitiator derived radical which in turn initiates photopolymerisation. Present review, which is third in the series on UV cure coatings, covers structure, activity, cleavage mode, cure performance, physical characteristics, trade names, advantages and drawbacks, as well as a detail accounting of all the recent research investigations and innovations in reference to the following Type II PI systems: Benzophenone(s), (Thio)xanthone(s), Anthraquinones, α-keto Coumarin, 1, 2 diketone. derivatives. In addition, new commercial photoinitiators, launched during last decade, have been evaluated for their role in enhancement of curing efficiency.

14 illus, 82 ref

018762   Kulkarni R D;Chaudhari M E;Mishra S (Chemical Technology Dep, North Maharashtra Univ, Jalgaon, Email: author.paintindia@gmail.com) : Recent development in UV cure epoxy acrylate oligomers. Paintindia 2011, 61(7), 58-64.

The performance properties and industrial applications of epoxy acrylate prepolymer based UV cure coatings are primarily governed by the nature of structural modification in backbone / end capping of pre polymer. The present review paper therefore covers the recent developments in the synthesis and characterisation of diverse epoxy acrylate oligomers including acrylate capped BPAI novolac epoxy, epoxidised oils and cycloaliphatic epoxy systems. The alkoxysilane, siloxane, adipic acid, fluorinated and phenyl phthalazinone modifications of epoxy diacrylate for obtaining special performance properties have been highlighted.

8 illus, 52 ref

018761   Kathalewar M;Bhogale A;Mare S (Polymer & Surface Engineering Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Email: author.paintindia@gmail.com) : Polyurea coatings and its versatile nature. Paintindia 2011, 61(8), 67-75.

Polyurea is an elastomer that is obtained by mixing two reactive components: an isocyanates component and an amine component. Two-component polyurea elastomeric coating systems are the newest technology to the protective coating industry. Polyurea coatings give exceptional physical properties such as high hardness, flexibility, tear and tensile strength, chemical and water resistance; which are even better compared to polyurethane and epoxy coatings. A major advantage of polyurea coatings is the fact that they set within a matter of seconds and take just a few hours to cure through. This allows surfaces coated with Polyurea to be reopened for use without any limitations after just 24 hours. Unlike other spray coatings, Polyurea systems can also be applied in humid and low-temperature outdoor conditions. Polyurea systems are used as spray-applied protective or wear coatings in various industrial applications, for example in the construction of tanks and industrial buildings, roads and bridges, in hard landscaping and in interior fitting.

17 illus, 25 ref

018760   Kantharaj Y;Shrinivas K N;Prakash K; Parameshwar A S (Horticulture Dep, Univ of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangaloe-65, Email: prakash837@gmail.com) : Effect of storage on physico-chemical and nutritional characteristics of tamarind blended rose apple RTS and beverages. Pl Archs 2011, 11(2), 837-40.

Two different combinations of Tamarind rose Apple juice (13% + 15%) and two different level TSS (15° Brix + 20° Brix) were prepared and stored for three months in glass bottles at room temperature (27° - 35° C). The bottle contents were tested for physico-chemical characteristics every month. Significant change was observed in TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid, sugar contents of the RTS during storage. Sensory scores of beverage was maximum in P₂T₂ (15% pulp, 20° B TSS) treatment.

1 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

018759   Gillatt J (NO, Thor Specialities (UK) Limited, Wincham Avenue, Northwich, Cheshire CW9 6GB, UK) : Microbiological spoilage of emulsion paints during manufacture and its prevention. Paintindia 2011, 61(5), 52-7.

Microbiological spoilage of aqueous based surface coatings can result in severe economic loss to the manufacturer if it happens during production, with even greater problems occurring if such growth is not noticed until the paint reaches the end user. The effects of bacterial and fungal activity are viscosity loss, gassing, malodour and visible surface growth. In addition, discolouration and alteration in the rheology of the formulation can result in the product being unacceptable to the customer. As well as these obvious problems, caused by growth of bacteria and fungi, the presence of microbially produced enzymes can lead to changes in the product long after manufacture. Breakdown of cellulosic thickening agents may, therefore, result in viscosity loss even after the micro-organisms causing it have been destroyed by the addition of a biocide. In addition, changes in manufacturing practice, product types and raw material composition during the past two decades have resulted in paint formulations becoming more susceptible to bacterial and fungal growth in the wet state. These factors, combined with the continuing trend towards lower toxicity, more environmentally acceptable biocides, which tend to be less persistent in the manufactured product, have resulted in increased incidences of microbial infection. The use of ever increasing concentrations of more highly active biocides is not the complete answer to these problems. Instead, the producer, with the help of the biocide manufacturer, must critically look at the whole production operation from a microbiological point of view. Improvements in plant hygiene, including examination and possible modification of plant design and more frequent and thorough cleaning, including a biocidal wash, will help to alleviate problems. Changes in production practices, such as avoiding storage of stock thickener solutions and careful monitoring of raw materials will bring about further improvements. These activities, allied with the use of effective broad spectrum biocides, will at least decrease incidences of microbiological contamination and at best eliminate such infections altogether.

5 illus, 6 tables, 8 ref

018758   Gayen S;Ghosh U (Food Technology and Bio Chemical Engineering Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata-700 032) : Effect of different carbohydrates on the production of pectin methyl esterase by solid state fermentation. J mycopathol Res 2011, 49(1), 111-14.

Pectin methyl esterase (PME) enzyme one of the main commercially available enzymes which is produced by solid state fermentation (SSF) process. Pectic methyl esterase are of major importance to the food industry because of their effect on the texture of foods such as apples, peaches, and tomatoes and in the preparation of wines and fruit juices. Optimum enzyme production depends upon environmental condition as well as nutritional factors. In the current study SSF medium was enriched with different carbohydrates to improve enzyme yield. Maximum yield of PME was obtained with addition of 5% (w/v) lactose in the fermentation medium compared to control. Maximum pH change was observed in the control during fermentation. Highest residual sugar was available after fermentation in the medium containing glucose at a level of 5% (w/v).

3 illus, 8 ref

018757   Gangwar P (Coatings, Adhesives and Specialities, Bayer Material Science Private Limited, Thane) : Green technology for the construction industry-two component waterborne polyurethane coatings. Paintindia 2011, 61(8), 91-6.

The world is changing. Green technology has become an imperative of corporate responsibility and a milestone on the road to future sustainability. An increasing number of market players share this view, and analysts, investors and the general public expect to see assertive action from the industry. Due to pressure from the public and the media, green technology has escalated very quickly into a megatrend in the global marketplace. What began as an "eco-trend" has entered the mainstream in response to consumer demand. The market for green products is ramping up rapidly and relentlessly. Bayer Material Science recognized this trend early on, and it has positioned itself at the forefront of the new movement. Waterborne polyurethane coatings have started to repeat the success story of Bayer's well known Desmodur and Desmophen coatings raw materials. Within the construction industry, applications for both walls and floors have perfectly proven the fact that the performance of the green generation products is fulfilling all the requirements. A toolbox of polyol dispersions and hydrophilic polyisocyanates is available for formulation adjustment in order to meet different performance and cost requirements. The coatings can be easy-to-clean or anti-graffiti, for application on exterior/interior walls, interior walls for hospitals, schools & kindergartens, electronic plants, food processing workshops, kitchens, metro stations etc. They can also be used as the topcoat of floor coatings for commercial and industrial areas with excellent abrasion resistance, scratch resistance & chemical resistance. Real life cases will be analysed in this article as well.

8 illus, 6 tables, ref

018756   Fah C S (NO, , Omya Asia Pacific-v Dept: ATS PCA) : Omyacoat 855-KU the new titanium dioxide spacer. Paintindia 2011, 61(7), 93-5.

7 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

018755   Durai B;Sarkar D (NO, Rustech Products Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata-700 045) : Effect of water vapour permeability on cathodic disbondment of pipeline coating materials. Paintindia 2011, 61(5), 66-8.

Cathodic Protection (CP) is widely used internationally as a major corrosion mitigation technique in pipeline integrity. The use of protective coatings in conjunction with cathodic protection has been an extensive record of proven performance in the protection structures including underground pipelines, ships, underground storage tanks, pipings, and tank bottoms. The use of both a protective coating and a cathodic protection system presents unique design, installation and maintenance consideration. However, if the coating is not properly chosen there will be premature failure of adhesion between a coating and the material substrate which directly attributed to cathodic protection conditions. This paper will discuss about the correlation of vapour permeability with the extent of cathodic disbondment of different coating materials under accelerated conditions.

2 tables, ref

018754   Das A (NO, Soujanya Color Pvt. Ltd., C-35/36, TTC Industrial Area, M.I.D.C. Pawane, Navi Mumbai-400 705) : Nano TiO₂-small is beautiful. Paintindia 2011, 61(8), 77-81.

Nanotechnology is considered to be one of the most important future technologies that will redesign the future of several technologies, products and markets. Because of its potential to change fundamentally whole field of technology, it will not only influence the technological development in near future but will also have decisive economic, ecological and social implications. The term nano has become a buzzword in all industries. Coating industry is also not an exception for this. In order to achieve many herculean tasks in coatings a radically different approach is needed and nanotechnology is looked upon as a good weapon for this. Various nanoscale materials are available for coatings. These materials said to have unique and potentially valuable properties in comparison to larger than nanoscale materials. Of these materials, nanosized titanium Dioxide is of great interest because it exhibits many modified optical and electronic properties as well as many extensive coatings applications. Pure rutile titanium dioxide shows reactivity near UV region which is controlled by surface modification. Nanorutile has 5 times specific surface area than conventional rutile and hence act as powerful UV blocking agent. UV absorber rutile does not lose its efficiency with time. It is non -toxic, non- migratory and perfectly non- yellowing. The coating industries are exploring the potential uses of this technology in research with the ultimate objective of creating superior nano based paints. This overview is meant for understanding the importance, applications and implications of Nano titanium dioxide for the coating industry. The paper will discuss the various methods for synthesis of Nano titanium dioxide and also the concerns regarding health and safety handling of these materials.

4 illus, 3 ref

018753   Badgujar A G;Bambole V A;Mahanwar P A (Polymer Engineering and Technology and Surface Coating Technology Dep, Matunga (E), Mumbai-400 019) : Polypyrrole: synthesis, modifications and applications. Paintindia 2011, 61(8), 53-66.

Polypyrrole (PPy) is one of the most promising materials for multifunctionalized applications. The present paper reviews the synthesis, modifications and applications of polypyrrole (PPy). In addition, the PPy composites and coating of different materials like polymers, polymer particles, ion-exchange membranes, glass, fiber and textile, micro and nano materials with polypyrrole are described in details according to synthetic method and their applications. At the same time, effects of various parameters such as doping, anions, additives, and oxidant, on the PPy properties are also concerned. In this review, ion exchange membranes are highlighted.

9 illus, 169 ref

018752   Ahmad S;Ashfaq A (Faculty of Engineering and Technology., A.M.U., Aligarh) : Engineering aspects for the prevention of microbial contamination in foods. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2011, 13(2), 333-7.

The functional requirements, design, vesting of food products, and finally the evaluation of products to check for overall efficiency, cost, reliability, and most importantly, safety are specified by food engineers. Food safety must be considered foremost as the overall engineering problem encountered in the food supply chain is dependent on it, and must be solved from a food safety engineering perspective. This multi-disciplinary approach will involve certain engineering components related to advanced systems for re-contamination control. This paper emphasizes the need of food safety engineering perspective in order to produce high quality food products (minimally processed) that are both safe and secure.

1 table, 44 ref