005262   Joshi K C;Bargale P C;Khare S K (Soybean Processing and Utilization Centre, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (I.C.A.R.), Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal-462 038) : Studies on small-scale production of lecithin from vegetable oils. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2000, 19(2), 81-7.

Focuses at exploring the possibility of producing lecithin from crude soybean and rapeseed oil using a simple equipment appropriate for laboratory scale. A commercially available small milk boiler was modified for this purpose and tested for its suitability. Results indicated that soy lecithin production of 3.2 to 4.8% could be obtained at water addition levels of 2 to 6% while the yield of rapeseed lecithin was 1.2 to 1.7%. The soy lecithin was found to contain 32-35% oil as compared to 30% oil in rapeseed lecithin. Lecithin removal resulted in considerable reduction in phosphorous content indicating enhanced level of oil purification. Bleaching improved the lecithin colour. While soy lecithin, thus obtained, can be used in foods, the taste and flavour of rapeseed lecithin limits its use as livestock and poultry feeds. The economic analysis revealed the tested unit, if scaled-up can profitably be adopted at the small-scale oil mills prevalent in rural India.

005261   Jena P K;Brocchi E A;Motta M S (NO, Institute of Advance Technology and Environmental Studies, Natural Re, 80A-81A, Lewis Road, Bhubaneswar-751 002) : Studies on kinetics of reduction of NiO by hydrogen. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2000, 53(4-5), 501-8.

Studies on the kinetics of reduciton of nickel oxide briquette to metallic Ni in a low temperature range (573-723 K) by using very low partial pressure of H₂ (0.10 - 0.25 atm) diluted with argon, have been carried out. The nickel oxide is obtained by the decomposition of pure nickel carbonate at a desired temperature. The effect of time (t minutes), temperature (T K), partial pressure of hydrogen (PH₂ atm) and the decomposition temperature (T<42> K) of NiCO₃, has been investigated. The NiCo₃₂. Based on these kinetics results, a mechanism for the NiO recuction with H₂, has been proposed. The Ni metal briquettes obtained under two different experimental conditions, have been characterized by XRD technique.

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005260   Gupta M;Khetarpaul N (Department of Food and Nutrition, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004) : Preparation and nutritional value of wheat rabadi - an indigenous fermented food of India. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2000, 19(2), 94-9.

Rabadi, an indigenous fermented food was prepared by mixing wheat flour with buttermilk and analysed nutritionally as well as organoleptically. Rabadi fermentation of wheat flour (fresh and autoclaved) with buttermilk at 30, 35 and 40°C for 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 hr decreased pH, increased titratable acidity, did not change fat and total mineral (Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and P) contents. Fermentation carried out at 30 and 35°C for different time periods did not alter the protein content while it was decreased in the 40°C fermented rabadi. The products from both types of flour were organoleptically acceptable, but the one prepared by fermentation of freshly ground wheat flour with buttermilk at 35°C for 12 hr gave the highest overall organoleptic acceptability score.

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005259   Dubey J S;Chakravartty J K;Wadekar S L; Gurumurthy K R (Materials Science Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085) : Influence of α-unit size and morphology on the near-threshold fatigue crack growth behaviour of Zr-2.5Nb alloy. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2000, 53(3), 319-25.

Influence of α-unit sizes and morphology on the room temperature near-threshold fatigue crack growth (NTFCG) behaviour of Zr-2.5Nb have been studied at two load ratios (0.1 and 0.6). Two α morphologies, namely lamellar and equiaxed, were produced by employing various rates of cooling from β-phase field and annealing at different temperatures in the (α+β) phase field respectively. NTFCG behaviour was found to be affected by the load ratio (R), α morphology, and α unit size. Best fatigue resistance is shown when microstructure contains lamellar-α morphology. Increasing load ratio shifts the NTFCG stage to lower stress intensity factor range (ΔK) indicating a lower stress intensity factor range at threshold (ΔK_th). Detailed crack path profiling and fractographic investigation have been carried out to identify the controlling microstructure feature involved in FCG near threshold regime.

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005258   Chowdhury A R;Gupta R C (NO, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow) : Essential oil from the leaves of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Indian Perfumer 2000, 44(2), 51-3.

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. leaves on hydro-distillation gave 0.5% essential oil on fresh-weight basis. On examination by GC-MS the oil was found to contain 28 constituents. The major constituents of the oil are cis-caryophyllene 11.74%, dipentene 11.3%, α-eudesmol 9.61%, iso-caryophyllen 8.41% and β-elemene 7.09%. The composition of the oil suggests that the oil may find application as fixative in heavy type of soap and detergent perfumes.

005257   Choudhary B K;Rai S;Jayakumar T;Bhanu Sankara Rao K;Baldev Raj (Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Resear, , Kalpakkam-603 102) : Assessment of low cycle fatigue damage in 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel at 300 K using X-ray diffraction technique. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2000, 53(3), 353-9.

Low cycle fatigue (LCF) deformation and facture behaviour of 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel has been examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. LCF tests have been performed at room temperature at strain amplitudes of ±0.25, ±0.50 and ±0.75%. The LCF deformation is characterized by an initial cyclic hardening followed by progressive cyclic softening and saturation stages. The onset of crack initiation and propagation is indicated by a rapid stress drop in the stress response and cusp formation in the compression portions of stress-strain hysteresis loops. In this study, full width at half maximum (FWHM) of XRD profile has been measured for assessing LCF damage of LCF tested specimens interrupted at various fatigue life fractions. Cyclic hardening observed in the early stage of fatigue deformation exhibited broadening of diffraction profiles (i.e., a rapid increase in FWHM) at all strain amplitudes. Further fatigue cycling to cyclic softening and saturation stages results in a constant value of FWHM. However, a marginal increase in FWHM is observed in the saturation stage at high strain amplitudes of ±0.50 and ±0.75%. A rapid decrease in FWHM is observed following crack initiation and propagation. This drop in FWHM is attributed to relieving of microstresses due to crack initiation and propagation. Relaxation of microstresses is confirmed by a significant reduction in oscillations in d vs sin²ψ curves measured on the crack compared to that observed in case of away from the crack at all strain amplitudes.

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005256   Choudhary B K;Bhanu Sankara Rao K;Mannan S L (Material Development Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102) : Creep deformation and fracture behaviour of forged thick section 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel in the temperature range 773-873 K. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2000, 53(3), 203-15.

Creep tests have been performed to examine the creep deformation and rupture behaviour of forged thick section 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel in quenched and tempered (Q+T), simulated post weld heat treatment (SPWHT) and thermally aged (TA) conditions in a wide range of stresses (50-300 MPa) and temperatures (773-873 K). Applied stress dependence of steady state creep rate obeyed Norton's power law and exhibited two slope behaviour with stress exponents of <126> 5-6 at low stresses and 10.2 at high stresses. This is also reflected in two apparent activation energy values of 266 and 468 kJ mol^-1 in the low and high stress regimes, respectively. Invoking the concept of resisting stress into Dorn type creep relationship, a single slope behaviour with a true stress exponent of <126> 4 and a true activation energy of 250 kJ mol^-1 have been obtaind. These observations suggest that the creep deformation in both the stress regimes is climb controlled. Stress dependence of rupture life exhibited two slope behaviour. The high creep ductility of the alloy increased with increase in temperature. The failure mode remained transgranular. At 793 K, no significant difference in the creep-rupture properties was noticed between Q+T, SPWHT and TA conditions, while at 873 K, SPEHT specimens exhibited inferior creep-rupture strength than that of Q+T specimens. The extensive tertiary creep observed in the alloy has been attributed to microstructural degradation associated with precipitates and dislocation substructure. The creep-rupture strength of the forging has been found to be lower than at of thin section bars and tubes.

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005255   Chokshi A H (Department of Metallurgy, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012) : Superplastic ceramics. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2000, 53(3), 129-34.

Ability of some fine grained crystalline metals to exhibit very large elongations to failure, termed superplasticity, is being utilized to form complex-shaped components for aerospace and other applications. Recently, there has been considerable research activity into extending the concept of superplasticity to ceramics, and large strains to failure have been demonstrated in several fine grained ceramic systems. The mechanical properties of superplastic metals are reviewed, and conditions favorable for observing superplasticity in ceramics are examined.

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005254   Chavan R B;Chattopadhyay D P;Sharma J K (Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi) : Peracetic acid - an ecofriendly bleaching agent. Colourage 2000, 47(1), 15-20.

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005253   Chatterjee M;Siladitya B;Naskar M K;Ganguli D (Sol-Gel Division, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Calcutta-700 032) : Sol-emulsion-gel synthesis of alumina nanospheroids. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2000, 59(3), 54-7,63.

Alumina nanospheroids (10-50 nm) were synthesized by the sol-emulsion-gel method under simultaneous mechanical agitation (750-1500 rpm) and sonication (26 kHz). An aqueous alumina sol ("water phase" of high dielectric constant) was emulsified with an organic solvent ("oil phase" of low dielectric constant) for obtaining an water-in-oil (w/o) type emulsion. 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE) was used as the "oil phase". The high interfacial tension between the "water phase" and the "oil phase" was reduced (i.e., stabilization of the sol droplets) by the addition of an amphiphilic non-ionic surface active agent (Span 80). Two vol% of Span 80 was used in all the experiments. The stabilized sol droplets were subjected to gel formation by increasing the basicity of the emulsion system with an organic amine (Triethylamine, TEA). The crystallization of phase-pure α-Al₂O₃ occurred at a relatively low temperature (800°C, 60 h). Differential thermal analysis (DTA) indicated the crystallization of γ-Al₂O₃ at 378°C as the first phase. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the nanospheroids were generally in chain-like agglomerates. Particle size analysis as also BET specific surface area measurements showed the calcined powders to be composed of large agglomerates with low surface area, indicative of nanosized primary particles as the building units.

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005252   Bepari M M A;Haque M N;Islam M S (NO, 2 Adamjee Jute Mills Ltd, Narayanganj) : Effects of chromium and nickel additions on the structure and properties of carburized and hardened low carbon steels. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2000, 53(4-5), 509-18.

Four 0.10% carbon steel samples containing about 0.35 to 0.85% chromium and about 1.20% nickel singly or in combination were carburized in a natural Titas gas atmosphere at a temperature of 1223 K and pressure of about 0.1 MPa for time periods ranging from 1 to 5 hours and quenched in 10% brine from the carburizing temperature of 1223 K after pre-cooling to 1133 K followed by tempering at a low temperature of 433 K. The structure and properties of the carburized and heat treated specimens were studied systematically by means of optical microscopy, surface hardness and microhardness measurements, X-ray diffractometry and impact test. It was found that both chromium and nickel promote the formation of retained austenite in the case of carburized and hardened steels, chromium being more effective. It was also found that nickel and chromium both refine the martensite platelets (needles) in the case of carburized and hardened steels, with nickel being more effective. Microhardness measurements have shown that chromium in solution and as carbide increases and nickel in solution decreases the hardness of the case, while both of them increase the core hardness although chromium is more effective than nickel as far as core hardness is concerned. The hardenability was found to increase with the increase of austenite grain size and with the extent of carbon penetration in the case of carburized steels. Impact test results have shown that nickel and chromium reduce the toughness of the core of low carbon steels in the carburized and hardened condition. Chromium is more detrimental to toughness than nickel.

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005251   Baldev Raj (Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Resear, , Kalpakkam-603 102) : Intelligent processing of materials - vision for materials manufacturing in 21st century. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2000, 53(4-5), 543-64.

Among their multidisciplinary requirements, intelligent processing of materials (IPM) require on-line quality assessment through nondestructive evaluation (NDE) sensors with a provision for feedback control based on NDE parameters. Application of nondestructive techniques for comprehensive characterization of microstructures, deformation processes, residual stresses and defects in relation to IPM are discussed with specific examples taken from the investigations carried out at Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam. The concepts of IPM and progress made in this direction internationally is briefly reviewed. The specific activities undertaken in India under the Department of Science and Technology (DST) project on IPM are presented. The future directions for adoption of IMP in high tonnage industries like forming and welding industries are also highlighted.

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005250   Anish Kumar;Choudhary B K;Jayakumar T;Bhanu Sankara Rao K;Baldev Raj (Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102) : Influence of thermal ageing and creep on ultrasonic velocity in 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2000, 53(3), 341-5.

Ultrasonic velocity measurements have been performed using 15 MHz longitudinal beam probe to characterize the microstructural degradation occurring due to thermal ageing and creep deformation of 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel at 873 K for durations in the range 10-15175 h. The variation in ultrasonic velocity with exposure time in both the conditions exhibited an initial increase up to 10 h (regime-I) followed by a gradual decrease at shorter durations (regime-II). At intermediate durations, the ultrasonic velocity displayed a reversal in trend i.e., the velocity increased rapidly with time (regime-III) followed by a sharp reduction at longer durations (regime-IV). These variations in the velocity has been correlated with the precipitation behaviour of the alloy. The decrease in ultrasonic velocity in regime-II is ascribed to the coarsening and consequent decrease in number density of needle shaped Cr₂N precipitates, whereas the rapid increae in the velocity in regime-III is attributed to the formation of Fe₂Mo precipitates. The sharp reduction in the velocity in regime-IV in both the conditions can result from the coarsening and decrease in number density of both the Cr₂N and Fe₂Mo precipitates. Further, the lower times for the onset of rapid increase in the velocity in regime-III and rapid decrease in the velocity in regime-IV for creep tested specimens can be attributed to faster kinetics. The deformation enhanced precipitation under creep condition is also reflected in the higer ultrasonic velocity in the regime-III and regime-IV.

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005249   Ahuja A;Shukla P (Department of Child Development and Nutrition, College of Home Science, G.B. Pant Univ. of Agric and Tech, Pantnagar-263 145) : Child feeding practices among agricultural labourers. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 2000, 19(2), 88-93.

Reports an exploratory survey conducted to find out prevalent child feeding practices among female labourers with irregular work hours. Majority of the labourers belonged to Eastern Uttar Pradesh and parts of Bihar presently working in the university farm at Pantnagar. Survey finds that none of the children were fed colostrum, the first milk from mother. Breast feeding was found prevalent among female labourers and was continued solely for about 1 1/2 to 2 years of age. Fortunately practice of bottle feeding was not found among Labourer's families.

005248   Ahsan M;Adhikary K;Samanta A K (Non-Oxide Ceramics Division, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Calcutta-700 032) : Effect of high viscous liquid on the densification behaviour of SiC-clay composites. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2000, 59(3), 58-63.

Difficulty in consolidation of SiC, particularly at a lower temperature and in ambient atmosphere, necessitates the use of second phase bonding materials like clay and other aluminosilicates. In such systems, oxidation of SiC is difficult to control and it goes on until substantial amount of glassy phase is formed which protects individual SiC grains from further oxidation. A high viscosity glass if used for the initial bonding of SiC grains along with a second phase material like clay, the above difficulties could be overcome. In the investigation, 5% high viscous glass was used along with china clay and the results regarding the oxidation behaviour of SiC and mechanical properties of the sintered compacts were compared with those of the compositions without glass.

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004220   Verghese J (C U Varkey Centre for Research and Quality Assurance, Synthite Industrial Chemicals Ltd., Synthite Valley, Kolenchery-682 311) : Piper nigrum L. essential oil specifications. Indian Spices 2000, 37(2), 8-9.

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004219   Thangaraj M;Jaiswal P K (Central Agmark Laboratory, Directorate of Marketing & Inspecting Minis, , North Ambazari Road, Nagpur-400 010) : Study on quality parameters for ready dhokla mix. Beverage Fd Wld 2000, 27(6), 32,34.

004218   Syal R K;Kanitkar N P;Chavan L D (High Energy Materials Research Lab, , Armament Post, Sutarwadi, Pune-411 021) : Continuous process for preparation of fine cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine. Chem Engng Wld 2000, 35(9), 193-6.

Development of a continuous process, based on application of water pressure through an educator, for preparing fine β-HMX of micro size, a preferred high explosive used in warheads. The process is safe, simple and capable of producing fine particles, size ranging from 5 to 50 μm. It can also be scaled-up to manufacture other explosives like RDX, TNT, PETN, HNS, etc.

004217   Sudheendra L;Raju A R (Chemistry and Physics Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P O, Bangalore-560 064) : Silica fibre-composites obtained using long-chain carboxylic acid as templates. Bull Mater Sci 1999, 22(7), 1025-8.

Fibres of silica-composites having different long-chain carboxylic acids were prepared. The morphology and the composition of these different inorganic-organic composites, thus obtained, were similar owing to their common mechanism of formation. Their morphology was observed to be sensitive to the water content

004216   Sudhakar K V;Bag A;Dwarakadasa E S;Ray K K (Department of Metallurgy, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012) : Effect of corrosive medium on fatigue crack growth behaviour and fracture in high martensite dual phase steel. Bull Mater Sci 1999, 22(7), 1029-36.

Fatigue crack growth (FCG) behaviour in both near-threshold and higher stress intensity range (ΔK) in intercritically annealed dual-phase (DP) steel containing martensite between 32% and 76% in ferrite has been studied in 3.5% NaC1 solution. It is shown that the amount of martensite content in dual phase steel has a significant effect on threshold (ΔK_th)) values and FCG rates. Higher content of martensite in ferrite leads to higher threshold values and lower FCG rates. Further, ΔK_th is much higher in 3.5% NaCl solution as compared to that in laboratory air. Fractography studies reveal that in the near-threshold region, fracture surfaces are characterized mainly by intergranular cracking in corrosive (3.5% NaCl solution) environment. Higher threshold values in 3.5% NaCl solution is attributed to the higher crack closure induced by rougher fracture surface and by the strong wedge effects of corrosion products.

004215   Shukla F C;Shipa;Thind S S (Department of a Food Science & Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004) : Bakery industry in India - present status, quality control and future scenario. Beverage Fd Wld 2000, 27(6), 11-15.

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004214   Sekar N (Dyes Division, UDCT, Matunga, , Mumbai-400 019) : Urea containing direct dyes - some developments. Colourage 2000, 47(8), 48,50.

004213   Sekar N (Dye Division, UDCT, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Dyestuffs containing azulene ring - an update. Colourage 2000, 47(9), 56-7.

004212   Saini S P S;Grewal V S (Department of Food Science & Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004) : Storage aspects of thermally processed Patharnakh pear juice. Beverage Fd Wld 2000, 27(6), 17-18.

Patharnakh pear harvested during mid-August was crushed and processed into juice which was stored at room (12-37°C) temperature. During 7 months of storage, TSS remained almost constant. Titrable acidity started declining after 3 months of storage. Losses in total sugars were negligible while reducing sugars improved. A small decline in pectin was also noticeable. Ascorbic acid(AA) lost to the maximum extent. Discolouration of juices was higher in heat processesed single strength juices. Stored juice did not show any viscosity change. Sensory data of heat processed juices revealed that juices pressed out from blanched Patharnakh (BP) were superior to their counterparts from unblanched pears (UBP). Investigation has shown the potential for large scale production of high quality juice from Patharnakh vastly cultivated over large areas in Punjab. The juice quality could be improved extensively by harvesting the fruit at processing maturity, ripening it at low (0-4°C) temperature for a fortnight, blanching of fruit segments prior to crushing, and adjustment of Brix : acid ratio prior to packing.

004211   Rao Y R;Misra R (Regional Research Laboratory, , Bhubaneswar-751 013) : Towards standardisation of rooh kewda. FAFAI Jl 2000, 2(3), 29-32.

Physico chemical characteristics, methoxyl, hydroxyl values and GLC profile of kewda essential oil or rooh are described. Ranges of various characteristics prescribed. Solubility in 70% aqueous ethanol appears to provide a simple method at field site to determine approximately PEME content in rooh kewda.

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004210   Raman P B (Supreme Petrochem Ltd., , 17/18 Shah Indl Estate, Veera Desai Rd, Andheri (W), Mumbai-400 053) : Polystyrene : the household name in commodity plastics. Chem Engng Wld 2000, 35(9), 78-86.

004209   Rajeshwer D;Basrur A G;Rao G S;Krishnamurthy K R (Research Centre, Indian Petrochemicals Corpn. Ltd., , Vadodara-391 346) : Development of paraffins dehydrogenation catalyst at IPCL. Chem Engng Wld 2000, 35(9), 134-5.

Considering the high degree of obsolescence in development of catalysts, IPCL is now striving to develop catalyst formulations with improved performance. A new formulation, DHC-4, with better selectivity for mono-olefins, has been developed and used in IPCL's LAB plant. Patent applications, covering this formulation, have been field in India and abroad. Research efforts to arrive at superior catalysts formulations are in full swing.

004208   Rabbani G M (NO, Directorate of Marketing & Inspection, 29 A/1, Jopling Road, Lucknow) : Balanced composition of spices in curry powder can prevent aflatoxin production during storage. Indian Spices 2000, 37(2), 14.

004207   Premavalli K S;Majumdar T K;Malini S (NO, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Sidhartha Nagar, Mysore-570 011) : Quality evaluation of traditional products .II. Garam masala and puliyogere mix masala. Indian Spices 2000, 37(2), 10-13.

004206   Premavalli K S (NO, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore-570 011) : Convenience foods for Defence forces based on traditional Indian foods. Def Sci J 2000, 50(4), 361-9.

Reviews the traditionally used food items vis-a-vis convenience foods developed by the Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL), Mysore, during the past three decades keeping in view the quality requirements (QRs) of the Defence Forces. Simultaneously, information has been provided on the kind of processing technologies used that any entrepreneur becomes aware of the infrastructure required to produce these commercially to meet the demands of the Army Purchase Organisation (APO) with DFRL know-how. The information provided is of immense value to APO in planning the convenience foods requirement and their inclusion in packed rations for special tasks and missions.

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004205   Prasad P M;Mankhand T R;Singh S N (Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005) : Cuprice bromide leaching of a chalcopyrite concentrate. Metals Mater Process 2000, 12(1), 1-9.

Cuprice bromide leaching of a chalcopyrite (Chitradurga) concentrate has been investigated as a possible route for the extraction of copper. The effects of stirring rate, time of leaching, concentration of cupric bromide, quantity of NaBr and temperature on the extraction of copper as well as the dissolution of iron have been examined. For comparative evaluation, tests have been conducted with CuCl2 and FeCl3 lixiviants containing NaCl. Results indicate the feasibility of recovering 97.1 pct Cu with only 12.5 pct Fe dissolution in 100% excess 1.0M CuBr2 at 378K for 3.6 ks at a stirring speed of 500 rev min^-1. The dissolution of copper has been found to obey the Jander's linear kinetics with an activation energy of 27 ± 2kJ mol^-1. As compared with the chloride lixiviants, the use of copper (II) bromide appears attractive from the viewpoint of both the hydrometallurgical recovery and subsequent electrowinning of dissolved copper. Under similar treatment conditions, the ratio of copper to iron using the cupric bromide lixiviant has been found to be nearly three times higher than that in chloride solutions.

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004204   Pattanshetty S M;Bodhankar M G (Ugar Sugar Works Ltd, , Ugarkhurd-591316) : Comparative performance of the different designs of digesters run on sugarcane pressmud for the production of biogas. J envir Pollut 1999, 6(2-3), 207-10.

Sugarcane pressmud is a by-product in sugar manufacture. There is a need to carry out detailed investigations to establish the utility of sugarcane pressmud for the production of biogas. Studies were carried out at the Ugar Sugar Works Ltd., Ugarkhurd, Dist - Belgaum, Karnataka State to establish the dual utility of sugarcane pressmud as a substitute for the production of fuel and fertilizer when subjected to biomethanation. Comparative performance of the different designs of digesters for use of sugarcane pressmud for the production of biogas was also studied. The classical KVIC design digester with mechanical churning gave better performance as compared to others. Further, it is found that the anaerobic digestion of sugarcane pressmud facilitates the beneficiaries for it's dual use as fuel and fertiliser.

004203   Paramguru R K (Regional Research Laboratory, CSIR, Bhubaneswar-751 013) : Some electrochemical considerations during leaching of sulphide minerals. Metals Mater Process 2000, 12(1), 11-26.

Dissolution of sulphide minerals is very often electrochemical in nature. Owing to the semi-conducting properties of such minerals, the interfacial electrochemistry can be treated in terms of hole transfer. In the case of metal-like conduction, electron transfer processes also hold and metal corrosion principles can be applied. High pressure operations enhance the leaching rate by increasing the partial pressure of the oxidant. These electrochemical aspects of leaching have been discussed.

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004202   Pandey S R;Tripathy T;Bhagat R P;Singh R P (Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Divided flocculant addition : way to minimize flocculant addition. Metals Mater Process 2000, 12(1), 27-34.

Reports the flocculation behaviour of iron ore slimes from a typical mine of Bihar (India) when synthesized graft copolymer of starch and polyacrylamide and poly acrylamide based commercial flocculants (magnafloc 1011) are added in stages vis-a-vis one time addition. The studies on settling and filtration following flocculation were carried out with the objective to minimize the flocculant dose. The polymer requirements for the settling and filtration have been observed to be different. The settling rate with graft co-polymer is higher than that with magnafloc 1011 at lower flocculant dose. In case of filtration, the performance of graft copolymer is marginally inferior to that of magnafloc 1011. The settling rate improves considerably at lower flocculant dose (10 ppm, solid/solid basis), specially when the same amount is added in two stages; whereas in case of filtration, the effect of divided flocculant addition is more pronounced when 20 ppm (s/s) is added in two stages (rather than at 10 ppm). This effect is also more pronounced at lower pulp density compared to higher one. The effect of divided flocculant addition in relation to minimising the flocculant dose has been explained by the fact that greater compactness of the flocs is achieved which results in improvement of flocculation efficiency and has been schematically shown.

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004201   Nirbhay Singh;Khelawan R;Parihar K S (NO, Defence Materials & Stores Research & Development Establishment, Kanpur-208 013) : Fracture toughness of chopped glass fibre phenolic composite. Def Sci J 2000, 50(4), 419-23.

Chopped glass fibre phenolic composite to be used for the construction of aircraft parts has been prepared and the fracture toughness of this composite was evaluated using J-integral method. The effects of humidity and 3 per cent NaCl on the fracture toughness values were also investigated. For this, a set of six specimens having crack lengths varying from 0-18 mm was tested. Five such sets of specimens were selected for the experimental studies to check the reproducibility of the results and to evaluate the effect of environment.

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004200   Navin Chand;Vashishtha S R (Regional Research Laboratory, C S I R, Habibganj Naka, Bhopal-462 026) : Development of fly ash filled polypropylene/polystryrene blend and its melt behaviour. Metals Mater Process 2000, 12(1), 45-54.

New type of fly ash (FA) particulate filled polypropylene/polystryrene (PP/PS) blend having fly ash loading ranging from 5 to 15 weight percent have been developed and characterized. It has been found that increased loading of fly ash increased thermal stability of the filled blend which has been explained based on the transformation of blend structure from ductile to brittle on addition of fly ash. Tensile strength reduced marginally due to poor bonding between PP and PS blend as observed in SEM micrographs. Rheological data of filled and unfilled blends are obtained by using a capillary rheometer at 220°C shear rate range ranging 10¹ - 10⁴ s^-1. Non-linearity in the shear stress versus shear rate behaviour has been observed for these new materials, which is due to non-equilibrium of elastic recovery. Incorporation of fly ash particulate in to PP/PS blend increased the melt viscosity and reduced the recoverable shear strain (SR). Shear rigidity (G) also increased with the increase in fly ash particles loading.

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004199   Navin Chand;Pandey A (NO, Regional Research Laboratory, Habibganj Naka, Bhopal-462 026) : High stress abrasive wear study on flyash filled polypropylene / polystyrene blend. Metals Mater Process 2000, 12(1), 91-5.

High stress abrasive wear rate of different weight fraction of flyash filled polypropylene, polystyrene and polypropylene /polystyrene blends has been determined. A new type of wear behaviour has been observed for the flyash filled polyproplylene/polystyrene blend. It has been found that after initial sliding distance of 12.8 m, wear rate of FA filled blends reaches to a steady state value. Pure polystyrene has more wear rate due to its high brittleness and hence cracks were formed leading to fracture as compared to pure polypropylene, which deforms plastically during the process of abrasion. Incorporation of flyash particles, the abrasive wear rate increased in both but, flyash filled polystyrene is more as compared to flyash filled polypropylene. The addition of flyash in polypropylene/polystyrene blend and its effect on the wear behaviour has been studied by using scanning electron microscope. It has been found that flyash particles fractured and came out from the matrix along with peeled off polypropylene matrix during the abrasion.

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004198   Nagalakshmi R;Samidas S;Pandey K S (NO, Welding Research Institute, BHEL, Tiruchirappalli-620 014) : Oxidation mechanism of AISI 316 & 347 austenitic stainless steels in atmospheric air at elevated temperatures. WRI Jl 1999, 20(3), 89-94.

Evaluates the oxidation mechanism/s of AISI 316 & 347 stainless steels when they are exposed in air atmosphere at elevated temperatures in the range of 973-1273 K. Circular disc specimens of 25Φ and 1.5 to 2.0 mm thick were stamped out from AISI 316 & 347 grades of stainless steel sheets, suitably machined and polished to scratch free levels followed by heating at 573 K in argon atmosphere for a period of 45 minutes and cooled in the furnace itself in the stream of argon. After the completion of heating schedule, these speciments were gently repolished. Cyclic oxidation studies were carried out in different temperatures for both the steels and weight gain measurements were made at fixed interval of time (900s). Oxidation experiments were continued till no weight gains for three consecutive readings were observed. Analysis of the experimental data has revealed that the oxidation mechanism of these steels, namely, AISI 316 and 347 was semi-1273 K. The oxidation rate in the above temperature range conformed to the equation of the from : Wg = K1log(K2t+K3); where `K1', `K2' and `K3' are empirically determined constants and are found to be dependent on the temperature of oxidation.

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004197   Nada A M A;Hamzawy E M A;Omara H I;Gohary S E (Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt) : Thermal treatment of the precipitated solid material (PSM) from the waste black liquor (WBL). Bull Mater Sci 1999, 22(7), 1067-72.

Precipitated solid materials (PSM) from waste black liquor (WBL), at pH 8.5-9.0, produced from cooking of rice straw in paper mill factories were thermally treated. The cooking process led to decrease in organic material and partial substitution in silica structure. During this cooking process, three probable stages of mass loss comprise removal of moisture, volatile release, and combustion. The chemical analysis depicts the cooking effect on leaching either the high percentage elements (Ca, Na, and K) or some metallic cations (Mn, Cd, Zn and Cu) in the parent rice straw. Silica hydrate, amorphous silica and crystalline silica were obtained at <600°C, 600-700°C and at > 800°C, respectively. The infrared spectra show gradual removal of the hydrocarbon bond (C-H), molecular H₂O, and sianol group (Si-OH) with temperature; TG, DTA, XRD and SEM were used in the study.

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004196   Murugan P;Ramachandran K (Department of Theoretical Physics, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625 021) : On the specific heat of Al-Si and Al-Ge alloys - a simulation study. Bull Mater Sci 1999, 22(7), 1041-6.

Large variation in specific heats with concentration between temperatures 50 K and 200 K for Al-Si and Al-Ge alloys are analysed in detail by lattice dynamical and Monte Carlo approaches. The large deviation from linearity at low temperatures does not seem to be due to the Debye's low temperature contribution. It is shown that an anharmonic vibration in the above solid solutions, particularly at 200 K, is the cause for the small variation in the specific heat.

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004195   Mahesh Kumar;Jarnail Singh;Mangat B S (Department of Processing and Agril Structures, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana) : Milling performance evaluation of selected sugar mills in Punjab. J Res-Punjab Agric Univ 2000, 37(1-2), 90-8.

Milling performance of four sugar mills in the state of Punjab during crushing season of 1995-96 have been evaluated in terms of brix of juice extracted at the various mills in the milling train. Bagasse pol % has been the main criterion used for estimating the milling performance in the sugar mills. It was recommended that juice brix diagram should be prepared on daily basis so that performance of each mill of the milling tendom in the sugar mill may be monitored and pressure on the rollers, its opening and speed be adjusted to bring it in line with the theoretical values. This not only help to reduce bagasse pol but also to improve sugar recovery.

004194   Lord E A;Ranganathan S;Kulkarni U D (Department of Metallurgy, Inidan Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012) : Tilings, coverings, clusters and quasicrystals. Curr Sci 2000, 78(1), 64-72.

Quasiperiodic covering of the plane by regular decagons and an analogous structure in three dimensions are described. The 3D pattern consists of interpenetrating triacontahedral clusters, related to the 3 inflation rule for the 3D Penrose tiling patterns. The overlap regions are triacontahedron faces, rhombic dodecahedra and rhombic icosahedra. The structure leads to a plausible model for the T2 icosahedral quasicrystalline phases.

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004193   Li Y;Hou B (NO, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao-266071) : Study on steel corrosion in different seabed sediments. Bull Mater Sci 1999, 22(7), 1037-40.

Series of simulation experiments on carbon steel (A₃ steel) and low alloy steel (16 Mn steel) in marine atmosphere (MA), seawater (SW) and seabed sediment (SBS) including rough sea sand, fine sea sand and seabed mud were carried out indoors for a year or so by means of individually hanging plates (IHP) and electrically connected hanging plates (ECHP). The corrosion of steels in SBS was mainly due to the macro galvanic cell effect. The steel plates at the bottom of SBS, as the anode of a macrogalvanic cell, showed the heaviest corrosion with a corrosion rate of up to 0-12 mm/a, approximately equal to that of steel plates in marine atmosphere. The test results showed that the corrosion rates of A₃ and 16 Mn steel in marine environment were in the order: MA<62> SW<62> SBS by the IHP method; and MA<62>SBS<62>SW by the ECHP method. The corrosion rate of steels in the water/sediment interface were directly proportional to the grain size of the SBS by the ECHP method, but those of steels in the water/sediment interface did not vary with the grain size of SBS by the IHP method. The corrosion rate of low-alloy steel was a little higher than that of carbon steel. The results of this study have important applications for design of offshore steel structures such as oil platform, pier, and port.

004192   Lalla N P;Hegde M S;Dupont L;Tekaia Elhsissen K;Tarascon J M;Srivastava O N (IUC-DAEF, University Campus, Indore-452 001) : Pd and Pt nucleated nano Ni-particles: evidence for heterogeneous nucleation and growth by transmission electron microscopy. Curr Sci 2000, 78(1), 73-6.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of mono-dispersed Ni-particles, prepared by the reduction of Ni(OH)₂ in ethylene glycol with Pd/Pt as nucleating agent, has been carried out. Microstructural analysis employing bright-field and dark-field electron microscopy reveals polymicrocrystalline nature of each Ni-particle. TEM studies of Ni particles show presence of nearly 20 A° thick NiO layer over each 300 A° Ni-particles. Presence of 40 to 60 A° Pd/Pt nucleus has been confirmed in high magnification bright-field micrographs. The observed radial growth morphology supports heterogeneous nucleation of Pd/Pt over which Ni grows.

004191   Kute L S;Dengale P S;Kadam S S (Department of Food Science and Technology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722) : Studies on preservation of sapota pulp. Beverage Fd Wld 2000, 27(6), 38-9.

004190   Krishna Rao K (NO, Shiva Group of Companies, 213 (539/A), Street No. 7, Lane 2, Himayatnagar, Hyderabad-500 029) : Metal injection molding manufacturing process for near net complex shaped metal components. Metals Mater Process 2000, 12(1), 55-62.

Metal Injection Molding (MIM) is a relatively new cost effective commercial manufacturing process for producing complex shaped elemental metal and alloy component parts with material properties similar to parts produced by traditional manufacturing methods. Describes the MIM process, the most common alloys in use today, their mechanical properties and applications in various industrial sectors.

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004189   Kaur S;Kaur M (Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005) : Adsorption of dyes on unconventional adsorbents. J envir Pollut 1999, 6(2-3), 173-9.

Effluents from dyestuff manufacturing industries contained small proportions of dyes, which in addition to colour impart undesirable characteristics. Different adsorbents from wastes like bagasse, Eichhornia plants, egg shell, keekar, masoor rind, saphada, tea leaves, walnut shell, wheat straw, bottom ash, cow dung and rice husk were used to study their applicability for colour removal from aqueous dye solutions.

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004188   John M D;Jaiswal P K (NO, Central Agmark Laboratory, Nagpur) : Study on the quality characteristics of ginger garlic paste. Indian Spices 2000, 37(2), 6-7.

Number of ready to use spice products are being marketed in the country to help to reduce the time taken for cooking. Being the products of recent origin, many of these commodities do not have any quality standard. Ginger garlic paste is one such product which is gaining acceptance in urban house-hold. An attempt is being made here to formulate quality standard for ginger garlic paste.

004187   Iyer R V;Vijayan K (Materials Science Division, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore-560 017) : Decomposition behaviour of Kevlar 49 fibres: I. At<. Bull Mater Sci 1999, 22(7), 1013-23.

Structural changes which accompany decomposition of Kevlar 49 fibres at T=500°C and 550°C, respectively, have been elucidated. At both these temperatures, cumulative thermal exposures of specific durations, t_cum(T), are required to result in decomposition. The conspicuous features which characterize isothermal decomposition of the fibres are: progressive reduction and an eventual total loss in fibre crystallinity, progressive loss in weight, introduction of surface damages, introduction of hollowness, and deterioration in tensile properties.

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004186   Inderjeet Kaur;Barsola R;Misra B N;Chauhan G S (NO, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla-171 005) : Radiochemical graft copolymerisation of 2-hydroxy ethylmethacrylate onto polyamide-6, 6-nylon. Def Sci J 2000, 50(4), 425-33.

Polymide-6, 6-nylon has been modified by radiation-induced graft copolymerisation of 2-hydroxy ethylmethacrylate (2-HEMA) in nonaqueous medium (ethanol). No homopolymer formation was observed during grafting. Optimum conditions for affording maximum percentage of grafting have been evaluated. Maximum percentage of grafting (170 per cent) was obtained at a total dose of 0.74 x 10⁴ Gy using 2-HEMA (8 x 10^-3 moles) in ethanol (10 ml). The grafted samples were characterised by thermogravimetric analysis and it was observed that grafting slightly decreased the thermal stability of the polyamide-6,6 fibre. Dyeing properties of polyamide-6,6 fibre. Dyeing properties of polyamide-6,6 fibre and grafted fibre have also been investigated.

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