004185   Dwivedi K N;Akbar N;Vilas G;Shukla B V;Singh D P (Fragrance & Flavour Development Centre, , Kannauj) : Resinoid from refuse sandal wood powder. FAFAI Jl 2000, 2(3), 41-3.

Sandalwood steam was distilled from the grinded heartwood or the root of the plant Santalum album to produce oil and refuse powder. In the Process-Technology Division of Fragrance & Flavour Development Centre, Kannauj, authors studied the remaining oily portion of refuse sandalwood powder, which contains traces of essential oil and alcoholic insoluble matter. This study is based on refuse sandalwood powder available in and around Kannauj for further value addition product. Sandalwood oil is extracted from disintegrated heartwood of required mesh size 40-60. This powder is steam distilled to obtain 5.5-6.0% oil. The deoiled powder is called as refuse sandalwood powder. Presently, this refuse sandalwood powder is used for scenting of products like Agarbatti, Dhoopbatti & Hawan Samagri. Study is based for extraction of oily portion from refuse sandalwood powder as resinoid and, thus, increase the value of sandalwood products. The resinoid percentage extracted from refuse sandalwood powder in the centre ranges from 2.3-2.5%.

004184   Diwanji K (Qu-Con Inc, , 101 Yogi-Kunj, Near New Ellora Park, Subhanpura Rd, Vadodara-390 007) : Cure the corrosion : corrosion control in petrochemical plants. Chem Engng Wld 2000, 35(9), 140,143.

Outlines ceracoat corrosion control for protecting heavily corroded pipelines and to rebuild thinned down pipes back to their original pressure rating without shut-down and zero heat input. It also covers a new generation anti-corrosion coating (AP-SAQ) and in combination with ceracoat, it provides ultimate solution to corrosion and erosion problems, particularly of petrochemical plants.

004183   Bhattarcharjee S;Galgali R K;Dash A (NO, Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar-751 013) : In-flight processing of powders in a plasma reactor. Metals Mater Process 2000, 12(1), 35-43.

In-flight processing of powders in thermal plasma for heat affection was studied in an indigenously developed thermal plasma reactor using a simple geometry, wherein, particles were gravity fed into the plasma zone parallel to the arc column. Describes the results of plasma-particle interaction with respect to different process parameters. It also briefly describes the stability of the arc with respect to various reactor parameters.

004182   Bains K;Kawatra B L;Manpreet Kaur (Department of Food and Nutrition, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana) : Nutritional availability from traditional food combinations of rural Punjab. J Res-Punjab Agric Univ 2000, 37(1-2), 133-40.

Four Punjabi traditional food combinations viz. chapati + moong moth dhal, maize roti + sarson saag, kheer + pura and methi roti + curd were analysed for their nutritional profile. The protein and available lysine contents were found to be maximum in chapati + moong moth dhal and lowest in kheer + pura combination. Fat content was highest in kheer + pura (10.84%) and lowest in methi roti + curd (5.4%). The ash content was found to be maximum in maize roti + sarson saag and minimum in chapati + moong moth dhal combination. Out of all the combinations, maize roti + sarson saag had the maximum iron, zinc and copper contents viz., 6.8, 2.74 and 0.81 mg/100g, respectively. Kheer + pura was found to have the maximum total and available calcium contents. The maximum phenol (402 mg/100g) and phytin phosphorus (55.2 mg/100g) contents were found in maize roti + sarson saag combination which may affect the availability of minerals.

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004181   Athawale V D;Chamankar A V;Athawale M (Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagri, Mumbai-400 098) : Alkyd-ketonic blends for coatings applications. Paintindia 2000, 50(9), 39-44.

Discusses property relationships of raw materials used for manufacturing of alkyd resins and its coatings study with cyclohexanone formaldehyde (ketonic) resin blends. Properties such as drying time, hardness, adhesion, flexibility, gloss, skinnings tendency; impact resistance and chemical resistance of the blends are studied. Ketonic resin was blended with alkyd resin, and a significant improvement in adhesion, hardness, gloss, storage stability, acid resistance and drying time was achieved over that of the alkyd resin.

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004180   Ajikumar P K;Devaky K S (School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadrashini Hills, Kottayam-686 560) : EGDMA-cross-linked polystyrene resin: an efficient support for gel phase peptide synthesis. Proc Indian Acad Sci-Chem Sci 2000, 112(4), 465-74.

Illustrates the application of a 2% ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-cross-linked polystyrene support (EGDMA-PS) in manual solid phase peptide synthesis. This copolymer has been characterised and optimised for peptide synthesis by performing the synthesis of a few model peptides and two biologically important peptides. EGDMA-cross-linked polystyrene support was prepared by the suspension polymerisation of the monomers EGDM and styrene. EGDMA-PS resin undergoes facile swelling in a variety of solvents, both polar and nonpolar, used in peptide synthesis. The polymer was functionalised by Friedel-Crafts chloromethylation reaction. Peptides were assembled on a 2% cross-linked chloromethyl polymer support of capacity 1.63 mmol Cl/g. The biological peptides synthesised are an 11-residue peptide ATP binding site of the CDC2 kinase and a difficult sequence-a nine-residue peptide β 34-42 corresponding to a portion of the hydrophobic terminus of the β-amuyloid protein β 1-42. After synthesis, the peptides were cleaved from the support by treating with neat TFA. Purity of the peptides obtained in good yield was checked by TLC and HPLC methods and found to be fairly high.

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004179   Agrawal S L;Shukla P K (Solid State Ionics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, A P S University, Rewa-486 003) : Structural and electrical characterisation of polymeric electrolytes : PVA-NH4SCN system. Indian J pure appl Phys 2000, 38(1), 53-61.

Structural and ion transport studies on PVAx:NH4SCN solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) with the aim of developing suitable proton conducting electrolyte for solid state ionic devices have been reported. DSC, XRD and IR analysis of as synthesised films have been carried out to study morphology and complexation behaviour PVA with NH4SCN. A possible structure of PVA complex has been proposed on the basis of IR spectroscopy. The electrical characterisation which comprises of I-t, coulometry, TIC measurements and impedance spectroscopy has been carried out to assess ion transport behaviour of these complexes. The electrical measurements evidenced cationic transport with a maximum in electrical conductivity of 7.0 x 10^-5S cm^-1 for x = 0.15 in the system. The compositional variation of ionic conductivity has been correlated to morphology and concentration of charge carriers.

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004178   Agnihotri K K;Pal U K (Goat Products Technology Lab. Nutrition, Feed Resources and Products T, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P O Farah-281 122) : Quality of chevon sausages in refrigerated storage. Int J Anim Sci 2000, 15(1), 69-73.

About three years old buck meat was utilized to prepare sausages using 0.0, 0.3 and 0.5% TSPP. Precooked sausages were packed in P.E. bags and stored under refrigeration (4±1°C) to assess the quality changes while monitoring physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory traits at day 0, 3 and 7 of storage. Period of storage had significant effect on fat content, standard plate counts (SPC) and psychrotrophs counts. Fat content (%) tended to increase on day 3, whereas SPC increased on day 7 of storage. Psychrotrophic bacterial counts significantly (P<60>0.05) decreased on day 3 and attained values similar to initial counts on day 7 of storage, while Bacillus cereus counts remained static throughout storage period. Phosphate additions significantly (P<60>0.01) improved general appearance, flavour, texture, juiciness and overall acceptability scores of the sausages when compared with control. Storage periods had no significant adverse effect (P<62>0.05) on these sensory attributes. Therefore, product could safely be stored for seven days under the present set of experimental conditions without any appreciable loss of quality and consumer acceptability.

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004177   Achwal W B (NO, , ) : New persulphate process for decolouration of reactive dyeing waste water. Colourage 2000, 47(8), 38-9.

003182   Vulic I;Samuels S B;Wagner A H;Eng J M (NO, Cytec Industries, B V Botlek-Rotterdam) : New breakthroughs in performance of UV light stabilizers in PP fiber, PE film, rotomolding, other applications. Pop Plast Packag 2000, 45(9), 68-75.

Role of hindred amine light stablizers (HALS) in the protection of polyolefins continues to expand. HALS are essential components in formulations developed for outdoor use and have been proven to be effective thermo-oxidative stablizers. The physicochemical properties of hindred amines have a profound effect on the hindered amine's performance as a stabilizer, and will also influence the reactivity of the HALS with other formulation components, environmental agents, etc. Some of these interactions can have a deleterious effect on end product aesthetics and service life. Studies on the relationship between HALS structure and performance have led to the development of new products which provide optimal light stabilizing efficiency while minimizing the tendency to undergo undesirable side reactions with system components or external agents.

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003181   Vinod Kumar K P;Sethuraman M G (NO, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed University), Gandhigram-624 302) : Utilization of bio material wastes (Cashewnut seed coat and conconut fibre) in the preparation of varnishes. Trans SAEST 1999, 34(2), 63-4.

Condensed tannins extracted using aqueous acetone from casheswnut seed coat can be treated with coconut fibre hydroxylate containing furfural obtained by acid hydrolysis of coconut fibre to form bakelite type resin. The resins obtained were subjected to various physico-chemical tests. The resins were suspended in linseed oil to form air drying varnishes. The service performence of the resultant varnishes were evaluated and the results discussed.

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003180   Vijai Kumar;Shit S C (NO, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, Bhopal-462 023) : Effect of crosslinking on the properties of LLDPE. Pop Plast Packag 2000, 45(8), 80-2,90.

Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) at different concentrations (0.015 to 0.1 wt%) was added to rotational grade LLDPE on a two roll mill. The effect of addition of BPO on the flow, mechanical and thermal properties of LLDPE was studied. Tensile strength, modulus, hardness, extrudate swell and vicat softening point properties of LLDPE were found to be increased due to crosslinking by BPO, whereas melt flow index value of the BPO treated LLDPE was found to be gradually decreased with the increase of peroxide concentration. In the case of tensile strength, modulus and hardness of the LLDPE, a non-linear improvement was observed. However, with the change in concentration of BPO, a significantly linear improvement in VSP and extrudate swellbehaviour of LLDPE was observed. For studying the effect of crosslinking on the solubility behaviour of BPO treated LLDPE, its gel content was also determined and the dependence of gel content on the concentration of BPO was illustrated.

003179   Veerendra Kumar;Kapoor R (Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005) : Effectiveness of bonding and repair compounds in concrete memebers. J Struct Engng 2000, 27(2), 105-9.

Bond between fresh and hardened concrete can be subjected to various stress states depending on the application and service conditions. To check the effectiveness of epoxy resins and polymer emulsions, twenty one corbels and unreinforced beams and seven reinforced beams were cast and tested. The effectiveness of the repair compounds under shear and flexure were studied. It can be inferred that the epoxy resins are more effective in bonding members under flexure. However, none of the repair compounds studied are found to be effective in shear.

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003178   Vasudevan D;Basha C A (NO, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006) : Electrochemical halogenation of fluorescein in batch and flow reactors. Bull Electrochem 2000, 16(8), 341-4.

Electrochemical halogenation of fluorescein has been carried out in a batch and a flow reactor with batch recirculation, to yield eosin and erythrosin, in continuation of the earlier work. The effect of halogenating agent on the product yield, advantages of the electrochemical method and advantages of the flow reactor with batch recirculation over that of a batch reactor are discussed. The probable mechanism of electrochemical halogenation is discussed.

003177   Thanikai Velan T V;Mohammed Bilal I (Department of Chemistry, Crescent Engineering College, Chennai-600 048) : Aliphatic amine cured PDMS-epoxy interpenetrating network system for high performance engineering applications-development and characterization. Bull Mater Sci 2000, 23(5), 425-9.

Siliconized epoxy interpenetrating network (IPN) was synthesized from commercially available DGEBA epoxy resin GY250 (Ciba-Geigy, epoxy equivalent = 182-192, viscosity=9000-12000 cP) and hydroxyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). PDMS and GY250 were thoroughly mixed at 30°C to get the prepolymer. Stoichiometric amounts of PDMS-epoxy prepolymer, γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, aliphatic amine curing agent (HY951), and dibutyltindilaurate catalyst, were thoroughly mixed and case in a mould after evacuating the entrapped air. The cured material was then taken out and post cured at 70°C for 10h. IPN was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. SEM, DSC, TGA and viscosity measurements. Incorporation of PDMS in the epoxy matrix increased the viscosity and lowered the exothern and pot-life. PDMS in IPN increased Tg, heat-distortion temperature and reduced the percentage weight loss with increase in temperature. Incorporation of PDMS drastically reduced the tensile and flexural strengths and hardness. The PDMS-epoxy IPN may be used for encapsulation, high temperature and high voltage application due to their low shrinkage and lesser internal stress. With the improved electrical characteristics. IPN may be used for high performance electrical insulation, insulator housings and encapsulation to withstand high voltage, moisture, oxidation, chemical attack, biological attach, outdoor weathering, contamination.

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003176   Srinivasa P;Mishra H N (Department of Post Harvest Engineering, BCKV, , Mohanpur-741 252) : Tomato juice processing using vacuum evaporation and reverse osmosis techniques. Envir Ecol 2000, 18(2), 286-90.

Two commercial feasible concentration methods, namely, rotary thin film vacuum evaporation and membrane concentration were compared for concentrating tomato juice. Effects of concentration process on TS, TSS, density, pH, acidity, ascorbic acid and viscosity of tomato juice were evaluated using both the methods. Two levels of temperature (50, 60 C) and three levels of vacuum (500, 600 640 mm Hg) were tried for thin film evaporation whereas four levels of temperature (20, 30, 40, 50 C) and three levels of operating pressure (2, 4, 3.92 and 4.9 MPa) were tried for reverse osmosis method. More the rate of concentration with increase in temperature and vacuum level during rotary vacuum concentration. The feed concentration exerted the greatest control over the rate of reverse osmosis. The permeate rate was more at high applied pressure and temperature and lower feed concentration. Operating pressure of 4.9 MPa and feed concentration of 30 C were found to be appropriate for the RO concentration within experimental limits. Total soluble solids, density, acidity and viscosity of the concentrate increase with increasing concentration of feed whereas the pH decreased in both the methods.

003175   Sharma S;Arora R;Chaudhary R S (Department of Chemistry, Hindu College, Sonepat-131 001) : Inhibition of corrosion of mild steel by rhodamine B in acid meda. J Electrochem Soc India 1999, 48(3), 292-8.

Corrosion of mild steel in 1 M H2SO4 and 1 M HCl solutions in presence of rhodamine B has been studied by weight loss, electrochemical, scanning electron, microscopy (SEM) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) techniques. Adsorption of rhodamine B on mild steel surface obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Electrochemical polarization study proves the inhibitor to be of mixed type. Activation energy for corrosion reaction in absence and presence of the inhibitor has been calculated for both the acids. Heat of adsorption values indicate that physical adsorption of rhodamine B occurs on the surface of mild steel in both the acids.

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003174   Sen M;Balasubramaniam R;Ramesh Kumar A V (Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208 016) : Corrosion of carbon-alloyed iron aluminides. Bull Mater Sci 2000, 23(5), 399-403.

Corrosion behaviour of two carbon-alloyed intermetallics of composition Fe-28.1A1-2.1C and Fe-27.5A1-3.7C has been studied and compared with that of binary intermetallics. Potentiodynamic polarization studies indicated that the intermetallics exhibited active-passive behaviour in an acidic solution of pH = 1, whereas they exhibited stable passivity in a buffer solution of pH 8.4. Corrosion rates were also obtained by immersion testing. The variation of corrosion rate as a function of time was similar for both the intermetallics. The variation in corrosion rate as a function of time has been explained based on the observed potentiodynamic polarization behaviour. Scanning electron microscopy of corroded surfaces indicated that the carbon-alloyed intermetallics were susceptible to galvanic corrosion, due to the presence of carbides.

003173   Sanghvi M J;Shukla S K;Misra A N;Padh M R; Mehta G N (Chemistry Section, Applied Sciences and Humanities Department, S V Regional College of Engineering and Technology, Surat-395 007) : Pyridine aldoximes as inhibitors corrosion for mild steel in hydrochloric acid. Bull Electrochem 2000, 16(8), 337-40.

Effect of 0.25, 0.75 and 1.25% each of 2,3 and 4-Pyridine aldoximes and the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in agitated 5% HCl (GAGL) at 323 K is reported. The study was made by Weight Loss method as well as two modes of DC Polarisation viz. Linear and Logarithmic using Potentiodyne Analyzer Model IN 4300, Cortest Instruments Inc (Petrolite), USA. With increases in concentration of 2- and 3- Pyridine aldoximes, the corrosion inhibition efficiency was gradually increased; in 3- pyridine aldoxime to a higher extent. Comparatively very poor (or no) inhibition was exerted by 4-Pyridine aldoxime, probable mechanisms of the acid corrosion of mild steel and its inhibition are proposed.

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003172   Sahu H R;Ranga Rao G (Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai-600 036) : Characterization of combustion synthesized zirconia powder by UV-vis, IR and other techniques. Bull Mater Sci 2000, 23(5), 349-54.

Fine powders of zirconia were prepared by employing combustion method with varying fuel to precursor molar ratios. The zirconia powders contained more amount of monoclinic phase as the fuel content was increased. This aspect was studied using XRD, IR and UV-vis diffuse reflectance techniques. The surface acid-base properties of these samples were also investigated by indicator titration method. The catalytic activity was probed with transfer hydrogenation reaction in liquid phase. It was found that combustion synthesized zirconia did not provide required active sites for transfer hydrogenation reactions in liquid phase unlike hydrous zirconia.

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003171   Rodrigues S;Munichandraiah N;Shukla A K (Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012) : Kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction on Zr0.5Ti0.5V0.6Cr0.2Ni1.2 alloy in KOH electrolyte. Bull Mater Sci 2000, 23(5), 383-91.

Hydrogen-storage alloy of the composition Zr0.5Ti0.5V0.6Cr0.2Ni1.2 has been investigated for corrosion resistance and hydrogen-evolution reaction (HER) in KOH electrolyte of varying concentrations. Activation of the electrode by absorption of hydrogen takes place after prolonged cathodic polarization in the potential range of HER. Prior to activation, the open-circuit potential is about - 0.4 V vs Hg/HgO, OH^-, at which the alloy electrode tends to undergo corrosion with oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR) as the conjugate reaction. The corrosion-current density measured from Tafel polarization of ORR is found to be independent of KOH concentration and has an average value of about 30 μA cm^-2. Subsequent to activation, the open circuit potential of the electrode is shifted to about -0.93 V vs Hg/HgO, OH^-, which is equal to the reversible potential of HER. The exchange current density values measured from Tafel polarization of HER are marginally higher in relation to the values obtained before the electrode is activated. Alternating-current impedance spectra in the Nyquist form contain two overlapped semicircles. The high-frequency semicircle is attributed to the electrode geometry, while the low-frequency semicircle is due to the charge-transfer reaction and double-layer capacitance. The impedance data are analyzed by a non-linear least square curve fitting technique and impedance parameters are evaluated.

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003170   Ramsundar D;Comissiong E;Spence J;Badrie N; Baccus Taylor G (Food Technology Unit, Deptt. of Chem Engg, Univ of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies) : Quality evaluation of canned whole `Dwarf' golden apples (Spondias cytherea) in sucrose syrup. Indian Fd Packer 2000, 54(3), 85-93.

`Dwarf' golden apples (Spondias cytherea) were canned in a 30° Brix sucrose syrup (WL) and 40° Brix sucrose Syrup (WH). Processing was either by hot filling the syrup at 92°C in filled cans or by steam exhausting of the filled cans at 85° for 12-14 minutes, followed by processing at 100°C for 20 minutes (WL20: WH20) or 30 minutes (WL30: WH30). Sensory evaluation of the commercial sterile products (WL₃₀; WH₃₀) indicated that there were no significant differences (P<62>0.05) in appearance, colour, taste, aroma and texture. Fruits in 40°Brix Syrup were firmer than in 30°Brix Syrup. By week 8 of storage at 28-30°C, pH of the products was stable at 3.3 - 3.5, and cut out Brix were 24° and 28.5 for WL₃₀ and WH₃₀ canned products, respectively.

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003169   Rajendran S;Apparao B V;Palaniswamy N (Department of Chemistry, G T N Arts College, Dindigul-624 005) : Corrosion inhibition by calcium gluconate. J Electrochem Soc India 1999, 48(3), 242-9.

Inhibition efficiencies of inhibition system consisting of various combinations of calcium gluconate (CG), Zn²⁺ and N- cetyl - N,N,N - trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), in controlling corrosion of mild steel immersed in a neutral aqueous environment containing 60 ppm CT, a situation commonly encounted in cooling water systems, have been evaluated by weight loss method, 200 ppm CG has 65% inhibition efficiency (IE) [immersion period = 5 days]. When 50 ppm Zn² is added, the IE increases to 87%. When 50 ppm CTAB is added to the system consisting of 200 ppm CG and 50 ppm Zn², the IE increases to 98%. The IE of the system consisting of CG, Zn²⁺ and CTAB as a function of immersion period (1,3 and 5 days) has been evaluated. It is found that the IE efficiency is not altered very much as the period of immersion increases. The nature of the protective film formed on the metal surface has been analysed by FTIR and flourescence spectra. The protective film is found to consist of Fe²⁺ - gluconate complex, Fe²⁺ - CTAB complex and Zn (OH)2; it is found to be flourescent. The formulation consisting of 200 ppm CG, 50 ppm Zn²⁺ and 50 ppm CTAB has 98% IE even on the 5th day; it is expected to have very high biocidal efficiency also. Such a formulation may find applications in cooling water devices used in aerospace systems.

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003168   Potty S S N;Abdul Khadar M (NO, Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology, Athani P O, Thrissur) : Dielectric properties of nanophase Ag2HgI4 and Ag2HgI4-Al2O3 nanocomposites. Bull Mater Sci 2000, 23(5), 361-7.

Dielectric properties of nanophase Ag2HgI4 and Ag2HgI4-Al2O3 nanocomposites at different frequencies have been studied over a temperature range covering the stability range of β phase of Ag2HgI4 and beyond the β and α phase transition temperature. ε, tan δ and σa.c of nanophase Ag2HgI4 and Ag2HgI4-Al2O3 nanocomposites were found to be larger than the reported values for polycrystalline pellets of Ag2HgI4. The dielectric properties of the nanocomposites were found to be a function of the wt.% of nano alumina. The observed changes are attributed to the grain boundary properties of nanophase materials and to the microsize space charge effects.

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003167   Periasamy P;Ramesh Babu;Thirunakaran R; Kalaiselvi N;Prem Kumar T;Renganathan N G;Raghavan M;Muniyandi N (Advanced Batteries Division, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006) : Solid-state synthesis and characterization of LiCoO2 and LiNiyCo1-yO2 solid solutions. Bull Mater Sci 2000, 23(5), 345-8.

Solid solutions of compositionss LiNiyCo1-yO2 (y=0.0, 0.1 and 0.2) were prepared by solid-state fusion synthesis from carbonate precursors. Material characterization was carried out using XRD. Formation mechanisms of the products are discussed in the light of TG/DTA results. Nickel-containing compositions gave higher discharge capacities and smaller hystereses in their charge-discharge profiles which make them more attractive than pristine LiCoO2, as determined from cycling studies up to 25 cycles, makes it more suitable than the substituted ones for long cycle-life cells with low capacity fade.

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003166   Panesar P S;Sharma H K;Rai R (Department of Foods Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Distt. Sangrur) : Preservation of kinnow juice. Indian Fd Packer 2000, 54(3), 79-84.

Reports the studies made to explore the possibility of enhancing the keeping quality of kinnow juice. The recovery of juice was found 49.6% by using screw extraction method in comparison to 47.2% by Reamer extraction method. From the various treatments (KMS, addition of sucrose, pectin and increase in degree brix), addition of KMS was observed to be the best and it enhanced the shelf life for two weeks at refrigeration temperature.

003165   Mallu P;Siddaramaiah;Somashekar R (Department of Polymer Science and Technology, S J College of Engineering, Mysore-570 006) : Synthesis and characterization of castor oil based polyurethane-polyacrylonitrile interpenetrating polymer networks. Bull Mater Sci 2000, 23(5), 413-8.

Series of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of castor oil based polyurethane/polyacrylonitrile (PU/PAN: 80/20, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60 and 20/80) were synthesized by condensation reaction of castor oil with methylene diisocyanate and acrylonitrile, employing benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDM) as initiator and crosslinker respectively. The physical, chemical, optical and some of the mechanical properties of PU/PAN were studied. Phase stabilization in IPNs was investigated by wide angle X-ray (WAXS) profile analysis. Variation of crystal size distribution was studied in these polymer networks.

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003164   Madhuri P;Kamini Devi (Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home Science, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Saifabad, Hyderabad-500 004) : Acceptability of preserved products prepared with watermelon rind. Indian Fd Packer 2000, 54(3), 73-8.

Percentage of rind was estimated and was found to constitute 33% of the whole fruit weight. Some value added preserved products like pickles, tutti fruity, vadiyams and theese were prepared using the white portion of watermelon rind. The quality of the products in terms of physical parameters were evaluated. All the products were subjected to sensory evaluation test using a panel of 20 judges. The results showed that mean scores for all attributes of the products were high. There was no change in mean scores for sensory attributes after one month storage.

003163   Kulshreshtha A K (NO, IPCL, Vadodara-391 345, ) : Metallocenes: the millennium plastics. IV.. Pop Plast Packag 2000, 45(8), 77-9.

003162   Kashyap K T;Ramachandra C;Chatterji B;Lele S (Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005) : Model for two-step ageing. Bull Mater Sci 2000, 23(5), 405-11.

In commercial practice, two-step ageing is commonly used in Al-Zn-Mg alloys to produce a fine dispersion of η precipitates to accentuate the mechanical properties and resistance to stress corrosion cracking. While this is true in Al-Zn-Mg alloys, two-step ageing leads to inferior properties in Al-Mg-Si alloys. This controversial bahaviour in different alloys can be explained by Pashley's Kinetic model. Pashley's model addresses the stability of clusters after two-step ageing. In the development of the model, the surface energy term between cluster and matrix is taken into account while the coherency strains between the cluster and matrix are not considered. A model is developed which takes into account the coherency strains between cluster and matrix and defines a new stability criterion, inclusive of strain energy term. Experiments were done on AA 7010 aluminium alloy by carrying out a two-step ageing treatment and the results fit the new stability criterion. Thus it is found that the new model for two-step ageing is verfied in the case of Al-Zn-Mg alloy.

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003161   Kanagaraj D;Raj S V V;Iyer S V (NO, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006) : Effect of addition agents on anodizing of aluminium and its alloys in sulphamic acid using pulse technique. J Electrochem Soc India 1999, 48(3), 222-7.

Anodizing is generally done to produce oxide coating on aluminium and its alloys using direct current. D.C. process has got certain limitations while copper and silicon alloys are used A.C. superimposed D.C. processes are developed to overcome the difficulties met with the above mentioned alloys. Recently, pulse current/voltage is used to achieve better quality of oxide film even on difficult to anodize alloys. Pulse current technique is used to produce oxide coating on aluminium and its alloys using sulphamic acid electrolyte with various inorganic sulphates as addition agents. Thickness, coating ratio, hardness and breakdown voltage are determined to evaluate the oxide coatings and the results are discussed. A pulse is used to produce various `on' and `off' time and duty cycles in order to study the quality of oxide coating.

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003160   Jothi D (NO, SSM Institute of Textile Technologies, B. Komarapalayam-636 183) : Poly ethylene - ultra high molecular weight (PE-UHMW). Synth Fibr 2000, 29(1), 5-7.

003159   Joshi S D;Pandya J M (Home Science Dept., Muni. Arts & Urban Bank Science College, Mehsana-384 002) : Corrosion behaviours of B26S aluminium in lemon juice containing sweeteners. J Electrochem Soc India 1999, 48(3), 193-8.

Corrosion of B26S aluminium by lemon juice containing various sweeteners have been reported. Corrosion of B26S - Al by juice solutions containing sweeteners have been studied by weight loss method at various temperatures. Corrosion of B26S - Al increases with increase the period of immersion. In general, at a constant juice dilution (10% v/v) the corrosion rate decreases with increase the sweeteners concentration. At constant juice concentration, inhibition efficiency increases with concentration. At 5% (w/v) sweetener concentration, the inhibition efficiency increases in the order. Sugar <60> Sorbitol <60> Sacharine <60> Glucose. At constant sweetener concentration the efficiency decreases with increase in juice concentration. In order to examine the effect of the immersion period on the rate of corrosion, the extent of corrosion was measured for different periods, ranging from 1 day to 7 days. The inhibitive efficiency of sugar and sacharine increases, sorbitol decreases, where as that of glucose remain constant with the increase in the period of immersion. The lower values of E, in juice containing sweeteners, suggest that the sweeteners do not change the temperature coefficient of the reaction and are firmly held on the metal surface.

003158   Gurrappa I (NO, Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Kanchanbagh P O, Hyderabad-500 0558) : Hot corrosion of superalloys - an electrochemical model. J Electrochem Soc India 1999, 48(3), 187-92.

Hot corrosion studies were conducted on different superalloys such as Nimonic-75, Nimonic-105, Inconel-718 and CM 247 LC in pure Na2SO4 and a mixture of Na2SO4 and NaCl environments at various temperatures for different time intervals. It is observed that all the superalloys exhibit good hot corrosion resistance in pure sodium sulphate while the corrosion rate has enhanced considerably in presence of NaCl environment. Among the superalloys studied, CM 247 LC alloy is highly susceptible to chloride containing environment. The data obtained from different techniques are correlated with an electrochemical point of view and showed that degradation of superalloys has taken place through an electrochemical route. It is shown that the electrochemical techniques are highly suitable for evaluation of superalloys for hot corrosion resistance.

003157   Goswami M;Mirza T;Sarkar A;Manikandan S; Sangeeta;Veerma S L;Gurumurthy K R;Shrikhande V K;Kothiyal G P (Technical Physics and Prototype Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085) : Preparation and characterization of magnesium-aluminium-silicate glass ceramics. Bull Mater Sci 2000, 23(5), 377-82.

Synthesis of machinable quality magnesium aluminium silicate (MgO-Al2O3-SiO2) for fabrication of insulators/spacers usable in high voltage applications under high vacuum conditions has been carried out following two different routes i.e. : sintering route, and glass route. A three-stage heating schedule involving calcination, nucleation and crystallization, has been evolved for the preparation of magnesium aluminium silicate (MAS) glass ceramic with MgF2 as a nucleating agent. The effect of sintering temperature on the density of compacted material was studied. Microstructure and machinability of samples obtained from both routes were investigated. They were also characterized for microhardness. Initial studies on material obtained by glass route reveal that these samples are superior to those obtained from sintered route in respect of their high voltage breakdown strength and outgassing behaviour. Outgassing rate of 10^-9 Torr 1.s^-1 cm^-2 and breakdown strength of 160 kV/cm were obtained. Different types of spacers, lugs, nuts and bolts have been prepared by direct machining of the indigenously developed glass ceramic.

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003156   Gnanasambandan S;Arumugam M;Asokamani R; Renuka R;Ramamurthy S (Department of Physics, Anna University, Chennai-600 025) : Corrosion studies on Ti - 6Al - 4V alloy in oxygenated dioxane medium. J Electrochem Soc India 1999, 48(3), 250-63.

Corrosion behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in oxygenated dioxane medium is investigated. Evidence has been obtained for the distinct behaviour of aluminium in the alloy. This element is indicated to be responsible for the corrosion phenomenon. The influence of electroless copper and nickel protective coatings is examined. Nickel coating reduces the corrosion rate of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, the magnitude being more than that of copper coating. In the absence of oxygen, nickel enriches aluminium oxide on the alloy eventually leading to aluminium nickel alloys. In the presence of oxygen, compounds of the type NiAl2O4 are assumed to be formed. Density, viscosity, XRF, XRD, polarization, polarographic and microstructure analyses are presented.

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003155   Gautam G K;Panda A K (NO, Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Ltd., Phulpur Unit, P.O. Ghiyanagar, Distt. Allahabad-212 404) : Case of reverse rotation in CI₂ CO₂ compressor train. Fertil News 2000, 45(10), 13-18.

Centrifugal machine experiences reverse torque due to reverse flow of high pressure fluid from discharge to suction side through the rotor as soon as the machine is tripped at full load. But reverse rotation is an unwanted phenomenon as it is always associated with severe radial vibration and axial displacement of the rotor which may lead to damage of the bearings and rubbing of seals with the stationary components. Describes how the reverse rotation of CO₂ compressor trains provided in phase-II urea plants at Phulpur was diagnosed by the analysis of post trip data picked up by Data Manager-2000 diagnostic software and step by step in-house approach to find the solution.

003154   Gatti S (NO, , ) : Cavity pressure measurement in injection moulding. Pop Plast Packag 2000, 45(9), 76-81.

003153   Ganesan N;Shivananda K P (Civil Engineering Department, Regional Engineering College, Calicut) : Strength and ductility of latex modified steel fibre reinforced concrete flexural members. J Struct Engng 2000, 27(2), 111-6.

Experimental investigation has been carried out to study the effect of latex modification and incorporation of steel fibres on the strength, ductility and energy capacity of conventionally reinforced concrete flexural members. The variables considered are the different volume fraction of steel fibres, namely, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% and three values of volume fraction of dry rubber content of latex viz 0.5, 1.0, 1.5%. From the test results, it was found that latex modification upto certain percentage of DRC improves the strength, ductility and toughness of reinforced concrete flexural members. The test results also indicate that the above properties could be further improved by the addition of steel fibres to the latex modified concrete.

003152   Felts J (Airco Coating Technology, , P.O. Box 4105, 4020 Pike Lane Concord, California, 94524, USA) : Transparent barrier coatings update: flexible substrates. Pop Plast Packag 2000, 45(8), 83-90.

Siliconoxide thin films continue to be developed for polymeric flexible substrates. During the past year significant progress has been made on plasma deposition onto PET, LDPE, BOPP and BON polymer films. In addition, the first two 1.5 meter wide plasma roll coaters were completed and installed. The current state of the roll-to-roll coating developments on BOPP, LDPE, PET and BON will be reported for the 0.3 meter wide roll coater, R9, the 0.66 meter wide roll coater, Flex-1, along with data from the 1.5 meter wide coater, Flex-3 operations. A new stretch tester that measures oxygen transmission of stretched SiO_x coated polymers has been focused.

003151   Dutta P K (Department of Applied Chemistry, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore-452 003) : Use of dyes as fine chemical in textile fibre applications. Synth Fibr 2000, 29(1), 9-12.

003150   Dharmendra B V;Ganesh Kumar C;Kohli R K (Dairy Microbiology Division, , NDRI, Karnal) : Significance of ultrasonics in food industry - an overview. Indian Dairyman 2000, 52(8), 21-33.

Ultrasonic technology presents a better alternative to intense heat-based food preservation processes. But, the desired research on the safety and suitability of its application in food processing has not yet been undertaken.

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003149   Brett C M A (Departamento de Quimica, Universidade de Coimbra, 3049 Coimbra, Portugal) : Polymer-modified electrodes and electrochemical injection sensors. Trans SAEST 1999, 34(2), 41-4.

Polymer-modified electrodes which have been developed for use in conjunction with batch injection analysis are described and examples of applications are given. These include various cation-exchange polymer coatings for the analysis of trace heavy metal cations at mercury thin film electrodes; comparison is made with a batch procedure involving ultrasonic radiation from a probe placed over the electrode in order to increase mass transport. In another application, highly specific poly(methylene blue) electrodes are used for the direct analysis of human whole blood and the results are compared with the conventional clinical method of hemoglobin determination.

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003148   Batra U;Tandon P;Kulbir Kaur (Metallurgical Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh-160 012) : Study of austenitization of SG iron. Bull Mater Sci 2000, 23(5), 393-8.

Austenitization process of three SG irons with varying compositions and as cast matrix micro-structure has been studied at three austenitization temperatures of 850, 900 and 950C for different time periods. Microstructure, hardness and X-ray diffraction have been used to reveal the nature of dependence of the process on austenitization temperature, time and as cast structure. The optimum austenitization time is maximum for ferritic and minimum for pearlitic matrix.

003147   Athalye A S (NO, Technology Transfer Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai-400 016) : Specialized packaging of food products. Pop Plast Packag 2000, 45(9), 61-7.

Packaging of foods is a major outlet for plastics in packaging with an estimated share of 55% in the case of flexible packaging materials such as coextruded multilayer films and laminates. With an ever growing requirement of ready-to-use convenience foods, packaging has to play an important role to meet the performance requirements of a product with respect to compatibility, barrier properties, sterilization methods, shelf-life and, last but perhaps the most important, the aesthetic (sales) appeal.

003146   Amitabh;Singh R D;Tomar M C (NO, Government Fruit Presevation and Canning Institute, 18-B, Ashok Marg, Lucknow) : Studies on osmotic dehydration of some varieties of ripe mangoes grown in Uttar Pradesh. Indian Fd Packer 2000, 54(3), 66-72.

Effect of osmotic dehydration technique on four mango varieties viz. Chausa, Dasheari, Langra and Fazari, keeping the concentration, volume and temperature of sugar syrup constant was evaluated. The only variable maintained was the percentage of added citric acid. Mango slices of Dashehari cultivar steeped for 18 hours in 70° Brix sugar syrup containing 0.5 percent citric acid, on drying were adjudged the best, having non-significant difference with Chausa, but significant differences existed with Fazari and Langra cultivars. The Storage studies showed that keeping the osmotic dehydrated mango slices above 64.8 and below 75.5% R/.H. would be conducive to the retention of colour, flavour and taste and texture of the product.

002123   Vidya Gopalkrishnan M;Jamuna Prakash (Department of Studies in Food Science and Nutrition, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006) : Optimum time requirement for enzymic hydrolysis of food proteins. J Fd Sci Technol 2000, 37(3), 319-22.

Extent of hydrolysis of different food proteins by pepsin + pancreatin enzymes was investigated to arrive at the minimum time required for complete hydrolysis. The food groups selected were cereals, decorticated legumes and defatted oilseeds. Milk protein was taken as reference. Cooked food samples were digested with pepsin and pancreatin, reaction stopped at timely intervals and nitrogen was estimated in supenatent to calculate percent protein hydrolyzed. Casein and skim milk powser were found to be highly digestible with 91.2% (25 min) and 93.8% (10 min) digestibility, respectively. Among cereals, maximum digestibility was observed at 40 min for rice (85.5%), wheat (84.2%), ragi (77.2%) and at 30 min for jowar (76.2%). Legume samples could be hydrolyzed upto 50 min with maximum digestibility of 85.7% for redgram, 84.0% for greengram, 85.3% for Bengalgram and 78.9% for blackgram. Defatted oilseeds exhibited maximum digestibility of 96.6% for groundnuts, 94.1% for sunflower and 82.2% for soybean at 30 min. Overall, food samples selected had maximum digestibility between 30-50 min and these intervals could be used for in vitro studies.

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002122   Tiwari A (NO, National Aeronautical Laboratory, Bangalore-560 017) : Liquid phase sintering in microgravity. Curr Sci 2000, 79(3), 334-5.

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002121   Thomas V A;Prasad N S;Reddy C A M (Programme Planning and Evaluation Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Airport Road, Bangalore-560 017) : Microgravity research platforms. Curr Sci 2000, 79(3), 336-40.

Materials processing in space, based on the research undertaken during the past three decades by the leading space-faring nations is on the verge of becoming a commercial venture. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is planning to promote microgravity research in the country by providing a suitable platform for scientists to conduct experiments in various fields. Presents the details of a comprehensive study undertaken at ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore and suggests the following two options; to develop a recoverable and reusable satellite as a longterm goal and to make use of stratospheric balloon-drop tests for immediate use by scientists to gain hands-on experience in designing and conducting microgravity experiments.

002120   Thangavelu P R;John S (NO, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006) : Nickel-copper alloy electroforming from the citrate-sulphamate mixed bath. Bull Electrochem 2000, 16(7), 326-8.

Electroformed alloys plays an important role as it is characterized by good mechanical properties and improved corrosion resistance. Presents the results of electroforming of nickel - copper alloy from a mixed citrate - sulphamate electrolyte. The optimised bath contains : Nickel Sulphamate 120 g/l, Copper as copper sulphamate 6.5 g/l, Sodium citrate 150 g/l, Boric acid 20 g/l, Sodium chloride 5 g/l, pH 3.8 and temperature 308 K.

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