022351   Vashishtha S R;Navin Chand;Hashmi S A R (Regional Research Laboratory(CSIR) Hoshangabad Road, Habibganj Naka, , Bhopal-462 026) : Morphology of PS/PMMA blends and their solution rheology. Indian J chem Technol 2002, 9(4), 316-23.

Polystyrene (PS)/Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) blends were prepared by using solution casting method. These polymers show a tendency of mixing each other in compositions where PS is 60 wt. % or above. PS and PMMA mixed partially and formed PS-rich-phase and PMMA-rich-phase in the blend. Morphology of PS/PMMA blend prepared by solution method is discussed with the help of fractured micrographs obtained by Scanning Electron Microscope. Flow curves fo solutions of PS and PMMA and their blends in toluene were studied at room temperature. The effects of blend concentration and composition on shear stress and shear viscosity were studied. The viscosity data was obtained for various weight percent of PMMA and PS separately, 15 and 20 Wt% solutions of PS/PMMA blends were also studied. Power law model was fitted for shear dependency of viscosity of solutions. Shears stress increases with the addition of PS in PS/PMMA solution. All These systems behave as pseudoplastic systems.

7 illus, 2 table, 12 ref

022350   Trivedi T;Detroja P (NO, Dharmsinh Desai Institute of Technology, Nadiad) : Chemical engineering in extraterrestrial environments. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 178.

During the 20th century, chemical engineers largely have laboured out of the public eye, while other engineering professions have built the things that get the public's attention. Civil engineers have constructed graceful bridges spanning immense waterways, mechanical engineers the planes we fly. And, of course, astronautical engineers have built the tremendous rockets that have taken us off this planet. Chemical engineering involvement in the spaced program up until recently has been far in the background, producing kerosene, liquid oxygen, and liquid hydrogen to fuel space vehicles, along with some work in development of life support systems. However, while the science of space thus far has been nearly monopolized by the rocket scientists, a sea change is underway. The need for in situ resource utilization (ISU), particularly with respect to a manned Mars mission, has brought down-to-Earth chemical enineering technologies to the forefront of the space program and promises to make their importance grow tremendously over the next quarter century.

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022349   Sundar E V;Suresh A (Department of Chemical Engineering, Coimbatore Institue of Technology, Coimbatore-641 014) : Integration of mild hydrocracking in to refineries. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 186.

Reveals the new technology of "Integration Mild Hydrocracking" in a petroleum refineries to meet the present and future demand of middle distillates. This can be performed by integrating MHC in three different configuations which provides economical benefits as well as less pollution to our environemt. These configurations are integration of MHC after FCC, Integration of MHC before FCC and Integration MHC in Hydroskimming refineries. Also reveals the flowsheet of the MHC unit, process conditions, process chemistry, catalyst and reactor details, The advantages, economical benefits a dth ecommercial experiences have been specified.

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022348   Sridhar G;Sharma S R K (NO, A.U. College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam) : Polymer blends an alloys. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 172.

Attempts to give an overview of the various polymer blends and alloys that have been introduced in the market. The theories explaining the strength and utility of poly blends and alloys have been presented. The rubbernBridge theory and other theories explaining the craze resistance have been presented. The general methods of preparation, the catalyst used and the methods of blending have also been given. Points on processing of poly blends and alloys leading to future of these blends are presented.

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022347   Shukla A;Anil Kumar (Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208 016) : Preparation of amphoteric zeolite-A through gas phase modification using NO_x. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 186.

Commercial Zeolite-A (WAKO, Japan) was nitrated in a simple glass reactor, using gas phase reaction of NO_x at 225°C. It was found that the XRDS pattern of the nitrated zeolite-A did not match with any of the patterns of the JCPDS files. The analysis of the crystal structure showed that the lattice changed fromcubic (a=12.32 A) for the unmodified zeolite to tetragonal (a @ 14.78 A, b @ 14.78 A. c @ 25.19 A) for the nitrated zeolite. The nitrate functional groups can be reduce to amine by reacting with hydrazine hydrate and the zeolite becomes amphoteric with 5.60 Ca⁺⁺ meq/oven-dry g and 1.92 meq Cl^-/oven-dry g exchange capacity. Anion exchange capacity and the elemental analysis showed that the nitration occurred over the entire zeolite matrix (not restricted to the pores and channels) and on an average about one amine group was present in every second formula unit of the zeolite. The aminated zeolite responds to organic reactions and on reacting it with dichloroethane and quartemizing with trimethylamine (TMA) its anion exchange capacity is found to double, which indicates that two molecules of dichloroethane have reacted with every amine group.

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022346   Sharma R C;Jaju N (NO, , ) : Methods of secondary zinc recovery. Miner Metals Rev 2002, 28(1), 50-1.

022345   Saxena M K;Deb S B;Ramakumar K L;Venugopal V (Fuel Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085) : Optimization of different experimental parameters for the determination of heat capacity of thoria using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Indian J chem Technol 2002, 9(4), 324-9.

For investigating the physico-chemical properties of thorium and its compounds, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been employed for measuring the molar heat capacity (Cp) of ThO₂ in the temperature range 373-773K. Even though Cp values of thoria are available in the literature, DSC has been used for the first time in the present work as it is sensitive, fast, simple and requires small sample size. The DSC curve obtained was desmeared to obtain the true heat flow rate, which was then used to compute the Cp values. A number of sample-dependent and the operator-dependent parameters were optimized to obtain the results within the best possible precision and accuracy. With proper control of different influencing parameters it was possible to obtain the results within an accuracy and precision of 10%

2 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

022344   Sathya R;Amirthaveni M;Purushothaman V (Department of Family and Community Science, Avinashilingam University, Coimbatore) : Enhancing the bioavailability of iron from mungbean (Vigna radiata) through simple modifications in cooking. Indian J Nutr Diet 2002, 39(2), 45-54.

Concludes that there are many dietary factors that affect the noneme iron bioavailability from the recipes. Though the iron content of some recipes were high, the iron bioavalability was less probably because of the inhibitors present in it. The modifications made to the standardised recipes has resulted in a good increase in the percentage of iron bioavailability. Addition of ascorbic acid rich foods like coriander leaves, drumstick leaves, agathi leaves, cabbage and also potato had increased the percentage of iron bioavailability. Since the major cause of iron deficiency is due to low iron bioavailability from the diet, improving the iron status by increasing the dietary iron boavailability is the best way to combat iron deficiency.

5 tables, 7 ref

022343   Saravanan K;Kannan K;Deepa S (Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai-638 052) : Scale-up procedures and power consumption in mechanically agitated vessels. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 179.

Mixing is an important operation in the processing of foods and yet it still remains a black art. The recent advances in both the industrial and academic mixing literature though have provided additional information, which is of use to the food processing engineer. As a result, it is now possible to make a good comparison of the various process scale-up procedures in the design of mixing equipment used in food processing and in specific cases, discusses some of the flow phenomena important for food processing.

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022342   Sangeethkrishnan J;Sivaannamalai R (NO, Final Year Students Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002) : Staging in fluidised bed reacrtors: from CSTR to plug-flow. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 179.

Widespread application of bubbling fluidized bed reactors to chemical processes has been hindered by some inherent drawbacks, like the high degree of internal mixing and the low contact effciency between gas and solid phases. The staging of fluidized beds through the insertion of horizontal baffes may overcome these drawbacks, approaching plug-flow and limiting bubble size. Based on theory and experiments, developed a methodology to properly design staged fluid bed catalytic reactors, considering gas and solid back mixing bubble size, flooding and dynamic forces, which is described.

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022341   Ruban C G;Prakash B G (Department of Chemical Engineering, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai-600 119) : Tobacco a source of fuel. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 175.

Production of biodiesel rom tobacco seed oil is detailed and its key applications and advantages over the natural petroleum fuels are also discussed. Unlike ethanol, which is an alcohol, biodiesel is an ester (similar to vinegar) that can be made from several types of oils such as soybean, rapesed, and vegetable or animal fats. Through a process called transesterification, organically derived oils are combined with alcohol (ethanol or methanol) and chemically altered to form fatty esters such as ethyl or methyl ester. The biomass-derived ethyl or methyl esters can be blended with conventional diesel fuel or used as a neat fuel (100% biodiesel). Biodiesel is typically used as a fuel additive in 20% blends (B20) with petroleum diesel in compression ignition (diesel) engines, although other blend levels can be used depending on the cost of the fuel and the desired benefits. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct) as amended in 1998 allows regulated fleets to use 450 gallons of biodiesel per vehicle per year in any blend level for EPAct credit. Biodiesel can help extend the diesel fuel supply much as ethanol has the gasoline supply.

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022340   Rozario R;Vinayagamurthy S J (Department of Chemical Engg., St. Joseph College of Engg., JPR Nagar, Chennai) : Light emitting polymer. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 171-2.

Over the past 30 years there has been increasing interest in exploiting the characteristics of polymer materials in combination with electrical properties over and above the purely insulating characteristic. And the outcome of this research was an astonishing result that plastic can conduct. In becoming electrically conductive a polymer has to imitate a metal. i.e. its electron need to be free to move and not bound to the atoms. Conjugate polymer which possess a decollated pi electron system along the polymer backbone, the decollated pi electron system confers semiconducting properties to the polymer and gives it the ability to support positive and negative charge carrier with high mobility's along the polymer chain. To become electrically conductive the plastic has to be distributed either by removing electon from (oxidation), or inserting them into (reduction), the material. The process is known as doping. The doping of semiconducting conjugate polymer such as polyanaline and polyprole lead to the presence of state in the band gap and at sufficient doping cocentration the band gap effectively disappears and the polymer acts as a metal with high conductivity. Metal wires that conduct electricity can be made up to light up when a strong enough current is passing.

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022339   Ranjita Y;Reddy B S (NO, C.B.I.T., Hyderabad) : Processing of industrial waste gases using cryogenic methods. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 180.

Industrial waste gases are mainly generated during burning of fossil fuels in various industries. The major sources of industrial waste gases are from iron an steel industry, power plants, fertilizer and chemical industries and non-ferrous industry. Hydrogen, Carbon monoxide, nitrogen, Carbondioxide, Methane, Ethylene and other hydrocarbons are the main constituents of industrsial waste gases. Some of these constitutent have economical significance as base materials for chemical process. Separation of constituents of waste gases can be successfully achieved by subjecting them to successive cryogenic cooling techiques followed by absorption of undesirable vapour streams and fractionation of the econdensed streams. Cryogenic processing techniques of waste gases can be successfully adopted after economical study of processes for a given environment. Attempt is made to review the cryogenic process already in vogue for treating industrial waste gases for recovery of economically vital constitutents such as Hydrogen, Methane, Nitrogen etc. Further, the possibility of different applications of cryogenic techniques and the mitigation of effect of waste gas on the ecology of the industrial area is discussed.

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022338   Raghavan R (Chemical Engineering, SRM Engineering College, Kattankulathur-603 203) : An insight into conducting polymers. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 172.

Conducting polymers have captured the eyes of everyone in today's world by their unusual properties. With the silicon revolution ruling the world, the conducting polymers are proving to be their associates in certain application of microelectronics. The electrical conductivities of the intrinsically conducting-polymer systems now range from those typical of insulators _<60>10-10 S/cm (10-10W-1 cm-1)) to those typical of semiconductors such as silicon (<126>10-5 S/cm) to those greater than 10+4 S/cm (nearly that of a good metal such as cooper, 5 x 105 S/cm). Applications of these polymers, especially polyanilines, have begun to emerge. These include coatings and blends for electrostatic dissipation and electromagnetic-interference (EMI) shielding, electromagnetic-radiation absorbers for welding (joining) of plastics, conductive layers for light-emitting polymer devices, and anticorrosion coatings for iron and steel. Outlines the innumerable applications of conducting polymer along with their properties.

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022337   Premchand;Pandey B D (NO, , ) : Recycling of lead and Zinc from secondary sources. Miner Metals Rev 2002, 28(1), 46-7.

022336   Prakash D;Niranja A;Tewari S K (Chemistry of Herbal Drugs, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001) : Vitamin C in embilica officinalis (Amla) and its products. J med aromatic Pl Sci 2000, 22(2-3), 237-41.

Amount of vitamin C in fresh (590-974 mg/100 g, fresh wt) and dry (256-421 m/100 g, dry wt) fruits of Emblica officinalis collected from various sources was estimated. The important brands of commercial samples of `Chyavanprash' and `Murabba' showed 40-80 mg of vitamin C per 100 g weight of the product. The effects of temperature, different processing and storage practices on the stability of this vitamin in `Amla' as such and its product were also studied.

4 tables, 14 ref

022335   Patel T;Nayee H (NO, D.D.I.T., Nadiad) : CFC and it's alternatives. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 176.

For comfortable life some modern equipment like refrigerators, air conditioning system etc. are needed but there is also disadvantage of this like the problem of CFC. Which produce harmful effect directly on stratosphere ozone which affect human being, environment, animals etc. So it is necessary to find solution of this problem the various techniques to eliminate this problem have been discussed.

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022334   Niharika B;Pama Priya R (Chemical Engg. C.B.I.T., , Hyderabad) : Predisol PC organic pigment pre-dispersions, their use in powder coating. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 173.

Once a pigment has been approved for use in a powder coating application as having the required end use properties, such as light fastness, durability, and heat fastness, the next problem the user faces is that of dispersibility or ease of incorporation into powder product. Production of the powder coating using a single or a twin screw extruder may not result in maximum colour strength development or consistency in colour development due to the very nature of premixing, extrusion, flaking, grinding and mixing operatios. This is especially true when light tints or grays are being produced where the actual use of colored pigment may be less than 1% of the total weight of the powder produced. The preparation, use and advantages of a pre-mixed pigmented system will be presented. Use of twin screw or single screw extruders with a low length/diameter ratio will allow relatively high throughout rates during the production of clear powder coatings but can only be run at slower rates when producing a pigment, coloured powder. Additionally, it is not unusual for as much as 25% of the production of colored powder to have to be re-processed back through the extruder in order to more fully disperse the color and achieve reproducible color matches.

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022333   Nalwade V M;Reddy N S;Kokil V N (Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home Science, Marathhwad, , Parbhani-431 402) : Proximate composition, calcium, iron and beta-carotene contents of vegetable preparations. Indian J Nutr Diet 2002, 39(2), 81-4.

Results inferred that Potato rassa, Channa leaves curry and Colocasia curry were found to be good sources of protein while Bhendi curry, Stuffed brinjal sukh curry and Potato sukthi curry were noticed to be rich sources for fat, Channa leaves curry and Drumstick curry were found to contain more amount of fiber, while Bhendi curry and Brinjal sukhi curry were found to provide more amount of carbohydrate, while energy content was remarkably high in Bhendi curry, Brinjal bhurta, Potato sukhi curry and Brinjal sukhi curry as compared to all other vegetable preparations. The minerals like calcium and iron were found to be more in Methi mung dhal curry and Channa leaves curry. On the other hand, Colocasia curry and Shepu mung dhal curry were noticed to be the richest sources of beta-carotene followed by Palak curry and Ambat chuka curry.

2 tables, 4 ref

022332   Naidu B R;Ganga A (Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Regional Engineering College, Warangal) : Gasoline from micro-organisms. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 172.

Discusses the production of gasoline by the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons obtained from the microalga, Botryococcus Braunii Berkeley. The conditions for optimising the activity and selectivity of cracking on the laboratory scale are also discussed. The yield of gasoline fraction andoctane number were sufficiently high for the product oil to be suitable for use directly as an automotive fuel. This yield and high octane number were attributable to the formation of alkylbenzenes, mainly xylenes and trimethyl benzenes, which will be formed directly by the simple consecutive cracking, cyclo aramatisation of hydrocarbon oils consisting mainly of Botryococcenes (Mainly C₃₄ H₅₈).

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022331   Mythili N (III/II SEM, Chemical Engineering, Osmania University College of Technology, Hyderabad) : Separation of solvents. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 182.

In industrial process dealing in the manufacture of drugs or pesticides large number of solvents are used at variours processing steps. After the process completion may get solvent mixtures or solvents mixed with water. In viewing to process economics of the process solvents cannot be just allowed for disposal. Hence separated and reused in the process and also industries efforts to reduce solvent pollution has to be minimized. Methods employed in the separation are more likely to be by distillation as it exploits volatility differences. The methods are Vacuum distillation, Steam distillation, Azeotropic distillation and extractive distillation vacuum distillation is employed when solvents are not stable at their boiling points. It is employed to solvents like DMF (di-methyl-formamide), DMSO (dimethyl sulpaoxide). Steam distillation is usually employed for those solvents which are not appreciable water miscible, like in the case of nitro-benzene, toulene etc. Nitro benzene is separated from residues by using steam distillation. Azeotopic distillation involves adding of further component called an entrainer which forms azeotrope with one of the members of the existing mixture and not the others. This is employed in the separation of IPA and water where benzene is used as an entrainer.

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022330   Madhu Ranjan (Associated Pigments Ltd, , Kolkata) : Lead scrap processing. Miner Metals Rev 2002, 28(1), 52-3.

022329   Kelkar M;Shastri P;Rao B Y (Department of Food Technology, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Nagpur-440 010) : The characterization of legume starches. Indian J Nutr Diet 2002, 39(3), 125-31.

1 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

022328   Kalpana G;Sravanthi G (Chemical Engineering, C.B.I.T., Gandipet, Hyderabad-500 075) : Fibre reinforced composites for cryogenic applications. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 174.

High specific strengths and moduli associated with high thermal and electrical conductivity dictate the material choice for cryogenic technology application. A comprehensive investigation of cryogenic applications of fibe reinforced composites is attempted. The applications of high pressure and high modulus composites as supports and insulators in super conducting magnets are discussed. Design considerations and procedures using laminated composites are presented. Applications of modified resin composites with higher toughness and low fuel permeability and the related composite processing techniques are briefly narrated.

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022327   Jaiswal N J;Naik V (Chemical Engineering Division, U.D.C.T., University of Mumbai, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Process intensification: emerging trends. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 177.

Process intensification is a strategy of making dramatic reduction in the size of chemical plant in order to achieve the give objective. The reduction come from shrinking the size of individual pieces of equipments and also from cutting the number of unit operation. Any chemical engineering development that leads to substantially smaller, cleaner, and more energy efficient technology is process intensification. The process intensification can be considered to be a design philosoph where the fundamental requirements of a chemical process are analyzed, and process plant designed which matches the precise requirement of the process and meets the business needs. The process intensification can be divided into two areas process intensifying equipments and process intensifying method. Even though the detail understanding of kinetics and dynamics is required for implementing such technology, the task is not difficut as compared to cost saving in process.

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022326   Hiremath A C;Sherigara B S;Prashantha K; Sheshappa Rai K;Prassanna Kumar S (Department of Industrial Chemistry, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta-577 451) : Miscibility of hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose and poly(vinyl pyrollidone) blends. Indian J chem Technol 2002, 9(4), 312-15.

Compatibility of polyvinyl pyrollidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) has been investigated by solution viscometric, ultrasonic, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) methods and fourier transform infared spectroscopic (FTIR) techniques. Ultrasonic velocity and adiabatic compressibility versus blend composition are plotted and found to be linear. The results obtained reveal that HPMC and PVP form a miscible blends in the entire composition range. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated that there is strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding between carbonyl group of PVP and free hydroxyl group of HPMC

6 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

022325   Gupta R;Agarwal R;Shailendra Kumar (Chem Engg, H.B.T.I., Kanpur) : Jet impact reactors. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 184.

In Jet Impect Reactors, two streams, one of reactant and the other of a very hot heat carrier or catalyst, are forced to collide at very high velocity and thereby mix intensely and react at high temperature. For an all-gas product, the product stream is rapidly quenched, while for a gas-solid product a cyclone separates the two phases after which the gas is rapidly cooled. This type of reactor aims to challenge fast fluidization with its 1 to 10 second gas residence time as the prime reactor for the catalytic cracking of petroleum. The higher cracking temperature and shorter residence time will give a very different and better-distribution of reaction products. Another application of jet Impact Reactor is to ultrapyrolyze cellulose and other biomass wastes. Tests show that one can transform about 75% of sawdust into oil-useful liquid having the consistency of light engine oil.

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022324   Gupta N;Banik S;Gupta R (Chemical Engineering, H.B.T.I., Kanpur) : Software for property prediction of various petroleum products. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 189.

Gamut of products is generated in petroleum industry to fulfill requirement of fuel for various purposes like designing of process equipment, environmental and safety considerations, product specification. The various properties include Molecular Weight, Density, Viscosity, Vapour Pressure of pure hydrocarbon, refractive Index, Cp of petroleum liquid and vapours, theoretical and actual combustion air requirement, Flash Point, Pour Point, Aniline Point, Diesel Index, Cetane no. ect. The properties are calculated with the help of numerous methods. This program developed in Visual Basic (Version 6.0), calculates these properties of petroleum products via various methods. It may prove as great help for property prediction in petroleum refineries etc.

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022323   Goya G;Banik S;Gupta N (Chem Engg., H.B.T.I., Kanpur) : Simulation of design of bubbling fluidized bed reactor. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 184-5.

Industrial reactors particularly for solid catalyzed gas-phase reactions often operate as bubbling beds. The conversion in bubbling beds may very from plug flow to well below mixed flow. The bed behaviour can be adequately predicated with the help of a reasonable flow model for the bed, since the bubbling bed represents severe deviations from ideal contacting. A wide variety of approaches for flow characterization have been tried. Few of them are: Dispersion and tanks in series model, RTD models, Contact time distribution model, Two region model and Hydrodynamic type flow model Hydrodynamic type flow models can be developed to represent the BFB based on two simple findings: The rise velocity of bubble (U_br) depend only on the bubble size and that the gas behaviour in the vicinity depends only on the relative velocity of rising bubble and of gas rising in the emulsion U_e and every rising gas bubble drags behind it a wake of solid alpha (a) a = Volume of wake/Volume of bubble Based on this, the simplest K-L BFB models can be developed. Gives the various assumptions involved and simulation for the K-L BFB model.

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022322   Goud P L A (NO, University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad) : Fluid catalytic cracking. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 185.

Discloses the process involved in Fluid Catalytic Cracking Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the dominant refinery conversion process today and it continues to evolve to meet changing refinery needs. A special insight is made on the equipment used for Fluid Catalytic Cracking unit. The need for an FCC unit and its process chemistry are also stated.

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022321   Das j ;Char P R;Halgeri A B;Mewada R K; Subrahmanyam N (Research Centre, Indian Petrochemical Corporation Limited, Baroda-391 346) : Kinetics of toluene methylation over silica modified HZSM-5 zeolites. Indian J chem Technol 2002, 9(4), 334-40.

Kinetics of toluene alkylaiton with methanol over silica modified HZSM-5 catalyst under experimental conditions that are close to envisaged industrial conditiions are studied. Of the several possible kinetic models tested and compared, a simple power law model is found satisfactory in predicting toluene conversions and p-xylene selectivities. However, further studies with a comprehensive experimental program, is suggested for investigating the numerous side reactions and to account for a large number of by-products observed.

8 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

022320   Chakravarthy T H;Vishwanath C (Chemical Engg., C.B.I.T., Gandipet, Hyderabad-75) : Modern techniques for polystyrene materials. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 173-4.

Polystyrene is an non-Newtonian fluid. Polystyrene exhibis very good thermal and Ultraviolet stability. Polystyrene is affected by some organic solvents and dissolved by others. The Birefringence property in polystyrene helps in understanding the direction of molecular alignment and to carry out corrections in processing and tooling in order to change the orientation. Styrene monomer is made by dehydrogenation of ethylbezene. Polystyrene is obtained by polymerization of styrene which is a simple addition reaction across the double bond initiated and propagated by free radicals. Expandale polystyrene is obtained by suspension polymerization. Since the blowing agent is introduced during polymerization. Devolatilisation, which is a new technique, defines the process of removing unreacted Residual Styrene Monomer (RSM) in the polymer which is a very important step in the context of use of Polystyrene in contact with Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. Polystyrene can be modified by compounding with other polymers like PPE, PE, PP and SBS to make alloys and blends with specific properties for certain applications. Explained in detail regarding the characteristics, stability, present situation in Indian Market and uses of polystyrene and also major "New Applecations" of polystrene.

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022319   Bose U S C;Shankar P V (Chemical Engg., C.B.I.T., Gandipet, Hyderabad-500 075) : Diblock poltampholites at the silicon-water interphase : adsorption as a function of block ratio and molecular weight. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 174.

Polyampholites are highly charged macromolecules carrying oppositly charged funtional groups. Reports on the adsorption on a weal diblock Poliamps, as a funtion of the copolimer composition and molecular weight. The adsorption experiments were performed on silicon substrates from aq.polimer solutions at different pHs. The amount absorbed Poliamps chains to the surface was determined byeiipsometry, where as lateral structers were investigated by scanning force microscopy. A strong influnce on the pH on the adsorped amount and the lateral structure formation at the surface was observed. This phenomenon is explained by the high stbility of absobed micelles, which cover the silicon as a dence lyer we conclude that micelle formation of an importent proce for Poliampholytes adsorption, which needs to be taken into account explitly.

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022318   Bhattacharyya A;BHattacharyya N (Department of Community Medicine, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan) : Coconut in nutrition. Indian J Nutr Diet 2002, 39(3), 132-42.

Informations collected from the available literature on the nutritional uses of coconut and geographical and botanical aspects of the plant are reviewed. Data on the chemical composition of coconut water are compiled indicting its dietary uses as well as misuses. The nutritional quality of kernel and its products including coconut oil is summarised from the view point of chemical composition. More detalied analysis of the edible products may be useful with regard to some trace elements.

6 tables, 18 ref

022317   Bhaskar M;Mahesh A (Chemical Engineering Department, A.U.V.E., ) : Petrochemicals from refinery processes. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 182.

Reviews refinery processes with special emphasis on these processes as sources of feedstock for the petrochemical industry. The processes in refinery are physical processes and conversion processes, the most important physical processes are, Distillation, Absorption, Adsorption and Solvent extraction Conversion processes are generally classified as either thermal conversion processes or catalytic conversion processes. Thermal conversion processes includes Visbreaking, Coking and Steam cracking Catalytic conversion processes includes Catalytic reforming, Catalytic cracking, Hydrocracking, Hydrotreating and hydrorefining.

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022316   Bansal R C;Aggarwal D;Goyal M;Kaistha B C (Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Punjab University, Chandigarh-160 016) : Influence of carbon-oxygen surface groups on the adsorption of phenol by activated carbons. Indian J chem Technol 2002, 9(4), 290-6.

Adsorption isotherms of phenol from its aqueous solutions on four samples of activated carbons having different surface areas and associated with varying amounts of carbon-oxygen surface groups have been determined in the concentration range 20-1000 mg/L. The adsorption of phenol does not depend upon surface area alone but is also influenced by the presence of carbon-oxygen surface groups. The amount of these surface groups was enhanced by oxidation with nitric acid, ammonium persulphate and hydrogen peroxide and was decreased by degassing the activated carbons at gradually increasing temperatures of 400, 650° and 950°C. The oxidation of the carbons decreases the adsorption of phenol, the extent of decrease depending upon the nature of the oxidative treatment. The adsorption increases on degassing of the carbon samples, the increase depending upon the nature of the carbon-oxygen surface groups being eliminated at that temperature on degassing. The results indicate that while the presence of acidic carbon-oxygen surface groups which are evolved as CO₂ suppresses the adsorption of phenol, the presence of non-acidic surface groups which are evolved as CO tends to enhance the adsorption of phenol.

6 illus, 4 tables, 35 ref

022315   Balakrishna B;Jagadishwar Kumar A (Chem Engg., C.B.I.T., Gandipet, Hyderabad-500 171) : Design of gas induction reactor for sodium carbonate manufacturing process. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 180.

Design of any chemical reactor plays an important role in chemical industry, one such type of reactor is "GAS INDUCTION REACTOR OR SEMI BATCH REACTOR". The design of reactor involves the determination of the size of the vessel required, and to evaluate the temperature, pressure and composition of reaction mixture that exist in the vessel. Further, determination of Gas Bubble diameter at various stages also plays an important role in the reaction mixture. The reaction vessel is made up of stainless steel, provided with an impeller mounted on an overhung shaft, vents, feed inlet, rare view mirror, a sparger for induction of gas and a provision for temperature measurement. A jacket is provided for circulation of cold water. For the manufacturing of sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and carbon-dioxide are choses as reactants. A series of six experiments is carried out to obtain consistency in the results. The data analyzed is discussed. Also discussed about the types of reactors, Material & Energy Balance Calculations for this chlorination process, time required for completion of reaction, percentage of yield and its conversion at different time intervals.

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022314   Anon (NO, , ) : Electrochemistry of conducting polymers. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 176.

Reviews conducting polymers which have a wide application in the field of battery technology, photovoltaic devices and electro synthesis. The study and application regarding conducting polymers can be divided into three broad areas; the use of electro chemistry for the synthesis of conducting polymers, the electrochemistry of the materials themselves and the electrochemistry occurring at electrodes made from or coated with these material. Regarding the theoritical aspects of charge conduction we have discussed the concept of doping as applied to conjugated polymers. The preferance is given mainly to electrochemical doping than chemical doping since it provides potentially controlable and the transfer of charge can be accurately monitored. The nature of charge carriers in conjugated polymers and experimental methods and their relation to theoretical models are discussed. The three models mentioned are polaron, bipolaron defects and bipolaron band model. Electrochemical synthesis is preferred in which the monomer is simply dissolved in a suitable solvent and a simple cell is used to anodically polymerise the materials onto one of the electrodes under either potentiostatic or galvanostatic conditions. Various materials like polyacetylene, polyanline, polyazulene and polyparaphenylene. The polymerisation; morphology and structure, the electrochemistry of the above materals, electronic structure and conductivity are discussed in detail.

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021302   Bhausaheb Bapurao Nikam (NO, , 526, Narayan Peth, Pune-400 033) : Stationary closed pressure chuteless sugarcane crushing mill. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

021301   Wisniak J (Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel-84105) : History of bromine from discovery to commodity. Indian J chem Technol 2002, 9(3), 263-71.

Discovery of bromine represents one of the first experimental evidences that elements could be grouped in families of similar properties. Transformation of the new element and its derivatives into a commercial reality had to wait until automobiles begun to be mass-produced. The pattern end use of bromine has reflected the changes in social appreciation of environmental protection and safety. From a strong initial use as gasoline additive and agricultural chemical, the end uses are changing drastically into flame-retardants and sanity uses. From a strictly initial European industrial activity it has turned into an important chemical activity for the United States, Jordan, and Israel.

^iia1 table, 24 ref

021300   Varadharaju N;Sreenarayanan V (Department of Agricultural Processing, College of Agricultural Engineering, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Universit, Coimbatore-641 003) : Mechanical extraction of oil from water melon seeds. J Instn Engrs-Pt AG 2001, 82(Dec), 38-40.

Attempt was made to expact the oil from melon seeds with and without hulls using hydraulic press. The processing parameters investigated were moisture content, temperature and pressure. Highest yield of 82.8% of the available oil was obtained when the melon seed was pressed with hulls at a pressure of 30 mPa at temperature of 120°C having 10% moisture content. The melon seed oil was having 2.24% of FFA, specific graity of 0.934, refractive index of 1.623. These properties were not affected by the process conditions.

2 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

021299   Suresh A K;Bhalerao S (Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai-400 076) : Rate intensification of mass transfer process using ferrofluids. Indian J pure appl Phys 2001, 40(3), 172-84.

Rate of inter-phase mass transfer process is of central importance innseveral processes in the chemical industry. This rate depends on the mass transfer coefficient, which in turn is determined by molecular process taking place in a region close to the phase interface. The mass transfer coefficient is, therefore, not substantially influenced by the mixing processes taking place far away from the interface. Presents a novel stratagem for enhancement of mass transfer rates by employing ferrofluids in the `interacial region' and causing them to oscillate using a magnetic field external to the equipment. Taking a gas-liquid system as an example to illustrate the strategy, it is shown that 40-50% increase in mass transfer rates are easily achieved, and that the increase depends on the ferrofluid loading and the strength of the magnetic field employed. Some limitations of the methods employed in the work are also discussed, and it is possible that much higher enhancements are potentially possible.

5 illus, 6 tables, 6ref

021298   Singh K;Tiwari A K;Dwivedi C S (Chemistry Department, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur-273 009) : Mixed membrane potentials and electrohemical characterization of membranes. Indian J Chem-Sect A 2002, 41(5), 921-7.

Mixed membrane potential and membrane conductance measurements have been carried out using Dowex-50 membrane and sodium chloride and potassium chloride solutions of variable composition with the object of electrochemical characterization of the membrane system. The data have been examined in the light of thermodynamic considerations to obtain transport numbers of the ions in the membrane phase for the estimation of permselectivity. Variation of these electrochemical parameters with composition of the electrolyte mixtures has also been examined. The results show that the presence of additional electrolyte even if its concentration is same on both sides of the membrane, significantly influences electrochemical character of the membrane.

2 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

021297   Singh D K;garg S K;Bharadwaj R K (Department of Chemistry, H B Technological Institute, Kanpur-208 002) : Adsorption studies of Cd(II) on polymer grafted sawdust. Indian J Envir Ecoplann 2001, 5(3), 455-65.

Polymer grafted saw dust (PGSD) has been prepared as a new adsorption. Experiments have been conducted in investigate adsorption characteristics for seven heavy metal ions on PGSD. Adsorption capacity is found to increase in the order. Fe (III) <60> Hg (II) <60> Ni (II)<60> Zn (II) <60> Cu(II) <60> Mn (II) <60> Cd (II) <60> Pb (II). Effects of contact time, initial concentration, pH, light metal ions and temperature have been studied for the removal of Cd (II). A empirical relationshi has been obtained to predict the percentage Cd (II) removal at any time for known values of adsorbent and initial adsorbate concentration under observed test conditions. The adsorption process was found to follow first order kinetics. The optimum pH was found to be 6.0. The adsorbed Cd (II) was desorbed quantitatively by 0.5M H Cl solution and the adsorbent could be resued for three cycles consecutively. Adsorption isotherms and thermodynamic parameters have also been studied.

12 illus, 5 tables, 21 ref

021296   Sikder A K;Sikder N;Gandhe B R;Agrawal J P; Singh H (High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, , Pune-411 021) : Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane or CL-20 in India: synthesis and characterisation. Def Sci J 2002, 52(2), 135-46.

Hexanitrohexaazisowurtzitane (HNIW) more commonly called CL-20, the highest density and the most powderful real world explosive, has been made with very high yield and a high product purity. CL-20 is thoroughly characterised by spectral data (IR, NMR and mass) along with electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and X-ray diffractogram. Furthermore, small-scale sensitivity tests have also been carried out.

19 ref

021295   Sharma K P;Jha M K (Sugarcane Research Unit, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana) : Open pan sulphitation khandsari technology in Northern India. J Instn Engrs-Pt CH 2002, 82(Mar), 69-7.

Khandsari is one of the sweetening products of sugarcane. The khandsari units have no sophistication and, therefore, easy to operate. The Khandsari plants lead to extensive wastage of edible sugar and commercial energy as compared to vacuum technology. In seeking to improve the competitiveness of `Khandsari units', it is easy to recommend the adaptation of conventional machinery-intensive techniques. This, however, would defeat the purpose of technology specifically suited to successful rural sugar production. Yet, open pan sugarcane processing system must evolve to meet changing demands. It summarizes the state of technology, performances of `khandsari' process and suggeted improvement with their likely response.

5 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

021294   Santhosh G;Venkatachalam S;Kanakavel M;Ninan K N (Polymers and Special Chemials Division, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum-695 022) : Formation of dinitramide using mixed acid nitrating agents. Indian J chem Technol 2002, 9(3), 223-6.

Nitration of ammonium sulphamate was carried out using a mixture of sulphuric acid and nitric acid at-30 to-40°C. The mole ratio of sulphuric acid to nitric acid was varied from 0 to 4 and the extent of formation of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) was measured. The initial yield of ADN increases with increase of sulphuric acid content in the acid mixture and starts decreasing as the reaction time is increased. The variation of product yield with change in reaction time and total acid concentration was studied.

4 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

021293   Sadhukhan S;Das K P;Bandyopadhyay N R; Banerjee M K (Department of Metallurgy, B E College (DU), Howrah-711 103) : TRIP in low silicon high manganese boron treated duplex ferrite-bainite steel. J Instn Engrs-Pt MM 2001, 82(Nov), 65-8.

Describes the results of the study on transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) behaviour exhibited in a low silicon (0.45 weight %) boron bearing steel of 0.20 weight % carbon content. The steel has been thermo-mechanically processed and then intercritically heat treated at 750°C, followed by isothermal soaking at three different temperatures (350°C, 400°C, 450°C) for 700s, 900s and 1000s at each temperature to effect the formation of bainite and retained austenite. Microstructural observations and mechanical properties evaluation reveal that even with of low silicon content an adequate amount of retained austenite (RA) amenable for TRIP can be formed in the experimental steel. Formation of adequate amount of TRIP inducing austenite is attributed to the high amount of austenite formed during intercritical annealing. It is further suggested that the pearlitic cementite of initial ferrito-pearlitic structure of the steel has transformed to carbon enriched austenite under paraequilibrium condition, thereby leading to the significant TRIP behaviour.

11 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

021292   Reddy K S (Department of Mechanical Engineering, NBKR Institute of Science and Technologyy, Vidyanagar, Nellore-524 413) : Fluidity and fatigue properties of aluminium-silicon eutectic alloy subjected to modification and vibration during solidification. J Instn Engrs-Pt MM 2002, 83(Apr), 11-14.

Aluminium-silicon eutectic alloy (LM-6) is widely used in automobile and aerospace industries due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, wear resistance, good castability etc. Modification is a treatment used to strengthen this alloy. Describes changes in fatigue behaviour and fluidity of this alloy when subjected to modification and vibration during solidification. LM-6 alloy was modified using permanent modifier strontium (Sr). Standard fluidity spiral and test specimens for fatigue test were prepared according to ISO specifications. Adopting normal melting practice and modification, the modified alloy was subjected to vibration at different frequencies during solidification. Fluidity and fatigue strength of the alloy subjected to modification and modification with vibration were studied. Results revealed that fluidity decreased with modification and increased with vibration giving optimum values at 10 Hz frequency. Fatigue strength increased with modification and further increased with vibration giving optimum values at 15 Hz frequency.

8 illus, 12 ref

021291   Rao M;Bhole A G (Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Badnera-444 701) : Removal of organic matter from dairy industry wastewater using low-cost adsorbents. Indian chem Engr 2002, 44(1), 25-8.

Envisages the use of cost effective adsorbents such as fly ash, bagasse, wheat straw dust, saw dust and coconut coir for the reduction of total dissolved solids (TDS) from dairy industry effluent wastewater by adsorption process. Powdered activated carbon (PAC) was also used to compare the results. Prior to use, raw sorbent materials were treated for delignification. Effect of pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, initial concentration of adsorbate, i.e. total dissolved solids, adsorbent particle size, were also evaluated. PAC was effective at pH 4.0, whereas the other five low-cost adsorbents at 6.0 and 8.0 increase in contant time, adsorbent dose, low adsorbate concentration and smaller particle sizes were effective in the removal of total dissolved solids. Sorption data have been correlated with both Langmuir and Freundlich adosrption isothern models. Freundlich static isotherm model is found applicable for all the six adsorents to remove total dissolved solids from the dairy wastewater. The order of selectivity is powdered activated carbon<62> bagasse<62> fly ash<62> saw dust<62> wheat straw dust<62> coconut coir for the removal of total dissolved solids at optimum conditions.

6 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref