001418   HONG H L, SUN J F, ZHANG Y, ZHU N, HAN L M, SUO Q L (Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center, Hohhot 010051, China, Email: honghailong_1979@163.com) : Preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation of tosufloxacin tosylate and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(2), 249-58.

The aim of this study was to increase the water solubility of tosufloxacin tosylate by inclusion with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. The tosufloxacin tosylate/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and 2D rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy were used to identify the interaction of tosufloxacin tosylate and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Results obtained confirmed the formation of tosufloxacin tosylate/ hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. In addition, the dissolution and stability of the complex was also evaluated, which indicated that the water solubility and stability of tosufloxacin tosylate were significantly increased in the presence of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Furthermore, dissolution assay showed that the dissolution of tosufloxacin tosylate/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex was higher than that of a physical mixture or tosufloxacin tosylate alone. These results demonstrated that hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin could be potentially beneficial in the delivery of water-insoluble tosufloxacin tosylate.

9 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

001412   GAWAI A A, DAS S, NEMADE M (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Anuradha Coll of Pharmacy, Chikhli - 443 201, Email: drashishgawai@gmail.com) : Synthesis, preliminary pharmacological and acute toxicity studies of a new series of 7-(2-(benzo[d] thiazol-2-ylamino)ethoxy)-4-methyl-2h-chromen-2-one derivatives with atypical antipsychotic activity. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(2), 241-8.

The present study focused on the synthesis, preliminary pharmacological screening and acute toxicity testing of novel series of 7-(2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)ethoxy)-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one derivatives (4a-4k). This novel series was designated and synthesized by refluxing 2-amino benzothiazoles substituted derivatives (3a-3k) with 7-(2-chloroethoxy)-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one (2) in dry pyridine. All the synthesized compounds were screened and evaluated for dopamine D₂ and serotonin 5HT₂ antagonistic activity as a measure of atypical antipsychotic property. Compounds 4b, 4c, 4e, 4g and 4i have shown good preliminary pharmacological activity and these compounds were subjected to acute toxicity (lethal dose) studies for determining effective dose range using probit log scale method. The therapeutic index of the selected compounds was determined to compare with other series of compounds to select better active compound(s). The structures of all compounds were confirmed using spectral studies. All the synthesized compounds showed good dopamine D₂ and serotonin 5HT₂A receptor antagonist activity, which could indicate atypical antipsychotic activity. Compounds (4e) and (4b) with electron withdrawing substituents showed better atypical antipsychotic activity.

4 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

001434   LU J, ZHENG M, KONG R, PANG J, ZHU X (Zhejiang Univ of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China, Email: zxy@zjut.edu.cn) : Enhancing solubility of candesartan cilexetil by comilling; preparation of candesartan cilexetil-glycyrrhizic acid composite. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(2), 211-8.

Candesartan cilexetil was complexed with glycyrrhizic acid to enhance its aqueous solubility. Solid dispersion of candesartan cilexetil and glycyrrhizic acid were prepared by mechanochemical technique of milling at 120 rpm for 8 h. This solid dispersion could significantly improve the solubility of candesartan cilexetil in water. In vitro drug release showed a significant increase in drug dissolution rate after formation of a solid dispersion with glycyrrhizic acid. It was also found that the chemical stability of the solid dispersions was enhanced compared to pure candesartan cilexetil in a stability study involving heat, light, and long-term storage. The results of differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction showed that the drug existed in the amorphous state. Fourier-transform infrared spectra demonstrated that hydrogen bonding occurred between candesartan cilexetil and glycyrrhizic acid with mechanical and chemical treatment.

6 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

000537   John Peter Paul J (St. Xavier’s Coll (Autonomous), Palayamkottai – 627 002, Email: johnarock2008@yahoo.com) : Screening of phytochemicals in methanolic extract of Dictyota dichotoma (Huds.) Lamouroux from Koothankuzhi in the South East Coast of Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 207-12.

The present study was carried out to screen the phytochemicals present in the methanolic extract of Dictyota dichotoma (Huds.) Lamouroux collected from Koothankuzhi in the south east coast of Tamil Nadu, India. The phytochemical screening of methanolic extract was screened using the standard procedure for UV-Visible spectroscopic, HPLC and FTIR. The UV-Visible spectrum showed the compounds separated at the nm of 450, 500, 534, 600, 655, 700, 750, 800, 850 and 900 with the absorption 4.000, 3.101, 2.048, 2.075, 3.311, 0.750, 0.101, 0.024, 0.006 and 0.003 respectively. The qualitative HPLC fingerprint profile displayed eight compounds at different retention time of 2.020 min, 2.187 min, 2.303 min, 2.637 min, 2.790 min, 3.027 min, 5.430 min and 6.550 min. The result of FTIR analysis was found the presence of functional groups such as nitrates, phenyl (C-O and C-H bonds), aliphatic ketones, sulphonic acid ester, oximes (C=N stretching), aromatic aldehyde, tertiary amine salts, alkanes, methoxy and hydroxyl group.

3 illus, 1 table, 42 ref

000354   ZALA R V, UPADHYAY S V (Chemistry Dep, Saurashtra Univ, Amreli - 365 601, Gujarat, Email: drkdbhatt@oulook.com) : Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of Schiff bases derived from 4, 6 - difluoro - 2 - amino benzothiazole. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 201-6.

Some novel Schiff bases namely N-(4-(dimethyl amino)benzylidene)-4,6-difluoro benzothiazole2-amine; 4-bromo-2-(((4,6-difluoro benzothiazole-2-yl) imino) methyl)phenol and N-(3,4- dimethoxybenzylidene)-4,6-difluoro benzothiazole-2-amine have been synthesized from condensation reaction of 4,6-difluoro-2-amino benzothiazole with different aromatic aldehydes like 4-(dimethyl amino)benzaldehyde, 5-bromo-2-hydroxy benzaldehyde and 3,4-dimethoxy benzaldehyde . The synthesized Schiff bases were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, Mass and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Antimicrobial and Antifungal activities of these Schiff bases were tested using MIC determination against gram positive (S. Aureus, B.Subtilis), gram negative bacteria (S. Marcescens, E. Coli) and Rhizopus sp. and A. Niger.

1 illus, 38 ref

000243   KUMAR R, SAXENA V, SAXENA A K, HOQUE M (Rakshpal Bahadur Coll of Pharmacy, Bareilly - 243 001, Email: prakashbindiya32@gmail.com) : In-vitro cytotoxicity and anthelmintic evaluation of various synthesized novel imidazoles. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 186-92.

Synthesized novel imidazole derivatives as potential therapeutic agents for in-vitro cytotoxicity and anthelmintics. Firstly, Pyridine-2-amine was condensed with substituted benzaldehydes to give corresponding Schiff’s base. These Schiff’s bases further on treatment with Ammonium acetate and isatin yielded corresponding novel imidazoles. The synthesized compounds were analyzed by physical & analytical methods. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for invitro cytotoxicity activity and anthelmintic activity. All the synthesized novel substituted imidazoles showed moderate to good anthelmintic activity. It also possessed significant in-vitro cytotoxicity against HEp2 cell lines (Human larynx cancer cell line) against standard using 5- fluorouracil. The compounds 1b, 2b, 4b, 6b and 8b possessed higher anthelmintic activity in comparison to standard Mebendazole. The synthesized compounds 1b, 2b, and 8b possessed significant in-vitro cytotoxicity against HEp2 cell lines.

2 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

000177   BANU A S, THIRUMURUGAN V (PG & Research Chemistry Dep, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam Coll (Autonomous), Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, Email: drv.thirumurugan@gmail.com) : Physico phytochemical analysis, authentication and in vitro antioxidant study on the Aegle marmelos. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 125-34.

Traditional system of medicine consists large number of medicinal plants, which conveyed their potential therapeutic utilities. Aegle marmelos is commonly known as Bael belongs to Rutaceae family, widely grown in India, Tropical and Subtropical countries. It possesses great mythological significance and medicinal uses in ancient system of medicine. The Aegle marmelos plant leaves powder is analyzed for organoleptic characters, fluorescence studies, phytochemical screening, physicochemical parameters, qualitative analysis and ethanolic extract of the plant leaves powder is analyzed for quantitative elemental analysis, HPTLC studies for authentication of Aegle marmelos plant and invitro antioxidant study by DPPH method. It is proven that it contains antioxidant property.

4 illus, 7 tables, 20 ref

000223   ILLENDULA S, SANJANA M, SHIRISHA V, RAO K N V, DUTT R (Pharmaceutical Analysis Dep, Nalanda Coll of Pharmacy, Nalgonda, Telangana - 508 001, Email: santoshillendula@gmail.com) : A validated stability indicating RP-HPLC method development for the estimation of pomalidomide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 63-72.

A simple, rapid, precise, accurate and sensitive reverse phase liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of Pomalidomide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form dosage form. The chromatographic method was standardized using Develosil ODS HG-5 RP C18, 5µm, 15cm x 4.6mm i.d. column with UV detection at 228nm and mobile phase composition of Methanol: Phosphate buffer = 60:40 ratio at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/ min. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Pomalidomide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The method was linear over the range of 0-14µg/ml. The recovery was in the range of 98 % to 102 % and limit of detection was found to be 0.07 µg/ml and quantification was found to be 0.21 µg/ml. Different analytical performance parameters such as precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness were determined according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.

13 illus, 7 tables, 16 ref

000298   REDDY Y K, SATHYAVATHI J (Pharmaceutics Dep, Nalanda Coll of Pharmacy, Nalgonda - 508 001, Email: dyredurukrishnareddy@gmail.com) : Development and characterization of doxofylline hydrogel beads by using single emulsion technique. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 47-54.

The present work was to development the controlled release Doxofylline hydrogel beads using polymers in various formulations. Doxofylline used to treatment of asthma. These hydrogel beads prepared by using single emulsion technique. Doxofylline causes an irritation in the gastrointestinal mucous membrane and possesses a bitter taste and aftertaste. The half-life in plasma is about 1-2hrs. This makes doxofylline a very good candidate for the formulation of controlled release dosage forms. The formulated were examined by in vitro drug release studies and further perform the stability data for selected or optimized formulation. The work was aimed to develop the controlled release Doxofylline hydrogel beads. Prepared hydrogel beads optimized by considering the drug entrapment efficiency, particle size and in vitro drug release studies. Release of doxofylline was found to be in a controlled manner with increasing polymer content in hydrogel beads and higher release as observed in PH 7.4 medium than that of PH 1.2. In vitro release kinetics of doxofylline from the polymeric beads followed Higuchi kinetics model.

8 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

000302   SANTHOSHILLENDULA, PRIYANKA D, SHIRISHA V, RAO K N V, DUTT R (Pharmaceutical Analysis Dep, Nalanda Coll of Pharmacy, Nalgonda, Telangana - 508 001, Email: santoshillendula@gmail.com) : A new simple method development and validation of ibrutinib in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 36-46.

A simple, rapid, precise, accurate and sensitive reverse phase liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of Ibrutinibin bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The chromatographic method was standardized using Develosil ODS HG-5 RP C18, 5µm, 15 cm x 4.6 mm i.d. column with UV detection at 287 nm and mobile phase with the composition of 0.1 % Orthophosphoric Acid: Methanol with 35:65 ratio at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/ mi. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Ibrutinib in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The method was linear over the range of 0-14 µg/ml. The recovery was in the range of 98 % to 102 % and limit of detection was found to be 0.09 µg/ml and quantification was found to be 0.29 µg/ml. Different analytical performance parameters such as precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness were determined according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.

13 illus, 8 tables, 15 ref

000315   SHIRISHA V, KRISHNAVENI B, ILLENDULA S, RAO K N V, DUTT H R (Pharmaceutical Analysis Dep, Nalanda Coll of Pharmacy, Nalgonda, Telangana - 508 001, Email: shirishabpharm62@gmail.com) : A new simple method development, validation and forced degradation studies of empagliflozin by using RP-HPLC. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 25-35.

A simple, rapid, precise, accurate and sensitive reverse phase liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of Empagliflozin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form dosage form. The chromatographic method was standardized using Develosil ODS HG-5 RP C18, 5 µm, 15 cm x 4.6 mm i.d. column with UV detection at 228 nm and Phosphate Buffer: Acetonitrile = 45:55 (pH-2.8) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/ min. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Empagliflozin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The method was linear over the range of 0–50 µg/ml. The recovery was in the range of 98 % to 102 % and limit of detection was found to be 0.07 µg/ml and quantification was found to be 0.21 µg/ml. Different analytical performance parameters such as precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness were determined according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.

13 illus, 7 tables, 18 ref

000277   PASA G, CHOUDHURY P K, PANIGRAHI G, MAHARANA B (Pharmaceutical Technology Dep, Royal Coll of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Berhampur, Odisha, Email: pasagourishyam@gmail.com) : Formulation design and optimization of floating matrix tablets of ciprofloxacin HCL by using HPMC and ethyl cellulose with experimental design. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res 2019, 11(1), 7-15.

The oral floating matrix tablets of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride were formulated by Experimental design by using HPMC K₁₀₀M and Ethyl Cellulose as the retardant polymers each with three different levels with an approach to increase gastric residence and thereby improve drug bioavailability. From FTIR results it was confirmed that there is no chemical interaction between the drug with the excipients used in tablet formulations. Also, there was no shift in the endotherm of in the drug- excipients mixtures indicating compatibility of drug with all the excipients. All the tablets were prepared by effervescent approach in which Sodium bicarbonate was added as a gas generating agent. Floating Matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression method and prepared tablets were evaluated for weight variation, percentage friability, hardness and drug content studies. All the formulations showed compliance with pharmacopeia standards (I.P. 1996). Floating lag times of all the formulations were within 1 minute and Total floating time of all the formulations were more than 12 hours. In vitro release studies revealed that the release rate decreased with increase polymer proportion of retarding polymers. The formulation CHE₉ sustained release of drug for 12 hours with 21 % release of drug after 1 hour and more than 97 % at the end of 12 hours. From the Kinetic model it was found that the optimized formulation CHE₉ showed linearity in case of Zero order (R²: 0.938) and Higuchi model (R²: 0.954). By fitting data to Korsmeyer-Peppas model and ‘n’ value lying above 0.5 indicating non Fickian release.

20 illus, 8 tables, 14 ref

000270   NOEROCHIM L, PUTRA E A P, SUSANTI D, SIMANJUNTAK F M, ROHMANNUDIN T N, SUBHAN A (Materials Engineering Dep, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia, Email: lukman@mat-eng.its.ac.id) : Synthesis and electrochemical performance of α-Fe₂O₃ nano ellipse as anode for lithium-ion batteries. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 487-92.

α-Fe₂O₃ with nano ellipse structure was successfully synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method with adding 3, 6, and 9 mmol glycine at 160 °C for 10 h. FE-SEM images present that the shape and size of α-Fe₂O₃ is nano ellipse with dimensions in the range length of 130– 200 nm and in the range diameter of 77–120 nm. The as-prepared α-Fe₂O₃ nano ellipse with the addition of glycine by 6 mmol exhibited excellent cycling performance and rate capability when used as anode for lithium ion batteries, obtaining reversible discharge capacity of 206.75 mAh g^-1 at 0.3 C. This is attributed to the nano ellipse structure delivering a large particle surface area thus increasing the electric and ionic conductivity of the α-Fe₂O₃ particles as anode. This result demonstrates that α-Fe₂O₃ nano ellipse could be a good candidate as anode material for lithium-ion battery.

5 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

000340   TYAGI M, CHANDRA S (Chemistry Dep, Zakir Husain Coll, J.L. Nehru Marg, New Delhi - 110 002, Email: sc1953@gmail.com) : Synthesis of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of Schiff's base ligand: Spectral studies, molecular modelling and fungicidal screening. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 481-6.

Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes with Schiff's base ligand, 3-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yliminomethyl)-benzene-1,2-diol have been synthesized. All the complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, NMR, mass, IR, EPR and electronic spectral studies. The geometry of complexes has been optimized by using Gaussian 09 W. The complexes were found to be non electrolytes. These complexes have general composition [M(L)₂X₂] [where L = Schiff′s base ligand, M = Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) and X = Cl⁻, CH₃COO⁻]. Spectral data indicates octahedral geometry for Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), but Cu(II) complexes were found to have tetragonal geometry. The fungal activity of ligand and complexes has been examined against fungi Aspergillus niger and Candida tropicalis by means of food poison method. The results suggest that the metal complexes show better antifungal activity in the comparison of ligand.

4 illus, 7 tables, 44 ref

000211   GOMADURAI T, RAJASEKAR K, BALASUBRAMANIYAN S, SELVARANI R, VEERAVEL C, GEETHA R (P.G. & Research Chemistry Dep, Government Arts Coll, Ariyalur - 621 713, Email: gomadurait@gmail.com) : Synthesis, spectral, antibacterial, antifungal and antipyretic activities of Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes with bioactive benzimidazole and benzoate ion. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 477- 80.

The Co(II) and Ni(II) transition metal complexes with benzimidazole and benzoate ion was synthesized using microwave heating. The synthesized complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, metal estimation, molar conductance, cyclic voltammetry, magnetic moment and electronic spectra, IR, Far-IR spectral data. The structure and metal ligand stoichiometry of the synthesized complexes were confirmed by using elemental analysis and metal estimation. Molar conductance of 10^-3 M complex solution confirming their nonelectrolyte nature. The Redox behaviour of metal ions in the synthesized complexes was confirmed by cyclic voltammogram. Six coordinated geometry of complexes were concluded from magnetic moment and electronic spectra. The in vitro antibacterial activities of the ligand and its Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes were screened against Gram +ve bacteria, Bacillus, Gram-ve bacteria, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus and in vitro antifungal activities were screened against pathogenic yeast, C. albicans by agar well diffusion method. The antipyretic activities of ligand and its Ni(II) complex were evaluated by yeast- induced fever test. The percentage reduction of the sample at yeast induced temperature was deduced.

1 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

000248   LALITHA V, MARUTHAVANAN T, VENKATESAN P (Chemistry Dep, Thiruvalluvar Government Arts Coll, Rasipuram - 637 401, Email: venkatesanps@yahoo.co.in) : Synthesis of 3-arylidene-4-piperidone derivatives as potent antioxidant agents: A solvent free approach. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 469-71.

A simple procedure using grinding method of condensation of N-acetyl-3-methyl-2,6-diarylpiperidin-4-one with aldehyde gave N-acetyl3-arylidene-5-methyl-2,6-diarylpiperidin-4-one with good yield. The structure of the synthesized compounds was assigned on the basis of IR, ¹H NMR and mass spectral studies. The synthesized compounds showed remarkable in vitro antioxidant activity.

1 table, 16 ref

000280   PEREZ J, SHEN C-C, RAGASA C Y (Chemistry Dep, De La Salle Univ, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 1004, Philippines, Email: consolacion.ragasa@dlsu.edu.ph) : Chemical constituents of Exoecaria agallocha Linn. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 460-2.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of the mangrove, Exoecaria agallocha Linn. has led to the isolation of alkyl ferulates (1), lupeol (2), a mixture of 3-epi-α-amyrin (3) and 3-epi-β-amyrin (4) in about 2:3 ratio, and agallochaol K (5) from the bark; taraxerol (6), epi-taraxerol (7) and chlorophyll a from the leaves; and a mixture of compounds 3 and 4 in about 1:2 ratio, squalene, olean12-en-3-one (8) and fully epoxidized linoleic acid from the twigs. The structures of compounds 5 and 7 were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature. The structures of the other compounds were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

1 illus, 23 ref

000205   FADLELMULA A A, ALOMARI A A (Chemistry Dep, Albaha Univ, Albaha 65931, Saudi Arabia, Email: abdalfatah63@gmail.com) : Antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of Dodonaea viscose and Capparis spinosa from Jabal Shuda in Albaha area of Saudi Arabia. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 445-8.

Capparis spinosa and Dodonaea viscose are commonly known plants in South of Saudi Arabia (Jabal Shuda in Albahah area). They are extremely valued medicinal plants. The variety of active chemicals like flavonoids, tannin and other antioxidants which are responsible of therapeutic properties in these plants, which are vary in their constituents in all plant parts. In this study, the medicinal plants Capparis spinosa and Dodonaea viscose were collected from Jabal Shuda in Albaha Area of Saudi Arabia. Total phenolic content and the effectiveness of the leaves extracts against the free radical scavenging DPPH were carried out. Four different solvents (ethanol, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) were studied and their results were compared. Total phenolic contents expressed as gallic acid equivalent, whereas scavenging capacity for DPPH radical was measured as IC₅₀ values. The elevated total phenolic content (351.59 ± 0.06 mg/g GAE) and highest value of antioxidant activity (76.58 ± 0.024 % lower value of IC₅₀, 0.0358 ± 0.09 mg/mL) were observed in ethyl acetate extract of D. viscose leaves. The n-butanol extract of C. spinosa leaves exhibited total phenolic content (128.32 ± 0.4 mg GAE/g) which was lower than that shown by n-butanol leaves extract of D. viscose (231.98 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g). Leaves extracts of Capparis spinosa and Dodonaea viscose that grow wildly in Jabal Shuda in Albahah area of Southern Saudi Arabia are rich in phenolic compounds which exhibited high antioxidant activity, but Dodonaea viscose was more valued than Capparis spinosa in these compounds.

3 tables, 15 ref

000292   RAMISHVILI T, TSITSISHVILI V, IVANOVA I, KOKIASHVILI N, BUKIA T, KURTSIKIDZE G (Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State Univ, Tbilisi, Georgia, Email: tsiuri.ramishvili@tsu.ge) : Synergic actions of BEA-type zeolites and ultrasonic irradiation in conversion of geraniol. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 438-44.

The geraniol conversion reaction was initiated by the simultaneous action of micro- and micro-mesoporous BEA-type zeolites and ultrasonic irradiation (UMR-300B hybrid reactor, 25 kHz, 100-900 W; SRF-1, 20-60 kHz, 100 W). Geraniol by ultrasonic irradiation at 27-100 ºC, had a low degree of conversion, upto 2 %. Geraniol was a resistant to ultrasound in argon atmosphere solutions of N,Ndimethylformamide and methanol. In methanolic solution, geraniol was actively converted to linalool and to methyl ethers of linalool and nerol with the selectivity of 80 % on zeolite BEA-25 under ultrasonic irradiation in air at 30 ºC. Using BEA-type zeolite/ultrasonicassisted reaction was increased the degree of conversion of geraniol, the selectivity and yield to linalool and nerol on the most active RBEA-25 zeolite by prolonged ultrasonic irradiation (1.5-5 h) or under combined ultrasound and microwave irradiation (US 300 W/MW 550 W, 1.5 h, 80 ºC).

9 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

000348   WAHAB N A A, SARJADI M S, ARSHAD S E, YUSOFF M M, RAHMAN M L (Malaysia Sabah Univ, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, Email: lutfor73@gmail.com) : Synthesis of ion-imprinted polymer for selective separation of copper(II) from metal ions mixture. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 427-32.

Ion imprinted polymers (IIPs) draw great attention in various fields because of powerful selectivity to the target metal ions. Thus, the synthesis of copper-ion imprinted polymer (Cu-IIP) was performed by using copper ion and complexing agent rufigallol with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). Aqueous HCl was used to leach Cu²⁺ ions from the imprinted polymer for creation of cavities of template, which is utilized for cooper ions adsorption with high selectivity. The IIP were characterized using ICP-MS, FE-SEM and also solid state analysis by UV-visible NIR spectroscopy. FT-IR study confirmed the successful complexation of Cu-IIP. The optimum pH was found to be 6 and highest adsorption capacity was estimated about 112.5 mg g^-1. Thus, IIP gave good selectivity to copper ions in presence of other transition metals and also IIP can be regenerated for eight times without a substantial loss in adsorption capacity.

5 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

000356   ZURE C V, PINJARI R V (Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada Univ, Nanded - 431 606, Email: rvp.chem@srtmun.ac.in) : Development and validation of headspace GC-FID method for simultaneous determination of residual solvents in ethyl-3-methyl-3-phenyl glycidate. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 422-6.

Ethyl-3-methyl-3-phenylglycidate is being used in flavor, fragrance and pharmaceutical industries. Generally acetonitrile, benzene, toluene, methanol and dichloromethane are used as solvent in synthesis of ethyl-3-methyl-3-phenylglycidate. Complete removal of such organic volatile components is not always possible and they may remain at residual level. However, these solvents are harmful and toxic to human as well as in environment above certain concentration. This necessitates the identification of the residual solvents and controlling them within residual solvents acceptance limit set by ICH (Q3C) guidelines. In present work, simple and rapid gas chromatographic method using head space sampler and flame ionization detector have been developed for determination of a residual solvents in ethyl-3-methyl3-phenylglycidate. This method resulted into a well separation of residual solvents on non-polar capillary columns. The method is validated for precision, recovery, linearity, range and limit of detection as per ICH guideline.

2 illus, 7 tables, 20 ref

000266   NATCHIMUTHU V, RAVI S, AMOROS J (Science & Humanities (Physics) Dep, M.Kumarasamy Coll of Engineering (Affiliated to Anna Univ), Karur - 639 113, Email: natchimuthu88@gmail.com) : Effect of sonication on certain antiepileptic drugs: Approach to drug delivery mechanism through perfluorocarbon. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 417-21.

Lennox-Gastaut type of seizures that affects the central nervous system (CNS) are facing drug administration problems. One such problem is that the delivery mechanism of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) to the affected seizures is haunting the complete treatment of epilepsy. One of the better methods to overcome this problem is to attach the drug with a carrier agent and making it deliver at the proper site. In this paper, a novel attempt has been made to identify all possible attachment portions in the antiepileptic drugs like topiramate, carbamazepine and lamotrigine by sonicating (ultrasonic) the drugs at different timings and amplitudes. The disintegration of the drugs and the possible attachment points, for every different timing and amplitude, were analyzed through high performance liquid chromatography. An extensive study has been made on topiramate by reacting it with the chosen drug delivering agent perfluorodecalin (PFD) and subjected to sonication. The choice of perfluorodecalin is a novel intuition since they are traditionally used as oxygen carrier and blood substitute. The topiramate + perfluorodecalin emulsion is grown into a crystal. Complete structure has been elucidated through X-ray crystallographic studies. Results show that the sonication is one of the much easier and handy technique to break chemical bonds and to create cavitations thus allowing other molecules to occupy that space. Investigation further reveals that, more the number of nitrogen atoms, less they are interactive and less it responds to sonication effect. Hence we prefer to safely conclude that topiramate is more adaptive in the study of drug delivering mechanism though it possesses a bulk structure than lamotrigine and carbamazepine.

9 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

000202   DINESHA H E, SANDHYA N C, MANTELINGU K (Chemistry Dep, Mysore Univ, Mysuru - 570 006, Email: kmlingu@gmail.com) : A novel method for synthesis of tetrahydro-2H-oxazolo[2,3-α]isoquinolines. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 403-9.

An efficient and direct method for the synthesis of tetrahydro-2H-oxazolo[2,3-$\mathrm{\alpha }$]isoquinolines is reported. This novel method involves ^®T3P mediated in situ oxidation of benzyl alcohols to aldehyde followed by acetic acid mediated [3+2] cycloaddition reaction to afford tetrahydro-2H-oxazolo[2,3-$\mathrm{\alpha }$]isoquinolines in one-pot operation with good to excellent yields. Heterocyclic alcohols also underwent the reaction with tetrahydroquinolines at room temperature.

2 tables, 20 ref

000209   GAUTAM A, CHANDRA S (Chemistry Dep, S.G.T.B. Khalsa Coll (Delhi Univ), Delhi - 110 007, Email: gautamarchana98@gmail.com) : Spectral and biological studies of Ni(II), Pd(II), Pt(IV) and Cu(II) complexes with novel azamacrocyclic ligand. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 396-402.

Complexes of Ni(II), Pd(II), Pt(IV) and Cu(II) with a novel azamacrocyclic ligand viz. 5,7,12,14-tetramethyl-1,2,4,8,10,11- hexaazacyclotetradeca-4,7,11,14-tetraene-3,9-dione (L) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibitity, mass spectra, ¹H NMR (L), FT-IR and electronic spectral studies. In molecular modeling, the geometry of ligand (L) was fully optimized with respect to the energy using the 6-31g(d,p) basis set. On the basis of these spectral studies a distorted octahedral geometry was assigned for Ni(II) complex, square planar for Pd(II), octahedral and tetragonal geometry for Pt(IV) and Cu(II) complexes respectively. The ligand and its metal complexes were screened in vitro against some species of bacteria and plant pathogenic fungi. Electrochemical behaviour of nickel and copper complexes were studied by cyclic voltammetry.

8 illus, 6 tables, 43 ref

000162   AL-KHALAF A K H, ABDALI K, MOUSA A O, ZGHAIR M A (Environment Dep, Al-Qasim Green Univ, Al-Qasim, Babylon, Iraq, Email: dralaa_al-khalaf@hotmail.co.uk) : Preparation and structural properties of liquid crystalline materials and its transition metals complexes. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 393-5.

Two ligands have been synthesized from hydrazine and benzidine derivatives. These ligands were mixed with metal ions such as [Cd(II) and Zn(II)] to synthesize liquid crystalline complexes. By using polarizing optical microscopy, these compounds have a liquid crystalline behaviour. The complexes were characterized by physical and chemical techniques such as spectroscopic (UV-visible, FT-IR, X-ray powder diffraction) and molar conductivity. The results show enantiotropy nematic phase (marble and schleiren textures through heating and cooling, respectively) for all compounds. Compounds have polycrystalline amorphous structure with square planar geometry.

4 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

000245   KURDUR S S, THABAJ K A, KULKARNI R M, KULKARNI A D, RENDEDULA D P, MALLADI S A, BELAVI P B (Chemistry Dep, KLS Gogte Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Univ), Belagavi - 590 008, Email: atkiran@gmail.com) : Oxidative degradation of paliperidone using potassium permangnate in acid medium. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 389-92.

Oxidative degradation reactions of paliperidone are studied using potassium permanganate in acidic medium spectrophotometrically. Complete reaction was carried out in pseudo first order condition. The reaction orders were calculated with respect to the paliperidone and acid, the obtained values indicate that these reactant have less than first order dependency on the reaction rate. Oxidation products were identified using LC-MS technique and their m/z values were found to be 207, 221 and 443. Kinetics and the mechanism of the reactions were derived from the results identified. The reactions were studied at four different temperatures with different paliperidone and acid concentrations. The activation and thermodynamic parameters were calculated by graphical method.

2 tables, 24 ref

000281   PRACHI, MUSHTAQ A, NEGI D S (Chemistry Dep, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal (A Central) Univ, Srinagar - 246 174, Email: devendra_negi@yahoo.com) : Green synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Rubia cordifolia. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 385-8.

This work reports the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Rubia cordifolia, characterization and the antibacterial activities against selected pathogenic bacteria. X-ray diffraction showed that the particle are hexagonal wurtzite in nature and average crystallite size is 23.61 nm. The SEM image revealed that the particles are sheets in shape. TEM image indicates that the size is found in the range of 23.45 nm. Further, as-formed zinc oxide nanoparticles revealed significant antibacterial activity against gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and gram positive Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia bacterial strain. The current investigation demonstrates convenient consumption of Rubia cordifolia leaf extract as a fuel for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles through green synthesis method to attain significantly antibacterial activity.

4 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

000166   ALI P J, ELUMALAI S, SATHYA M, MUTHURAMAN G (Chemistry Dep, Madras Univ, Chennai - 600 014, Email: pjalinew@gmail.com) : Recovery and reuse of methylene blue from aqueous solution using phenol as carrier. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 378-84.

Textile industries consume a large quantity of water and generate highly dye contaminated effluents. Textile wastewaters have to be treated or recycled before being discharged. Present work gives a light of extraction, recovery and reuse of methylene blue (MB) a cationic dye; one of the most commonly used substance for dyeing cotton, wood, silk etc., using liquid-liquid extraction method. Even though methylene blue is not only strongly hazardous, it shows some health problems like increased heart rate on acute exposure, shock, vomiting, Heinz body formation, etc. Extraction of methylene blue was carried out using phenol and xylene as carrier and diluent respectively in this work. It was found that extraction increased by increasing the pH of the feed solution and concentration of the carrier. The extracted dye was stripped using acetic acid and found stripping efficiency, increased with increase of acid concentration. More than 99 % dye was extracted with 0.9 mol of phenol and extracted dye was stripped 99 % with 8 N acetic acid. Factors like initial dye concentration, temperature, contact time, the effect of pH, aqueous to organic phase ratio, various stripping agents and different diluents were investigated. Stripped dye and used carrier were reused. FT-IR technique was used to check the reusability of stripped dye.

6 illus, 7 tables, 54 ref

000170   ANBUSELVAN C (Chemistry Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar - 608 002, Email: cas_amu@yahoo.co.in) : A green synthesis, molecular docking and cytotoxicity of (e)-1-(4-(difluoromethoxy)-2-hydroxybenzylidene) semicarbazide. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 373-7.

A green, one-pot three-components reaction of (E)-1-(4-(difluoromethoxy)-2-hydroxybenzylidene) semicarbazide has been designed, synthesized and characterized by elemental, FT-IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data. The cytotoxic activities of the synthesized compound were evaluated by MTT assay in human cancer cell lines. Docking studies of 3-substituted indolin-2-one scaffolds on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) involved in cell proliferation and angiogenesis was performed. Based on the ligand efficiency indices, Schiff bases may be regarded as efficient candidates for further molecular developments of anticancer agents. The molecule is useful in sensing and drug-carrying applications.

3 illus, 4 tables, 35 ref

000253   MANDLE U M, DHALE L A, GANURE K A, SHINDE B L, LOHAR K S (Chemistry Dep, Shrikrishna Mahavidyalaya, Gunjoti - 413 606, Email: kslohar@rediffmail.com) : Infrared spectroscopy and elastic properties of copper substituted nickel zinc ferrite. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 367-72.

Nanocrystalline copper substituted nickel zinc ferrites with composition, Ni_0.5Cu_xZn_0.5-xFe₂O₄ (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion technique. All the precursors sintered at 400 ºC for 4 h. The stoichiometry and single phase cubic spinel structure confirmed from EDAX and XRD patterns, respectively. Morphology studied by SEM technique. Infrared spectrum of prepared samples investigated at room temperature in the range of 800-300 cm^-1. Three major IR absorption bands of tetrahedral frequency in the range of 578-551 cm^-1, octahedral frequency in the range of 422-406 cm^-1 and ν₃ in the range of 352.08 to 325.01 cm^-1 observed. The stiffness constant (C₁₁ and C₁₂), elastic moduli, such as Young′s modulus, rigidity modulus, Poisson′s ratio and Debye temperature were determined from IR and structural data. The stiffness constant (C₁₁ and C₁₂) and elastic moduli decreases while Debye temperature increases with copper substitution.

7 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

000167   ALNAGGAR G, RAKSHA K R, ANANDA S (Studies in Chemistry Dep, Mysore Univ, Manasagangotri, Mysore - 570 006, Email: snananda@yahoo.com) : Electrochemical synthesis of large area MoO₂ nanosheets and their photocatalytic activity. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 360-6.

Monoclinic molybdenum dioxide (MoO₂) nanosheets have been successfully synthesized by a simple electrochemical method. The as prepared MoO₂ was used as a photocatalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of Indigo carmine dye under various experimental conditions and also as oxygen evaluation catalyst for the decomposition of potassium permanganate. Initially, as-prepared MoO₂ was characterized by different techniques namely, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy FE-SEM, UV-visible and FT-IR techniques, so as to study and revealed the morphological, structural, functional and optical properties. The results revealed that photocatalyst has nanosheets morphology with thickness less than 10 nm and it has also monoclinic crystal structure with an average crystallite size of 27 nm. The optical properties studies showed that band gap (E_g) value of MoO₂ (3.85 eV) lies in the UV region and can be a suitable candidate for UV light photocatalytic application. In addition, the experimental results revealed an excellent photocatalytic performance of MoO₂ in the degradation of Indigo carmine under UV light irradiation and also for the decomposition of KMnO₄ by oxygen evaluation reaction.

7 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

000218   HASSAN M K, KHUDHAIR A F (Chemistry Dep, Kerbala Univ, Karbala, Iraq, Email: ahmedfadhilkhudhair@gmail.com) : Analysis and cloud point extraction of trace copper (II) in urine of occupational workers. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 353-9.

For pre-concentration, cloud-point extraction method is used to extract and determine the trace amount of copper element present in urine samples and analyzed by using UV-visible spectrophotometry and flame atomic absorption spectrometry techniques, when copper reacted with salicylaldoxime by using Triton X-114 as non-ionic surfactant to form the complex. The most important factors studied in present work are the order of additions, pH values, the concentration of salicylaldoxime, temperature and appropriate time of extraction process. Other factors studied were the effect of types and concentration of Triton X-114 as non-ionic surfactant. The scatter curve was in the range of 0.50-16.00 µg/L with r² = 0.9979 for UV-visible spectrophotometer (λ_max = 380 nm). The LOD was 0.103 µg/L. The RSD for six replicates was found to be 4.917 %. This method was applied successfully to determine copper(II) contents in 44 urine samples of occupational workers.

9 illus, 13 tables, 25 ref

000171   ARCHANA S, MUNISAMY M (Chemistry Dep, Veltech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technol, Avadi, Chennai - 600 062, Email: drsarchana@veltech.edu.in) : Photoluminescence properties of polyphenylenediamine doped with TiO₂ nanoparticles. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 343-7.

A series of poly(o-phenylenediamine) doped with TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization method using ferric chloride as an oxidant. The structural, morphological and optical properties were investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM), FTIR, UV-visible, photoluminescence spectroscopies. It was found that the photoluminescence spectra of polymer nanocomposites emit radiation at 540 nm which corresponds to the emission of green light. The polymer and its nanocomposites exhibit interesting concentration-dependent optical properties.

8 illus, 22 ref

000268   NGUYEN D T, NGUYEN T N P, NGUYEN D C, HO V T T, ISLAM M R, LIM K T, BACH L G (Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Email: blgiangntt@gmail.com) : A robust modification of SiO₂ nanoparticles by poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 337-42.

An effortless and efficient method for the alteration of SiO₂ nanoparticles by poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA) has been developed. Initially, a strategic atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator was anchored to SiO₂ nanoparticles surface via coupling reaction followed by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of HEMA successfully afforded chemically grafted PHEMA to SiO₂ nanoparticles (PHEMA-g-SiO₂). We used XPS, FT-IR and EDS analyses for confirming the covalent immobilization of PHEMA onto SiO₂ nanoparticles. TGA/DSC and zeta potentials measurements were used for determining the thermal and surface charge features of the nanocomposites, respectively.

6 illus, 41 ref

000169   ANBUSELVAN C (Chemistry Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar - 608 002, Email: cas_amu@yahoo.co.in) : Synthesis, spectral and antimicrobial studies of ((3e,4e)-3,4-bis((pyridinyl)methyleneamino)phenyl)(phenyl)methanones. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 333-6.

A series of ((3E,4E)-3,4-bis((pyridin-2-yl)methyleneamino)phenyl)(phenyl)methanone compounds (1-3) were synthesized by a simple one-step condensation reaction of pyridinyl compounds. The synthesized compounds 1-3 were characterized by elemental, FTIR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data. From IR and NMR spectra, the characteristic frequencies were assigned and the data used for confirmation of the formation pyridinyl methylene amino. All the compounds were screened for their preliminary antibacterial and antifungal activities. The antimicrobial activity of pyridinyl methylene amino and Schiff bases of pyridinyl substituted compounds were investigated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus mutans. Gram-negative bacteria (Proteus vulgaris, E. coli, Salmonella typhi) and Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis (fungi). The results indicated that the antimicrobial activity of Schiff bases was stronger than that of pyridinyl compounds and dependent on the substituent group. The pyridinyl substituted compounds 1 and 2 show good antibacterial activity against their bacterial strains within the agreed mm of zone of inhibition. The compounds 1 and 2 substituted pyridinyl also showed good antifungal activities against their fungal strains.

4 tables, 39 ref

000230   KARAM F F, ALABADI L A S, AL-JIBURY D A (Chemistry Dep, Al-Qadisiyah Univ, Qadisiyyah Province, Iraq, Email: faiq.karam@qu.edu.iq) : Levels and distribution of trace metals in surface soils of Al-Diwaniya, Iraq. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 327-32.

In this work, monitoring of monthly variation (from May 2016 to October 2016) in the concentration of the metals (Co, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni and Fe) from Al-Diwaniya city of Iraq. Investigation about the pollution with these metals was achieved from five selected sites locate in study area by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results showed a wide variation in the levels of heavy metals from site to site and from month to month. A total of 180 surface soil samples were analyzed to detecting the pollution with selected samples. The results showed that the highest concentration with Ni was 6.290 mg kg^-1 while the lowest concentration detected with Ni was 0.080 mg kg^-1. The results of pollution index (enrichment factor, contamination factor, pollution load index and geo-accumulation) of heavy metals (Co, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni) had the following order: Zn > Cd > Ni > Pb > Co.

1 illus, 6 tables, 48 ref

000244   KUMARI B V, SUBBARAO M, RAJU P V S M (Chemistry Dep, Acharya Nagarjuna Univ, Nagarjuna Nagar - 522 510, Email: vijaya.aknu@rediffmail.com) : Assessment of chemical and microbial contaminations of water in mangrove region of East Godavari district of India. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 321-6.

The mangroves region in East Godavari region of India has its significance and existing as an ecosystem. Anthropogenic activities in the surrounding areas influence the quality of surface as well as ground waters in this region as such there will be a threat to the environment. The present study is focused in characterizing the surface and ground waters to assess the influence of surface waters on ground water quality. Surface and ground water samples were collected from Chollangi mangrove region and characterized for physico-chemical parameters viz., pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), calcium and magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate and phosphate. The metal ion concentrations were also analyzed by ICP-MS technique. The irrigation parameters like percent sodium (% Na), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Kelly's ratio (KR) and magnesium hazard (MH) were determined. The results revealed that the higher value of all the parameters are due to the hectic interactions of surface waters with ground waters, which are a significant cause for contamination of ground waters in the study area. Lower concentrations of metal ions indicate the absence of metal toxicity in waters. However, higher level of magnesium hazard can deplete the soil quality. The presence of bacteria like Pseudomonas spp, E. coli and Bacillus spps can also cause severe health hazards.

7 tables, 9 ref

000263   NADA K B, KHALAF H S, AL-DULAIMY Z A H, AHMED M F, HAMMODI A S (Chemistry Dep, Baghdad Univ, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: husam250@yahoo.com) : Determination of chemicals and its isotopic composition in Tigris River, Iraq. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 317-20.

Stable isotope (δ¹⁸O, δD) values were determined along with the chemical compositions at 10 different locations along the Tigris river between Baghdad-Ammara cities of Iraq. The physico-chemical parameters and isotopic data were measured. The sampling site represents 34 % of total Tigris river in the republic of Iraq. The systematically increased in values of stable isotope as move from the downstream of the river and the most significantly appears at Kut lake. This increase occurs as a result of several factors, viz. (a) evaporation occurs low water level in the river and its tributaries, and (b) return flow water to the river from irrigation water in groundwater systems. The change in ion distribution and in the isotopic values related directly with the outcome from the groundwater and sewage station's water.

4 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

000257   MESRAR M, LAMCHARFI T, ECHATOUI N S, ABDI F, AHJYAJE F Z (Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah Univ, B.P. 2202, Fes, Morocco, Email: nor-said.echatoui@usmba.ac.ma) : Hydrothermal synthesis of oxide and carbonate powders of (1-x)(Na_0.5Bi_0.5)TiO_3-xBaTiO₃ ceramics. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 309-16.

In this study, the synthesis of ferroelectric (1-x)(Na_0.5Bi_0.5)TiO_3-xBaTiO₃ ceramics have been successfully prepared via a hydrothermal process, using bismuth oxide and barium carbonate. The characterization is done using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Raman spectroscopy and dielectric measurements. The XRD patterns recorded at room temperature confirmed the formation of a single phase with rhombohedral structure. There is a transformation in crystal structure from rhombohedral to coexistence of rhombohedral and tetragonal to a single tetragonal phase with the increase in BaTiO₃ concentration in basic (1-x)(Na_0.5Bi_0.5)TiO_3-x-BaTiO₃ composition. From SEM microscopy, the particle sizes are estimated in the range of 5-24 µm. The analysis of both Raman and the spectral deconvolution data of our samples also indicated the distortion of (1-x)(Na_0.5Bi_0.5)TiO_3-xBaTiO₃ lattice with the addition of Ba²⁺ ion. Rietveld refinement method allows us to verify the morphotropic phase boundary at x = 0.05-0.07. The dielectric properties of the solid solution increase with a rise in Ba-TiO₃ content and shows optimum value at x = 0.07 owing to the co-existence of two ferroelectric phases. Based on these results, it is proved that morphotropic phase boundary in the studied system is included in the composition x = 0.05 and 0.07.

8 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

000216   HAMDIANI S, ROHIMAH I H, NURYONO N, PURWOKO A A, SAVALAS L R T, HADISAPUTRA S (Chemistry Education Div, Mataram Univ, Lombok 83125, Indonesia, Email: rizal@unram.ac.id) : Ab initio study of corrosion inhibition performance of dibenzo-diaza-15-crown-5 and its heterocyclic analogs. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 303-8.

The corrosion inhibition efficiency of dibenzo-diaza-15-crown-5 (N) and its heterocyclic analogs containing O, S, and P atoms were investigated by ab initio MP2 calculations in aqueous phase. Heteroatoms have a significant role in the corrosion inhibition performance of the studied systems. The geometry parameter shows that the decrease of bond length corresponds to the increase of heteroatom covalent radius. It was revealed that phosphorus more easily donates its electrons to iron than other heteroatoms. Quantum parameters such as high occupied molecular orbital energies (E_HOMO) and the fraction of electrons transferred (∆N) have a linear relationship with inhibition efficiencies (IE %). Analysis of second order interaction energies showed the highest back-donation contribution of metal to phosphorus. Theoretical calculations shows that corrosion inhibition increases in the sequence of oxygen < nitrogen < sulfur < phosphorus.

3 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

000258   MIRYALA J, MORTHAD M, BATTU S (Chemistry Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad - 500 007, Email: satyambchem@yahoo.co.in) : Green synthesis approaches of 2-bromo-4-methyl thiazole5-carboxamide derivatives as potent microbial agents. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 297-302.

As a part of our ongoing research in the development of new, selective and environmental friendly methodologies, herein we report a new series of 2-bromo-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxamide derivatives using polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400) as a solvent. All the newly synthesized compounds were screened to their in vitro antimicrobial activities and all the compounds exhibited remarkable growth inhibition of wide spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. Molecular docking was done performed computational software GOLD (Genetic algorithm based, flexible ligand, partial flexibility for protein).

1 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

000343   UTOMO M P, SHOBIRIN M, PRODJOSANTOSO A K (Chemistry Dep, Yogyakarta State Univ, Yogyakarta, DIY 55281, Indonesia, Email: pranjoto_utomo@uny.ac.id) : Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of β-Ca_2-xZn_xSiO₄ (x = 0, 0.01 and 0.025). Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 293-6.

The compound of β-Ca₂SiO₄ has been considered as one of the important portand cement components. The existence of metals in the cement raw materials causes β-Ca_2-xM_xSiO₄ formation possibility. The β-Ca_2-xZnxSiO₄ (x = 0, 0.01 and 0.025) has been prepared and characterized, and aplied for degradation of Congo red. The samples were synthesized by heating stoichiometric amounts of Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, CaCO₃ and SiO₂ at 950 ºC for 4 h followed by air quenching. The samples were characterized by using XRD, SEM, EDA and UV-visible spectroscopic methods. The XRD patterns indicate that the samples are isomorphous with β-Ca₂SiO₄. The SEM micrographs depicted the aggregated irregular shape particles having size about 0.2 µm. The EDA measurements revealed that the bulk compositions of materials are as expected. The doping of zinc increases the E_g of the sample and decreases the photocatalytic power for degradation of Congo red under sunlight.

6 illus, 21 ref

000190   CHANDRAKALA M (Chemistry Dep, Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 560 004, Email: mchandrakala.kum@gmail.com) : Hydrolysis of -N=CH- Bond in 2-Salicylidene-4-aminophenyl benzimidazole by Palladium(II). Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 287-92.

The Schiff base, 2-salicylidene-4-aminophenyl benzimidazole (I, SAPbzlH) in ethanolic medium reacts with palladium(II) in acidic medium (HCl/HBr) and coordinated SAPbzlH undergoes hydrolysis at -N=CH- bond to yield salicylaldehyde and square planar complexes having composition [Pd(C₁₃H₁₁N₃)₂X₂]·2HX (II) (X = Cl, Br). The obtained complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, atomic absorption spectra, infrared, electronic and extensive utility of NMR. Possible mechanism for the hydrolysis of coordinated 2- salicylidene-4-aminophenyl benzimidazole (SAPbzlH) has been proposed.

10 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

000208   FOLANE S A, PAITHANKAR K S, DESHMUKH V B, SHELKE U N, IYYER S B, GADE V K (Physics Research Center Dep, Ahmednagar Coll, Ahmednagar - 414 001, Email: paithankar86@gmail.com) : Amperometric detection of urea by polyaniline and poly(o-anisidine) film under galvanostatic method: A comparative study. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 283-6.

The growth mechanism of polyaniline (PANI) and poly(O-anisidine) (POA) with supporting electrolyte HClO₄ on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate has been investigated. The polymer film of PANI and POA deposited on indium tin oxide substrate have been synthesized by electrochemical polymerization method under galvanostatic condition in aqueous solution with supporting electrolyte HClO₄ at 27 ºC. To compare the amperometric response of PANI and POA film on aurease enzyme in conventional sensor, the organized materials were characterized by analytical techniques such as UV-visible, FTIR and FE-SEM analyses. The performance of developed sensor was evaluated and the obtained urea biosensor exhibited shorter response time (3 s), wider range 1 × 10^-9 to 9 ×10^-9 M and the detection limit found to be 1 × 10^-9 M. About 80 % of enzyme activity is retained for about 40 days. Modified sensor gives better result by polyaniline than poly(O-anisidine) sensor.

7 illus, 9 ref

000242   KUMAR A, KAMBOJ M (Chemistry Dep, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra - 136 119, Email: akumarchem@kuk.ac.in) : Quantitation of vitamin E in pharmaceutical formulations and oil samples using spectrophotometric method. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 279-82.

A novel, rapid and facile procedure is described for the determination of vitamin E. It involves the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) with vitamin E that results the formation of pink colored complex of reduced Fe(II) with dimethyl glyoxime in presence of pyridine in pH range between 6.5-7.2. The absorbance of the complex was measured at 512 nm. Beer′s law was obeyed in the range 2.0 to 5.2 µg/mL of vitamin E with molar absorptivity of 1.23 × 10⁴ L mol^-1 cm^-1 and the Sandell′s sensitivity was 0.0351 µg/cm² . The coefficient of determination was r² = 0.997 with the relative standard deviation 1.1 %. The various factors which affect the resulting complex were optimized to obtain maximum absorption. The proposed method is satisfactorily utilized for pure as well as various dosage forms of vitamin E in pharmaceutical formulations which contains common reductants by pre-treatment of the samples.

3 illus, 6 tables, 29 ref

000160   AGNIHOTRI N, AKHTAR S, RATHI P, KAUR N (Chemistry Dep, Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed to be Univ, Mullana, Ambala - 133 207, Email: nivagni11@gmail.com) : Extraction, spectrophotometric determination of tungsten(VI) with 3-Hydroxy-2-[1′-phenyl-3′-(p-methylphenyl)-4'-pyrazolyl]-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran as chelating agent and its in situ computational studies. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 275-8.

A simple, fast, selective and sensitive method is developed for the microdetermination of tungsten(VI) with 3-hydroxy-2-[1′-phenyl-3′- (p-methylphenyl)-4′-pyrazolyl]-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran (HPMPPB). The reagent forms a 1:4 (M:L) yellow complex in HCl medium which is extractable into chloroform and exhibits maximum absorbance at 415-430 nm. The Beer′s law holds good in tungsten(VI) concentration range of 0.0-2.0 µg mL^-1 with molar extinction coefficient and Sandell′s sensitivity of 9.936 × 10⁴ dm³ mol^-1 cm^-1 and 0.0019 µg W cm^-2, respectively at 420 nm . The proposed method is free from the interference of a large number of analytically important elements and shown to give satisfactory results in the analysis of various synthetic and industrial samples of varying composition.

2 illus, 6 tables, 20 ref

000181   BHAMARE V S, KULKARNI R M (Chemistry Dep, KLS Gogte Institute of Technology (Autonomous), Belagavi - 590 008, Email: vbhamare37@gmail.com) : Kinetics and mechanistic investigation of Ru(III) catalyzed oxidative degradation of linezolid by permanganate at environmentally relevant pH. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 268-74.

The influences of [permanganate], [linezolid], [Ru³⁺], pH, temperature, ionic strength, solvent polarity, etc. on the rates of uncatalyzed and Ru³⁺ catalyzed oxidative degradation of linezolid by Mn⁷⁺ were investigated at environmentally relevant pH. The increase in [permanganate], [linezolid] and temperature increases the rates of uncatalyzed and catalyzed reactions. It is observed from the calculated pH dependent second order constants that the rate of reaction decreases with increase in pH from 3.0 to 9.0. The values of apparent second order rate constants are 12 times faster in the presence of Ru³⁺. Four degraded products of linezolid were identified with the help of HRMS data. Based on kinetic and HR-MS data, a plausible catalytic mechanism was proposed. In this mechanism, Ru³⁺ acts as an electron shuttle and was oxidized by Mn⁷⁺ to the higher oxidation states of ruthenium such as Ru⁶⁺ and Ru⁷⁺. Activation parameters were determined and discussed.

7 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

000201   DINESHA H E, MANTELINGU K (Chemistry Dep, Mysore Univ, Mysore - 560 002, Email: kmlingu@gmail.com) : Novel synthesis of hexahydrochromeno[4,3-b]pyrrolo[2,1-α]isoquinolines via C-H functionalization. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 261-7.

In present work, an efficient and direct method for the synthesis of hexahydrochromeno[4,3-b]pyrrolo[2,1-$\mathrm{\alpha }$]isoquinolines is reported. This method involves ®T3P mediated oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes followed by [3+2] cycloaddition to afford hexahydrochromeno[4,3-b]- pyrrolo[2,1-$\mathrm{\alpha }$]isoquinolines with good yields.

1 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

000337   THUMULA S (Science and Humanities Dep, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad - 501301, Email: swathimahesh2002@gmail.com) : Eco-friendly synthesis of 2-(3H-Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl)-N-phenylbenzamides. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 255-60.

Eco-friendly synthesis of 2-(3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl)-N-phenylbenzamide derivatives from diethylphthalate, anilines and pyridine2,3-diamine was described by one-pot three component method via green approaches. Phosphoric acid has been used as an effective catalyst for this kind of one-pot three component reaction. This reaction takes short time, easy workup and gives excellent yields in glycerol medium.

1 table, 14 ref

000345   VIJAYANAND S, KHALID M (Life Sciences Dep, Kristu Jayanti Coll (Autonomous), Bengaluru - 560 077, Email: vijayanand78bio@rediffmail.com) : Study of Brassica oleracea as natural alternative to synthetic indicator. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(2), 251-4.

This study was carried out to screen indicator property of Brassica oleracea extracts which forms a natural alternative to chemical indicator. Phytochemical analysis of Brassica oleracea extracts revealed the presence of 9 phytochemical constituents. Further the extracts were screened for indicator property. Then natural indicator obtained from the extracts was also screened for estimations apart from regular acid-base titrations. In addition, natural indicator was also used to develop pH strips for determining the pH of commercial sample which includes colour change of pH strips shows significant result at different pH and may be used to measure pH of wide range of sample.

1 illus, 6 tables, 11 ref