000187   Sarkar I;Ramesh Chander (Earth Sci Dep, Indian Institute of Technol, Roorkee-247 667) : A simulation of earthquake induced undrained pore pressure changes with bearing on some soil liquefaction observations following the 2001 Bhuj earthquake. Proc Indian Acad Sci-Earth Planet Sci 2003, 112, 471-7.

The Bhuj earthquake of January 26th, 2001, induced wide spread liquefaction within the Kachch peninsula. It has been pointed out that inundation due to soil liquefaction was short lived in some parts than in others in the affected region. Several geological, seismological and hydrological factors would have cuulatively contributed to these observed changes. Undrained or short-term changes in pore pressure in a poroelastic half space have been simulated in response to a simplified model of the Bhuj earthquake source. It has been found that the region of relatively shorter lived inundation due to soil liquefaction may fall in the region where pore pressure responsible for soil liquefaction attributable to strong ground shaking was counteracted by pore pressure changes due to undrained poroelastic effect and vice versa

2 illus, 23 ref

000186   Ram Babu;Dhyani B L;Nirmal Kumar;Tamradhwaj (NO, Central Soil & Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, Dehradun-248 195) : Rainfall intensity-duration-return period equations and nomographs of Andhra Pradesh. Indian J Dryland agric Res Dev 2001, 17(1), 63-73.

Rainfall intensity-duration-return period equations and nomographs for various stations are required for design of soil conservation and runof disposal structures and in plannning flood control projects. Such relationship and nomographs for the state of Andhra Pradesh were developed during 1979 only for two stations (namely Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam) due to non-availability of recording rainfall data at many stations. Now, long period self recording rainfall data for 22 stations of Andhra Pradesh state have been obtained from Indian Meteorological Department, Pune. Based on this data, the intensity-duration-return period equations and nomographs for all the 22 locations have been developed and discussed along with the general equation and nomograph for the state of Andhra Pradesh.

6 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

000185   Raju S;Rastogi S P (Geological Survey of India, , Northern Region, Lucknow) : Resource revaluation of black granite in parts of southern Uttar Pradesh. J Mines Metals Fuels 2003, 51(4-5), 181-8.

Summarises the potential of black granite prospects in Bundelkhand Granitoid Complex and classifies the available resource into A, B and C grades based on field and laboratory parameters. The total resource evaluated above ground level is about 9.5 Mm³ and that including 10 m below ground level is about 18.55 Mm³. It is hoped that this survey will open new possibilities of development of black granite in Bundelkhand area.

5 illus, 6 tables, 13 ref

000184   Prasad V B;Kanungo U S;Varma B K;Kuldeep Chandra;Zutsi P L (KDMIPE, ONGC, Dehradun-248 001) : Sub-surface morphology of thrust planes in Jawalamukhi area, Himachal Pradesh. Himalayan Geol 2000, 21(1-2), 153-65.

Morphology of the Jawalamukhi thrust (JMT) and Johr thrust in the Jawalamukhi area has been interpreted using seismic and deep well data. The analysis suggests that the JMT is haeding due northeast and is gentler than the Johr thrust. Thrust splays are observed along with a few steep angle faults. The thrust slices associated with the JMT are superimposed on the Johr thrust. Both thrusts characterize an overall `ramp' type of morphology. The areal extent of the JMT plane varies from 9 to 13 km and that of the Johr thrust from 7 to 12 km. Both of these thrust planes are steep along their north and south extensions compared to the central part. The thrust planes also show imbrictions along with warping in the Dharmsala succession. The decollment surface could be within the Lower Dharmsala or below, the data is not clear about the same. The study confirms that the thrust belt areas may be amenable to seismic data acquistion and interpretation, if the logistic problems are overcome properly.

9 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

000183   Patnaik R (Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160 014) : Siwalik murid rodents : Origin and dispersal. Himalayan Geol 2000, 21(1-2), 145-51.

Murids (rats and mice) which are found all over the world today, originated in the Siwaliks of the Indian subcontinent some 12.75 m.y. ago. The oldest known Siwalik murid Antemus chinjiensis arose from a cricetid Potwarmus primitivus of the Chinji Formation, Potwar Plateau. Though man is responsible for their present day distribution, Progonomys began its journey some 11 m.y. ago from the Indian subcontinent to reach Europe, Africa and China. Till the Uppermost Miocene, Siwalik murids were not very diverse and were represented only by three identifiable taxa viz., Mus, Karnimata and Parapelomys. This was the time when Mus or an ancestor of the genus Mus migrated westwards to appear in Afghanistan and later in Kenya, Ethiopia and Morocco. The Late Miocene gerbillid Abudhabia from Abu Dhabi, UAE. Spread eastwards to reach Kabul, Afghanistan (Lowermost Pliocene) and Moginand, Himachal Pradesh, India around 4 m.y. ago. Dilatomys (the first hypsodont murid) of the Early Pliocene, Kabul also used the same route to reach Moginand, where Golunda and Cremnomys made their first appearance. At round late Pliocene Golunda and Mus Migrated to the Karewa Basin of Kashmir. The six migration events indicate that there was no major physical or climatological barrier to prevent intermingling of murids and gerbillids between Africa and India from Late Miocene to Upper Pleistocene.

4 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

000182   Pastor A;Serdobintsev P;Kozlov A;Johnson M S (Institute of Physics, St Petersburg State University, ul. Ul'yanovskaya 1, Peterhof, 198904 Russia) : The rate of formation of ozone via Herzberg excitation of <. Asian Chem Lett 2003, 7(2), 135-141.

Describes the results of experiments undertaken to determine the effect of isotopic substitution on the rate of formation of ozone in a bath gas of molecular oxygen, upon ultraviolet laser irradiation at 248 nm. The observed effect is explained by a combination of two processes. In the first, ozone is generated by a multi-step mechanism beginning with excitation of the molecular oxygen isotopologue in the Herzberg band, below the dissociation threshold. In the second autocatalytic process, the ozone in the cell generated in the first process is photolysed, generating more ozone. The rate of ozone formation is seen to vary according to the isotopic identity of the oxygen bath gas, and the system pressure.

000181   Nath S K;Sengupta P;Srivastav S K; Bhattacharya S N;Dattatrayam R S;Prakash R;Gupta H V (Geology and Geophysics Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Estimation of S-wave site response in and around Delhi region from weak motion data. Proc Indian Acad Sci-Earth Planet Sci 2003, 112, 441-62.

Site response in an around Delhi is studied using digital seismograms recorded by a thirteen station VSAT-based 24-bit digital Delhi telemetry network of the India Meteorological Department. Nine local (M_l≥ 2.3) and nine regional (M_l ≥ 3.9) earthquakes are selected for the estimation of site amplification factor using the classical standard spectral ratio for regional events (Ridge Delhi Observatory being the reference station), normalized standard spectral ratio for local events, horizontal-to-vertical ratio or receiver function and the generalized inversion techniques in the frequency range of 0.5 to 7.5 Hz. Site response curves at all the thirteen stations exhibit station to station variation of the site amplification factor reflecting the changes in geologic/geotectonic/soil conditions. A comparison of the site response values obtained by the generalized inversion with those computed using receiver function technique shows a large scatter even though the pattern of the curves remain more or less similar. However, the site effects computed by generalized inversion and standard spectral ratio exhibit a good 1:1 correspondence. The peaks yielded by all the methods have been observed to occur at the same frequencies. It is evident that the softer fluvial deposits of the newer alluvium of the east Yamuna sector show steeper site amplification gradient at lower frequencies, while the greater Delhi experiences moderate

10 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

000180   Narayan J P (Earthquake Engineering Dep, Indian Inst Technol, Roorkee-247 667) : 2.5D simulation of basin-edge effects on the ground motion characteristics. Proc Indian Acad Sci-Earth Planet Sci 2003, 112, 463-9.

The effects of basin-edge and soil velocity on the ground motion characteristics have been simulated using 2.5D modeling. One of the most significant advantages of the 2.5D simulation is that 3D radiation pattern can be generated in a 2D numerical grid using double-couple shear dislocation source. Further, 2.5D numerical modeling avoids the extensive computational cost of 3D modeling. The responses of basin-edge model using different soil velocities revealed that surface waves were generated near the edge of the basin and propagated normal to the edge, towards the basin. Further, the results depict increase of amplification, duration and surface wave generation with the decrease in soil velocity.

5 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

000179   Misra K S;Bhutani R;Sonp R (Geological Survey of India, , Alandi Road, Pune-6) : Aftershocks of 26th January 2001 Bhuj earthquake and seismotectonics of the Kuchch region. Proc Indian Acad Sci-Earth Planet Sci 2003, 112, 385-90.

The 26th January 2001 Bhuj earthquake was followed by intense aftershock activity. Aftershock data from United States Geological Survey (USGS) utilized in this study encompasses three months period from 26th January to 26th April 2001. Epicenters of the aftershock are plotted on a map depicting active faults. All the aftershocks of magnitude <62> 5 and 70% of those ranging between magnitude 3 and 5 are confined to an area resembling a horseshoe pattern with a pointed end towards NE. The other 20% of magnitude 3 to 5 are enclosed within an almost parallel boundary. Only 10% are found to be beyond this limiting boundary. 50% of the recorded after shocks took place within the first week of the main event and this study reveals that the basic characteristic pattern of aftershock activity can be determined on the basis of the data of only one week. Four major NW-SE trending active faults are mapped in the Kutch region. They define the western limit of Cambay structure and also mark the western limit of Dharangadhra and Wadhwan basins along the SE continuation in Saurashtra. These faults separate the Kutch region into two geologically different blocks. On the SW side the mapped horseshoe pattern gets characteristially truncated along the western most fault, which is characterized by a strike-slip movement in the south and vertical movement in the north.

2 illus, 5 ref

000178   Mathur N S;Juyal K P (Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, , Dehradun-248 001) : Palaeontological evidence for the upheaval history of western Himalaya during the palaeogene. Himalayan Geol 2000, 21(1-2), 109-31.

Biostratigraphic analysis of the uppermost Cretaceous to lower palaeogene successions of the Indus and Zanksar Tethyan zones of the Ladakh region as well as of the Himalayan foothills belt of the western Himalaya indicates progressive southward withdrawal of the Tethys sea. The regression of the tethys from the Indus zone took place in the beginning of the Late Ypresian, from the Zanskar Tethyan zone towards the end Ypresian and from the Himalayan foothills belt in the Early Luterian times. It led to the development of continental conditions in these zones. Data suggest that regession of the sea in these times from the various belts was due to phased tectonic upheaval of the Himalaya during initial stages of the Himalayan Orogeny.

14 illus, 3 tables, 56 ref

000177   Lindsay E H;Downs W R (Dept of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ-85721) : Age assessment of the Chitarwata formation. Himalayan Geol 2000, 21(1-2), 99-107.

The Chitarwata Formation is a near-shore, primarily terrestrial, 400 m thick sequence of clastic fossiliferous sediments located in the Baluchistan and southwestern Punjab provinces of Pakistan. It is underlain by the marine Kirthar Formation and is overlain by the terrestrial Vihowa Formation. The Chitarwata Formation represents a sedimentary record of the transition from marine to terrestrial deposition along the passive southern margin of the Indo-Pakistan crustal block subsequent to its collision with the Asian continental crust. The Chitarwata Formation has produced the Bugti mammal and the Baluchimyine rodent faunas from the Dera Bugti area of Baluchistan, and the Zinda Pir Done mammal fauna from the Dera Ghazi Khan area of southern Punjab.

5 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

000176   Kishor Kumar (Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, , 33, General Mahadeo Singh Road, Dehradun-248 001) : Correlation of continental eocene vertebrate localities of the Indian Subcontinent. Himalayan Geol 2000, 21(1-2), 63-85.

The continental Eocene vertebrates in the Ghazij, Mami Khel, Kuldana (Pakistan), and Subathu (India) successions are exposd on both sides of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis. These localities are in the Outer Himalaya along the Main boundary Thrust (MBT) from Barbora Banda (Kohat District, North-west Frontier Province, Pakistan) in the west through Kalakot (Rajauri District, Jammu and Kashmir, India) to Subathu (Solan District, Himachal Pradesh, India) in the east. Some of the continental Eocene mammal localities, viz., Sor Range-Deghari Coalfield area and Shahrig-Nakus in the Quetta District of Pakistan fall beyond the Outer Himalayan belt. These localities indicate broadly similarly depositional environment but are lithologically dissimilar and have yielded variously dominating vertebrate fauna. This led several workers to suggest that from west to east these localities may be diachronous. The available data on lithiostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and taphonomy revealed that most of the continental Eocene vertebrate localities in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent are contemporaneous and of an early Middle Eocene age. However, some localities to the west particularly the Sor Range-Deghari Coalfield area, Shahrig-Nakus and Barbora Banda are older (Early Eocene) than the rest of the Jozara locality situated north of Barbora Banda in Pakistan is the youngest. The faunal variations are due to differing taphonomy and paloeecology. The absence of certain forms may be due to in a de quate sampling.j

5 illus, 6 tables

000175   Jade S et al (CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation, , Bangalore-560 037) : Pre-seismic, co-seismic and post-seismic displacements associated with the Bhuj 2001 earthquake derived from recent and historic geodetic data. Proc Indian Acad Sci-Earth Planet Sci 2003, 112, 331-45.

The 26th January 2001 Bhuj earthquake occurred in the Kachchh Rift Basin which has a long history of major earthquakes. Great Triangulation Survey points (GTS) were first installed in the area in 1856-60 and some of these were measured using Global Positioning System (GPS) in the months of February and July 2001. Despite uncertainties associated with repairs and possible reconstruction of points in the past century, the re-measurements reveal pre-seismic, co-seismic and post-seismic deformation related to Bhuj earthquake. More than 25 μ-stain contraction north of the epicenter appears to have occurred in the past 140 years corresponding to a linear convergence rate of approximately 10 mm/yr across the Rann of Kachchh. Motion of a single point at Jamnagar 150 km south of the epicenter in the 4 years prior to the earthquake, and GTS-GPS displacements in Kathiawar suggests that pre-seismic strain south of the epicenter was small and differs insignificantly from that measured elsewhere in India. Of the 20 points measured within 150 km of the epicenter, 12 were made at existing GTS points which revealed epicentral displacements of up to 1 m, and strain changes exceeding 30μ-strain. Observed displacements are consistent with reverse co-seismic slip. Re-measurements in July 2001 of one GTS pint (Hathria) and eight new points established in February reveal post-seismic deformation consistent with continued slip on the Bhuj rupture zone.

5 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

000174   Hough S E;Martin S;Bilham R;Atkinson G M (United States Geological Survey, , California) : A media-based assessment of damage and ground motions from the January 26th, 2001 M 7.6 India, Bhuj earthquake. Proc Indian Acad Sci-Earth Planet Sci 2003, 112, 353-73.

News and internet accounts of damage and other effects from the 26th January, 2001, Bhuj earthquake have been compiled to obtain modified Mercalli intensities at over 200 locations throughout the Indian subcontinent. These values are used to map the intensity distribution using a simple mathematical interpolation method. The maps reveal several interesting features. Within the Kachchh region, the most heavily damaged villages are concentrated towards the western edge of the inferred fault, consistent with western directivity. Significant sediment-induced amplification is also suggested at a number of locations around the Gulf of Kachchh to the south of the epicenter. Away from the Kachchh region intensities were clearly amplified significantly in areas that are along rivers, within deltas, or on coastal alluvium such as mud flats and salt pans. In addition fault rupture parameters inferred from teleseismic data have been used to predict shaking intensity at distance of 0-1000 km. Then the predicted hard rock ground motion parameters are converted to MMI using a relationship (derived from internet-based intensity surveys) that assigns MMI based on the average effects in a region. The predicted MMIs are typically lower by 1-2 units than those estimated from news accounts. This discrepancy is generally consistent with the expected effect of sediment response, but it could also reflect other factors such as a tendency for media accounts to focus on the most dramatic damage,

8 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

000173   Gupta S S (Geological Survey of India, , 25 C/C Gandhinagar, Jammu-180 001) : Lithostratigraphy and structure of the Siwalik succession and its relationship with the murree succession around Ramnagar area, Udhampur District, J & K. Himalayan Geol 2000, 21(1-2), 53-61.

Based on gross lithology, the Siwalik Group of Ramanagar area is divisible into four formations, viz., Mansar Dewal, Mohargarh and Uttarbaini. THe Mansar and Uttarbaini formations are further divisible into Dodenal and Ramnagar members, and Labli and Marikhui members respectively. The Mansar Formation is richly fossiliferous and its Ramnagar Member is correlatable with the Chinji Faunal Zone of the type area (Pakistan) and Banhandi Fauna of Himachal Pradesh. The contact between the Murree Group and the overlying Siwalik Group is gradational in the southern part of the Ramnagar area, whereas in the northern part it is tectonic.

2 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

000172   Gupta M K (India Meteorological Dep, , Pune-411 005) : An eyewitness account of the Bhuj earthquake. Proc Indian Acad Sci-Earth Planet Sci 2003, 112, 347-52.

The occurrence of a severe earthquake is a rare event with its effect localized in a limited region. There are no prior indications of its occurrence too; hence experiencing such an event is just a matter of chance, which the author had by virtue of his posting at Bhuj. This paper presents a detailed account of observations made in the wake of the Bhuj earthquake of January 26th 2001, describing physical and mental reactions during the earthquake, the post-quake scenario, the nature and cause of damage to buildings, the trend of aftershocks, various deformities, including ruptures and fissures on the surface of the earth, etc. which may be useful for a detailed study of the seismological activity in the region.

3 illus, 1 table, 1 ref

000170   Gaonkar S G;Srirama B V;Samaddar S R;Punekar D V;Sagina Ram;De R;Kayal J R (Geological Survey of India (CR), , Seminary Hills, Nagpur-440 006) : Study of the epicentral trends and depth sections for aftershocks of the 26th January 2001, Bhuj earthquake in western India. Proc Indian Acad Sci-Earth Planet Sci 2003, 112, 401-12.

The Geological Survey of India (GSI) established a twelve-station temporary microearthquake (MEQ) network to monitor the aftershocks in the epicenter area of the Bhuj earthquake (Mϖ7.5) of 26th January 2001. The main shock occurred in the Kutch rift basin with the epicenter to the north of Bhachao village, at an estimated depth of 25km (IMD). About 3000 aftershocks (M_d≥ 1.0), were recorded by the GSI network over a monitoring period of about two and half months from 29th January 2001 to 15th April 2001. About 800 aftershocks (M_d ≥ 2.0) are located in this study. The epicenters are clustered in an area 60 km x 30 km, between 23.3°N and 23.6°N and 70°E and 70.6°E. The main shock epicenter is also located within this zone. Two major aftershock trends are observed; one in the NE direction and other in the NW direction. Out of these two trends, the NE trend was more pronounced with depth. The major NE-SW trend is parallel to the Anjar-Rapar lineament. The other trend along NW-SE is parallel to the Bhachao lineament. The aftershocks at a shallower depth (<60> 10 km) are aligned only along the NW-SE direction. The depth slice at 10 km to 20 km shows both the NE-SW trend. At greater depth (20 km-38 km) the NE-SW trend becomes more predominant.

6 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

000169   Devendra Pal;Srivastava R A K;Mathur N S (Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, , Dehradun-248 001) : Influence of Delhi-Hardwar-Harsil Ridge (DHHR) on basin configuration in Himalayan foothills belt during tertiary. Himalayan Geol 2000, 21(1-2), 133-44.

The lower teriary successions extend from northwest to southeast along the sub Himalaya, the Lesser Himalaya and the Zanskar and Indus belts. However, in the sub Himalaya these successions are not exposed east of the Delhi-Hardwar-Harsil Ridge (DHHR), which is a NNE-SSW trending basement ridge of the Aravallis and Delhi. In sub Himalaya, the lower Tertiary successions were deposited in a linear foredeep that was formed to the south of the Himalaya during the late Mesozoic Orogeny and was restricted by the DHHR to its west. The authors have interpreted that the main Boundary Thrust (MBT) of the western sub Himalaya cannot be equated with the MBT of central parts, the DHHR controlled the Maastrichtian-lower tetriary sedimentation and restricted it to the west of the DHHR in the sub Himalaya, (c) the lower horizons of the Siwalik succession (the Kamlial) are not exposed east of Nahan, and (d) the Palaeocene-Eocene successions of Rajpur (the Tethyan sequence towards north of the Pir Panjal Range) and Garhwal (the lesser Himalayan sequence) are parts of totally different setups, which are neither in continuity of the sub Himalaya, nor are parts of these setups. Palaeogeographic reconstruction, based on faunal and sedimentological studies and geomorphic controls besides the tectonic setup, has led the authors to redefine the existing model pertaining to basin development of the sub Himalaya.

5 illus, 1 table, 48 ref

000168   De R;Gaonkar S G;Srirama B V;Sagina Ram;Kayal J R (Geological Survey of India, , Eastern Region, Salt Lake, Calcutta-700 091) : Fault plane solutions of the January 26th, 2001 Bhuj earthquake sequence. Proc Indian Acad Sci-Earth Planet Sci 2003, 112, 413-9.

A 12-station temporary microearthquake network was established by the Geological Survey of India for aftershock monitoring of the January 26th, 2001 Bhuj earthquake (M_w 7.6) in the Kutch district of Gujarat state, western India. The epicentres of the aftershocks show two major trends; one in the NE direction and the other in the NW direction. Fault-plane solutions of the best-located and selected cluster of events that occurred along the NE trend, at a depth of 15-38 km, show reverse faulting with a large left-lateral strike-slip motion, which are comparable with the main-shock solution. The NW trending upper crustal aftershocks at depth <60> 10 km, on the other hand, show reverse faulting with right-lateral strike-slip motion, and the mid crustal and lower crustal aftershocks, at a depth of 15-38 km, show pure reverse faulting as well as reverse faulting with right-lateral and left-lateral strike-slip motions; these solutions are not comparable with the main-shock solution. It is inferred that the intersection of two faults has been the source area for stress concentration to generate the main shock and the aftershocks.

3 illus, 8 ref

000167   Bilham R;Bendick R;Wallace K (CIRES and Geology Sci Dep, Univ of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309-0399) : Flexure of the Indian plate and intraplate earthquakes. Proc Indian Acad Sci-Earth Planet Sci 2003, 112, 315-29.

The flexural bulge in central India resulting from India's collision with Tibet has a wavelength of approximately 670 km. It is manifest topographically and in the free-air gravity anomaly and the geoid. Calculations of the stress distribution within a flexed Indian plate reveal spatial variations throughout the depth of the plate and also a function of distance from the Himalaya. The wavelength (and therefore local gradient) of stress variation is a function of the effective elastic thickness of the plate, estimates of which have been proposed to lie in the range 40-120 km. The imposition of this stress field on the northward moving Indian plate appears fundamental to explaining the current distribution of intraplate earthquakes and their mechanisms. The current study highlights an outer trough south of the flexural bulge in central India where surface stresses are double the contiguous compressional stresses to the north and south. The Bhuj, Latur and Koyna earthquakes and numerous other recent reverse faulting events occurred in this compressional setting. The N/S spatial gradient of stress exceeds 2 bars/km near the flexural bulge. The overall flexural stress distribution provides a physical basis for earthquake hazard mapping and suggests that area of central India where no historic earthquakes are recorded may yet be the locus of future damaging events.

8 illus, 2 tables, 44 ref

000166   Bhatia S B (NO, , House No-441, Sector-6, Panchkula-134 109) : Faunal and floral diversity in the Subathu-Dagshai passage beds. Himalayan Geol 2000, 21(1-2), 87-97.

The Subathu Formation was deposited in a shallow marine, tidally influenced peri-sutural basin between the initial and terminal India-Eurasia collision. The nature of the contact between the Subathu Formation (Early Ilerdian to Early Middle Lutetian) and the overlying Dagshai Formation (Late Eocene-Oligocene) representing a fluvial/flood plain arid setting has been the subject matter of controversy for more than three decades. The controversy centres round the transitional or passage beds. Comprising mainly purple and variegated siltstones/shales with calcareous nodules and at places with oyster bands and or bone beds between the youngest Nummulites-bearing olive-green shales and the overlying distinctive white/green quartzitic sandstone forming the base of the Dagshai/Murree Formation. Some workers place the passage beds at the top of the Subathu Formation, while others include them in the Dagshai Formation. In recent years, the passage beds have yielded a wealth of terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates, marine and non-marine molluscs, ostracodes, smaller foraminifera, charophytes and palynofossils. The passage beds, because of their distinctive lithology and stratigraphic position, are easily correlatable in different localities of the Lesser Himalaya.

^iia1 illus, 56 ref

000165   Ashwani Kumar;Gupta S C;Jindal A K;Jain S; Vandana (Earthquake Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667) : Aftershock activity of Bhuj earthquake of January 26th, 2001. Proc Indian Acad Sci-Earth Planet Sci 2003, 112, 391-5.

Following a large-sized Bhuj earthquake (M_s = 7.6) of January 26th, 2001, a small aperture 4-station temporary local network was deployed, in the epicentral area, for a period of about three weeks and resulted in the recording of more than 1800 aftershocks (-0.07 ≤ M_L <60> 5.0). Preliminary locations of epicenters of 297 aftershocks (2.0 ≤ M_L <60> 5.0) have brought out a dense cluster of aftershock activity, the center of which falls 20 km NW of Bhachau. Epicentral locations of aftershocks encompass a surface area of about 50 x 40 km² that seems to indicate the surface projection of the rupture area associated with the earthquake. The distribution of aftershock activity above magnitude 3, shows that aftershocks are nonuniformly distributed and are aligned in the north, northwest and northeast directions. The epicenter of the mainshock falls on the southern edge of the delineated zone of aftershock activity and the maximum clustering of activity occurs in close proximity of the mainshock. Well-constrained focal depths of 122 aftershocks show that 89% of the aftershocks occurred at depths ranging between 6 and 25 km and only 7% and 4% aftershocks occur at depths less than 5 and more than 25 km respectively.

3 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

000164   Andotra D S;Singh B P (Department of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu-180 006) : Environment of deposition of the Rajpur formation, Jammu Himalaya. Himalayan Geol 2000, 21(1-2), 31-8.

The Late Palaeocene-Middle Eocene Rajpur Formation occurring within the parautochthonous zone of the northwestern Himalaya is exposed near Mandi town in the Poonch District of Jammu and Kashmir. It consists of conglomeratic limestone and black shale in the lower part, and grey-green shale followed by gypsiferous yellow and purple shale in the upper part. The depositional environment of the Rajpur Formation is interpreted on the basis of sedimentological features supplemented with stable isotope data. It is concluded that the Rajpur Formation was deposited on a regressive coast, where channels migrated along a barrier during its progradation and lagoons were filled with mud during subsidence in the basin.

4 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

000163   Anand Prakash;Trilochan Singh (Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, , Lucknow-226 007) : Nature, composition, rank (Maturation) and depositional environment of Siwalik coals from Arunachal Himalaya. Himalayan Geol 2000, 21(1-2), 17-29.

The organic petrological studies of coal occurring in the form of small lenses, thin streaks and pockets in the Upper Tertiary sediments of the Siwalik Group, Arunachal Himalaya have been carried out in detail. The coals are almost entirely made of vitrinite/huminite micro-constituent with minor fraction of inorganic matter. Well preserved cellular structures exhibiting various stages of degradation of plant matter are the characteristic features of the vitrinite/huminite maceral group. Reflectance of vitrinites in oil ranges between 0.3% to 0.6% in general, indicating that these coals have attained lignito-bituminous rank. The dominance of vitrinite/huminite maceral further suggests that these coals were formed mainly by the burial of wood logs in shallow fluvial regime. Distortion of cellular structures mainly along microfolds might have been caused by the large scale tectonic activity in the region.

9 illus, 19 ref

000162   An K G;Park S S;Ahn K H;Urchin C G (Envir Sci and Engn Dep, Ewha Womans Univ, 11-1 Daehyun-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea) : Dynamics of nitrogen, phosphorus, algal biomass, and suspended solids in an artifical lentic ecosystem and significant implications of regional hydrology on trophic status. J envir Biol 2003, 24(1), 29-38.

8 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

000161   Acharyya S K (Geological Survey of India, , Calcutta-700 016) : Foreland palaeogene rocks of the Eastern Himalaya : their basin extension, magmatism and tectonics. Himalayan Geol 2000, 21(1-2), 1-16.

The Palaeogene foreland basin located in the marginal parts of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt and in front of the underformed Indian shield had extensive flood basalt and some acid volcanism contemporaneous to terminal collision in the north. The foreland volcanism might have been linked to collision induced deep dislocation structures. Northern parts of the foreland basin often overlapped the Himalayan nappes and rode over them passively, whereas major parts of the basin are tectonically concealed beneath the pre-Tertiary MBT nappe. Thrust movements involving the pre-tertiary Himalayan nappes, the Tertiary sub-thrust rocks, and their architecture influenced the structure of the Himalayan nappes. Duplexes and windows were often developed at their external fringes. Convergence of tectonic movements at the eastern syntaxis produced imbricate thrusts and duplex arch in the sub-thrust Palaeogene rocks which arched-up the MBT and passively folded overlying Himalayan nappes. In other sections of the Himalayan windows, the sub-thrust Tertiary foreland rocks appear to have played more passive role.

7 illus, 42 ref

023175   Yadav S K (National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, , Munirka, New Delhi-110 067) : Ecosystem management through water conservation in urban environment using remote sensing data. Indian J envir Prot 2002, 22(10), 1155-61.

High demand of groundwater for domestic, agricultural, industrialization, urbanization and colonization purposes has resulted in declined the water level in Delhi in past few decades; and as a result of this ecosystem has disturbed. Geologically, the study area (part of South Delhi) falls in Delhi Supergroup quartzite terrain. Hydromorphogeology is directly related to groundwater availability. the occurrence and movement of groundwater is restricted to the buried pediment and interconnected lineaments. Satellite Imagery (Remote Sensing data) provides excellent information for natural resources, ecological studies, hydromorphogeological studies and water resource management. Remote sensing data provide reliable and quick information about ground water potential areas. An approach to build 14 check dams/bunds for groundwater conservation has been suggested.

1 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

023174   Tomar J M S;Satapathy K K;Dhyani S K (NO, ICAR Research Complex for NEH region, ) : Integrated approach of R S & GIS in characterization and evaluation of natural resources for water shed management in upper Shipra watershed, Meghalaya. Indian J Soil Conserv 2002, 30(3), 206-13.

Site specific action plan of Upper Shipra Watershed (USW) in Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya has been prepared by integrating natural resources information generated from satellie data in conjunction with other conventional and socio-economic data. The forest was the main lan use (76.4%) of the watershed followed by agriculture (bun/shifting cultivation) and remaining land was under settlement pasture, barren hills, ponds, quarry etc. The information on soils land use/land cover, hydrogeomorphology, suface water, climate demographic and socio-economic charactersics were integrated to generat the action plan.

3 illus, 1 tables, 9 ref

023173   Thapliyal V;Mazumdar A B;Sunitha Devi S (NO, Meteorological Office, Pune-411 005) : Cyclones and depressions over north Indian ocean during 2002. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 579-84.

Sc1 illus, 3 tables, ref

023172   Tahpliayal V;Mazumdar A B;Sunitha Devi S (NO, Meteorological Office, Pune - 411 005) : Monsoon season. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 775-810.

^ccr11 illus, 17 ref

023171   Subha Rao;Shirlal K G;Rao N B (Dept of Applied Mechanics & Hydraulics, Karnataka Regional Engineering College, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar - 574 157 Karnataka) : Wave transmission and reflection for two rows of perforated hollow piles. Indian J Mar Sci 2002, 31(4), 283-9.

A laboratory investigationon perforated hollow piles in two rows was conducted in a two dimensional regular wave flume to study the wave transmission and reflection characteristics. The influence of incidence wave steepness relative clear spacing between the piles and rows of piles on transmission co-efficient and relfection co-efficient have been investigated. The effect of staggering of piles in the rows on both transmission and reflection co-efficient was also studied. The study has revealed that for perforated pile groups incident wave steepness, relative clear spacing between the piles relative clear spacing between the rows of plies influence both transmission and reflection co-efficient. Staggering of piles reduces reflection from the perforated piles. Perforated piles have smaller transmission and reflection co-efficient values compared to that of non-perforated piles at lower wave steepness.

7 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

023170   Srivastava A K;Guhathakurta P;Kshirsagar S R (India Meteorological Dep, , Pune-411 005) : Estimation of annual and seasonal temperatures over Indian stations using optimal normals. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 615-22.

In absence of long lead predictive models, climate normals are often used to estimate weather conditions of a particular place and more so in the case when it is desired well in advance. Usually, calculated by averaging the data of specified 30 years, the climate normals give a picture that climate has no trend and this average would be the best estimate of places and for all weather elements. Examines the suitability of the traditional 30 years normal vis-a-vis normal based on small number of recent data. Seasonal and annual normals for maximum and minimum temperature values for fifty well distributed stations over the country have been calcualted for varying years N (1≤N≤30) over the long series of past data. RMS errors for estimating the above meteorological parameters on annual and seasonal scale for the next season/year were calculated for different periods normal. It was found that in many cases RMS error was minimum, when the averaging was done for a considerably smaller recent years. The normals corresponding to the minimum RMS error are called optimal normals and have better estimative skill than the thirty years traditional normals.

5 illus, 5 ref

023169   Srinivas K;Dinesh Kumar P K (NO, National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Cochin-682 014) : Tidal and non-tidal sea level variations at two adjacent ports on the southwest coast of India. Indian J Mar Sci 2002, 31(4), 271-82.

Analysis of sea level data collected at two adjacent ports (Cochin and Beypore) on the southwest coast of India has been made to understand tidal and non-tidal variation. Amplitudes of the tidal harmonic constituents showed that M₂ is maximum, followed by K₁, for both the stations. A large spring- neap variation and monthly variation in the semi-diurnal forcing was seen at both the sites. The Form Numbers indicated that the the tides are of a mixed and predominantly semi-diurnal type. Amplitudes of most of the tidal consitutents are slightly larger at Beypore than at Cochin. The sea level variation is dominated by tidal signals at both the stations. Seasonal variation of the amplitudes of the most important harmonic constitutents namely O₁, K₁, M₂ and S₂ are presented. The mean spring and neap tidal ranges exhibited a higher degree of variability (over the seasonal cycle) at Beypore than at Cochin. The annual cycles of non-tidal sea level at both the sites were similar, with most conspicuous changes during June and July at Beypore, caused by summer monsoonal river discharge. The annual cycles of atmosphere pressure at both the sites were remarkably similar. The atmospheric pressure is not an imporant controlling factor on sea level at both the sites. Analysis of the sea level series pertaining to the premonsoon season indicated that Cochin marginally leads Beypore, suggesting the propagation of coastal trapped waves from south to north. The cross-correlograms of the atmospheric pressure time series for the monsoon and summer monsoon seasons between Cochin and Beypore suggest the mesoscale nature of the atmosphere pressure system.

7 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

023168   Srinivas K (NO, National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Cochin-682 014 Kerala) : Coherence between interannual variability of sea level with some surface met-ocean parameters at Cochin, southwest coast of India. Indian J Mar Sci 2002, 31(3), 173-8.

The interannual coherence of some surface met-ocean parameters (viz. SST, air temperature, atmospheric pressure, scalar wind speed, cross-shore and along-shore wind stress, rain fall and relative density) with observed sea level has been studied for Cochin (southwest coast of India) using long term series data. Among the parameters, SST, relative density and sea level showed statistically significant long term trends. All the parameters, when smoothed, showed statistically significant correlations with the observed sea level. Forty percent of the variance in the sea level was accounted for by the along shore wind stress.

2 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

023167   Sivaramakrishnan S (NO, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune-411 008) : Meso-scale convergence rainfall and surface fluxes during the Indian summer monsoon. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 531-44.

Meso-scale convergence and vertical velocity were computed using Bellamy technqiue from rawindsonde and pibal data obtained from three stations. These stations formed the vertices of a meso-scale triangle around Kharagpur (22.3° N, 87.2° E) - region a moist convection located near the easter end of the monsoon trough, where the monsoon trough boundary layer experiment (MONTBLEX), was conducted during the Indian summer monsoon 1990. It has been found that the total rainfall over the meso-triangle depends on the proximity and intensity of the large-scale pressure system forming in the head Bay and moving W/NW towards the land during the onset and active phase of the monsoon. When the large-scale flow showed cyclic circulation extending to mid-troposphere, the rainfall over the triangel does not seem to be affected by the meso-scale divergence. However, the rainfall at Kalaikonda (KKA) -an airforce station near Kharagpur (KGP) correlates with meso-scale divergence/convergence. Surface heat flux estimated using sonic anemometer at 8 m AGL at KGP was large during meso-scale convergence. It increased with wind speed while the momentum flux showed large variation.

14 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

023166   Singh R K;Aggarwal S P;Turdukulov U;Hari Prasad V (NO, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Kalidas Road, Dehradun-248 001) : Prioritisatin of bata river basin using remote sensing and GIS technique. Indian J Soil Conserv 2002, 30(3), 200-5.

Assessment of soil erosion and analysis of soil loss on the basis of sub-watershed within a watershed is required for evolving appropriate conservation practices. Soil erosion assessment in this study has been done using Morgan et al. (1984) model. The model encompass some of the recent advances in understanding of soil erosion processes. Using this model, it was found that the average annual soil loss in the watershed is 17.22 t ha^-1. Detailed analysis shows that detachment limited soil erosion is higher in the agricultural and barren land, while transport limited erosion is higher in the forest land.

5 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

023165   Shewale M P;Rase D M (Meteorological Office, , Pune-411 005) : On the long term drought prediction over Saurashtra & Kutch. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 754-7.

Sc1 illus, 12 ref

023164   Shende R R (India Meteorological Dep, , Pune-411 005) : Major inorganic ion composition of rainwater at some gaw (BAPMoN) Stations in India. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 763-8.

2 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

023163   Sengupta S;Kale A A;Das H P (Indian Meteorological Dep, , Pune-411 005) : Assessment of phenology, heat and radiation use efficiency, thermal growth rate and phenophasic developments model of chickpea at peninsular India. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 711-6.

Agrometeorological data over chickpea varieties Vikas at Solapur and Annigeri at ICRISAT for the period 1987-88 to 1995096 were used for assessing the phenological development in relation to thermal time, heat and radiation use efficiency. Heat units required to attain physiological maturity were higher at Solapur than that of ICRISAT. Phenophasewise analysis of heat unit requirement revealed that the primary peak at vegetative stage followed by secondary peak at late reproducitve phase (pod initiation to physiological maturity). Heat use efficieny (HUE) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) also showed variations in time and space which were higher in early sown crops. A linear regression model based on the phenophasewise heat unit requirements was derived for predicting the time to attain the particular phenophase of the crop at each locations.

1 illus, 2 table, 10 ref

023162   Sarkar S K;Kumar R;Das J (Radio and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110 012) : Rain attenuation at 13 GHz over a LOS terrestrial link stituated in Indian eastern sector. Indian J Phys-Pt B 2003, 77(3), 271-5.

There is a dearth of experimental results on attenuation of radio wave due to rain in microwave and millimeter wave bands over this tropical part of the world. Results of attenuation measurements at 13 GHz under different rainy conditions over a tropical Indian region have been presented. The results on attenuation have been studied based on the simultaneous observations of rain rates. A microwave communication link operating at 13 GHz belonging to an operational agency was monitored and rain rate measurements were carried out on twenty-four hours basis during July-August 2001 by a rapid response rain gauge having integration time ~ 10 sec. The results on attenuation are useful to design future communication links in tropical region.

7 illus, 9 ref

023161   Santosh K M;Reddy H R V (Dept. of Fishery Oceanography, College of Fisheries, University of Agricultural Sciences, Mangalore-575 002 Karnataka) : Study of sediment movement and coastal processess along Mangalore coast (southwest coast of India) using satellite imageries. Indian J Mar Sci 2002, 31(4), 290-4.

Satellite imagery on IRS-1C (LISS - 3) of south Karnataka cost shows mid portion of Nethravathi river was dry with lot of sediment depositions and end portion of Gurupur was found to be dry.

5 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

023160   Samui R P;Kulkarni P T;Narayanan P S (India Meteorogical Dep, , Pune-411 005) : Reflectance characteristics of irrigated and water-stressed wheat and estimation of leaf area index using different spectral vegetation indices. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 705-10.

An experiment, was conducted on irrigated and water-stressed wheat at CAgMO, Pune during 1997-98. An hourly observation with Ground Truth Radiometer (GTR) through out the day was recorded every Thursday during the crop growing period. Discusses the use of field measurements on crop in visible and near infrared (NIR) spectral regions. The relative sensitivity of Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as a function of different phenological stages of crop growth cycle (CGS) has been discussed analytically. The concept of Weigthed Difference Vegetation Index (WDVI), relative advantages of NIR reflectance in assessing water-stress in vegetation, Leaf Area Index (LAI) and limitations of vegetation indices in accounting the vegetative processes have been discussed. Presents a discussion on the procedure for estimating LAI using these spectral vegetation indices.

3 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

023159   Sain R S;Joshi P (Plant Breed Genet Dep, Rajasthan Agric Univ, Durgapura, Jaipur-302 018) : Aminostratigraphy of sediments of the SW Bay of Bengal. Curr Sci 2003, 85(4), 435-6.

1 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

023158   Roy Bhowmik S K;Sud A M (Indian Meteorological Department, , New Delhi - 110 003) : Seasonal and spatial characteristics of QPE errors over Indian region. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 653-8.

The study examines the performance of INSAT drived quantitative precipitation estimates (QPE) for different varying synoptic conditions and alos presents a quantitative assessment of spatial and seasonal characteristics of these errors over Indian region making detailed inter-comaparison with land rainfall observations. The study reveals that the QPE, in general, is able to capture rainfall pattern associated with different synoptic conditions and spatial distribution of mean rainfall of each season. But it has certain seasonal and spatial biases. The rainfall over most part of the country south of Lat. 30° N is under-estimated in all seasons except pre-monsoon. For the region north of Lat. 30° N where western distrubances are dominant, rainfall is over estimated. In the convective season of pre-monsoon, QPE has got very high degree of correspondence with the observed rainfall.

4 illus, 8 ref

023157   Ravi R (Public Works Dep, Institute for Water Studies, Tharamani, Chennai-600 113) : Numerical analysis of saltwater-freshwater interface in coastal unconfined aquifer. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2003, 35(2), 103-16.

7 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

023156   Rasal A S (Meteorological Office, , Pune-411 005) : "Blizzard" - a disastrous weather phenomena over antarctica region and a case study of longest blizzard over Maitri (Antarctica) during 1996. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 743-52.

Cr6 illus, 3 tables, 1 ref

023155   Ram Singh;Ram Niwas (Deptt. of Agriculture Meteorolgoy, , CCS, HAU, Hisar-125 004) : Prediction of minimum temperature at Hisar. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 752-4.

Sc3 tables, 5 ref

023154   Rakesh Kumar;Chatterjee C;panigrihy N;Patwary B C;Singh R D (National Institute of Hydrology, , Jalvigyan Bhawan, Roorkee-247 667) : Development of regional flood formulae using L-moments for gauged and ungauged catchments of North Brahmaputra river system. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2003, 84(May), 57-63.

Screening of the data has been carried out by employing Discordancy measure (D₁) in terms of the L-moments. Homogeneity of the region has been tested using the L-moment based heterogeneity measure (H), by carrying out 500 simulations using the four parameter Kappa distribution. It has been observed that the data of 10 out of 12 sites constitute a homogeneous region. Comparative regional flood frequency analysis studies have been carried out using the various L-moment based frequency distributions, namely, Extreme value (EV1), General extreme value (GEV), Logistic (LOS), Generalized logistic (GLO), Normal (NOR), Generalized normal (GNO), Exponential (EXP), Generalized Pareto (GPA) and five parameter Wakeby (WAK). Based on the L-moment ratio diagram as well as Z^dist statistic criteria, GEV distribution has been identified as the robust distribution. Regional flood formulae have been developed for estimation of floods of various return periods for gauged and ungauged catchments of the North Brahmaputra river system.

4 illus, 6 tables, 9 ref

023153   Raj Y E A (NO, Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai-600 006) : Onset, withdrawl and intra-seasonal variation of northeast monsoon over coastal Tamil Nadu, 1901-2000. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 605-14.

The onset and withdrawl dates of northeast monsoon over coastal Tamil Nadu have been objectively determined for the ten year period 1991-2000. The statistics of onset and withdrawl dats for the 100 year 20 th century period 1901-2000 have been presented and discussed. It has been shown by employing techniques such as harmonic/spectral anaysis and cross lag correlation over 100 year rainfall data, that the daily rainfall of coastal Tamil Nadu during September-February displays a prominent 40-days to traverse between Pamban and Chennai separated latitudinally by nearly 400 km. In 70% of the years the onset and withdrawl process of northeast monsoon gets excited by the 40-day periodicity.

7 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

023152   Purandara B K;Kumar C P (Hard Rock Reg Centre, National Institue of Hydrology, Hanuman Nagar II Stage, Belgaum-590 001) : Hydrologic characteristics of soils under different land covers in Ghataprahba basin. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2003, 84(May), 1-5.

Hydraulic properties of soils play an important role in movement of soil moisture from the ground surface to water table through the unsaturated zone and, hence, affect the runoff and groundwater recharge processes.The hydrological behaviour of a hard rock catchment (Ghataprabha) characterized by different land covers has been examined. Impact of land covers on hydrological characteristics (infiltration and soil moisture retention) has been obtained by using advanced field and laboratory technique.

2 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref