023151   Peshin S K;Panda N C;Dewhare J N;Perov S P (Indian Meteorological Dep, , New Delhi - 110 003) : Comparison of Indian ozonesonde and umkehr profiles at New Delhi 1989-97. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 679-82.

Umkehr observations made with Dobson Spectrophotometer no. 112 have been compared with Indian ozonesondes at New Delhi. Umkehr data are compared with ozone sonde data converted to the layer averaged format of the Umkehr profiles. Comparison are made for seasonally, annually andlong term averaged data. Results of comparison are shown to differ from season and year to year, but there is no long term trend.

3 illus, 11 ref

023150   Pattanaik D R (Indian Meteorological Dep, , Pune-411 005) : Analysis of moist convective instability over Indian monsoon region and heighbourhood. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 659-70.

The nature of deep convection over the Indian monsoon region and neighbourhood during different seasons is investigated by analysing Dry Static Energy (DSE), Moist Static Energy (MSE), Precipitable Water Content(PWC) and Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) computed from 13 years (1982-84) monthly mean data obtained from the Nationa Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis. It is seen from this study that the mean atmosphere over the Indian monsoon region is convectively unstable at lower levels during all seasons with highest degree of instability and maximum PWC during the monsoon season compared to other seasons. The results also show that during the monsoon season from June to September the convectively most unstable region is situated over the Head Bay of Bengal (HBOB) regopm and decreses gradually from West Pacific (WP), Equatorial South Indian Ocean (ESIO) and to Arabian Sea (AS) regions. Similarly the CAPE value is also highest over HBOB region and it is about 362 Joules/kg (24%) more than the CAPE value over WP region. The composite MSE profiles for strong and weak monsoon years indicate higher values of MSE at all levels during the strong monsoon years compared to weak monsoon years. It is also observed that the surface MSE and PWC over Indian monsoon region during June to September show significant positive correlation with All Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (AISMR).

8 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

023149   Patil M N;Parasnis S S (NO, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune-411 008) : Atmosphere surface layer spectra over a tropical desert station during Indian summer monsoon. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 683-8.

Characteristics of turbulence have been studied using the observations of wind components (u, v and w) and temperature (T) collected by fast response sensor the sonic anemometer (8.33 Hz) during the Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment in 1990. The analysis showed that the spectra of wind and temperature obeyed the Monin-Obukhov scaling. The spectral curve showed a slope of -2/3 in high frequency portion which indicated the existence of inertial subrange. The diurnal variation in the eddy sizes were brought out.

5 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

023148   Pal D S (NO, Indian Meteorological Department, Pune-411 005) : Interannual variation in the sea surface temperature threshold for the deep convection over north Indian ocean. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 595-604.

International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) monthly data of cloud parameters for the monsoon season (June-September) for the period 1984-90 are used to examine the relationship between deep convection and sea surface temperature (SST) over the north Indian ocean (0°-25° N, 50° E-100° E). During the monsoon season, at SSTs above ~25.2°C, the high clouds amount (HCA) increases systematically with SST. At the SST threshold (SST_Th) of 27.6°C when the probability of occurrence of deep convection becomes ≥50%, the increase of HCA with SST is rapid. However, at very warm SSTs (SSTs above 29°C), the HCA decrease significantly with increases in SST. The HCA-SST relationship over north Indian ocean has signficant spatial variation. Over Bay of Bengal, as the SSTs are always high, the overlaying circulation has the greater importance than SSTs itself in controlling the development and variation of deep convection. Over north Arabian sea, persistent upper air subsidence motion suppresses development of deep convection. In south Arabian sea, the deep convection is influenced by both SSTs and overlaying circulation. The SST_Th for the north Indian ocean found to be, in effect, equal to that for the southeast Arabian sea. During 1984-90, the SST_Th shows significant interannual (1.2° C) variatin. Among the monsoon seasons of this period, the highest SST_Th of 28.8°C was observed during 1987.

5 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

023147   Nayak T R;Jaiswal R K (National Institute of Hydrology, , Ganga Plains South Regional Centre) : Rainfall-runoff modelling using satellite data and GIS for Beas river in Madhya Pradesh. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2003, 84(May), 47-50.

Knowledge of peak and total runoff due to rainfall is most important for designing any hydrologic structure. Direct measurement of runoff is always good but in most of the cases it is not possible at desired time and location. Remote sensing technology combined with geographical information system (GIS) can augment the conventional methods to a great extent in rainfall-runoff studies. The remote sensing data provides spatial information on land cover, soils as input to SCS model. ILWIS 2.2 GIS has been used to store, manipulate and estimate sub-basin wise weighted average rainfall and runoff curve numbers. These curve numbers were finally used as input to the SCS model for runoff estimation. The discharge measured by the Public Health Engineering Department, Sagar and the direct runoff volume estimated using SCS curve number method was compared and monthly correlation coefficient was calculated. In general good correlation was found between the measured and estimated runoff volume. The seasonal correlation coefficient varies between 0.92 to 0.94.

3 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

023146   Nayak P C; Sudheer K P;Ramasastri K S (Deltaic Regional Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, Kakinada-533 003, Andhra Pradesh) : Operating policy studies using optimization and simulation models for Kanjhari reservoir in Orissa. J appl Hydrol 2003, 16(2), 61-8.

The problem of optimal reservoir operations consists of obtaining monthly optimal releases and reservoir storage. Reservoir operation studies of Kanjhari reservoir, has been analysed for its operation using optimization and simulation techniques. In the optimization approach, a linear programming algorithm is developed for obtaining optimal monthly irrigation release. Rule curves are developed using the generalized simulation model 'Software of Reservoir Analysis (SRA)' to meet average monthly irrigation demands to the maximum possible extent and the results are compared with developed optimization model. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to assess the scenario for different inflow levels, which account for uncertainty in the inflow in both the approach.

4 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

023145   Naik P K;Jaikiran K P;Naik R R (Central Ground Water Board, , Bhubaneshwar) : Occurrence of high fluoride in ground water in part of Nuagaon block, of Nayagarh district, Orissa. J appl Hydrol 2003, 16(2), 8-10.

The occurrence of fluoride, more than permissible limit has been observed in ground water Nayagarh district. In Nuagaon block fluoride reaches to a maximum level of 18 mg/1. Granite gneisses and associated secondary vein filing minerals may be the source of high fluoride in ground water. Very high concentration of fluoride in ground water have led to human health hazard in the form of dental and skeletal deformation. Thus an alternative source of drinking water supply should be considered.

1 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

023144   Nagaraju D;Mahadeswara H S;Dharmesh M P (Geology Dep, Univ of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka) : Sewage and sludge treated lake & its impact on environment, Mysore, India. J appl Hydrol 2003, 16(2), 1-7.

Water, soil, suspended load and biomass samples were collected from sewage and sludge treated lake (Lake Dalavayi) around Mysore, Karnataka, India. The polluted lake water is mainly used for irrigation and domestic purposes. The samples have been analyzed for heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Co, Cd, Ni, Fe, Mn, V, Zn, Sr) and cations (Ca, Na, Mg) by inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer (ICP) model labtam 8500. Except water, all the matrices of lake show maximum concentration of heavy metals and cations when compared to World Health Organization (WHO's) standard, indicating metal toxicity in the lake. Additional inputs of soaps and detergents carried through sewage water is causing the eutrophication of the lake. Elevated levels of heavy metal toxicity, especially Co and Cd are indicated by the bioindicator-eichornia cressepes (water hyacinth), which using these metals as micronutrients, has grown luxuriously over the lake water which has further augmented the death of life forms in the lake.

4 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

023143   Muraleedharan Nair M N;Ramachandran K K (NO, Centre for Earth Sciences Studies, Akkulam P B No. 7250 Trivandrum-695 031) : Textural and trace elemental distribution in sediments of the Beypore estuary (SW coast of India) and adjoining innershelf. Indian J Mar Sci 2002, 31(4), 295-304.

The Beypore estuary, situated in Kerala along the southwest coast of India, receives large volumes of untreated/paritially industrial effluents, municipal sewage and wastes. Concentration of trace elements (Mn, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb and Co) in 52 surficial sediment samples collected from the Chailiyar River, the Beypore estuary and the adjoining inndershelf region are presented. Textural characteristics major elements and total organic carbon (TOC) content of the sediments have substantial influence on the elemental distribution. Significant variation in the concentration of Mn, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb and Co were observed in riverine and estuary sediments whereas except for Mn, the variations are not so pronounced in the innershelf region. Both silt and clay show high positive loadings with all the elements in the estuarine region. However, in the innershelf sediments, the trace elements show better affinity with clay fraction that silt. TOC has signficant positive correlation with trace elements in both estuarine and innershelf sediments. Trace elements are also associated with Fe, Al and Mn. Finer fractions and TOC palyed a major role in the distribution and retention of trace elements in the sediments. Except Cu, all the other trace elements showed considerabel enrichment beyond st. 13 (downstream of effluent discharge point from the rayons factory), indicating the effect of industrial effluents on their incorporation in the sediment. Estaurin input has a profound influence on the trace metal flux in the immediate vicinity of the adjoining innershelf.

3 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

023142   Marechal J C;Dewandel B;Subrahmanyam K;Torri R (BRGM, WATER Dep, Unit Water Resources, Discontinuous Media, Nationa Geophysical Researc, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007) : Specific methods for the evaluation of hydraulic properties in fractured hard-rock aquifers. Curr Sci 2003, 85(4), 511-6.

Bloc underlined by fracture networks mainly compose hard-rock aquifes. The complexity of flows through fractures makes inadequate the use of classical techniques for the interpretattin of hydraulic tests. Four different methods, well adapted to the complexity of groundwater flows in hard-rock aquifers, are presented for pumping well and / or observation wel interpretations. The Neuman method is suited for unconfined anisotropic aquifers, while the Gringarten method is developed for the case of a single horizontal fracture. The Warren and Root method takes into consideration the heterogeneity of the medium, allowing the introduction of a double-porosity aquifer (transmissive fractures and capacitive matrix). Finally, the fourth method, Barker theory, assesses the flow dimension related to spatia distribution of conductive fractures and their connectivity. All these methods are presented and illustrated on pumping tests carried out in a granite terrain, south of Hyderabad, India.

7 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

023141   Mahar A M (NO, National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS), 23 Joseph Brows Tito St. El Nozha - Gedida, Cairo,Egypt) : Acoustic characteristics of the easter mediterranean during winter season. Indian J Mar Sci 2002, 31(3), 231-4.

The distribution of different acoustic properties; mean vertical sound speed (MVSS), depth of sound channel axis, sound speed along the sound channel axis, the range and the angle of the limiting ray have been obtained. Generally the sound channel is deeper in the southern part of the eastern Mediterranean with higher sound speed. The distribution of the MVSS and also the sound speed along the sound channel axis did not change during winter (December, Januanry and February ) season from year to year. The range and the angle of the limiting ray characterize the shadow zone. The range generally decreases in the southern section of basin so that it is association with deeper sound channel and higher sound speed, which are also associated with small angle of the limiting ray. The aras that had values of greater ranges are those, which had a limiting ray angle between 1° and 1.4°. The sound channel axis in the Easterm Medirranean, is generally, found at depths more than 200 m . The indicates that the sound channel is associated with the depth of the Levntine Intermediate Water (LIW). The LIW sometimes are observed in the surface layer and hence the sound channel occurred near or at the surface layer.

Sc6 illus, 6 ref

023140   Londhe A L;Patil S D;Padma Kumari B;Jadhav D B (NO, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune-411 008) : Abnormal behavior of total ozone over Indian region duirng 1991-98. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 671-8.

The total column ozone variation over India has been studied using monthly mean ozone for the period of 18 years from 1981 to 1998, which were collected with Dobson Specrophotometer at four Indian stations, New Delhi (28°N), Varanasi (24°N), Pune (18° N), and Kodaikanai (10° N). The effects of atmospheric phenomena like Quasi Biennial Oscillation (QBO), solar cycle and vocanic erptions (El Chickon of 1982, Mt. Pinatubo of 1991) on ozone variations has also been explored. The results of the analysis has shown that the ozone variations in the tropical region seem to have mostly caused by the equatorial QBO in zonal wind at lower stratosphere and soalr cycle. During the period 1981-90, there is no much year to year variability in total ozone, whereas during the period 1991-98, much variability is observed between year to year. The total ozone is decreased from 1991 to 1993 and later started recovering. The ozone anomalies calculated for the period 1981-98 showed positive anomaly for the period 1981-90 and negative anomaly for the period 1991-98. Though the contribution of QBO and solar cycle to toal ozone for the two lower ozone amounts may be attributed to the Mt. Pinatubo volcano eruption.

7 illus, 31 ref

023139   Latha G;Rama Rao E P;Mahadevan R (NO, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Velachery-Tambaram Main Road, Pallikaranai, Chennai-601 302) : Calibration of a finite element surge prediction model for the east coast of India. Indian J Mar Sci 2002, 31(4), 265-70.

Real time simulation of storm surges using numerical models requires calibration and validation of the model before being used for operational forecasts. The main object is to present the calibration studies carried out on an operations level storm surge prediction model developed at NIOT using finite element method. The primary requirement for calibration of surge prediction model is the actual data on bathymetry, past cyclones and the observed surges. the bathymetric contours along the shelf of east coast of India were digitized from the hydrographic charts and the data on cyclones which crossed the east coast of India for the part fifty years were collected from India Meteorological Department. The sensitivity studies showed that the wind stress coefficient is the key sensitive parameter for the model and so the model is calibrated for this parameters. The surge simulations using the calibrated parameters compared very well with the observed surges and illustrate the predictive capacity of the model.

6 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

023138   Kane R P (NO, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais-INPE, C.P. 515, Sao Jose dos Campos - 12245-970 SP, Brazil) : Interannual variability of atmospheric carbon monoxide sampled in Hawaii. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 768-74.

Sc38 ref

023137   Jat M L;Rajvir Singh;Bhakhar S R;Gupta A (Maharana Pratap Univ of Agric & Technol, , Udaipur (Rajasthan)) : Stochastic modelling of water deficit under climatic condition of Kota. J appl Hydrol 2003, 16(2), 43-52.

A atochastic model for weekly water deficit series have been developed under climatic conditions of Kota. The statistical properties of the generated series have been verified with those of the historical series. The generated AR model is used for forecasting of weekly water deficit.

4 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

023136   Jaiswal R K;Goel N K;Singh P;Thomas T (Ganga Plains South Regional Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, Sagar-470 001) : L-moment based flood frequency modelling. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2003, 84(May), 6-10.

Extreme environmental events such as floods cause a lot of damage to life and property of human society. A reliable estimation of magnitude and frequency of occurrence of such extreme events is of great significance in minimizing damages by faciliating proper planning and design of civil engineering structures such as bridges, barrages and dams. The L-moments have been used for flood frequency modelling of Beas basin. River Beas is an importat river of Indus river system. The beas basin is frequently affected by flash floods in the main river and its tributaries. Annual flood series of 20 years or so of eight sites in the basin have been used. The homogeneity has been verified using tests based on L-moments. The EV-I, generalised extreme value (GEV), logistic, generalised logistic, generalised pareto, normal and lognormal distributions have been applied for flood frequency modelling. From the goodness of fit tests based on L-moments coupled with simulations, it has been found that the GEV distribution can be used for estimation of probable floods for Beas basin.

3 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

023135   Jain V;Sinha R (Engng Geosciences Grouplogy Stream, Civil Enggineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208 016) : Data requirements for geomorphological studies of rivers and their significance. J appl Hydrol 2003, 16(2), 18-42.

A geomorphological study of rivers is of utmost importance to river engineers because many of the river problems arise due to dynamic behaviour of river morphology. In turn, the morphology of a river system is governed by transportation and deposition of sediments in the river channel, channel margin, and overbanks. A close interaction between a geomorphologist and river engineer is often necessary for a proper understanding of fluvial processes and to solve perennial river problems. A review of the data requirements for fluvial audit of river systems with particular reference to the Indian river.

^iia2 tables, 134 ref

023134   Jain C K;Sharma M K (National Institute of Hydrology, , Roorkee-247 667 (Uttaranchal)) : Fluoride contamination in ground water of Jodhpur district, Rajasthan. J appl Hydrol 2003, 16(2), 11-7.

Fluoride contamination study has been carried out to see the extent of fluoride contamination in Jodhpur district, Rajasthan. Sixty one ground water samples were collected from different locations covering shallow and deep aquifers. The fluoride concentration varies from 0.23 to 22.5 mg/L in the district. The highest value of fluoride was found in village Netara near Jodhpur city. Distribution of fluoride indicates that about 21.3% of the samples have fluoride concentration 1.5-3.0 mg/L and 23% have fluoride concentration more than 3.0 mg/L. A positive correlation of fluoride was observed with alkalinity and pH. This suggested that higher alkalinity of the ground water promotes the leaching of fluoride and thus affect the concentration of fluoride in ground waters. The regression equations have been developed between fluoride and other water quality parameters.

2 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

023133   Hasanean H M;Hafez Y Y (Astronomy & Meteorology Dep, Faculty of Science, Cairo Univeristy, Giza, Egypt) : On the formation of blocking. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 739-74.

Sc2 illus, 10 ref

023132   Grewal S S;Singh B;Bharat Bhushan (NO, Zonal Research Station for Kandi Area, Ballowal Saunkhri P O Takarla 144 521 Nawanshahr) : Evaluation of erosion control structures in treated watershed by structural and functional efficiency criteria. Indian J Soil Conserv 2002, 30(3), 214-25.

Erosion control stuctures being quite expensive, their evaluation is neccessary to justify investments. The post project evaluation of two randomly selected watersheds viz. Sugha Rao and Jainti Deviki Rao of Punjab Shiwaliks was carreid out during the year 1999-2000 in which 19-drop sturctures (silt detension structures) of varying dimensions were evaluated on the basis of structural stability and functional efficiency criteria. Rating for structural stability was done on the basis of extent of damage and present status. Functional efficiency was determined by considering the cost of constuction as represented by volumetric content of masonry work and the amount of silt arrested by each structure. Ninety percent of the structures evaluated were in perfect condition and placed in A grade, while 10% with minor defects were placed in B grade. In the functional assessment an inverse relationship was found between channel slope and sediment storage, whereas mean channel width and sediment storage were directly related with each other. A plot of sediment storage versus length of crest x width of crest x drop (represent volumetric content) indicated that the structure in main gullies having more width and lesser slope were more efficient than those made on side gullies (2nd order) having more slope. Suggests the importance of proper site selection to enonomize the cost and increse the functional efficiency of erosion control structures. By adopting the suggested methodology, it is possible to find out efficient and inefficient structures though all may be structurally quite stable.

3 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

023131   Ghanekar S P;Puranik P V;Bhide U V (NO, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune-411 008) : Forecasting the onset of monsoon over Kerala using the peak in pre-monsoon convective activity over south peninsular India. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 645-22.

The role of low-frequency oscillations in the northward movement of the Equatorial Trough during pre-monsoon period over extreme south peninsular Indian in studied in relation to the associated enhancement of meso-scale convetive activities over the region. Main objective of the study is to bring out usefulness of this information in predicting the onset of summer monsoon over Kerala, well in advance. Thuderstorm data of selected stations over south peninsular Indian for the months March-June and for the years 1961-92 have been used in this analysis. . A characteristic peak is weekly cumulative thunderstorm frequency is seen over these stations about 5-8 weeks prior to the onset of monsoon almost every year, suggesting the dominance of 30-60 oscillaiton in the convection associated with these two events. A regression equation has been developed to predict the onset date. The relationship is found to be significant at 0.1% level. The results have been validated using an idependent data set of five recent years. A characteristic fall in OLR values over the region, well in correspondence with the characteristic peak in thunderstorm activity suggests that OLR also can be used as a supporting tool in identifying such signal which is useful for the onset prediction.

4 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

023130   Ghadekar S R (Deptt. of Agril. Engg. & Meteorology, Dr. P D K V College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Maharashtra) : A simple new crop model based on water balance for agrometeorological crop monitoring. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 723-8.

A simple new crop model based on water balance concept for crop monitoring is developed. The main distinctive features of the model are use of two layer soil water balance, effectivity of precipitation, weekly assessment of water fulfillment of the crop and an index value in percentage accumulated during a season expressing performance of the crop. The maximum cumulative seasonal index value of 100 is apportioned equally into weekls required by a cropto complete the growth. Actual weekly contribution is evaluated on the basis of deficits and surplus experienced by a crop and value accumulated during a season is reached. The model is tested against actual observations in shifting sowing date experiment conducted on sorghum on the vertisols of Nagpur under monsoon conditions. The model has exhibited excellent correlation ship between yield and the total seasonal index value. The linear relationship between the two can be used to predict yields. The model can give better results in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub humid regions in rainfed agriculture under monsoon.

1 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

023129   George C;Kolappadan C (NO, CWRDM Sub Centre, Manimalakunnu, Oliyappuram, P O Koothattukulam-686 679 Ernakulam) : Probability analysis for prediction of annual maximum daily rainfall of periyar basin in Kerala. Indian J Soil Conserv 2002, 30(3), 273-6.

2 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

023128   Dutta S (India Meteorological Department, , Pune-411 005) : Orographic effect of an elliptical meso-scale mountain on barotropic air-stream. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 585-94.

An attempt has been made to develop a mathematical model for a steady state adiabatic, frictionless, non-rotating and Boussisnesq flow over and around a meso-scale three-dimensional elliptical mountain. Basic flow is assumed to have both zonal as well as meridional components. Basic flow is simplified by assuming that basic flow velocity, as well as the Burnt-Vaisala frequency do not change with height. The governing equations in z-coordiante are used, which are linearized using perturbation technique. The linearized governing equations are again subjected to a double Fourier transformation. After some algebraic simplification the second order ordinary differential equations (ODE) in the Fourier transform of perturbation vertical velocity (w') and that of perturbation streamline displacement (η') are obtained. Both the w' and η' are expressed as double integrals. It is difficult to evaluate these integrals analytically. So the asymptotic values of those inegrals, which are valid at a far down wind location of the mountain, have been obtained. While evaluating the asymptotic expansion of the above integrals, care has been taken to avoid those saddle points in the wave number domain, where the wave number vector (k, l) is inclined with the basic flow vector (U, V), at an angle greater than or equal to 90°. Results of the asymptotic solution shows that in the central plane along the line U_y-V_x=0 both w' and η' falls off down wind of the barrier, more over of asymptotic solution they fall off as X₁⁴, where X_l is the distance measured along theline U_y-V_x=0. Asymptotic solution shows that nodal lines on the horizontal plane are hyperbola the axes of which are along the lines U_y-V_x=0 and U_y+V_y=0. Asymptotic solution also shows upwind tilting along the line U_y-V_x=0 and lateral spreading about the same line with height.

3 illus, 16 ref

023127   Das N;Bose M;De U K (Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032) : Prevailing weather conditions during the monsoon period of 1990 over Jodhpur region. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 689-94.

The Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment (MONTBLEX) was an intense multi-institutional effort to probe the atmosphere boundary layer (ABL) over the monsoon trough region of the Gangetic Plains in 1990. For this experiment, four micrometeorological towers were set up at four different locations along the normal position of the trough axis over Northern India. One such tower of 30 m height was located at Jodhpur (26.3° N, 73° E), Rajasthan in the campus of Central Arid Zone Research Institute. This tower had six levels of instrumentation at 1m, 2m 4m, 8m, 15m and 30m heights, which are termed as 1st,2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th levle respectively. Both fast as well as slow response sensor at varous levels of the tower were utilized. The results evaluated both from fast and slow response data, 6 levels of cup anemometers and wind vanes, 4 levels of slow response temperature sensors and 2 levels of fast response temperature sensors are presented.

1 illus, ref

023126   Das H P;Kore P A;Gaonkar S B;Verma I J (Indian Meteorological Dep, , Pune) : Water use pattern of rice and its relationship with radiation over coastal Andhra Pradesh. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 717-22.

In this study the mean daily evapotranspiration (ET) and its contribution in different phases to the total evaporative loss have been worked out for paddy at Nellore. Models have been developed between evapotranspiration/evaporation rates (ET/EP) and number of days from transplanting. ET/EP ratio has been found to reach it peak during the flowering stage in all three seasons. The mean ET/EP ratio is the highest in kharif season. Ratio of evapotranspiration (ET) to total short wave radiation (R_s) has been analysed and the ratio is found to reach its peak value at flowering stage of the crop.

3 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

023125   Chattopadhyaya N;Samui R P (NO, Meteorological Office, Pune-411 005) : Weather based forewarning of stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas) in rice. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 695-704.

Studies were made to explore the possibility of control/minimise the damages caused by the stem borer on rice by issuing timely weather based forcast on the incidences of the pest. From the survey conducted by the Department of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Faridabad from 1988-95, it was observed that stem borer incidences were comparatively more in kharif and rabi/summer seasons and it appreared more frequently in moderate to severe intensity particularly in Gujarat, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Haryana and Punjab. Drop in mean temperature (<28°C) in association with continuous rainfall was found to be the congenial weather condition for the incidence of the pest on rice. It is concluded that forewarning of the incidence of the stem borer on rice, based on the prevailing weather conditions that cause rainfall as well as drop in minimum and maximum temperature, could be possible through Agromet Advisory Service.

6 illus, 11 ref

023124   Brij Gopal;Zutshi D P;Duzer C V (NO, School of Environmental Sciences,Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi - 110 067) : Floating islands in India: control or conserve?. Int J Ecol envir Sci 2003, 29(2), 157-69.

Describes the basic characteristics of natural floating islands, and discusses the ecological and socio-economic functions, values, and disadvantages of both natural and artificial floating islands. A survey is supplied of the floating islands in India, followed by analysis of the factors that pertain to management decisions regarding them. Loktak Lake, where proliferation of manmade floating islands is imperiling the lake's ecosystem, a restoration of earlier hydrological regimes is recommended as an essential step in managing the problem.

10 illus, 61 ref

023123   Bhatla R;C]attopadhyaya J (NO, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi - 110 016) : Association between mid-latitude circulation and onset of Indian summer monsoon over Kerala. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 623-30.

Teleconnections between mid latitude circulation over different sectors and onset of Indian summer monsoon over Kerala for the period of 1971-89 have been examined. Significant negative relationships are observed between the meridional circulation indices and general perturbation of zonal flow and the monsoon onset over Kerala. Strong and significant positive relationships are also observed between frequency of zonal index over sector 160° E to 45°W and onset dates of monsoon over Kerala.

2 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

023122   Barai V N;Shinde M G (NO, Agriculture College, Dhule, Maharashtra, CAE, MPKV, Rahuri) : Development of rainfall intensity-duration-return period equation for Rahuri, Maharastra. Indian J Soil Conserv 2002, 30(3), 277-9.

13 ref

023121   Attri S D;Rathore L S (India Meteorological Dep, , New Delhi-110 003) : Pre-harvest estimation of wheat yield for NW India using climate and weather forecast. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 729-38.

The yield of a cultivar at any given location depends highely on weather experienced during its life cycle interalia nutrition, soil moisture and management practices. Accurate weather prediction may help farmers to capitalise on benevolent weather and to take adquate steps to protect corps from adverse weather events. The task may be accomplished using crop simulation models linked with climate and weather forecast. But, reliability of weather forecast must be assessed in various agroclimatic zones before their adoption on operational basis. For this purpose, evaluated CERES-Wheat model V3.5 was utilised to estimate yield and quantify value of perfect forecast for popular wheat genotypes at variosu steps during crop season using long term weather records in NW India. Accuracy of weather forecast (medium range) was also tested under different fertiliser, dates of sowing and moisture scenarios. Results indicate the suitability of the model for strategic planning, yield estimation and tactical decisions during crop growth season.

6 illus, 9 ref

023120   Asokan R;Ramanan S R;Nair E K N K (NO, Meteorological Centre, Bhubaneswar) : A diagnostic study of strength of downdrafts in a gust front and the associated damages to aircraft at parking way. Mausam 2003, 54(3), 757-62.

Cr5 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

023119   Anil Kumar C P;Venugopal C (NO, School of Pure & Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P. O. Kottayam-686 560) : Influence of non-recurrent geomagnetic activity on ionospheric scintillations. Indian J Phys-Pt B 2003, 77(3), 277-81.

Qunatifies the effect of geomagnetic storms on ionospheric scintillations observed at a few Indian low latitude stations. Total seventy-three storms were studied and classified into different categories to see the type of activity in the ionosphere on before or after each category of storm. To show the effect of geomagnetic storms in each category on the occurrence of scintillations. Selects five individual non-recurrent geomagnetic storms, mostly severe ones, having different sudden storm commencement times. It is noted that for intense geomagnetic storms, both scintillation and ionosphere data yield identical results which demonstrate that spatial irregularities of electron density in the ionsphere may be attributed to magnetic storms and associated perturbations. A study of storm time N_MF₂, h'F and scintillation, was carried out to understand the Physics behind the triggering / suppression of scintillaiton activity. It is found that during the main phase, N_MF₂ shows peak values while it decreases sharply during the recovery phase. Any enhancement during recovery time in N_MF₂ along with a rise in h'F, implies either an irregularity formation or strong possibility of occurrence of scintillation. It is also found that during solar maximum years, equatorial scintillaitons are totally inhibited during recurrent geomagnetic storms for all seasons while no such rule holds good for non-recurrent storms. The study reveals that F-region response to geomagnetic storms in interplay of the electromagnetic drift and rise in h'F associated with storm time electric field.

5 illus, 21 ref

023118   Agnihotri R;Dutta K (NO, Physical Research Laboratory, Navarangpura, Ahmedabad-380 009) : Centennial scale variations in monsoonal rainfall (Indian, east equatorial and Chinese monsoons) : manifestations of solar variability. Curr Sci 2003, 85(4), 459-63.

Studies dealing with variability of the Indian monsoon rainfall have been an active area of research since long due to their heavy impact over agricultural output on which a major proportion of the world's population survives. Several forcing factors dominating monsoonal intensity have been proposed in the recent times, with solar forcing as one of them. Most of the recent literature invoking impact of solar variability on monsoonal climate around the globe have been reviewed. The comparative study led to propose that solar variability has to be carefully monitored in decadal to multi-decadal time scale, in conjunction with other other grenhouse parameters, in order to achieve predictive capability of monsoon rainfall.

2 illus, 24 ref

022021   Das S K;Chand B K (Fishery Biology Dep, West Bengal University of Ammal & Fishery Sciences, mohanpur-741 252 Nadia) : Limnology and biodiversity of ichtyofauna in a pond of southern Orissa., India. J Ecotoxic envir Monit 2003, 13(2), 97-102.

Dynamics of limnological factors in a community pond of Ganjam district (South Orissa) were monitored for one year (Jne 1996 to May 1997) and indicated significant correlations among different factors such as temperature and dissolved oxygen (P<60>0.01), transparency and dissolved oxygen (P<60>0.05), free carbondioxide and dissolved oxygen (P<60>0.01) as well as pH and total akalinity (P<60>0.01). A total number of 19 species of fin fihses were recorded in the pond with cyprinids contributing maximum of eight numbers (42.1%) of species followed by four numbers (21.15%) of catfishes.

4 illus, 14 ref

022020   Basu S;Bhatt Raj Kumar V;Agarwal V K (Oceanic Sciences Division, Meteorology and Oceanography Group, Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad-380 015) : Assimilation of satellite altimeter data in a multilayer Indian Ocean circulation model. Indian J Mar Sci 2003, 32(3), 181-93.

The study was dictated by a curiosit to examine whether the forecast capability of a multilayer Indian Ocean circulation model can be improved by assimilaing satellite altimeter data into the model. In the investigation studies the assimilation of Topex/Poseidon (T/P) altimeter observed sea level anomaly data in a 2 1/2 layer thermodyanic model of the Indian Ocean. The model has been spun up for 7 years with climatological winds and heat fluxes obtained by 5 years average of monthly mean winds and heat fluxes from the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) to achieve steady annual cycle. Thereafter, the model has been run furteh for 5 years (1995-1999) with interannually varying daily NCEP winds and heat fluxes so as to reach the initial state corresponding to 1st January of the experimental year 2000. Subsequently, the model has been run for the experiment year 2000. It has been able to produce the known patterns of current and SST in the Indian Ocean reasonably well. However, the model simulated sea level anomalies (SLA) do not comapre well with observations. An attempt has been made to improve the simulation of SLA by assimilating highly accurate T/P altimeter data into the model using the technnique of blending and nudging. Both monsoon and non-monsoon cases have been studied. From the study it can be concluded that it is possible to provide reasonably accurate forecast of oceanic sea level variations in the short time scale (about 5 yo 10 days) using this model of intermediate compolexity forced by good quality forecast winds if satellite data can be properly assimilated into the model.

7 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

022019   Baruah B K;Baruah D (Department of Zoology, Cotton College, Guwahti-781 001 Assam) : Study on water quality of Subansiri river in Assam- an EIA approach for a proposed hydroelectric power project. Indian J Envir Ecoplann 2003, 7(2), 381-4.

Water quality of Subansiri river, a major tributanry of mighty river Brahmaputra at a proposal hydel project site was studied for 12 months. Physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis revealed that the river water is suitable for drinking, irrigation and indurstry. The data would be useful for EIA study in terms of water quality for the proposed hydel project.

1 tables, 9 ref

022018   Baroth A;Soni I;John P J;Bhatnagar P;Bakre P p (Environmental Toxicology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004) : Assessment of organochlorine pesticides and its source in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur. J Ecophysiol occup Hlth 2002, 2(3-4), 291-7.

Keoladeo National Park holds a very important place in India for being IUCN's (International Union for Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources) world heritage site and as a feeding ground for many migratory birds. Three sites were identified from the park for the collection of water and sediment samples. The park receives water form a temporary water reservoir, Ajanbund present a few kilometers away from it. This reservoir recieves water contaminated with variety of pesticides from the catchment area of river Gambhiri as it is under extensive agricultural practice. Ajanbund also turns into a crop field in winters after the water is released into the park thereby increasing the additional load of pesticides to the reservoir. Organochlorine pesticides (HCH & its isomers, DDT & its metabolites and Dieldrin) were and analyzed by Gas chromatograph. All the samples were found to be contaminated with the above mentioned pesticides and the concentration of total Organochlorine pesticide in water ranged between 0.07-0.1 ppm while that of sediment between 0.6-1.3 ppm.

1 illus,2 tables, 13 ref

022017   Bajpai V N;Mahanta C (Geology Dep, Univ of Delhi, Delhi-110 007) : Hydrogeomorphic classification of the terrain in relation to the aquifer disposition : a case study from Gurgaon-Sohna Region, Haryana. J Geol Soc India 2003, 62(3), 318-34.

Hydrogeomorphic classification of the terrain in Gurgaon-Sohna region has been arrived at using satellite images. Four maorphological units have been identified as rock tract, pediment, alluvial tract and the sand due tract. While the rocky tract composed of mainly quartzite is characterized by its drainage and water bodies, which are controlled by geological structure; the pediment forms a fringe surrounding the rocky tract. The alluvial tract occupies either the narrow valley fill or the extensive plain. The alluvial plain has been partly covered by sand dune tract, which consists of dunal ridges and interdunal depressions. The interdunal depressions at places are the sites of water bodies. Groundwater movement is from the rocky tract and the dunal ridges towards the valley fill and follows, in general, the topography. The aquifer panel diagram indicates that the aquifer disposition is in relation to the morphological setting of the region. The gethermal gradient around the Sohna hot water spring shows that the major joints in the rocky tract have directional control over the aquifer system formed in the alluvial plain and the valley fill.

9 illus, 26 ref

022016   Ansari A A;Khan E A (Department of Botany, Environmental Pollution Research Laboratory, Aligarh Muslim Universit, Aligarh-202 002) : Nutritional status and quality of water of waste water pond in Aligarh showing blooms of Spirodela polyrrhiza L.(Shleid). J Ecophysiol occup Hlth 2002, 2(3-4), 185-9.

Compared the nutritional status of simple tap water with the domestic waste water of a waste water pond and to evaluate the effects on plants of Spirodela polyrrhiza L. (Shleid) which were grown in simple tap water and waste water separately. The waste water was collected from a waste water pond showing singns of eutrophication by blooms of Spirodela polyrrhiza L. (Shleid). There was rapid multiplaction of plants which were grown in waste water in comparison to those grown in the simple tap water. There was an excess of nutrients in waste water specially Nn, P, K, (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium)due to the addition of domestic wastes (sewage) resulting in eutrophication of waste water pond. Eutrophic water of pond was also found to cause an increase in chlorophyll content, protein content, dry weight and population density of plants grown in domestic waste water in comparison to the plants grown in simple tap water.

2 tables, 14 ref

022015   Anbuganapathi G;Manimekalal G;Mohan R; Mohanasundaram J;Thirunavukkarasu N (P G and Research Department of Zoology, Kandswamikandar's College, Velur 638 182, Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu) : Bacterial contamination of river cauvery, Namakkal district - a case study. J Ecotoxic envir Monit 2003, 13(1), 41-5.

The water quality with prticular reference to bacterial analysis was carried out in the river cauvery, Namakkal district from January to March 2000. The selection of sampling stations has been done mostly on the basis of proximity of Two panchayat area and junction of tributaries, which are expected to make significant contribution to sewage pollution load. The bacterial population count observed in the river water is 0.8-3.9 x 10³/ml colonies. Mean values in coliform bacterial counts for station V was higher (699/100ml) when compared to those of the other four. Coliform bacterial count showed positive correlation with E. coli count. The bacterial parameters analyzed revealed that the river is highly polluted with faecal material.

4 illus, 8 ref

022014   Akgul M;Bolucek C;Sagiroglu a (Geology Dep, Engineering Faculty, Firat Univ, Elazig, Turkey) : Geological setting, mineralogy and geochemistry of plutonic rocks and related auriferous quartz veins in the Baskil region elazig, Eastern Turkey. J Geol Soc India 2003, 62(3), 343-55.

Baskil auriferous quartz veins are found in granitoids of Coniacian-Campanian age. The granitoids, together with gabbro, volcanics, subvolcanics and pyroclastics constitute the "Elazig Magmatic Complex". These have characteristics typical of arc magmatics, and are thought to be related to S-N subduction during closer of the Tethys. The geochemical investigations in this study indicate that some parts of the Elazing Magmatic Complex have similar composition to that of syn-COL granitoids, and these rocks are ascribed to a separate "Baskil" pluton. quartz veins occurring within the Baskil Pluton extend into other lithologies of the Elazing Magmatic Complex. The veins are 0.2 - 2.0 m thick and are up to several hundred metres in length. They occupy NW-SE striking fractures and display narrow wall rock altration zones. From surface downwards the wall rock alteration changes from sericitization through pyrophylitic alteration to secondary K-feldspar formation. Silicification is common and is observed around all veins. The main component of the veins is quartz and sulphide mineral are concentrated as lumps among quartz crystals. The ore minerals within the veins are cubanite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, tetrahedrite-tennantite, bismuthinite, sphalerite and native Au. The veins are closely related to the Baskil Pluton and were probably the final products of plutonic evolution. High temperature ore minerals (cubanite, bismuthinite), wall rock alteration (secondary K-feldspar, pyrophylitic alteration), and spatial relations of veins with the pluton, all indicate a nearby source for the hydrothermal solutions which formed the quartz veins.

7 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

024950   Tripathi A;Murthy S;Singh R K (NO, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow-226 007, Email: tripathi_archana@hotmail.com) : Palynodating of coal-bearing Strata near Kunda pahari, Pachwara coalfield, Rajmahal basin, Jharkhand, India. J Palaeont Soc India 2010, 55(1), 29-35.

The palynological analysis, of carbonaceous lithofacies from a quarry near Kundapahari, Pachwara Coalfield, Rajmahal Basin reveals presence of Densipollenites magnicorpus Palynozone correlatable with the palynoassemblage from Raniganj Formation of Damodar Basin. A Late Permian age is indicated for the strata presently studied. The samples, mainly arenaceous, from Dubrajpur Formation are barren of spores.

4 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

024949   Srivastava D K;Pandey D K;Alberti M;Fursich F T (Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Lucknow Univ, Lucknow-226 007, Email: sirdkdr@gmail.com) : Record of Advenaster Hess, 1955 (asteroidea) from the bathonian patcham formation of Kala Jhar in Habo Dome, Kachchh basin, India. J Palaeont Soc India 2010, 55(1), 65-91.

The asteroid genus Advenaster Hess, 1955 is being recorded and described for the first time from the Indian subcontinent. The specimen has been collected from limestone beds of the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Patcham Formation exposed in a deep gorge in the centre of the Habo Dome, south of the village Dhrang, Kachchh, India.

^ssc3 illus, 36 ref

024948   Srivastava D K;Kroh A;Kulshreshtha S K (Geology Dep, Centre of Advanced Study, Lucknow Univ, Lucknow-226 007, Email: sirdkdr@rediffmail.com) : Taxonomic revision of the echinoid Hemicidaris, jaisalmerensis Sahni and Bhatnagar, 1955. J Palaeont Soc India 2010, 55(1), 59-64.

The hemicidarid Hemicidaris jaisalmerensis Sahni and Bhatnagar (in Sahni 1955) recorded and described by Sahni and Bhatnagar (1958) from the Jurassic sediments of the Jaisalmer Formation, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India was later reassigned to the genus Recrosalenia by Bhatia (1980). However, the re-examination of the holotype and paratypes of Sahni and Bhatnagar in Sahni (1955) suggests its placement under acrosaleniid genus Acrosalenia L Agassiz, 1840 instead of Recrosalenia Currie, 1925. The taxa are here redesignated as Acrosalenia jaisalmerensis (Sahni and Bhatnagar in Sahni, 1955) and a redescription of the type material as well as the new specimens is given.

2 illus, 22 ref

024947   Sharma M;Bajpai U;Shukla Y;Shukla M (NO, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow-226 007, Email: mukundsharma) : Ultrastructure and morphological studies of early mesoproterozoic Chuaria circularis: A case study from the vindhyan supergroup. J Palaeont Soc India 2010, 55(1), 51-8.

Specimens of Chuaria circularis occurring in the Suket Shale of the Vindhyan Supergroup are subjected to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Transmitted/Reflected Light Microscopy (LM). Contrary to the previous SEM and TEM studies of C. circularis from Rampura that reported no radial pores, our observations conform to the presence of distinct radial canals penetrating the wall and single layered cell wall structure. The thickness of the wall is almost the same in ultra thin sections of the well preserved C. circularis from the Rampura area. Post preservation, the lower and upper layers are continuous, parallel and very close to each other. Both the parallel running layers have characteristic structural properties of organic matter i.e. density, robustness and texture. The details on surface ornamentation and the cell wall structure of C. circularis are provided. Presence of the radial canals and the trabecular ultrastructure should be treated as an additional taxonomical attributes for C. circularis.

2 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

024946   Mazumder B I (Geology Dep, Karimganj College, Karimganj-788 710, Email: bimazumder@rediffmail.com) : Anomiid bivalves from the lower miocene of Kolasib, Mizoram. J Palaeont Soc India 2010, 55(1), 45-9.

A small collection of Anomiidae (two new species of Anomia and one species of Placuna) is described from a thin Calcareous Sandstone bed exposed at Quarry Veng of Kolasib in Mizoram. The bed is of the Upper Bhuban Formation of the Surma Group. Biostratigraphically, it falls in the Zonule IIA(b): Conus (Dendroconus) loroisii - Archimediella (Torculoidella) angulata Zonule, and is assigned to the Burdigalian.

2 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

024945   Mahesh Prasad (NO, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow-226 007, Email: mahesh_bsip@yahoo.com) : Carbonised fossil woods from the Siwalik group of Himachal Pradesh, India and their significance. J Palaeont Soc India 2010, 55(1), 23-8.

Investigation on carbonized fossil woods collected in situ for the first time from the Middle Siwalik (Mio-Pliocene) sediments of Hamirpur Disrict, Himachal Pradesh reveals the occurrence of two new fossil woods having distinct anatomical features which enable us to identify with extant taxa, Hopea sulcata Sym. and Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp. of the families Dipterocarpaceae and Lythraceae respectively. Comparable species are not found to grow anywhere in and around the fossil locality as well as in the whole Himalayan foot hills of Himachal Pradesh but presently distributed in the evergreen forests of north-east India and the Malayan region. Thus, it indicates that the climatic changes must have taken place after Mio-Pliocene time due to which such moist loving species became extinct from the region.

3 illus, 19 ref

024944   Lalmuankimi C;Tiwari R P;Jauhri A K;Ralte V Z (Geology Dep, , Mizoram, Aizawl-796 009) : Foraminifera from the Bhuban formation of Mizoram. J Palaeont Soc India 2010, 55(1), 71-5.

This report includes results of a study of the fossiliferous calcareous sandstone band of a thick siliciclastic succession of nearshore deposits designated as the Upper Bhuban unit of the Bhuban Formation, Surma Group (early-middle Miocene age) in Mizoram. The calcareous horizon has yielded a foraminiferal fauna comprising planktic and benthic assemblages. The foraminiferal assemblage includes among others the age markers, e.g. Globigerinoides trilobus (Reuss), Globigerinoides subquadratus Bronnimann and Miogypsina suggesting equivalence with planktic foraminifera zones N5-N6, i.e. early Miocene.

^ssc2 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

024943   Kundal P;Mude S N (Geology PG Dep, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur Univ, Law College Square, Nagpur-440 001, Email: ppk_kundal@rediffmail.com) : Amphiroa, a geniculate coralline alga, from the neogene-quater-nary sediments of the Porbandar area, Gujarat. J Palaeont Soc India 2010, 55(1), 37-44.

The Neogene-Quaternary sediments of the Porbandar area contain well-preserved geniculate coralline algal species of genus Amphiroa. The present paper documents 07 coralline algal species of genus Amphiroa, namely Amphiroa anchiverricosa, A. ephedraea, A. fortis, A. fragilissima, A. rigida, A. prefragilissima, and A. prerigida from these sediments. Amphiroa is associated with various nongeniculate coralline algal species and this association points that the Dwarka Formation was deposited in marine tropical environment with high energy conditions at depths ranging from the intertidal to 60 m, the Adatiana Member of Miliolite Formation was deposited under shallow marine tropical environment with moderate to low-energy conditions, and bathymetry fluctuating from intertidal to 60m and the Porbandar Calcarenite Member of the Chaya Formation was deposited under tropical to subtropical marine environment with bathymetry in the range of 40m to 60m having moderate to low energy conditions.

2 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref