010167   Singh S M;Singh H B (NO, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001) : Global warming, little ice age & vision of climate. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2003, 11(2), 141-48.

The climate in different parts of the earth has been changing over the centuries. Though the revolution in science has given a new dimension in the studies of climate and environment, but the attention on climate changes is restricted to the recent time only. The vision of past climate can reflect the result of present climate and forcecast the model of future climate. The study of recent climate is easy, but the long-term climate changes measured in decades and centuries are difficult to quantify. On the basis of inferential data and records of the palaeoclimatologists have justified successfully the weather of the past. For the the study of climate changes in Medieval and Modern History if we consider the mid-time of 11 to 19th and 19 to 20th century, then it clears that the climate of that time was characteristically different from the present day. The slice of time: 1100-1300 AD witnessed high temperature, 1450-1850 AD saw pulsatory glaciations and mid-time of 1900-2000 experienced the phonomenon of global warming. During the time of pulsatory glaciations there was extremely low temperature, much cooler weather and social and economical conditions were worst. The period of 1450-1850 AD has popularly coined as Little Ice Age. Though sufficient and important evidence of climate changes have been recorded but what factors were responsible for it, is not clear so far. Thus on this exciting issue there is a need of extensive study and research.

4 illus, 29 ref, Hindi

010166   Singh A P;Vijaya V;Mishra D C (NO, National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007) : Subsurface geometry of Hyderabad granite pluton from gravity and magnetic anomalies and its role in the seismicity around Hyderabad. Curr Sci 2004, 86(4), 580-6.

The surface geometry of Late Archaean-Early Proterozoic Hyderabad granite pluton is delineated from gravity and magnetic data, and its possible role in the recurring local earthquakes evaluated. The Bouguer anomaly map of the region shows that the pear-shaped Hyderabad granites are emplaced as discrete plutons, though these may form part of a composite batholith. Extension of the Hyderabad batholith towards the west under Deccan traps is delineated. Analysis of the gravity and magnetic anomalies shows that the pluton has a total horizontal dimension of 100 x 100 km² and a vertical extension of about 4-5 km. However, the discrete roots of this granite body extend to over 10 km depth. The delineated granitic body, because of its elastic property contrast with the surrounding rock, may act as the stress concentrator of far-field compression due to the motion of the Indian plate, and together with the pre-existing faults and weak zones in the form of morphotectonic knots in the Jubilee hill, are suggested as twin cause mechanisms for inducing the present-day local earthquakes of the Hyderabad region, even at a lower differential stress.

7 illus, 25 ref

010165   Shankar D;Kotamraju V;Shetye S R (Physical Oceanography Div, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa-403 004) : Quantitative framework for estimating water resources in India. Curr Sci 2004, 86(4), 543-52.

While issues related to water attract considerable attention in all spheres of life in India, very little quantitative information is available on the water budget of the country. There are primarily two reasons for this lacuna: first, the dearth of information on the variables associated with hydrology, and second, the absence of an easily accessible quantitative framework to put these variables in perspective. A framework that has been assembled to address both these issues have been discussed. At the core of the framework is a hydrological routing model (HYDRA)^1,2 that has been used to study the water balance of basins on various scales, ranging from a few square kilometers to continents. The basic data needed for implementing the framework are a suitable digital elevation model (DEM) and data on precipitation and evapotranspiration. Available discharge data can be used to validate the performance of the model. The viability of the framework by applying it to the hydrology of the Mandovi river on the western slopes of the Sahyadris has been demonstrated; it is typical of the rivers along the Indian west coast. Most of the catchment area of the river is in Goa, but parts of the river also flow through Karnataka and Maharashtra. A 3o"-resolution (<126> 1 km) DEM (GLOBE)³ and HYDRA are used to show that the model output mimics the observed discharge well, providing indirect validation for the surface run-off and sub-surface drainage values on which on data are available.

9 illus, 4 tables, 40 ref

010164   Saxena V K;Mondal N C;Singh V S (NO, National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007) : Identification of sea-water ingress using strontium and boron in Krishna Delta, India. Curr Sci 2004, 86(4), 586-90.

The distribution trends of trace elements over North and South Krishna delta were examined in relation to fresh-, brakish- and saline-water zonations. Strontium and boron have shown significant variations in fresh-, brackish- and saline-water environment. Strontium has shown a variation from 23 to 1500 μg/l in brackish water and 1679 to 3180 μg/l in saline water. Similarly, boron has shown a variation from 71 to 199 μg/l in freshwater, 211 to 422 μg/l in brackish water and 695 to 2929 μg/l in saline water. The groundwater of these delineated zones when compared with the zonations of total dissolved solids are in good agreement. Therefore, strontium and boron could be used as sensitive chemical parameters responding to changes in fresh- to saline-water environment.

3 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

010163   Saxena V K;Mondal N C (National Geophysical Res Inst, , Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007) : Application of water chemistry for the estimation of aquifer temperature, Puttur hot spring, Karnataka, India. J appl Hydrol 2003, 16(3), 17-23.

Puttur hot spring (45°C) Karnataka is located in the bank of Netravati river, Southern shield of India and manifest water with a discharge rate of 46 lit/min. Geological formation of this area is peninsular gneiss of Precambrian age. Aqueous ionic species of hot spring has shown meteoric water origin, neutral to mildly alkaline (pH: 7.3) with Na-Ca-HCO₃ type. The geo-chemical thermometers mainly SiO₂ (quartz and chalcedony) and Na/K seem to be fairly good to measure the aquifer temperature of this hydrothermal system. These thermometers estimate 106 ± 10°C as aquifer temperature of this hot spring.

2 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

010162   Satyajit Rao Y R;Vijaya Kumar S V;Rao U V N; Srinivasulu S (Deltaic Reg Centre, National Inst of Hydrology, Siddartha Nagar, Kakinada) : Experimental studies on in-situ field infiltration characteristics. J appl Hydrol 2003, 16(3), 28-37.

Infiltration is one of the important phases of the hydrological cycle, controlling the movement of water on the surface and subsurface zones. Suddagedda is one of the east flowing rivers of medium size basins in the East Coast of India. Total 28 infiltration tests were conducted using double ring infiltrometer to study the in situ field infiltration characteristics. The average infiltration rates in clay loams to clay, sandy loams and forest & loamy skeletal soils are 2.50, 3.94 and 7.12 cm/hr respectively. According to landuse classification the highest average infiltration rate was observed in barren land (13.42 cm/hr) and lowest rate in agriculture land (0.44 cm/hr). The spatial correlations of infiltration rates (initial, average and final) are studied through experimental and model variograms, and infiltration rate contour maps of the basin were prepared using block kriging. The high spatial correlation observed in final infiltration rates and low in initial infiltration rates. The range of spatial correlation was limited to 6km within the basin. It was observed that if the ground surface is hard, the initial infiltration rates are prone to errors or high values and therefore the double ring infiltrometer method has some field limitations.

6 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

010161   Raghavan S (NO, , 1/16, Bayline Apts., 15, 2nd Cross St., Radhakrishnan Nagar, Chennai-600 041) : Tropical cyclone impact in Andhra Pradesh. J appl Hydrol 2003, 16(4), 21-6.

The economy of Andhra Pradesh is considerably affected by tropical cyclones. The damage due to cyclones is increasing over the years, not because of any changes in meteorological factors but because of economic and demographic factors. The observation and forecasting of cyclones and the communication of warnings to the public has improved in recent years but the scope for further improvement is limited by the nature of the phenomenon. Effective disaster mitigation and management therefore requires action to be taken in the face of uncertainties in forecasts sustained awareness campaign to make clear the nature of the phenomenon and the impact to be expected and an emphasis and investment on proactive preparedness measures such as planned land use and improvement of infrastructure, rather than on reactive Post-cyclone measures.

2 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

010160   Pingua B M P;Nabiullah;Mishra G D;Jagdish; Singh R K (Central Mining Res Inst, , Dhanbad-826 001) : Studies on explosive behaviour of large diameter explosives in mining application. J Mines Metals Fuels 2003, 51(7-8), 255-9.

Large diameter explosives products such as slurry, emulsion, ANFO and HANFO are extensively used in surface coalmines, stone quarry, dolomite mines and other excavation project in India. The sensitivity, velocity of detonation (VOD), sympathetic detonation of explosives was measured in field condition. The detonation pressure and sympathetic detonation of commercial explosive products are discussed in detail.

4 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

010159   Narasimha Prasad N B (Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, , Kozhikode-673 571) : Assessment of groundwater resource in Nileshwar river basin. J appl Hydrol 2003, 16(3), 52-60.

Groundwater condition in different physiographic regions has been studied with river basin as the unit. The study has been carried out in the Nileshwar river basin in Kasargod District of Kerala State, India. The pattern of water level fluctuation in different physiographic regions, depth to water level and saturated thickness in different seasons, hydrogeological properties of the rocks within the basin, groundwater assessment, groundwater quality, etc, have been studied. All this have been integrated to determine the groundwater condition in the river basin in terms of groundwater potential, draft and future prospects. The annual groundwater availability has been estimated as 9.4 million cubic metres (MCM) and the gross annual groundwater draft has been estimated as 3.5 million cubic metres for Nileshwar basin. The stage of groundwater development has been computed as 37%. There is no significant rise or fall of water levels during both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon intervals in the basin. Considering the stage of development and trend of water levels, it has been categorized that the Nileshwar basin is `SAFE' for future groundwater development.

2 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

010158   Jeyakanthan V S (Deltaic Reg Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, Siddartha Nagar, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh-533 003) : River bank erosion studies of part of Brahmaputra using remote sensing data. J appl Hydrol 2003, 16(3), 1-4.

Phulbari area in the Western part of Garo Hills of Meghalaya State of North East India is one of the worst flood affected areas undergoing large scale progressive erosion every year rendering thousands of people homeless. This study area is situated on the southern bank of the river Brahmaputra one of the biggest rivers of the world with a bed width of 6 to 19 k.m. and maximum discharge of 72,794 cumecs. To conceive protection scheme for Phulbari, flood erosion mapping has long been warranted and many bank protection works are being taken by various state and central agencies. To provide vital aid in these works and conceive better planning, an attempt has been made to map the eroded banks and flow of the river at different periods with the help of remote sensing data for which IRS-1A & 1B, 1:50,000 scale False Colour Composite (FCC) have been used. Analysis for bankline migration has been carried out from the delineation of pre & post monsoon periods of 1988, 1992 and 1996. Comparing survey of India toposheet (1970) with the 1996 satellite data it is found 4 sq.km. area of several villages and a town ship lost into flood water and shifting of bank of the Brahmaputra took place along a distance of 1.2 k.m. near Phulbari area.

2 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

010157   Hubert P;Tchiguirinskaia I;Schertzer D; Bendjoudi H;Lovejoy S (UMR Sisyphe, Ecole des Mines de Paris, France) : Scaling, fractals and multifractals in hydrology : premises and perspectives. J appl Hydrol 2003, 16(4), 1-9.

Hydrologists have often considered and discussed the multiplicity of scales and they recognize now this issue as the main bottleneck of their science. However, there is not yet a general consensus on the best way to overcome it. Dealing with highly nonlinear processes over wide ranges of time and space scales, hydrology has been during the last two decades an inspiring domain for scaling, fractals and multifractals and there has been a mushrooming interest in their application in Hydrology, which gave birth to new concepts, notions, formalisms and techniques. From a qualitative understanding of a major difficulty of Hydrology, some advances led to the development of quantitative methods to relate statistics and structures at potentially widely different space-time scales and to provide a general conceptual framework for aggregation/disaggregation techniques and space-time modelling. Such results should help in future to solve the major practical problems that hydrologists are facing today, in the field of natural hazards, soil-atmosphere coupling, global change assessment or management of ungaged basins.

5 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

010156   Harish Chandra;Yadav B P;Jaiswal C S (Irrigation and Drainage Engng Dep, College of Technology, G.B. Pant Univ of Agric & Tech, Pantnagar-263 145) : Design of level irrigation check basins. J appl Hydrol 2003, 16(3), 22-7.

Design of check basin irrigation system in medium textured soil indicated that the intake characteristics fitted as Kostiakov's type of function with coefficient of correlation of 92.68 and value of k and n are found to be 0.753 and 0.5694 respectively. The observation recorded for time of spread, area of check basin and stream sizes were fitted to the equation t=C₁ (A/Q)^C2. The value of correlation constants C₁, C₂ are found to be 0.553 and 1.0566 respectively with coefficient of correlation of 96.32 percent. The values of time of spread for different values of A/Q were calculated. The minimum and maximum deviation from observed values was 0.10 and 27.81 percent respectively with average deviation from observed values is 10.08 percent. Therefore this equation may be used for analysis of check basin irrigation with sufficient accuracy. The application efficiency and distribution efficiency were estimated for 100 percent storage efficiency, as the ratio of A/Q increases the application efficiency and distribution efficiency decreases. More than 90 percent application efficiency can be obtained for the A/Q ratio lesser than 21. This indicates that for 5 lps stream size, the size of check basin should not be more than 100 m² and for 20 lps stream size the check basin size should not be more than 400 m². The effect of different check basin size on grain yield of wheat was non-significant. However yield in 400 m² was not as good as other sizes of plots of check basins.

2 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

010155   Ghosh P;Bhattacharya S K (NO, Physical Research Lab, Ahmedabad-380 009) : Sudden warming epochs. Curr Sci 2004, 86(4), 501-2.

^ssc1 illus, 6 ref

010154   Gaur A S;Sundaresh (NO, National Institute of Oceanography, Dauna Paula, Goa-403 004) : Unique late bronze age copper fish-hook from Bet Dwarka island, Gujarat, west coast of India: evidence on the advance fishing technology in ancient India. Curr Sci 2004, 86(4), 512-4.

3 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

010153   Chandramouli S;Umamahesh N V (Civil Engng Dep, GVP College of Engng, Madhurawada, Visakhapatnam-530 041) : Application of stochastic dynamic programming model for multi-purpose reservoir operation. J appl Hydrol 2003, 16(3), 38-45.

Multi Purpose Reservoir Operation (MPRO) is one of the challenging problems for water resources planners and managers. This problem is highly non linear and highly complex. Many techniques are developed but they have very less application to actual problems. Stochastic Dynamic Programming Model (SDPM) is developed for the MPRO of Hirakud Reservoir which is constructed across River Mahanadi in the state of Orissa, India. This model takes care of the stochastic nature of inflows in to the reservoir. The performance of the system is studied through simulation technique.

7 tables, 13 ref

010152   Ambraseys N N (NO, Imperial College, London) : Three little known early earthquakes in India. Curr Sci 2004, 86(4), 506-8.

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020255   Venkateswaran S;Thangaraju P;Suresh M (Hydrogeological Lab, Geology Dep, Periyar Univ, Salem-11, Tamil Nadu, Email: provnkdswrn@gmail.com) : Identification of groundwater potential and artificial recharge zones through integrated hydrogeomorphological and geophysical study : a case of vaniyar sub-basin, Ponnaiyar river, Tamil Nadu, India. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect F 2010, 29(1-2), 21-31.

Groundwater assessment has been carried out through hydrogeomorphology and geophysical survey. Geomorphology map was prepared from Satellite data. Hydrogeomorphological unit has been further sub-divided based on the tone, texture and pattern. These units have been categorized based on depth of weathering, local geomorphological association, recharge characteristics etc. 60 VES survey were carried out in the study area. The field data were interpreted by curve matching techniques by using IPI2WIN software to determine the topsoil resistivity of the layers. The topsoil resistivity of hydrogeomorphological units has been analyzed by electrical resisting method. Correlation between different sub-units of same hydrogeomorphic unit and topsoil resistivity has been attempted. The correlation and integration of topsoil resistivity integration map with geomorphological unit map were carried out through ArcGIS (Geographic Information System) software. This has helped in better understanding the surface resistivity pattern. Geomorphological spatial distribution map and topsoil resistivity maps were overlaid and the polygon combinations were brought out.

4 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

020254   Tripati S;Ramalingeswara Rao B;Shashikala S; Vijendra Rao R;Khedekar V (National Institute of Oceanography, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, Email: sila@nio.org) : Analysis of timber and coating material on an iron anchor recovered off Aguada Bay, Goa. Curr Sci 2009, 97(9), 1361-8.

Distinct developments have been observed in the evolution of stone and iron anchors. A wide variety of stone anchors have been reported from Indian waters, preceding the introduction of iron anchors by the Europeans. Recently, an Admiralty Long Shanked iron anchor measuring 3.30 m long with a 4.37 m wooden stock was recovered off Aguada Bay, Goa at a water depth of 11 m. The anchor has been tentatively dated contemporary with the maritime history of Goa and Portugal between the 16th and 17th centuries. A thin and uniform coat of finely ground material has been noticed on the surface of the anchor and wooden stock, applied for the endurance of the anchor and the stock in tropical waters. The upper portion of the wooden stock was slightly weathered by the wood-borers and a deposit of bivalves and growth of barnacles were also noticed on the flukes of the anchor. The anatomical analysis of timber revealed that Terminalia spp. and Phoebe spp. timber were used for making the stock. Wood, other than teak, such as Terminalia and Phoebe were also used during the 16th and 17th centuries for anchor stocks because of their weight and endurance. This study is focused mainly on the anatomical analysis of timber to understand the timber species used in making the wooden stock of the anchor and its probable provenance. In addition, a Scanning Electron Microscope and an Energy Dispersive Spectrum analysis of the thin coat on the iron anchor as well of the wooden stock was done to infer the chemical composition of the fine powdered material applied.

7 illus, 1 tables, 20 ref

020253   Tiwari R K;Srilakshmi S (National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: rk_tiwari3@rediffmail.com) : Periodicities and non-stationary modes in tree rings temperatute variability record of the Western Himalayas by multi-taper and wavelet spectral analysis. Curr Sci 2009, 97(5), 705-9.

Examined a newly constructed tree ringtempera-ture variability record from the western Himalayan regions to investigate trend and periodic signatures, if any, and their possible link with external and/or internal forcing. Two powerful spectral techniques, e.g. multi-taper method (MTM) and wavelet transform analysis were used to identify coherent periodic and non-stationary modes in the data. MTM spectral analyses of the tree-ring record spanning from AD 1200 to about AD 2000 revealed evidence for statistically significant, at more than 95% confidence level, periodicities in the range of inter-annual 3.5-8.9 years and a multi-decadal 35-40 years frequency band. A detailed analysis by dividing the record into two parts, AD 1200-1600 and AD 1600-2000 years, further suggests that a quasiperiodicity of 65-90 years was also dominant in the later part of the record. Solar forcing fluctuation on this time scale (Gleissberg cycle) could be the pacemaker of the temperature variability and global warming. Higher frequency signals in ENSO and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) continue to be recorded by tree rings and match well with the above frequency bands signifying their possible linkages. Wavelet spectral analysis of the same data also revealed almost similar periodicities with intermittent cyclic pattern. Cross and coherency spectra between NAO and temperature records further emphasize the link. A striking feature of the wavelet power spectra, however, is the sudden 'breakdown' in spectral power along the multidecadal cycle of 30-40 years, which might suggest a phase change in forcing mechanism leading to fundamental reorganization in land-ocean-atmospheric processes.

3 illus, 30 ref

020252   Srivastava R K;Srivastava H B;Srivastava V (Geology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: rajeshgeolbhu@yahoo.com) : Petrology and geochemistry of proterozoic olivine tholeiite intrusives from the central crystalline of the western Arunachal Himalaya, India: evidence for a depleted mantle. Curr Sci 2009, 97(9), 1355-61.

A number of plugs and dykes of mafic rocks are encountered between Se La and Jung areas of the Central Crystalline rocks of western Arunanchal Himalaya. These mafic intrusives are emplaced within the Paleoproterozoic high to medium grade schists and gneisses of Se La Group. These mafic rocks are metamorphosed and composed of hornblende (<126> 70%) and plagioclase showing granoblastic texture. Geochemically they show olivine tholeiitic characteristics. Appreciable amount of normative hypersthene and olivine is present in all samples. The geochemistry of high-field strength (+ rare-earth) elements suggests that these mafic rocks are co-genetic and derived from olivine tholeiite melt generated from a depleted Iher-zolite mantle source. These mafic rocks show very close geochemical similarities with mafic rocks reported from the western Himalaya. The satellite imageries suggest that these mafic intrusive rocks are exposed at intersection of major lineaments. The association of these mafic rocks with major lineaments, mostly fault planes, advocates that these originally deep seated intrusions have been upthrown and exposed along the fault planes.

7 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

020251   Srivastava H B (Geology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: hbsrivastva@gmail.com) : Strain estimation from the fabric of deformed rocks. Curr Sci 2009, 97(6), 946-9.

Presents a simplified method of estimating strain from the fabrics of weakly deformed rocks, where it is difficult to measure the longer and shorter dimensions of deformed objects. In this method, the plot of the average normalized length of deformed objects against the orientation of lines of constant length, at different angular spacing exhibits a sinusoidal curve. The ratio of maximum to minimum length of curve provides strain ratio. Further, the orientation of the maximum and minimum provides the orientation of principal strain axes. The method requires only a few measurements at different angular spacings, resulting into quick estimate of strain.

2 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

020250   Srinivas P;Satya Narayana T (Civil Engineering Dep, R.V.R. and J.C. College of Engineering, Chowdavaram, Guntur) : Hydro geochemical study of groundwater in Sarada river basin in Andhra pradesh. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2010, 12(3), 623-6.

Hydro Geochemistry of groundwater was studied in Sarada River Basin. The hydro chemical groups according to their dominant cations and anions were observed in different types of rock formations, soil groups, geomorphic settings, slopes and groundwater aquifers. The study revealed that seawater contamination in the southern part of the lower Sarada River by subsurface intrusion, pollution due to the industrial wastes discharged by the existing industries and chemical contamination due to the use of fertilizers. However most: of the groundwater of the basin is found suitable for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes.

1 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

020249   Sreenivasa A;Jayasheela H M;Nagesh P C (Geology Dep, Karnatak Univ, Dharwad-580 003) : Hydrogeochemical investigations of groundwater in Kumadvathi river subbasin, Karnataka, India. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect F 2010, 29(1-2), 13-20.

Kumadvathi sub-basin of the upper Pennar river in Karnataka State stretch between longitude 77° 15' 35" to 77° 30' 10" N and latil de 13° 45' 43" to 13° 30' 30"E and are mainly composed of highly fractured gneisses, schist and mafic dykes of younger age. An attempt has been made in this study to analyse the major ion chemistry of groundwater available in the study area, in order to determine the effect of aqueous geochemicai processes, prevailing in the aquifers. Groundwater samples from 125 bore wells spread across the study area are systematically collected and all the major ions like Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCOs, CO₃, Cl, NO₃, and SO₄ have been analysed. The physical parameters like temperature, EC, TDS, TH and pH have been determined. The chemistry of the groundwater samples of the area have been interpreted based on hardness, salinity and sodium hazard, ion exchange, corrosivity ratio, chlorinity and alkalinity. The hydro chemical data have been contoured with the help of the software package WINSURF-7 and produced in the form of isogram maps to show spatial variations of the constituent's ions in the study area. The present investigation has revealed that the granulite facies of the area is the main mechanism in controlling the chemistry of groundwater. TDS is less than 1000 in 89 locations, 1000 to 3000 in 35 locations and one location shows moderately saline. Hence quality of the available groundwater is found to be suitable for agriculture and domestic use.

3 tables, 10 ref

020248   Solaimani K;Ahmadpour A;Shokri M;Ghorbani J (GIS & RS Centre, Agri. & Natural Resources, Sari-Iran, Email: solaimani2001@yahoo.co.uk) : Vegetation change detection based on IRS and landsat satellites data. Ecol Envir Conserv 2009, 15(3), 427-34.

The study aims to evaluate the IRS-P6 LISS III and Landsat ETM⁺ efficiency in plant group identification. In order to achieve this purpose, 143 training samples were collected from a homogenous plant species composition with an area of 3600 m² (60 x 60 m). Coordinates of these training samples recorded using GPS and transferred to a GIS environment. For satellite data ENVI 4.2 software has used to process and analyses them. Several methods of processing such as; spectral separability, supervised classification and classification accuracy assessment have used in order to gain a satisfy evaluation accuracy. The results of this process indicated that the best separability is related to net farming of Me. sativa and Ju.poly carpus -Ar.kopetdaghensis community (1.99 for Landsat data and 2 for IRS). In contrast, the worst results were related to Ju.polycarpus-Ori.comuta and Ju.polycarpus-Ar.kopetdaghensis communities (1.57) for Landsat and Ju.polycarpus-Ar.kopetdaghensis and fu.polycarpus-Ag.intermedium communities (1.53) for IRS data. It can be concluded that the satellite data are roughly able to identify plant groups when vegetation communities have a sufficient homogenous, wealthy and ecologically separable zones.

3 illus, 6 tables, 48 ref

020247   Shah M C;Shilpkar P G;Acharya A J;Balapure K H;Desai E A;Patel D N (NO, , 14/3, Mohannagar Society, Behind : Bethak, Naroda, Ahmedabad-382 330, Email: mayurchemistry@yahoo.co.in) : Ground water quality of Dahegam taluka Gujarat, India. Ecol Envir Conserv 2009, 15(3), 577-84.

Study deals with physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), calcium hardness(CaH), magnesium hardness (MgH), total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl^-), fluoride (F^-), sulphate (SO₄^2-), sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water samples of bore wells of forty villages of Dahegam taluka of Gujarat state, India. The experimental values of water samples were compared with standard values given by World Health Organization (WHO) and United State Salinity Laboratory for drinking and irrigation purposes, respectively. Water Quality Index (WQI) was also calculated to know the overall quality of water samples. The statistical analysis like mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variance (%CV), analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-test, coefficient of correlation (r) and regression analysis of obtained data were carried out. The results show that the quality of water of North and South regions of Dahegam taluka is very poor and the quality of water of East and West regions of Dahegam taluka is poor for the drinking purpose. Results also show that quality of water for irrigation purpose is quite good and poor for 77.50% and 22.50% villages of Dahegam taluka, respectively. 77 pairs and 28 pairs of water quality parameters bear positive and negative correlation, respectively out of 105 pairs studied. The variance was found significant at 1% level of significance in case of total alkalinity among the four regions of Dahegam taluka. The linear relation also established for each pair of water quality parameters of studied water samples.

10 tables, 12 ref

020246   Sankaran A V (NO, , P&T Colony, I Cross, II Block, R.T. Nagar, Bangalore-560 032, Email: av.sankaran@gmail.com) : Komatiites through time reflect trends in mantle incorporation of meteoritic platinum group elements. Curr Sci 2009, 97(9), 1280-1.

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020245   Sankaran A V (NO, , No. 10, P&T Colony, I Cross II Block, RT Nagar, Bangalore-560 032, Email: av.sankaran@gmail.com) : Early proterozoic (2.5-2.3 Ga) oxygen revolution on the earth superseded? new findings indicate oxygen build-up 700 million years earlier. Curr Sci 2009, 97(4), 472-3.

12 ref

020244   Saharawat Y S;Malik R S;Jhorar B S;Streck T; Chaudhary N;Jat M L (NO, International Rice Research Institute, 1st Floor, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, Pusa, New Delhi-110 012, Email: yasharawat@cgiar.org) : Changes in the recoverable fractions during successive cycles of aquifer stroage and recovery system in North west India. Curr Sci 2009, 97(9), 1369-74.

Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is an effective method of recharging reclaimed or surplus surface water into confined or semi-confined permeable formations for later extraction. A key factor in the long-term viability of ASR is the extent of mineral interaction between two dissimilar water types, their recoverable fractions and consequent impact on water quality and aquifer stability. An ASR well study was undertaken in the semi-arid region of northern India to assess the technical viability, environmental sus-tainability and commercial/economic feasibility of the ASR system in a generic sense. 300 m³ of canal water was injected in each recharge cycle of brackish water and 100% of the mixture was extracted during each recovery cycle of the experiment. The study revealed that groundwater quality of the recovered water was better than that of the native water and recovery percentage of the recharged water (EC <62> 2 dS m^-1) increased from 27% to 42% in the successive recovery cycles. The potassium concentration in the recovered water was greater than that of the injected water as a result of potassium release from clay minerals in the aquifer. Borate was also released from the aquifer due to tourmaline dissolution and desorption from clay minerals under lower pH conditions caused by surface water injection.

2 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

020243   Saha D (NO, Central Ground Water Board, Mid-Estarn Region, Lok Nayak Bhawan, Dak Bunglow Chowk, Patna-800 001, Email: dsaha002@yahoo.com) : Arsenic groundwater contamination in parts of middle Ganga plain Bihar. Curr Sci 2009, 97(6), 753-5.

2 illus, 18 ref

020242   Reddy C S;Navatha K;Rachel B;Murthy M S R; Reddy P M (Forestry and Ecology Div, National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Hyderabad-500 625, Email: csreddy_nrsa@rediffmail.com) : Forest fire monitoring in Sirohi district, Rajasthan using remote sensing data. Curr Sci 2009, 97(9), 1287-90.

3 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

020241   Rawat G S;Godiyal M;Sati M S;Parmar M K (Geology Dep, H.N.B. Garhwal Univ, Srinagar-246 174, Email: geogsrawat@rediffmail.com) : Geomorphology and distribution - discharge of springs and stream in Badiyargad catchment, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttrakhand. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect F 2010, 29(1-2), 33-49.

A resources inventory of springs and stream in Badiyargad catchment, Garhwal district, was followed during 2006-2008. The springs and stream were located and 21 representative springs and stream subjected to detailed investigation. The catchment is occupied by Garhwal groups of rocks containing Dhari metavolcanic, Haryali quartzite, Bhekunda metavolcanic and carbonate. 21 representative perennial springs and stream were selected for detailed study and it was observed that their occurrence is mainly controlled by bed rock geology and structure. Springs discharge is controlled by rainfall, landuse vegetation, grazing incidence and geomorphology of the recharge zone. Springs were characterized by (i) a peak discharge in rainy season followed by a gradual decline and negligible response to water rains; and (ii) those showing sharp decline from peak discharge had substantial response to winter rains. Whatever may be the cause (i.e., natural and anthropogenic) for the depletion of groundwater resources, the emphasis is paid to understand the behavior of springs discharge and to formulate strategies for ground water augmentation.

7 illus, 4 tables, 5 ref

020240   Rangarajan R;Mondal N C;Singh V S;Singh S V (NO, National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 006, Email: ncmngri@yahoo.co.in) : Estimation of natural recharge and its relation with aquifer parameters in and around Tuticorin town, Tamil Nadu, India. Curr Sci 2009, 97(2), 217-26.

This article describes the estimation of natural recharge and determination of aquifer parameters of a watershed located in coastal belt around Tuticorin town, Tamil Nadu, India, using radioactive tracer and pumping test methods. Recharge measurements were made at several spots to weathered gneiss, shale limestone, quartzite and coastal alluvium formations using tritium injection technique. Static water level was also monitored spatially and temporally. This study indicates that the natural recharge caused by rainfall varies from 15.5 to 107.2 mm with the average value of 61.7 mm, which is equivalent to 10.6% of seasonal rainfall that occurred during the experimental period. The recharge rates were also found to be linearly correlated with the water-table fluctuations at nearby existing wells in the different geological formations. From the recharge data and the change of water level in the exiting wells, the specific yields of shallow phreatic aquifers were estimated for different formations, i.e. 7.25, 9.57 and 10.57% for weathered charnokite, shale limestone and coastal alluvium respectively, which show good consistency with the results obtained from the pumping tests.

8 illus, 6 tables, 24 ref

020239   Ramkumar M;Stuben D;Berner Z (Geology Dep, Periyar Univ, Salem-636 011, Email: muramkumar@yahoo.co.in) : Episodes of phosphorus accumulation in the Cauvery basin, South India: implications on palaeoclimate, productivity and weathering. Curr Sci 2009, 97(2), 251-6.

The Barremian-Danian strata of the Cauvery basin, exposed in the erstwhile Tiruchirapalli district, record three positive excursions of phosphorus, namely, during Albian, Cenomanian and Maastrichtian respectively, and a negative excursion across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Corroboration of the depositional history of the strata and comparison with the trends of relative sea level, Si, Sr and Co_rg. revealed that while the Albian episode was related with reduced inflow of siliciclastics and prevalent oxygen minimum owing to the sea-level highstand, the other two positive excursions resulted from sea-level lowstand and concomitant redistribution of intraformational sediments. The negative excursion across the Cretaceous-Tertiary was due to higher faunal turnover.

3 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

020238   Rai S P;Bhishm Kumar;Singh P (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee-247 667) : Estimation of contribution of southwest monsoon rain to Bhagirathi Riverw near Gaumukh, western Himalayas, India, using oxygen-18 isotope. Curr Sci 2009, 97(2), 240-5.

Gaumukh is the snout of the Gangotri glacier located at an altitude of 4000 m in the Himalayas from where the snow and glacier-fed Bhagirathi River emerges. Snow, ice, river discharge and rainfall samples were collected for stable isotope (δ¹⁸O) analysis along with other hydrometeorological data during the ablation period (May to October) in 2004 and 2005 at Bhoj-wasa, 3 km downstream of Gaumukh. The variation in river isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O) with time shows the varied percentage of snow, glacier and rain contribution in the flow of the Bhagirathi River during the ablation period. The discharge of the Bhagirathi River shows positive correlation with temperature and negative correlation with the rain event. The enriched δ¹⁸O values of river flow (-12 to -13.0%.) from May to June and its depletion afterwards reveal that snowmelt dominates the river discharge during May and June while ice/glacier melt dominates in the subsequent months of the ablation period. The contribution of rain was found maximum up to 40% of the total discharge of the river on the day of the rainfall. The complete hydrograph separated out for three rain events occurred in July and September 2005, revealed the rain contribution to the tune of 14-15% of the total river discharge. The contribution of the total rainfall which occurred during the ablation period was estimated to be only 3% of the total discharge. The results show that the melting rate of snow and glacier decreases due to decrease in temperature during the rainy period. This fact clearly explains the phenomenon of decrease in overall discharge of snow and glacier-fed rivers during the rainfall period at higher altitudes or near the snout.

6 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

020237   Pandit M K;Sharma K K;Sial A N;Ferreira V P (Geology Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur-302 004, Email: mpandit_jp1@sancharnet.in) : C-and O-isotopic characteristics of Neoproterozoic Sirohi group meta-carbonates in NW India and their palaeoclimatic implications. Curr Sci 2009, 97(2), 246-53.

The low-grade meta-sedimentary sequence of the Sirohi Group comprises an ensemble of phyllite, schist and meta-carbonate rocks (including impure marble) and marks late Proterozoic tectonics in the NW Indian block. The δ¹⁸O_V-PDB values for Sirohi meta-carbonates range from -20.2 to -101%, suggesting that the O-isotopic signatures have been variably affected by post-depositional alterations. The δ¹³C_V-PDB fluctuate from marginally positive (<126> 1.0%) to negative (-3.3%) values and represent primary sedimentary signatures. The Mn-Sr and Mg-Ca relationships further substantiate that the C-isotopic characteristics have not been significantly modified during the metamorphism. The δ¹³C_V-PDB values are typical of normal carbonate sediments and suggest warmer climatic conditions during their deposition, most likely prior to the Neo-proterozoic 'snowball earth'. Evidence of glaciation in stratigraphically younger litho-units (occurrence of possible diamictite, glacial striations, etc. in the immediately overlying Sindreth Group and Marwar Supergroup) can be correlated with the worldwide glacial events during the Neoproterozoic.

4 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

020236   Joydas T V;Jayalakshmy K V;Damodaran R (Marine Biology Dep, Microbiology and Biochemistry School of Marine Sciences, Cohin Univ of, Cohin-682 016, Email: joydastv@yahoo.com) : Polychaete community structure of Indian west coast shelf Arabian sea. Curr Sci 2009, 97(5), 634-6.

2 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

020235   Joseph A;Balachandran K K;Mehra P;Prabhudesai R G;Vijay Kumar;Agarvadekar Y;Revichandran C;Dabholkar N (NO, National Institute of Oceanography(CSIR), Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, Email: joseph@nio.org) : Amplified msf tides at Kochi backwaters on the southwest coast of India. Curr Sci 2009, 97(6), 776-84.

Characteristics of tides at eight stations in Kochi backwaters (KB) located on the southwest coast of India are analysed. The Msf tidal constituents at several locations are found to be considerably larger than those estimated from the driving tidal potential. The Msf tidal amplitude amplifies progressively from Kochi inlet to the shallower upstream region where it exhibits <126> 3-fold amplification. At the upstream boundary, the Msf tide has the same order of magnitude as M₂ and K₁ tides. The nonlinear frictional interaction between M₂ and S₂ tides appears to be mainly responsible for the observed amplification. However, in regions where depth is <62>2 m, variable bottom frictional effects at fortnightly periodicity plays an additional role in the Msf tidal amplification.

3 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

020234   Jacob N;Babu D S S;Shivanna K (Isotope Applications Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: noblej@barc.gov.in) : Radon as an indicator of submarine groundwater discharge in coastal region. Curr Sci 2009, 97(9), 1313-20.

This article reviews the various available methodologies to estimate submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and demonstrates the utility of radon with a case study. An attempt has been made to identify the existence of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and semi-quantitatively estimate its rate in the coastal area of Vizhinjam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Natural ²²²Rn (half-life = 3.8 days) was used as a tracer of SGD because of its conservative nature, short half-life, easiness in measurement and high abundance in groundwater. An in situ radon (²²²Rn) monitoring study conducted in this region indicated comparatively higher ²²²Rn activities (average: 14.1 ± 1.7 Bq/m³) in the coastal waters revealing significant submarine groundwater discharge. The SGD may be a combination of fresh groundwater and recirculated seawater that is controlled by the hydraulic gradient in the adjacent aquifer and varying tidal conditions in the coastal waters. Using a transient ²²²Rn mass balance model for the coastal waters, SGD rates were computed and the average value was found to be 10.9 ± 6.1 cm/day. These estimates are comparable with those reported in the literature. In general, identification and estimation of submarine groundwater discharge is important in the Indian context because of the possibility of large amounts of groundwater loss through its long coastline, that can be judiciously exploited to cater to the present water requirements for drinking and irrigation purposes.

6 illus, 2 tables, 55 ref

020233   Guharay A;Taori A;Bhattacharjee S;Pant P; Pande B;Pandey K (NO, Aryabhatta Research Institute of observational Sciences, Nainital-263 129, Email: taori@narl.res.in) : First ground-based mesopheric measurements from central Himalayas. Curr Sci 2009, 97(5), 664-9.

First ground-based mesospheric temperature measurements from a central Himalayan station of India, Naninital (29.4°N and 79.5°E) have been carried out during January 2007 with the help of OH and O₂ air-glow monitoring during night-time. The derived temperatures exhibit large amplitudes of -3-6 h waves together with a longer period nocturnal tide-like feature with periodicity -8-10 h. The observed temperatures are in agreement with the SABER derived temperatures, onboard the TIMED satellite and in less resemblance with MSIS-00 model data. The Krass-ovsky's analysis shows the mean η values to be -13.4 ±2.5 and 10.05 ± 2.3; and φ values -23.8 ±11° and -23.5 ± 11.5° for O₂ and OH data respectively, which are higher than the reported values in the literature. The deduced vertical wavelengths are found to be -29.6 ± 11.1 km and 43 ± 21.5 km for O₂ and OH respectively, indicating the observed waves to be upward propagating.

4 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

020232   Francis P A;Gadgil S (Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Ocean Valley, IDA Jeedimethla P.O., Hyderabad-500 055, Email: sulo@caos.iisc.ernet.in) : Aberrant behaviour of the Indian monsoon in June 2009. Curr Sci 2009, 97(9), 1291-5.

4 illus, 13 ref

020231   Deo M G (NO, Moving Academy of Medicine and Biomedicine, C-13, Kubera Gulshan Apartments, D.P. Road, Pune-411 007, Email: deo.madhav@gmail.com) : Slum-dwellers are relatively resistant to swine flu. Curr Sci 2009, 97(9), 1278.

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020230   Choudhary P;Routh J;Chakrapani G J (Earth Sciences Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667) : Comparison of bulk organic matter characteristics in sediments of three Kumaun Himalayan lakes. Curr Sci 2009, 97(4), 572-5.

Three lakes (Nainital, Sattal and Naukuchiatal) in the Kumaun Himalayan region were investigated for total organic carbon (TOC%) and nitrogen (N%), their atomic ratios (C/N) and isotopic composition (<90>¹³ C and <90>¹⁵ N) in their sediments. These geochemical proxies measured in 35-45 cm long cores indicate that organic matter preserved in the lake sediments is primarily derived from algal matter. Increase in TOC in all the three lakes suggests increased productivity. The sediments are anoxic in all the three lakes and show low N%. Shift in <90>¹³ C isotopic composition indicates influence of sewage input into the lakes. Likewise, increase in <90>¹⁵ N in surface sediments suggests nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria.

2 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

020229   Cherian P J;Ravi Prasad G V;Dutta K;Ray D K; Selvakumar V;Shajan K P (NO, Kerala Council for Historical Research, Thiruvananthapuram-695 001, Email: pjcherian@gmail.com) : Chronology of Pattanam: a multi-cultural port site on the Malabar coast. Curr Sci 2009, 97(2), 236-40.

Pattanam (10°09.434'N, 76°12.587'E; Ernakulam District, Kerala) has brought forth an early historic port town with archaeological evidence for mercantile contacts with the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Indian Ocean rims. Excavations by the Kerala Council for Historical Research in 2007 revealed maritime features, including a wharf with wooden posts/bollards of Tectona grandis, and a dugout canoe of Artocarpus hirsutus. The first-ever Iron Age habitation remains of Kerala were also unearthed. The AMS dating of charcoal samples from the Iron Age layer places the beginning of the Iron Age in the first half of the first millennium BC, and the wooden samples from the wharf context mark the maritime features of the site to the late first millennium BC to the early first millennium AD.

3 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

020228   Bhishm Kumar;Rao M S;Navada S V;Verma S K; Shrivastava S (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee-247 667, Email: bk@nih.ernet.in) : Evaluation of effectiveness of artificial recharge measures in parts of Maharashtra using environmental isotope. Curr Sci 2009, 97(9), 1321-30.

India has good average annual precipitation, but its poor distribution in space and time has led to the scarcity of groundwater in many areas. Artificial recharge to groundwater requires a composite procedure along with detailed morphometric and hydro-geological studies of the area. In Maharashtra State, a programme was initiated to recharge the groundwater by making a cascade of earthen bunds, recharge ponds and using disused open wells. The effectiveness of artificial recharge programmes was evaluated by employing environmental isotopes (³H, ¹⁸O and D) in Ozar watershed whereas recharge zones and effectiveness of different recharge sources were evaluated in BM-60 and Bamnod watersheds. ¹⁸O and ³H isotopes revealed that the groundwater storage in Ozar watershed remains less and the contribution of canal water was found minimum during July and maximum during October (about 100%). Similarly, the isotopic signatures of groundwater in BM-60 indicate that the precipitation is the main source of recharge to groundwater in the BM-60 watershed and the contribution of other sources is minimal. The higher values of environmental tritium in Bamnod watershed revealed the contribution of artificial recharge that was carried out thrmiah Hatnur Canal on causal basis.

9 illus, 5 tables, 29 ref

020227   Bhattacharya S K;Borole D V;Francey R J; Allison C E;Steele L P;Krummel P;Langenfelds R;Masarie K A;Tiwari Y K;Patra P K (NO, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad-380 009, Email: prabir@jamstec.go.jp) : Trace gase and CO₂ isotope records from Cabo de Rama, india. Curr Sci 2009, 97(9), 1336-44.

Concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and hydrogen (H₂), and the stable carbon (δ¹³C-CO₂) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O-CO₂) isotopic composition of CO₂ have been measured in air samples collected from Cabo de Rama (CRI), India, for the period 1993-2002. The observations show clear signatures of Northern and Southern Hemispheric (NH and SH) air masses, mixed with their regional fluxes and chemical loss mechanisms, resulting in complex seasonal variation of these gases. The CRI measurements are compared with remote marine sites at Seychelles and Mauna Loa. Simulations of two major anthropogenic greenhouse gases (CO₂ and CH₄) concentrations using a chemistry-transport model for the CRI site suggest that globally optimized fluxes can produce results comparable to the observations. We discuss that CRI observations have provided critical guidance in optimizing the fluxes to constrain the regional source/ sinks balance.

5 illus, 33 ref

020226   Bali R (Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Univ of Lucknow, Lucknow-226 007, Email: rameshbali@gmail.com) : Advance and retreat of Chaurabari glacier. Curr Sci 2009, 97(4), 471.

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020225   Anjan Kumar Prusty B (NO, Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology (GUIDE), PO Box No. 83, Opp. Changleshwar Temple, Mundra Road, Bhuj-370 001, Email: anjaneia@gmail.com) : Need for conservation of wetlands in arid Kachchh region. Curr Sci 2009, 97(6), 745-6.

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018913   Xalco P;Alam N (Geography Dep, Jamshedpur Women's College, Kolhan Univ, Bistupur, Jamshedpur-1) : Role of industries and mining in employment generation in east Singhbhum. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2010, 33(2), 61-4.

East Singhbhum region is considered as one of the industrial pole of India. This is taken as the nuclear of one of the major industrial region of the country. Because of being the seat of various basic industries it is rightly called as the Industrial Capital of India. During recent years technological innovation has substantially diminished the importance of industrial dependence on manpower. This has certainly weakened the man-industries association. Due the reason it seems that correlation between industrialization and employment is weakening. Assuming this an attempt is made in this study to examine the level employment provided by manufacturing and mining. For the purpose to give shape to the proposed study both primary and secondary data is used. For primary information author much depends on the interviews of individuals and personal observations. Secondary data available on National Information Centre site of Jamshedpur is used to while going for this exercise.

3 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

018912   Tiwari A N;Nawale V P;Tambe J A;Satyakumar Y (Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), , Central Region, Civil Lines, Nagpur-440 001, Email: jivesh.tambe@gmail.com) : Variation in calcium and magnesium ratio with increasing electrical conductivity of groundwater from shallow basaltic aquifers of Maharashtra (India). J envir Sci Engng 2010, 52(4), 311-14.

The hydrochemical investigations of 523 groundwater samples from shallow basaltic aquifers of Maharashtra (India) have shown that the Ca/Mg ratio decreases gradually in the groundwater with increasing EC. The ratio was found high for the groundwater having EC less than 500 μS/cm representing a typical water from the basaltic aquifer having more Ca than Mg. The ratio decreases beyond EC of 500 μS/cm showing an increase in concentration of Mg as compared to Ca. The Mg concentration reaches maximum in the groundwater having EC greater than 2000 μS/cm. This decrease in Ca/Mg ratio with increase in mineralisation is possibly due to the percolation of domestic sewage and animal waste to groundwater.

5 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

018911   Tarafder S (Geography Dep, Burdwan Univ, Burdwan, West Bengal) : Impact of globalization on urban society in India: a study in Kalyani municipality in Nadia district, West Bengal. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2010, 33(2), 699-704.

Taking globalization as a force of economic and socio-cultural change of the developing countries like, India, the present paper has the objectives to evaluate critically the existing socio-cultural position of Kalyani Municipality area considering its historical background and to infer whether globalization force is active or not with its good and bad sides in respect of Indian socio-cultural tradition. Present study is worked out for a period often years (1998-99 to 2008-09) and observes the changes in food, dress, use of consumer goods, life style, family structure etc. due to globalization. A sample size of 50 households has been randomly chosen and household survey is done with a structured questionnaire. An intensive field work has also been done with it.

3 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref