013628   Lala T;Mombasawala L S;Pande K;Paul D K (Geology Dep, Presidency Univ, Kolkata-700 073, Email: geoltrisha@gmail.com) : New <. Curr Sci 2014, 107(6), 1027-32.

Mafic dykes constitute an important component of the Deccan Volcanic Province. The duration of Deccan volcanism was from 69 to 63 Ma with a peak at 65 ± 1 Ma. The thickness of the lava flows is much reduced and intensity of dyke occurrence is much less in the eastern part of the province compared to the western part. Here we report new ^{39Ar-40 Ar plateau ages of 60.1 ± 0.3 Ma (la) and 82.3 ± 0.7 Ma (2σ) of two mafic dykes from Shahdol (Madhya Pradesh) and Chirimiri (Chhattisgarh), which indicate polyphase dyke intrusion in the eastern Deccan Volcanic Province.}

3 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

013627   Koul A R;Chauhan D S;Todaria N P (Forestry and NR Dep, H.N.B. Garhwal Univ, Srinagar Garhwal-246 174, Email: nptfd@yahoo.com) : Plant density and regeneration in relation to anthropogenic disturbance along altitudinal and horizontal transect in the sacred forest of Mata Vaishano Devi Hills (Trikuta hills) of J.&K., India. Indian For 2013, 139(6), 487-94.

Study related to density and regeneration in response to anthropogenic disturbance along the altitudinal and horizontal gradients in sacred forests of Trikuta hills in J & K showed a gradual decrease in anthropogenic disturbance level with the increase in altitudinal gradient and horizontal distance from the main track leading to shrine at each forest stand. On the basis of point scaling of different parameters, the higher altitudinal stand (2000-2200 m amsl) represented undisturbed stand, while intermediate (1400-1600 m asl) and lower altitudinal stands (800-1000 m amsl) were moderately disturbed. The density of tree species also showed an increasing trend with the increase in altitude with highest density of 10.83 individuals /100m^{2 at stand III and lowest of 7.5 individuals /100m2 at stand I. In case of horizontal blocks for all the stands, density showed an increasing trend with the decreasing disturbance level. Seedling and sapling density at lower altitude indicate future generation of mixed species, intermediate stand revealed dominance of Pinus roxburghii, while at higher altitude Pinus roxburghii and Quercus leucotricophora have promising}

4 illus, 5 tables, 17 ref

013626   Kishore N;Pavan Kumar P;Reddy S R (Microbiology Dep, Kakatiya Univ, Warangal (Andhra Pradesh)) : Arbuscular mycorrhizal status and influence of artificial inoculations on growth of nursery seedlings of four agroforestry tree species. Indian For 2013, 139(6), 501-6.

Investigations on mycorrhizai status of seedlings of four agroforestry tree species viz., Acacia nilotica, Albizia lebbeck, Pongamia pinnata and Sesbania grandiflora grown in six social forestry nurseries in terms of percentage of colonization, number of resting spores in rhizosphere and presence of arbuscules, vesicles and mycelium in the colonized roots was determined. Percentage of colonization, spore population and nodulation of seedlings varied with the tree species as well as soil. All the three characteristic structures of AM fungi viz., internal mycelium, vesicles and arbuscules were observed inside the roots. A set of six AM fungi representing four genera viz., Glommus fasciculatum, Gl. macrocarpum, Gl. dussi, Acaulospora delicate, Gigaspora sp. and Scutellospora sp. were evaluated under pot culture conditions to select an efficient strain. All these strains supported good growth of saplings compared to uninoculated control. G. fasciculatum was selected for further investigations in view of its superior support of growth of seedlings.

2 tables, 20 ref

013625   Kim H;Song M J (School of Alternative Medicine and Health Science, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju 560-759, Republic of Korea, Email: hyunk@jj.ac.kr) : Analysis of ethnomedicinal practices for treating skin diseases in communities on Jeju Island (Korea). Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2014, 13(4), 673-80.

Aim of this study is to record and analyze the first to the orally transmitted traditional knowledge for the treatment of skin disease in East Asia. Data was collected using participant observations and in-depth interviews. Quantitative analyses were accomplished through the informant consensus factor, fidelity level, and social network analysis. The 68 ethnomedicinal practices recorded from the communities for treating 12 types of skin diseases were classified into 27 families, 30 genera, and 31 species that included plants and animals. The highest degree of consensus from the informants was atopic dermatitis (1.00) and the lowest degree was for herpes labialis (0.67). This study determined 16 species of plants with a FL of 100%. The social network analysis between skin diseases and the medicinal species depicts the four ailment groups. This research suggests the use of social network analysis as a new approach for various interpretations to ethnomedicinal practices within communities.

2 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

013624   Kaushal Kumar;Abbas S G;Siddiqui M H (Faculty of Forestry, Birsa Agricultural Univ, Kanke, Ranchi-834 006, Email: drkaushal_ethnobotany@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of seeds of Celastrus paniculatus Willd. - a potential medicinal plant of pharmacopoeia. Asian J expl Sci 2013, 27(2), 1-2.

Celastrus paniculatus Willd. (Celastraceae) is a potential medicinal plant extensively used in ayurvedic medicinal systems. The seeds oil of these medicinal plants is used for the treatment of large numbers of diseases. The seeds of this plant were collected from four regions of Jharkhand state and the various constitution and oil were compared with the parameters described in the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of Govt. of India. The percentage of oil contents of Celastrus paniculatus Willd. ranges from 43.2 to 44.67% while the contents of the oil mentioned in pharmacopeia is 45%. The similarities in other contents like foreign matter, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extract and water soluble extract too is identical. It is, therefore, suggested that the Celastrus paniculatus Willd. should be protected and awareness should be generated amongst public private sector for the production of seed oil at cheap rate for medicinal use.

1 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

013623   Kalimuthu K;Prabakaran R;Preetha V (Plant Tissue Culture Division, PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomour), Coimbatore-641 018, Email: k_kalimuthu@rediffmail.com) : Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of ethanolic crude extracts of Turnera ulmifolia L. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2014, 6(4), 329-333.

Study was carried out to study the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of ethanolic leaf extract of Turnera ulmifolia. The antimicrobial activity was tested against five bacteria. Among the five different bacteria used, in the case of S. typhi the zone of inhibition is higher (30.76 mm) in 40llg/ml concentration followed by 60μg/ml concentration (24.88 mm). In the case of E. coli the zone of inhibition of is higher in 20μg/ml concentration (31.2 mm) In P. aeruginosa also the maximum inhibition zone (20.70 mm) was observed in 20μg/ml concentration followed by 40μg/ml (17.28 mm). At 20μg/ml of concentration the zone of inhibition is higher (18.30 mm) in K. pneumonia .Where as in S. aureus the percentage of inhibition is 10.16 mm in 40μg/ml concentration: The extract was effective on all the five bacteria. The higher percentage of activity in DPPH was observed in l000μg/ml (94.59%) followed by 800μg/ml (94.28%). More absorbance (0.174) was observed in the concentration of l000μg/ml followed by 800<128><109>g/ml concentration (0.165) in FRAP activity. Antioxidant activity and reducing power of solvent extracts was found to be dose dependent manner.

1 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

013622   Jayashree I;Geetha D H;Rajeswari M (PG and Research Botany Dep, Vellalar College for Women, Erode-12, Email: indramuthujayashree@gmail.com) : Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of Elaeocarpus serratus L. Int J pharm Sci Res 2014, 5(8), 3467-72.

In vitro antimicrobial activity of acetone, methanol and water extracts of leaf, stem bark and fruit of Elaeocarpus serratus L. (Elaeocarpaceae) was examined against four bacterial species (Shigella sonnei, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and a fungal species (Candida albicans) using the agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical screening was carried out for phenols, flavonoids and tannins. Results showed that the plant extracts exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of microorganisms. The acetone and methanol extracts of leaf and stem bark of E. serratus displayed maximum antibacterial activity against all the bacterial species studied. The plant extracts also displayed high antifungal activity against Candida albicans especially, the acetone extract was found to be more active antifungal. Generally, the lower concentrations of the extracts were susceptible to the fungal pathogen. E. serratus extracts contained phenols, flavonoids and tannins at varying levels. The ability of the crude extracts of the test plant to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi is an indication of its broad spectrum antimicrobial potential which may be employed in the management of microbial infections.

27 ref

013621   Jagtap C Y;Ashok B K;Patgiri B J;Prajapati P K;Ravishankar B (NO, Institute for Post Graduate teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat, Jamnagar-361 008, Email: info@ayurveduniversity.com) : Comparative anti-hyperlipidemic activity of Tamra hasma (incinerated copper) prepared from Shodhita (purified) and Ashodhita Tamra (raw copper). Indian J nat Prod Resour 2013, 4(2), 205-11.

Ayurveda, metals are converted into Bhasmas for internal consumption by processing them through various processes ike Shodhana (purification and/or detoxification), Marana (incineration), etc. and then used in the treatment of various diseases. These procedures not only decrease the. possible harmful effects of metals but also said to increase their bio-availability and thus efficacy. In Rasashastra classics, due emphasis has been given to the Shodhana procedure. One of the most popularly used metallic preparations is Tamra Bhasma (incinerated copper) and it is said to be very harmful if its Shodhana is not done or if it is improperly prepared. Tamra Bhasma has been advocated in the treatment of Medoroga -(lipid disorders), Hridroga (cardiac disorders), etc. and role of copper in lipid disorders is well documented fact. In the present study, a comparative anti-hyperlipidemic activity of unpurified (Ashodhita) and purified (Shodhita) Tamra was carried out to know the effect of Shodhana on efficacy. The hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding high fat diet in Wistar strain albino rats. The parameters including body weight, weight of various organs, serum lipid profile and histopathology of liver, kidney, heart and aorta were studied. The results of this study suggests that Tamra Bhasma prepared from Shodhita Tamra is having significant anti-hyperlipidemic activity, while Ashodhita Tamra Bhasma is lack of such effects. Also Ashuddha sample proved to possess cardio-toxic effect. This shows that the Rasashastriya Shodhana procedure have definite role in not only increasing the efficacy of the drug but also in removing the toxicity.

3 tables, 29 ref

013620   Hapuarachchi S D;Suresh T S;Senarath W T P S K (Dravyaguna Vignana Dep, Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo, , Email: swarnadh@gmail.com) : Hypoglycaemic effect of aqueous extracts of natural plants and callus cultures of Munronia pinnata (Wall.) W.Theob. in Wistar rats. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2014, 13(4), 59-64.

Munronia pinnata (MP) is one of the most demand herbs in the Sri Lankan drug market which has been used for various ailments in folk medical practice in Sri Lanka. There is an urgent need to adapt ex situ conservation methods via in vitro propagation techniques due to the high demand and overharvesting of this herb. The possible use of calli as a substitute for whole plants has been queried. The purpose of the present study was thus to compare the hypoglycaemic effect of aqueous extracts of natural plant (MPaq) and calli (MPCaq) of MP in healthy and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Natural plants and 3-months' old calli of MP were used for the preparation of aqueous extracts. Effect of graded doses of both extracts of MP on serum glucose (SGL) of normal rats was studied. In case of diabetic rats, the results were compared with the reference drug glibenclemide and safety assessment of extracts was evaluated following administration for three months. Both MPaq and MPCaq extracts were showed reduction of the serum glucose levels of normal and diabetic rats. The reduction of SGL by MPaq and MPCaq were showed higher (24% and 18%) as compared to that of glibenclamide (16%) in diabetic animals. This study has been able to demonstrate that both MP extracts exhibits statistically significant hypoglycaemic effect were compared to the reference drug and proves the scientific rationale for its use as a popular folk medicine for diabetes.

3 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

013619   Haddadian K;Haddadian K;Zahmatkash M (Biology Dep, Science And Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Email: Irandr.zahmatkash@yahoo.com) : Review of Plantago plant. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2014, 13(4), 681-5.

Plantain plant with the scientific name Plantago major L. belongs to Plantaginaceae family. It is a plant with wide geographic distribution in temperate grasslands of the world. Plantago is an important medicinal plant which has different compounds such as phenolic compounds (caffeic acid derivatives), flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, vitamin C, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents. The World Health Organization has approved the use of Plantago as laxative agent, to treat hypercholesterolemia and to reduce the blood glucose. Plantago consumption can also have side effects, including bloating and allergic reactions. Plantago has Interactions with the carbamazepine, lithium, warfarin, iron supplements, minerals and vitamin B12 supplements.

1 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

013618   Das S (Botany Dep, Charuchandra College, Kolkata-700 029, Email: suman_charucol@rediffmail.com ) : In vitro evaluation of phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of calyces of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Int J pharm Sci Res 2014, 5(8), 3364-9.

Diversity of plants has attracted a great deal of research interest in search of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials. Many natural substances having anti-oxidant and anti-microbial properties have been used in health foods for medicinal and preservative purposes Fleshy calyces ofHibiscus sabdariffa L. of family Malvaceae including the fleshy calyces were tested positive for presence of phytochemicals like Phenols, tannin, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponin, anthraquinone, triterpenoids and steroids etc. Both Petroleum ether extract and ethanol extract had shown similar antimicrobial activities. Petroleum ether extract was very effective against bacteria like Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Lactobacillus brevis. But ethanol extract showed moderate antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. Antioxidants like phenolics and flavonoid content of roselle was found to be high. Petroleum ether extract also showed better antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH free radical. This plant has the prospect of being a source of new clinically efficient antimicrobial or antioxidant compounds.

28 ref

013617   Darma A I;Sani I;Anisa I A;Halima S M (Biological sciences & Plant Biology Dep, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria, Email: aminudarma@J.hotmail.com) : Isolation and identification of coliform bacteria (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureusin some commercially sold yoghurts within Kano metropolis. Asian J Adv Basic Sci 2014, 3(1), 179-85.

Yoghurt is a diary product produced by lactic fermentation of milk. yoghurt is produced by the controlled ermentation of milk by lactic acid producing bacteria. Two species are commonly used in the Streptococcus thermophilus. An investigation was carried out to determine the sanitary quality of the some brands of yogh urt sold within Kano metropolis. Ten brands of yoghurt were bought which are sold in Kano metropolis and these brands were designated A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J respectively. Samples of these brands were bought from hawkers different locations and were nalyzed using standard microbiological methods in order to determine their respective sanitary quality. The results of this study demonstrate that four (A, B, C and E) out of the ten brands of yoghurts sold in Kano are hygienically poor in terms of sanitary quality because of their varying coliform count. Yoghurts G and H which had least colifor. counts are also unfit for human consumption because they exceed the maximum limit as set by NAFDAC.

3 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

013616   Dalai M K;Bhadra S;Chaudhary S K; Bandyopadhyay A;Mukherjee P K (School of Natural Product Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, Email: naturalproductm@gmail.com ) : Anti-cholinesterase potential of Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees & Eberm. leaves. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2014, 13(4), 691-7.

Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees & Eberm. (Lauraceae) leaves are well known as bay leaves which are popular for its aroma. A part from its extensive culinary uses, this spice has several uses in traditional practice for treatment of rheumatism, immunomodulation and also used as brain tonic. The cinnamon oil locally known as Tejpat oil obtained from the bay leaves used in alcoholic beverages and confectionaries. The present investigation was aimed to screen the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity of the extract of C. tamala. Standardization of the cinnamon oil of bay leaves was performed by HPLC method using linalool as biomarker. In vitro evaluation of anticholinesterase activity of bay leaves extract and oil was performed by TLC bio-autography and 96 well micro titer plate methods. HPLC analysis was confirmed the presence of linalool as an important phytoconstituents and its retention time was found to be 5.314 min. The outcome of the study demonstrated that the cinnamon oil obtained from leave of C. tamala possess maximum inhibition against AChE (IC₅₀: 94.54 ± 0.774 μg/ml) and BChE (IC₅₀: 135.56 ± 0.912 μg/ml) than the methanol extract. The result also explains that C. tamala is more sensitive to AChE enzyme than the BChE. Hence, C. tamala may be explored as anti-cholinesterase agent further for the better and safer management of Alzheimer's diseases.

3 illus, 31 ref

013615   Christian M (Tissue culture & Seed Technology laboratory, Botany Dep, School of Sciences, Gujarat Univ, Ahmedabad-380 009, Email: dr_monikachristian@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of growth regulatory hormones on the germination stored seeds of Withania somnifera. Asian J expl Sci 2013, 27(2), 9-12.

In the present study the effect of gibberellic acid (GA₃) and kinetin (KIN) on the germination and dormancy on the stored seeds of medical plant, Withania somnifera (Var. WS 20) has been studied. Seeds of Withania somnifera (Var. WS 20) were stored at constant temperature in desiccators and the germination data was taken up to 2 years with interval of 6 months. The parameters include are speed of germination (QI), average root length (SVI) and average total length (SVI - II). In addition to these parameters, the measurements of average root length, average shoot length, average total length, average fresh weight, and average dry weight, average root length, average shoot length, average total length, average fresh weight, average dry weight were also calculated. The quantity/concentration of both plant growth regulators was used between 10^{-5M- 10-7 M. The presoaking treatment was given to seeds. The findings of the study show that gibberellic acid (GA₃) with 10-5 M and kinetin (KIN) 10-7M are better for acquiring % germination (%G), the quality index and seedling vigour index (SVI-1 and SVI-11) in fresh and partially aged (1 year and 2 year) seeds. Comparative data suggest that the storage potential of seeds, Withania somnifera (Var. WS 20) can be improved significantly with the help of PGRs.}

3 tables, 23 ref

013614   Chakrabarty J;Sharma G D;Tamang J P (NO, Cotton College, Guwahati, Email: jyoti_tamang@hotmail.com ) : Traditional technology and product characterization of some lesser-known ethnic fermented foods and beverages of North Cachar Hills District of Assam. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2014, 13(4), 706-15.

Present paper is aimed to document traditional knowledge, microbial profiles and nutritional value of some ethnic fermented foods and beverages of North Cachar (NC) Hills district of Assam. We selected two popular ethnic fermented bamboo shoot products (wet-Tuaithur and dry-Tuairoi), an ethnic fermented pork/boar meat product (Honoheingrain), a non-food dry mixed amylolytic starter (Humao), and an ethnic fermented beverage (Judima) for studies. Based on observation and interviews with the producers and consumers, traditional knowledge of ethnic fermented foods and beverages production, their mode of consumption, socio-economy and ethnical value were documented. A total of 21 samples of Tuaithur, Tuairoi, Honoheingrain, Humao and Judima of NC Hills were analyzed for the microbial population which was recorded at the level of 104 to 109 cfu/gm. Microorganisms isolated and identified from Tuaithur, Tuairoi, Honoheingrain, Humao and Judima were: bacteria- Lactobacillus brevis, Lb. plantarum, Enterococcus faecium, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pediococcus pentosaceous, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, B. circulans, B. firmus, B. pumilus, B. licheniformis, B. stearothermophilus, B. sphaericus, B. laterosporus, B. polymyxa, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus sp.; yeasts- Debaryomyces hansenii and Saccharomyces cerevisae; moulds- Mucor and Rhizopus. The nutritional composition of ethnic fermented foods showed the nutritional value essential for local people in their diet. Higher minerals contents in Judima indicate contribution of mineral intake in the daily diet of the local people in NC Hills of Assam. Documentation of cultural and biological importance of ethnic fermented foods and beverages of NC Hills of Assam would help to understand the role of native microorganisms in traditional food fermentation.

6 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

013613   Arya D;Khan A H;Adhikari M (Botany Dep, Kumaun University, S.S.J. Campus, Almora-263 601, Email: dhaniarya@gmail.com) : (NULL). Int J pharm Sci Res 2014, 5(8), 3128-32.

Investigation carried out in six villages of Almora district of Kumaun Himalaya regarding mild and native ethno-medicinal plants which were used by locals in their own traditional health care system. This study reveals the status of ethno-medicinal plants and their importance preserved by locals of Kumaun region. During the study it was observed that 47 species of medicinal plants belonging to 38 genera and 28 families were being used in ethno medicine by locals with advice of Vaidhyas and experienced persons of the region since long time. The main purpose of this study was to document the indigenous knowledge of Vaidhyas and other experienced persons of the area regarding the use of ethno-medicinal plants, their conservation and imparting this knowledge with younger generation. Because, the indigenous knowledge of local flora are being eroded in younger generation, therefore the present study may help in fulfill this gap respectively.

15 ref

013612   Anserwadekar D;Belambe P;Ahire D;Tupe R (Samhita Sanskrita Siddhant Dep, College of Ayurved, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-46, Email: rashmitupe@gmail.com) : A biochemical approach to understand the concept of Snigdha-Ruksha Guna. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2014, 13(4), 725-34.

According to Ayurveda, all food is medicine because all food affects the body. However, these two subjects are rarely studied to find out precise biochemical mechanism of the interrelation between food and their Gunas. Objectives of the present work are : 1) to associate the food properties in terms of antioxidant potential and macronutrient bioavailability with their known type of Snigdha and Ruksha Gunas, and 2) to evaluate the influence of roasting on this association. To achieve this, antioxidant potential of food extracts was measured by seven in-vitro methods and capacity of extracts to prevent H₂O₂ induced erythrocyte oxidative damage by estimating four cellular antioxidant parameters. By using an in-vitro digestion method; fat, carbohydrate and protein absorption was estimated. Results indicated that Ruksha samples have higher antioxidant potential and can better protect the erythrocytes from oxidative damage with more protein and triglyceride absorption as compare to Snigdha samples. In the comparison of raw and roasted rice samples, erythrocyte protection was superior in raw samples with enhanced triglyceride and carbohydrate intestinal absorption. These results clearly indicate the differential behavior of Ruksha and Snigdha samples at antioxidant, erythrocyte and intestinal absorption levels.

3 illus, 6 tables, 26 ref

013611   Agarwal K;Varma R (NO, Sarojini Naidu Govt Girls P G College, Shivaji Nagar, Bhopal-462 016, Email: atharva72013@gmail.com) : Ocimum gratissimum L: a medicinal plant with promising antiurolithiatic activity. Int J pharm Sci Drug Res 2014, 6(1), 78-81.

Ocimum gratissimum L. has been used to treat various diseases including urinary stone diseases, since ancient time in India. The inhibition of in-vitro calcium-oxalate crystal formation by Ocimum gratissimum L. extract was investigated by different methods Le nucleation assay and synthetic urine assay. In nucleation assay, the aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of different concentrations of the extract (100-1000 mg/ml) on calcium oxalate crystallization in-vitro while in synthetic urine method the percentage inhibition and growth of the calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals from synthetic urine at different % concentrations of extract (25-100%) was investigated. In both the assay % inhibition for calcium oxalate crystal formation was found directly proportional to the increase in concentration of the plant extract with maximum inhibition of 66.08% at 1000 mg/ml, while in synthetic urine assay maximum inhibition was 62.07 % at 100% concentration of extract. Thus Ocimum gratissimum L. was found to be a potent and promising antiurolithiatic agent, which is in accordance with its use in traditional medicine.

4 illus, 29 ref

013610   Aditya Kumar;Mangla C;Aggarwal A;Srivastava V (Botany Dep, Dayanand Post Graduate College, Hisar-125 001, Email: adityagohar@yahoo.com) : Rhizospheric effect of endophytic mycorrhiza and Trichoderma viride on physiological parameters of Mentha Spicata Linn. Asian J Adv Basic Sci 2014, 2(1), 99-104.

Pot experiment was employed to examine the impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomus mosseae and Acaulospora laevis) along with Trichoderma viride on Mentha spicata after 45 and 90 days of inoculation. Soil microbes' effect on different physiological parameters was determined. The maximum stomatal conductance (morning and evening) was observed in the plants inoculated with G.mosseae plus T.viride after 45 and 90 days(102.3±0.45, 114.0±2.52; 134±2.00, 154.16±0.95). Likewise, higher phosphorus content in root and shoot was reported in inoculated plants over control. The total chlorophyll content was also found to increase in the plants treated with A.laevis (1.628±0.04) and G.mosseae (3.491±0.06) after 45 and 90 days respectively. The finding in the present work concludes that AM fungi along with T.viride influence the concentration of different physiological parameters.

2 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

012678   Yogita R;Nikam T D;Dhumal K N (Botany Dep, Pune Univ, Pune-411 007, Email: yogitaskandekar@gmail.com) : Seed germination and seeding physiology of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) under chloride salinity. J Spices aromatic Crop 2014, 23(1), 102-5.

Seed germination and seedling physiology of ajowan (Trachyspermum amrni) was investigated under salinity induced by NaCl. Five different salinity levels (0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mM) were used. The results revealed that seed germination and seedling growth were significantly retarded due to salinity. Significant accumulation of various osmolytes like reducing sugars and total sugars, proline, glycine betaine and total free amino acids was recorded with increasing salinity. The reduction in protein and starch content of seedlings under stress condition was concentration dependent. The studies suggested that ajowan is moderately tolerant to salt stress at seed germination stage.

3 tables, 17 ref

012677   Vishwakarma L;Srivastava R K (Botany Dep, Atarra P.G. College, Atarra, Banda, Uttar Pradesh, Email: lavkushvisv@gmail.com) : Diversity and frequency of zoosporic aquatic fungi in Baghain river of Bundelkhand region (U.P.) India.. Flora Fauna 2014, 20(1), 37-43.

A total of 45 aquatic fungi were isolated from this site, in different seasons total 63 fungi were isolated. In this site dominant species is Achlya klebsianna followed by Saprolegnia diclina, Rhizophydium species, Nawkowskiella elegans and Saprolegnia species, occurred in the month of August, September, October, and November, i.e. during rainy and autumn seasons. Lowest occurrence of the fungi were A. cornuta, A. oligicantha, Allomyces arbuscula, Blastocladiopsis parva, Lamonniera cornuta, L. aquatica, Protoachlya species, R. herderi, R. petersenii, S. anisospora and Spirosphaera species. Among all of them Achlya klebsianna showed maximum frequency i.e. 33.3% and A. cornuta, A. oligicantha, Allomyces arbuscula, Blastocladiopsis parva, Lamonniera cornuta, L. aqutica, Protoachlya species, R. herderi, R. petersenii, S. anisospora and Spirosphaera species, showed minimum frequency i.e. 4.16%.

2 tables, 15 ref

012676   Verma P;Amra R;Gadi B R (Stress Physiology Laboratory, Botany Dep, J.N. Vyas Univ, Jodhpur-342 005, Email: brgadi@rediffmail.com) : Effect of peg induced drought stress and bayleton on aonla seedlings. Biochem Cell Archs 2014, 14(1), 67-70.

Effect of bayleton on seed germination, seedling growth, vigor index, pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids) content and chlorophyll stability index were investigated in aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) seedlings treated with 7.5 and 15% polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG induced drought stress significantly reduced the percent seed germination, root length, shoots length and vigor index. It also reduced pigments content and chlorophyll stability index (CSI) of in vitro grown aonla seedlings as compared to control. Bayleton increased vigor index by reducing adverse effect of PEG on seed germination and seedlings growth. Bayleton also increased the CSI and pigments content under water stress. The results showed that bayleton treated seeds of aonla can perform better at early seedling growth by reducing the damaging effects of water stress.

2 tables, 23 ref

012675   Verma K S;Pandey R;Ayachi A (Biological Sciences Dep, R.D. Univ, Jabalpur, Email: rachnapandey35999@gmail.com) : Use of seed bearing pods of Acacia catechu Willd from forests of Jabalpur region as food. J trop For 2014, 30(2), 33-41.

Acacia catechu is a multipurpose predominant forest tree in and around Jabalpur area. The present study showcases a comprehensive investigation on seed bearing pods of Acacia catechu collected from Jabalpur. The presence of major secondary metabolites was established using extracts of pods. The pods were extracted sequentially with solvents of decreasing polarity. Further, in order to ascertain its suitability as food, proximate analysis along with the heavy metal toxicity was done. The proximate analysis shows high amounts of protein and carbohydrates in seed bearing pods along with high nutritional value. Further, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP AES) revealed that the seed bearing pods from Jabalpur region are free from toxic heavy metals i.e. As, Pb, Hg and Se. Hence, these pods can be a good source of food.

2 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

012674   Tyagi S;Sanjeev Kumar (Botany Dep, D.A.V. (PG) College, Muzaffarnagar-251 001, Email: shewtatyagi@gmail.com) : Effect of salt (NaCl) on seed germination and seedling growth of Pisum sativum CV. (AP-3). Biochem Cell Archs 2014, 14(1), 211-15.

The aim of the experiment was to determine how different concentrations of a solution of sodium chloride affect primary growth in pea Pisum sativum cv AP-3 plants. When seeds of Pisum sativum were subjected to different concentration (1 x10^{-1to 1 x 1010M) of NaCl, for their imbibition periods. After 7 days of seed germination, seedling growth was measured. Salinity affected all of the considered parameters, the results indicated that the high concentration of sodium chloride solution inhibits the primary growth of pea plants, increasing salinity caused a decrease of germination percentage, plumule and radicle length, fresh weight and dry weight of seedling.}

4 illus, 31 ref

012673   Tiwari A;Singh A K (Botany Dep, Dr. M.P.S. Group of Institutions, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Univ, Agra) : Seasonal occurrence of Comstockaspis perniciosa (California scale) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) a scaly insect of Abutilon indicum (Linn.). Flora Fauna 2014, 20(1), 15-18.

California scale (Comstockaspis perniciosa) an insect infected the whole plant of Abut/Ion indicum. Infected plant gave white appearance on leaves, stem and also on the fruits. Most of the whitish black appearance on the plants occurred during August to October at an average temperature 35 ± 5 and 60 ± 5% RH. Numerous insects were found on the leaves, stem and fruits. The insect was circular grey and about 2 mm in diameter. There were 2 complete generations and one partial in each year.

3 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

012672   Tiwari A;Agarwal S B;Patle N K (NO, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh) : Performance of various obnoxious weeds under different additives to convert into vermicompost. J trop For 2014, 30(2), 59-64.

Obnoxious weeds like Parthenium, Lantana, Water hyacinth and Ipomea contain sufficient quantity of plant nutrients and therefore, can be potential source of vermicompost. In a study conducted at Jawarlal Nehru Agriculture University, Jabalpur, these four weeds were treated with additives viz. cow dung, Trichoderma viride for decomposition. After completion of partial decomposition, earthworms of Eisenia fetida species were released for vermicomposting. Chemical and biological properties of the vermicompost prepared from 16 different treatments were investigated. It was found that all the additives helped to enhance the production of vermicompost from weeds and concentration of nutrients (N, P & K) in it.

2 tables, 3 ref

012671   Sunil Kumar C P;Garampalli R H (Studies in Botany Dep, Mysore Univ, Mysore-570 006, Email: rajkumarhg@yahoo.co.in) : Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in irrigated and non-irrigated fields of southern Karnataka, India. J envir Biol 2013, 34(2), 139-64.

The two different agro-ecosystems were selected to study the spore density, species abundance, and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in irrigated (Mandya district) and non-irrigated (Hassan district) agricultural fields in southern Karnataka region, India. A total of 22 AMF species were recorded during the study. Out of which 13 sp. were of Glomus, 4 sp. of Acaulosporo, 1 sp. of Cetraspora, 1 sp. of Dentiscutata and 3 sp. of Gigaspora. The difference in species richness of AMF species in irrigated fields ranged from 5-12 sp. as compared to non-irrigated fields (5-11 sp.) and the difference may be attributed to the nutritional status of the soil. We also assumed that lower AMF colonization and abundance would be affected by water stress. Highest spore number and percent colonization of AM fungi were recorded in irrigated sites, showing 356-748 spore density and 70-92% colonization. Whereas, in non-irrigated sites, 174-341 spore density and 40-72% colonization was recorded. Different agro-climatic conditions like irrigation, soil pH, soil organic carbon, phosphorous correlated with the abundance and colonization of AM fungi.

3 tables, 27 ref

012670   Subramoniam A (NO, Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode (P. O), Thiruvananthapuram-695 562, Email: asubramoniam@yahoo.com) : Present scenario, challenges and future perspectives in plant based medicine development. Ann Phytomed 2014, 3(1), 31-6.

The flora of India remains to be explored and documented to a substantial extent. Pharmaceutical potential of only a small fraction of the plant species has been studied in spite of the existence of vast traditional knowledge on medicinal use, taxonomical clues and the advancement in throughput screening for specific bioactivities. Medicinal plant research should be focused on to produce useful healthcare products (phytomedicines/ nutraceuticals/ food supplements/ conventional drugs) from medicinal and food plants for human welfare. Herbal drugs should be commercially viable and internationally acceptable in light of modern medical sciences. Development of such phytomedicines based on ethnomedical leads is relatively more easy and relevant to the economic conditions, compared to pure chemical entity drug development. Mission oriented multidisciplinary team is required for the development of medicines from plants. Herbal drug research and production of useful healthcare products from locally available plants will lead to improvement in healthcare and economic progress including establishment of herbal drug based industries. Production of good quality plant raw materials (through appropriate cultivation methods and/or biotechnological intervention) and development of commercially successful plant based healthcare products will substantially contribute towards multidimensional socioeconomic progress.

23 ref

012669   Srivastava V;Sharma P (Botany Dep, Dayanand Post Graduate College, Hisar-125 001, Email: viveksrivastava1969@gmail.com ) : Toxic effect of Cd (II) on seed germination index (G.I.) and seedling vigour index (V.I.) in Helianthus annuus L. varieties. Biochem Cell Archs 2014, 14(1), 129-32.

Presence of heavy metals in the medium is an important issue of environmental pollution. Seed germination Index (G.I) and Seedling Vigour Index (V.I) are the two important parameters to study the tolerance of a plant variety towards toxic effects heavy metals at early seedling stage. The present investigation was made to study the effect of 0,10,20,50,100 and 200 mg/l of Cd (II) using CdCl₂, on seeds of three varieties viz. PSH-569, PSFH-118 and KBSH-41 of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) on GI. (germination index) and V.I. (seedling vigour index) in laboratory conditions. The seed germination index was calculated after analyzing the data of germination percentage where as vigour index was calculated on the basis of length of embryonic axis. It was observed that as the metal dose, increased from 0 to 200 mg/1 of Cd (II) concentration, the values of germination index and seedling vigour index were found decreasing in all the three sunflower varieties. However maximum values of G.I and V.I were found in PSH-569 variety and minimum values in KBSH-41 variety of sunflower (H. annuus L.) showing maximum tolerance of seedlings of PSH-569 variety to cadmium metal. Very high concentration (100 and 200 mg/ liter) of Cd (II) was found to be toxic for seedling growth in all three varieties.

3 tables, 24 ref

012668   Spudich A;Menon I (NO, Science and Society Program. NCBS/TIFR, GKVK, Bangalore-560 065, Email: annas@ncbs.res.in) : On the integration of Ayurveda and biomedicine: perspectives generated from interviews with Ashtavaidya Ayurveda physicians of Kerala. Curr Sci 2014, 106(11), 1500-4.

Traditional medical systems have played important roles in the healthcare needs in all societies. In the recent past, due to a variety of reasons, there is an upsurge of interest in age-old medicines and therapeutic methods, especially in Ayurveda, and an important issue facing modern Ayurveda is integration with biomedicine. The present article summarizes our research on the history and culture of the few remaining classically trained Ashtavaidya Ayurveda scholar physicians of Kerala and their perspectives on the current status of Ayurveda education and practice. Based on the views expressed by these scholar physicians, with history of learning and practice of Ayurveda, and our own research into issues surrounding integration of traditional medical practices with biomedicine, this article explores steps towards modernization of traditional medical education and practice that could be important for rediscovering the full potential of therapies implied in classical Ayurveda.

18 ref

012667   Singh U B;Kamthan K P (Botany Dep, D.A.V. College, Kanpur-208 001, Email: kpkamthan@gmail.com) : Comparative efficacy of alcoholic and water extracts of certain angiosperms against wilt of linseed. Flora Fauna 2014, 20(1), 31-6.

Alcoholic and water extracts were prepared separately from 46 angiospermic plants species including herbs, shrubs and trees. The results indicated that, (i) in all cases the efficacy of alcoholic extracts in inhibiting the wilt pathogen (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini) was more as compared to water extracts and (ii) as the concentration of phytoextracts increased, inhibitory percentage of the pathogen also increased more or less proportionately. Eleven plants species whose extracts inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini to the extent of more than 90% were Acacia nilotica, Aegle marmelos, Allium sativum, Anethum graveolens, Azadirachta indica, Callistemon lanceolatus, Desmostachya bipinnata (Flower), Euphorbia nerifolia, Lawsonia inermis, Rumex dentatus, and Thevetia peruviana. There were only seven water extracts of botanicals viz. Ageratum conyzoides, Coccinia indica, Desmostachya bipinnata (leaf), Lantana camara, Solanum nigrum, Spilanthus oleracea and Syzygium cumini whose inhibitory efficacy was less than 30%. Remaining 28 botanicals fell in between the above two categories. It was notable that Alcoholic extracts of Allium sativam bulb, Desmostachya bipinnata inflorescence and Euphorbia nerifolia stem bark controlled the wilt disease pathogen to the extent of cent percent. The efficacy of Cymbopogon jwarancusa leaves, Euphorbia hirta, Majorana hortensis, Pongamia pinnata, flower, Solanum nigrum fruit, Trapa bispinosa fruit pealing and Withania somnifera fruit in inhibiting the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini were new records. All the experiments were performed in vitro.

1 table, 9 ref

012666   Shah S N;Koul M;Shirinand F;Ansari S A (Genetics and Plant Propagation Div, Tropical Forest Research Institute PO: RFRC, Mandla Road, Jabalpur-482 021, Email: shahapsu@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of pH and NAA on in vitro rhizogenesis in Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. J trop For 2014, 30(2), 52-8.

Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. is a woody climber (family Ascelpideaceae) having diverse medicinal uses. Various closely related components of gymnemic acid are used for diabetes in pharmaceutical industry all over the globe. A factorial randomized design experiment was conducted to study the effect of different pH regimes (3.4, 4.0, 4.4, 5.0, 5.4, 6.0 and 6.4), NAA (0, 3.75 μM) and their all possible interactions on in vitro rooting (%) and root number per explant at 21 and 28 days after inoculation. A uniform B₅ basal medium was provided. The experiment was laid out taking three replicates, each of ten explants, i. e. microshoots with apical bud and two nodes. Various pH regimes and NAA at both stages of sampling and their interactions at 21 days after inoculation significantly influenced rooting (%) and root number per explant. The pH 4.4 enhanced rooting (%) by 168% and 100% at 21 days and 63% and 24% at 28 days in comparison to pH 3.4 and 4.0, respectively. Administration of 3.75 μM NAA significantly promoted root number per explant at both stages of sampling being 6.94 at 21 days and 5.28 at 28 days. Thus, administration of auxin at low pH facilitates induction and growth of in vitro rooting in Gymnema sylvestre.

1 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

012665   Sanjeev Kumar;Tyagi V (Botany Dep, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarangar-251 001, Email: tyagisuchitra@gmail.com) : Isolation and identification of microorganisms from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) rhizospher. Biochem Cell Archs 2014, 14(1), 223-7.

The dominant fungi and bacteria were isolated from rhizosphere of 45-d old tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum variety Sania) by serial dilution-agar plating method. The isolated rhizospheric microorganisms were identified on the basis of cultural and morphological characteristics. The isolated rhizospheric bacteria were further identified by biochemical characterization. The fungi isolated from tomato rhizosphere were identified as Aspergillus niger,Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp. and Penicillium sp. and the bacteria as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis, Micrococcus sp., Pseudomonas fluorescence, Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas sp.

2 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

012664   Salamon I (Ecology Dep, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, Presov Univ, 17th November St., 01, SK-081 16 Presov, Slovak Republic, Email: salamoi0@unipo-sk) : Medicinal plants of high significance in Slovakia. Med Pl 2014, 6(2), 75-80.

Biodiversity of medicinal plant species, the use of natural drug resources and the experience of folk medicine has been a continuous subject of reaseach and development (R&D) at several universities and research institutes in Slovakia. The actual R&D results of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.), centaury (Centauarium erythraea Rafn.), yarrow (Achillea collina Becker ex Rchb.) and poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) are discussed. On the other hand, leuzea (Rhaponticum carthamoides /Willd./ Hjin) and puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris L.) are the new/alternative introduce crops, which are being commercially utilized for various human ailments.

7 illus, 15 ref

012663   Rashmi;Singh K P (Chemistry Div, Forest Research Institue, P.O. New Forest, Dehradun-248 006, Email: sehrawat82@gmail.com) : Phytochemical and pharmacognostical activities of Calotropis procera. Med Pl 2014, 6(2), 81-6.

This paper critically reviews the present state of scientific knowledge on the phytochemical and pharmacognostical potential of C. procera. It concludes that future research aim at characterizing the active principles responsible for each effect and determining if they act singly or synergistically with other principles present in the plant.

^iia1 illus, 1 table, 43 ref

012662   Raaman N;Natarajan P;Swaminathan A;Balan L; Laxmanan H (Natural Products and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, Madras Univ, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, Email: raaman55@gmail.com) : In vitro propagation, qualitative phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Ruta chalapensis L.. Med Pl 2014, 6(2), 87-93.

In the present study, a protocol of micropropagation for Ruta chalapensis L. was established. Tissue culture studies V of R. chalapensis was carried out to induce callus on MS basal medium supplemented with various hormones such as Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 2,4- dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). Various explants, such as leaf, node and internode were used. The results showed that maximum callus production was achieved by using the hormone α-Naphthalene acetic acid (2.0 mg/ 1). Preliminary phytochemical screening of methanolic crude extract indicated the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponin and protein. Callus extract also showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates and phenols. Phenol estimation of leaf and stem extracts showed 16.3 mg/g and 15.4 mg/g, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography was developed in a mixture of suitable solvent system (Hexane 70%: Ethyl acetate 30%). Methanolic extracts of leaf and stem showed good antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ value 96.9 μg/ml and 102.34 μg/ ml, respectively.

3 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref

012661   Navi Ranjan;Manorma Kumari (Botany Dep, A.N. College, Patna-800 013, Email: naviranjan1985@gmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of antioxidant activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaves. Flora Fauna 2014, 20(1), 22-4.

In the present work an attempt has been made to compare the in vitro antioxidant activities of crude extracts of O. sanctum using Water, Methanol and Ethanol as solvents by DPPH scavenging assay. Ethanolic extract gave maximum yield of crude extract as well as antioxidant activity. The analyzed plant extracts showed the scavenging of DPPH radicals in the range from 58.45±0.2 to 92.82±0.5. These values were comparable with Ascorbic acid as standard. These findings suggest that the rich phytochemical content of O. sanctum and its good antioxidant activity might be responsible for its popular and wide traditional use.

1 table, 10 ref

012660   Mishra V;Pandey M M (Botany Dep, Bipin Bihari (P.G.) College, Jhansi-284 001) : Effect of time of budding in vegetative propagation of aonla (Emblica officinalis, Gaertn) CV. NA-6.. Flora Fauna 2014, 20(1), 25-7.

Study of aonla cultivar (NA-6) was undertaken to standardize the time of budding for commercial nursery production under semi-arid condition at Baruasagar (Jhansi). In Modified ring budding method, time of budding influenced the success of budding. 95.5 percent budding success and growth of budling was maximum when budding was done during last week of June.

2 tables, 4 ref

012659   Mishra T (Botany Post Graduate Dep, Utkal Univ, Bhubaneshwar-751 004, Email: tulika.mishra.2000@gmail.com) : Efficient regeneration of Withania somnifera (L.) dunal through direct organogenesis. Med Pl 2014, 6(2), 143-6.

Efficient protocol for in vitro propagation of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal has been established. Callus and shoot formation from the nodes of W. somnifera was initiated on MS basal medium supplemented with combinations of α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) 1mg/1 and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) 0.5 mg/1 which induced an organogenic callus with an average of 3-5 shoots per node. Subsequent culture for rapid multiplication of shoots on MS medium with 1 mg/1 BAP and 0.5 mg/1 Kinetin enhanced the number of shoots. Callus initiated from the basal cut end explants, differentiated into more than 25 shoots. The shoots generated, rooted on half strength MS medium with 1.4 mg/1 Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), showed thick and stout roots. Ninety five per cent of the rooted shoots survived when transferred to the green house and subsequently to the natural environment.

1 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

012658   Maurya S S;Pandey V D;Maurya J N (Plant Science Dep, M.J.P. Rohilkhand Univ, Bareilly-243 006, Email: jagatmjpru@rediffmail.com) : Optimization of phycobiliprotein production in some cyanobacteria isolated from high altitude habitats of Uttarakhand. Biochem Cell Archs 2014, 14(1), 101-7.

Morphologically diverse forms of aquatic and terrestrial cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp., Gloeocapsa sp, Anabaena sp. and Lyngbya sp were isolated from high altitude (1650-3049m) habitats and grown in laboratory in BG-11 culture medium. In order to find out optimum phycobiliprotein production, cyanobacteria were further grown in culture medium with different source and concentration of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous and concentrations of calcium, magnesium and iron. Different chelators alone and in combinations were also used to see their impacts on phycobiliprotein production in cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria in the present study reflected variations in their phycobiliprotein content when grown in different source and concentration of macronutrients.

5 illus, 26 ref

012657   Mangla Y;Tandon R (Botany Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007, Email: rjtnd@rediffmail.com) : Pollination ecology of Himalayn sea buckthorn, Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Elaeagnaceae). Curr Sci 2014, 106(12), 1731-5.

Fruits of Hippophae rhamnoides (Elaeagnaceae), commonly known as sea buckthorn or Leh-berry in India, constitute an important source for many medicinal and nutritional products. As the species is of high economic value, attempts are being made to establish commercial plantations for a sustainable supply. There is hardly any information on pollination ecology of this species, which is necessary for establishing and managing commercial plantations. We studied the floral biology and pollination ecology in natural populations of the species growing at Leh-Ladakh. H. rhamnoides is dioecious and exclusively wind-pollinated. The male flowers produce an enormous amount of dry, powdery pollen grains that remain viable for up to 48 h. The pollen flow in the air from the source is confined to 15 m. The female flowers are uniovulate. In nature, about 60% of the female flowers get pollinated with an average stigmatic pollen load (± SE) of 9.49 + 0.76. For optimal plantation conditions, it is suggested that a male plant must be inter-planted within 10-15 m of the female plants for effective natural pollination.

3 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

012656   Mandal M P;Mandal S K;Kiran (Botany and Plant Physiology Dep, Faculty of Basic Sciences & Humanities Rajendra Agricultural Univ, Pusa Samastipur, Bihar-848 125) : Allelopathic effects of medicinal plant species of seed germination and seedling growth of wheat varieties.. J trop For 2014, 30(2), 65-75.

Allelopathic effect of three medicinal plant species viz. Costus speciosus, Tinospora cordifolia and Coleus forskohli was examined on seed germination and seedling growth of four (Pusa gold, HD2733, VL-914, RSP 561) popular wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. The aqueous leaf extracts reduced the seed germination and seedling growth of wheat. On the basis of value of per cent reduction in seed germination and germination relative index (GRI), the inhibitory effect of different leaf extracts was maximum in susceptible varieties (VL-914& RSP 561), followed by tolerant varieties (Pusa gold & HD2733). The root and shoot length and root and shoot dry weight declined with increase in the concentration of the leaf extracts of all the three medicinal species. Leaf extract of all the three species showed inhibitory effect on sugar and protein and stimulatory effect on total amino acid contents of wheat seedling. The results indicated that the allelopathic effect of leaf extracts of Coleus forskohlii was maximum in terms of all physiological and biochemical parameters.

3 tables, 16 ref

012655   Linthoingambi Devi N;Das A K (Ecology and Environmental Science Dep, Assam Univ, Silchar-788 011, Email: asheshdas684@hotmail.com) : Diversity and utilization of tree species in Meitei homegardens of Barak valley, Assam. J envir Biol 2013, 34(2), 211-17.

An inventory of tree diversity in traditional homegardens of Meitei community was conducted in a Bontarapur village in Cachar district of Barak Valley, Assam. Meitei homegarden locally called Ingkhol exhibits a wide diversity in size, shape, location and composition. Seventy one tree species were enumerated from 50 homegardens belonging to 60 genus and 35 families. Among the families encountered, Rutaceae was the dominant family (4 genus and 7 species) followed by Meliaceae (5 genus and 5 species), Arecaceae (4 genus and 4 species) and Moraceae (3 genus and 5 species). Total 7946 tree individuals were recorded, with the density of 831 No ha^{-1 of and total basal area of 9.54 m2 ha-1. Areca catechu was the dominant species with the maximum number of individuals. Other dominant trees include Mangifera indica, Artocarpus heterophyllus. Citrus grandis, Parkia timoriana, Syzygium cumini and Psidium guajava. Being a cash crop, the intensification of betel nut has been preferred in many homegardens. Homegardens form an important component of land use of Meitei community which fulfills the socio-cultural and economic needs of the family and helps in conserving plant diversity through utilization.}

2 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

012654   Lalitharani S;Kalpana Devi V;Mohan V R (Botany Dep, Mount Carmel College, Bangalore-560 052, Email: vrmohan_2005@yahoo.com) : GC-MS determination of bioactive components of Bulbophyllum albidum (Wight) Hook.f.. Med Pl 2014, 6(2), 147-9.

An investigation was carried out to determine the bioactive components of Bulbophyllum albidum. The chemical composition of the ethanol extract of whole plant of Bulbophyllum albidum was investigated using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. Fifteen components were identified in which 1, 2-Benzene dicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester was the major constuent. n-Hexadecanoic acid detected in Bulbophyllum albidum may have the role in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

^ssc1 illus, 1 table, 1 ref

012653   Kawane A;Geetha K A;Reddy M N;Maiti S (NO, Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, Anand-387 310, Email: geethaka99@yahoo.com) : Degree of polyembryony among the accessions of Commiphora wightii collected from different natural habitats of India. Curr Sci 2014, 107(3), 361-4.

1 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

012652   Jha A K;Singh C B (Botany Dep, M.L.T. College, Saharsa-852 201, Email: chandra.bhanu.singh31@gmail.com) : Biodiversity of phytoplankton in makhana swamps of North Bihar, India. Flora Fauna 2014, 20(1), 8-10.

The present investigation was carried out to record the biodiversity of phytoplankton in makhana swamps of North Bihar, India. Phytoplankton samples were collected frequently from diverse makhana swamps, preserved in 4% formalin and subsequently analysed in laboratory. A sum total of 54 algal species were identified during the study period. Among these algal flora, Chlorophycean members were most frequent (48.15%), followed by Bacillariophycean ones (27.78%) and Cyanophycean taxa were less frequent (24.07%). These algal taxa belonged to 22 genera of Chlorophyta, 12 of Cyanophyta and 10 of Bacillariophyta. This information on biodiversity of phytoplankton is expected to be very useful in the better management of integrated aquaculture involving makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.) and air- breathing fishes and ultimately in enhancing the economy of the native folk of the region.

1 table, 17 ref

012651   Jana B K;Mukherjee S K (Taxonomy and Biosystematics Laboratory, Botany Dep, Kalyani Univ, Kalyani, Nadia-741 235, Email: janabidyutkumar@yahoo.com) : Fruit structure as taxonomic marker in the species Chaenactis fremontii of the tribe Chaenactideae (Asteraceae). Flora Fauna 2014, 20(1), 3-7.

The morphology and anatomy of cypsela of the species Chaenactis fremontii A. Gray, belonging to the tribe Chaenactideae was examined. Mature cypsela of this species showed prominent ribs on the surface. Carpopodium was basal, asymmetric, irregular ring like. Carpopodial cells with thick walled, small, square, not pitted, arranged in two rows. Surface was pubescent. Surface hair was ascending to inclined in orientation with the surface. Stylopodium was very inconspicuous. Pappus was represented by, plumose type of pappus bristles, unequal, yellowish. Mesocarpic region was heterogeneous and made up of outer and inner mesocarp. Phytomelanin layer was present in between outer and inner mesocarpic region and discontinuously arranged. Both the testa and endosperm layers were uni-seriately arranged.

4 illus, 20 ref

012650   Jahan N;Khatoon R;Ahmad S (Microbiology Dep, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow-226 003, Email: drnoorj@rediffmail.com) : In vitro evaluation of antibacterial potential of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni against various bacterial pathogens including resistant isolates with bla genes. Med Pl 2014, 6(2), 114-19.

Alcoholic leaf extract of Stevia rebaudiana was analyzed for in vitro antibacterial potential against various pathogenic bacteria including resistant isolates harbouring bla genes using agar well diffusion method. It effectively controlled the growth of most of the tested gram positive bacteria and moderately controlled the growth of tested gram negative bacterial species. It also effectively controlled the growth of resistant bacteria containing bla genes. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the alcoholic extract were determined by broth microdilution method. MIC against gram positive bacteria ranged from 1.53 to 6.10 μg/ml, while MIC against gram negative bacteria ranged from 3.05 to 12.0 μg/ml and MIC against resistant bacteria harbouring bla genes ranged from 24.0 to 98.0 μg/ml. This is the first report of antibacterial activity of S. rebaudiana against resistant gram negative bacteria harbouring bla genes.

3 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

012649   Gogoi K;Das R;Yonzone R (TOSEHIM, Regional Orchids Germplasm Conservation & Propagation Center (Assam Ci, Daisa Bordoloi Nagar, Talap, Tinsukia-786 156, Email: khyanjeetgogoi@gmail.com) : Taeniophyllum retrospiculatum (King & Pantling) king & pantling [Orchidaceae]-a new record for the flora of Assam, India. Envir Ecol 2014, 32(1A), 321-4.

Extended distribution of Taeniophyllum retrospiculatum (King & Pantling) King & pantling. a rare species of Orchidaceae from Dehing-Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tinsukia, Assam is described here. Detailed description, photographs, distributional and ecological details are provided.

4 illus, 7 ref

012648   Garg P;Malik C P (School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National Univ, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Influence of nanoparticles on seed germination and seedling growth of Vigna radiata L.. Nano Vision 2014, 4(1), 1-12.

Describe a simple and cost effective method for screening the effects, of stem extract along with biogenic nanoparticles synthesized from Cissus quadrangularis stem extract, on Vigna radiata seed germination and root length. At higher concentrations (200 μl to 300 μ1) of stem extract (1 - 2.5 g ml^{-1) germination was completely inhibited. The inhibition was dose dependent. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD and FTIR analyses. The average size of BNPs was 15.9 nm. FTIR analysis revealed resultant groups as aldehyde, ketones, lactones, alkanes, amines, etc. The BNPs (10 mg ml-1 and 15 mg ml-1 at 200 μ1 to 300 μ1) completely inhibited seed germination.}

4 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref