003429   Srivastava M K;Ahmad A (Botany Dep, G.F. College, M.J.P., Rohilkhand Univ, Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: dr.manojsrivastava@yahoo.com) : Effect of fertilizer factory effluent on growth of broad bean Vicia faba L. Cv. T-41. Life Sci Bull 2013, 10(1), 71-4.

A simple randomised experiment was performed in clay pots to study the effect of fertilizer factory effluent (FFE) on growth of broad bean Vicia faba cv. T-41. The effluent was applied in 1, 2, 5,10, 25, 50 and 100% concentrations and a control (double distilled water) was maintained side by side. The results were taken at 50,70 and 90 days after showing (DAS). The results indicated that lower FFE concentrations i.e. 1, 2, 5 and 10 had a beneficial effect on all the growth parameters studied. There was a gradual increasing trend up to 10% FFE concentration and maximum growth was reported with 10% FFE concentration. There was an increase of 11.64 and 39.21% in shoot and root length, 24.39 and 31.81% in shoot and root fresh weight and 30.00 and 72.72% in shoot and root dry weight, respectively with 10% FFE concentration. Higher FFE concentrations i.e. 25,50 and 100% had deleterious effect on all the growth parameters. The maximum decrease was reported with highest dose i.e. 100% FFE concentration. The results showed that low FFE concentration i.e. upto 10% have promoting effect resulting in better growth of broad bean Viciafaba L. cv. T-41.

3 tables, 19 ref

003428   Sinha M;Shamim M D;Priya S;Singh K N (Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Dep, ND Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj-224 229, Email: kapildeos@hotmail.com) : DNA fingerprinting of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) genotypes by RAPD marker for the breeding of new varieties. Indian J agric Biochem 2013, 26(2), 195-8.

Seven pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) genotypes namely NDA-198-1, NDA-1, ICP-3424, IPA-2003-13, Bold Ram Krishna, ICP-3378 and ICP-2130 were selected for diversity assessment by RAPD marker. A total of 47 amplicons which were range from 300bp to 2510bp and an average of eight amplicons were amplified per primer. Highest similarity (81%) was found between NDA-1-98-1 and ICP-3378, followed by NDA-1 and IPA-2003-13 (80%), whereas minimum similarity (73%) was found in between Bold Ram Krishna and ICP-3378. The first major group was clustered with three pigeon pea genotypes NDA-1, ICP-3378 and Bold Ram Krishna. NDA -1-98-1 separated within same ICP-3378 separated clad in major group A. Bold Ram Krishna was found to be most diverse in all the assessed pigeon pea genotypes. NDA-1 has a specific band of 1550 bp which will be used for the development of SCAR marker for cultivar identification.

2 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

003427   Sikarwar R L S;Tiwari A K;Pathak B (Arogyadham, Deendayal Research Institute, Chitrakoot, Dist. Satna, Madhya Pradesh) : Ethnomedicinal uses of van kareli (Momordica charantia L.) in Chitrakoot region. Life Sci Bull 2013, 10(1), 57-9.

Van Kareli (Momordica charantia L., family Cucurbitaceae) is a common climber found in hedges and thickets of village surroundings during the rainy season. An ethnobotanical study in rural areas of Chitrakoot region was carried out and detailed information on ethnomedicinal uses of Van Kareli (Momordica charantia L.) was recorded with the discussions and interviews of old and experienced medicine men. The present paper deals with the ethnomedicinal uses of Momordica charantia L.

17 ref

003426   Shruthi M S;Rajashekhar M (Studies in Biosciences Dep, Mangalore Univ, Mangalagangothri-574 199, Email: profmrajashekhar@yahoo.co.in) : Ecological observations on the phytoplankton of Nethravati-Gurupura Estuary, south west coast of India. J Mar Biol Ass India 2013, 55(2), 41-7.

The species composition, abundance and diversity of phytoplankton including diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and planktonic green algae, were studied in the Netravathi-Gurupura estuarine waters near Mangalore, west coast of India. Water samples were collected from three different sampling sites during three different seasons over a period of one year from June 2010 to May 2011 and physico-chemical parameters of water were recorded. A total of 80 species of phytoplankton were identified out of which 54 were diatoms (67.5%), 15 were cyanobacteria (18.75%), 6 were planktonic green algae (7.5%) and 5 belonged to dinoflagellates (6.25%). The density of total phytoplankton ranged between 16.94 x 10^{3 cells/l-1 and 28.64 x 103 cells/l-1. The maximum density of phytoplankton was observed during post monsoon season coinciding with most stable hydrological conditions. Phytoplankton species diversity was also detected in different sampling stations. Shannon-Wiener's (H') diversity index of phytoplankton population ranged from 1.52 to 2.69. in addition, the species richness index (d') ranged between 0.42 and 1.98 and evenness index between 0.67 and 0.95 (J'). The diversity indices show the instability of the system particularly during monsoon because of dominance of single species. The diatoms were found to be dominant in these waters.}

1 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref

003425   Shandilya M D;Singh J K;Pandey B K (Institute of Environment & Development Studies, Bundelkhand Univ, Jhansi-284 128, Email: jitedrakumar416@gmail.com) : Medico-floristic evaluation of medicinal plants at Meja, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Med Pl 2013, 5(4), 231-7.

Study deals with the enumeration of 52 medicinally important indigenous plants belonging to 31 families frequently used by local communities of Meja tehsil of Allahabad district, Uttar Pradesh for the treatment of various diseases like skin diseases, diabetes, weakness, cold and cough, poison bites, diarrhea, asthma, fever, rheumatic pain, oral diseases, fracture, jaundice and tuberculosis etc. During the study, 98 persons (55 male and 43 females) were contacted to know about the indigenous plants used for medicinal purposes. This information need to be tested and validated for further bioprospecting and commercial activities.

3 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

003424   Shakti V;Singh A K (Pesticides of plant origin [POPO] Lab, Botany Dep, M.L.K. (PG) College, Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh) : Evaluation of larvicidal properties of Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extracts in different organic solvents over the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Flora Fauna 2013, 19(2), 216-22.

Finding of the study indicates that the leaf extracts of Jatropha gossypifolia have been a great potential as larvicides. Low toxicity to non-target animals, make these suitable for integrated vector management programs and development of indigenous bio-insecticides.

3 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

003423   Sengar J;Yadav V K;Khare P K (Botany Dep, D.V. College, Orai-285 001) : Relationship of temperature and seed germination in tropical tree species. Flora Fauna 2013, 19(2), 209-15.

The present study dealt with the effect of temperature variation on seed germination of Acacia catechu, Aegle marmelos, Ailanthus excelsa, Anogeissus latifolia, Butea monosperma, Shorea robusta. Results indicated that seed of all species exhibited variation regarding the range of optimum temperature required for maximum germination.

3 tables, 29 ref

003422   Semwal D P;Bhatt K C;Mamgain A;Uniyal P L; Bahuguna Y M (NO, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi-110 012, Email: dinusem@rediffmail.com) : Role of potential ethno-medicinal plants resources of Kalimath valley (district Rudraprayag) Uttarakhand, India in health care. Med Pl 2013, 5(4), 223-30.

Present communication deals with the documentation of traditional medicines used by the local people Vaidyas inhabiting in Kalimath valley of district Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand. The local Vaidyas who are likely to disappear from the society were approached to record such tresure of traditional knowledge. A total of 75 ethno-medicinal plant species (belonging to 37 families and 55 genera) including rare, endangered and threatened species are used by the native people for the treatment of over 25 ailments ranging from headache to highly complicated heart problems. Among" the plant parts utilized in treatment of ailments, leaves (41.33%) were recorded as most utilized plants parts followed by rhizome/root/tuber (38.66%), fruit/seed (25.33%), and stem/bark (20%). As far as major part of plant species in the treatment of different ailments is concerned, 31 species have their role in the treatment of stomach disorder, 19 species in fever and for injuries and wounds 18 species used by the local communites.

5 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

003421   Sarvesh Kumar;Singh A K;Sharma R C (NO, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Krishi Vigan Kendra, Madhya Pradesh) : Documentation of medicinal flora for curing animal diseases by tharu farmers of Uttar Pradesh. Life Sci Bull 2013, 10(1), 44-6.

Study was conducted to document ethno-botanical medicinal flora for curing animal diseases by Tharu farmers of Uttar Pradesh in 2010. A sample of 150 respondents was selected through Probability Proportionate Sampling (PPS) from 30 tribal villages of block Palia in district Lakhimpur Khiri. Data were collected from them using semi-structured interview schedule. 30 plant species of medicinal flora of 18 families and 18 plant species for local predictions and purposes were recorded. The all plant species have been given with their botanical classification and names of different animal diseases/problems cured.

1 illus, 2 tables

003420   Rani R;Saini S;Rani R;Vimala Y (Botany Dep, Ch. Charan Singh Univ, Meerut-250 004, Email: ganga606@gmail.com) : Improved microprogation of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. from nodal explants of in vitro developed plantlets. Prog Agric 2014, 14(2), 336-8.

2 tables, 7 ref

003419   Pawar B T (Botany Dep, Shri. Muktanand College, Gangapur, Aurangabad-431 109) : Antifungal activity of some root extracts against seed-borne pathogenic fungi. Flora Fauna 2013, 19(2), 259-62.

In vitro studies have been performed by using cup-plate method to examine the antifungal activity of some root extracts. Root extracts of 9 plants were screened against 5 seed-borne pathogenic fungi viz. Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium moniliforme and Trichoderma viride. Out of 9 root extracts, 7 root extracts showed antifungal activity. The extract of Rauvolfia serpentina showed maximum activity; while minimum activity was observed with Plumbago zeylanica against the fungi under investigation. These plant extracts could possibly by exploited in the management of seed-borne pathogenic fungi to prevent biodeterioration of seeds in an eco-friendly way.

1 table, 21 ref

003418   Om Prakash;Rai A K;Singh J;Singh P M (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: ajeetiivr@gmail.com) : Partial purification and kinetic properties of myrosinase from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis). Indian J agric Biochem 2013, 26(2), 190-4.

Myrosinase is an important enzyme of cruciferous vegetables having several biological functions in the plant cells. In order to study its nature and behavior from a rather new source, it has been purified to apparent homogeneity from 5 days old germinated cauliflower seedlings having a specific activity of 12.71 units/mg protein with 54.6% recovery using ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The native molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated, using gel filtration, to be about 128kDa. The purified enzyme migrated as a single band on SDS-PAGE with molecular mass of about 64 kDa, suggesting that myrosinase from cauliflower seedling consists of two subunits of similar molecular mass. The enzyme exhibited its highest activity at pH 6.0. The optimum temperature for the purified enzyme was found to be 50°C but maintained nearly 60% of its activity even at 70°C. The purified enzyme remained stable at 4°C for several months. Using sinigrin as a substrate, the K_m and V_max values for the purified enzyme were estimated to be 117 μM and 550 μMol min^{-1, respectively. The enzyme was strongly activated by 0.5 mM ascorbic acid. The results revealed that the cauliflower myrosinase being homodimer has wider pH and temperature optima, hence is suitable for wider applications.}

4 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

003417   Niranjan A;Tewari S K;Lehra A;Amla D V (NO, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, P.O. Box <35> 436, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226 001, Email: sktewari@nbri.res.in) : Phytochemical constituents and free radical scavenging activity of four Terminalis species. Med Pl 2013, 5(4), 206-13.

Terminalia is an important genus of trees, used in 'Ayurvedic' system of medicine. Four species of Terminalia (arjuna, bellarica, chebula and muelleri) were studied for their total phenolic contents (TPC), antioxidant activity (AOA) and free radical scavenging activities (FRSA). The TPC varied from 110.1 to 275.5 mg/g GAE, AOA from 62.3% to 92.1% and FRSA showed in terms of IC₅₀ (inhibitory concentration) from 0.031 to 0.110 mg/ml, EC₅₀ (efficient concentration) from 1.34 to 4.78 mg/mg_DPPH and antiradical power (ARP) from 20.91 to 74.62 in four species of Terminalia. TPC in fruits of all species were found highest from other parts. The fruits of T. arjuna showed better inhibition of lipid peroxidation assayed by ammonium thiocyanate. On the other hand, ferric ion chelating capacity (FICC) of fruits of T. chebula was highest. Fruits were also potential inhibitors of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitroblue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) reduction caused by superoxide anions. Specific phenolic composition performed through LC-PDA-MS-MS showed that the plant parts, especially fruits were rich in gallic acid, ellagic acid, and quercetin. The fruit extract of all species showed significant protection of DNA damage caused by free radicals.

1 illus, 3 tables, 46 ref

003416   Nandhini T;Paramaguru P (Spices and Plantation Crops Dep, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: tnandhi@gmail.com ) : DNA Barcoding-a tool to evaluate the taxonomic status of medicinally important Solanum nigrum L. complex species. Int J Trop Agric 2013, 31(1-2), 115-19.

Solatium nigrum L. Complex is a widely distributed species whose taxonomic status remains controversial. Morphometry could not provide solution to distinguish these species. In this study, DNA barcoding technique has been applied to identify and distinguish thirteen distinct germplasm collections. DNA of all thirteen accessions were isolated and sequenced. The sequence was aligned using DNASTAR offline Software. The DNA sequence was subjected to BLAST for identifying at species level. The intra specific variation between the species was calculated using MEGA 5.0. The phylogenetic analysis was carried out. Among the thirteen accessions, six were identified as S.americanum, three were identified as S.nigrum and four were identified as S.villosum. The sequences were submitted to the GENEBANK, NCBl, USA.

2 tables, 20 ref

003415   Mohite S A (Botany Dep, Lal Bahadur Shashtri College, Satara-415 002, Email: mshekhar07@gmail.com) : Endemic and threatened flowering plants of 'KAAS PLATEAU': A world natural heritage, dist. Satara, Maharashtra (India). Flora Fauna 2013, 19(2), 223-32.

The study is based on filed survey of floristic elements of the Kaas plateau. During the study 375 species of flowering plants were recorded. Out of these 47 species were under threatened category and 98 were endemic to Peninsular India and found on Kaas plateau.

3 illus, 6 tables, 3 ref

003414   Mohanaramya M;Paramaguru P (Spices and Plantation Crops Dep, TNAU, Tamil Nadu, Email: ramya.mohana@gmail.com) : Media for in vitro pollen germination of cocoa and evaluation of viability and germination of stored pollen. Int J Trop Agric 2013, 31(1-2), 109-13.

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a cash crop grown throughout the humid tropics. Cocoa beans are used all over the world for flavoring and improving the textural properties of chocolate, biscuits and other confectioneries. The present study was carried out to optimize the requirements for in vitro germination of cocoa pollen and to assess the viability of pollens stored in low temperatures (4°C, 0°C and -20° C). The study comprised of nine different culture media of different compositions. All the treatments comprised of the inorganic nutrients namely, CaNO₃ @ 200 ppm, MgSO₄ @ 200 ppm and KNO₃ @ 100 ppm and varying levels of sucrose (15 per cent, 20 per cent and 25 per cent) and boric acid (100 ppm, 150 ppm and 200 ppm). Among the media compositions, the one containing 25 per cent sucrose + 150 ppm of boric acid recorded the highest pollen germination (81.75%) and pollen tube growth (256.56 m long pollen tube at 25 hrs after dehiscence of anther). The study taken up to optimize storage temperature for pollen grains indicated that viability and germination of pollen were completely lost after 2 days in room temperature storage whereas the viability lasted up to one week when stored at 4°C, up to 4 weeks at 0°C storage and up to 18 weeks at -20°C. Thus, low temperature storage of pollen grains proved beneficial to extendpollen viability.

2 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

003413   Misra S;Tandon P K (Botany Dep, Lucknow Univ, Lucknow-226 007, Email: tandonpramod@yahoo.in) : Nickel induced morphological and biochemical changes in cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae L.) plants. Indian J agric Biochem 2013, 26(2), 199-201.

The morphological and biochemical changes in cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae L) plant induced by Ni were investigated. Excess supply of Ni resulted in the induction of toxicity symptoms, overall reduction in growth of plant and adverse effect on plant metabolism.

^ssc1 table, 18 ref

003412   Mishra D;Singh R K;Srivastava R K;Dubey S R (NO, Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi-100 058, Email: divya.mishrabio@gmail.com) : Ethnomedicinal plants used to cure the gynaecological disorders by ethnic populace of Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Med Pl 2013, 5(4), 238-45.

Study is an effort to save the precious heritage of local folks and traditional healers of Sitapur district in Uttar Pradesh regarding uses of herbal remedies against gynaecological disorders. The indigenous knowledge was gathered through interactions with rural population through informal interviews with the informants in their local language. This is the first-hand information on 45 ethno-medicinal plant species belonging to 30 families used to cure gynaecological disorders by ethnic populace. The largest numbers of 25% plant species were used to treat leucorrhoea, 24% plant species for menstrual ailments, 17% plant species for gonorrhoea, 9% plant species for both delivery and abortion related issues and 8% used for lactation and as contraceptives.

4 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

003411   Kumawat D A (Botany Dep, P.G. Research Centre, Dhanaji Nana Mahavidyalaya, Faizpur-425 503, Email: drkumawatbot2011@gmail.com) : Euglenineae genus Strombomonas Delf. from Jalgaon district of Maharastra state, India. Flora Fauna 2013, 19(2), 253-8.

While working on the euglenoid flora from polluted and unpolluted water of Jalgaon district of Maharashtra State, many interesting euglenoids belonging to Euglenineae ( One of the class of algae) were collected in the rivers, ponds, lakes, streams, channels, pools,puddles, ditches, tanks, industrial effluents and sewage waste at various seasons of the year. Some of them formed in bloom while others persisted for a long time and abruptly disappeared. In this paper 14 taxa of Strombomonas Delf. including one new variety are characterised and illustrated along with locality and periodicity. These are Strombomonas acuminata, S. deflandrei, S. eurystoma, S. eurystema f. incurua, S. eurystoma var. ovalis var. nov., S. fluviatillis, S. fluviatillis var ettlii, S. fluviatillis var. levis, S. gibberosa, S. gibberosa var. longicollis, S. praeliaris, S. rangoonensis, S. schauinslandii, S. urceolata var. hyaline. Good collection was obtained between post monsoon to winter. All the taxa were recorded for the first time from this region. A new variety S. eurystoma var. ovalis var. novo is proposed.

28 illus, 29 ref

003410   Konickal M P K;Gopinathan R A;Mamiyil S; Balachandran I (Plant Systematics and Genetic Resources Dep, Centre for Medicinal Plants Research, Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal) : Significance of gingers (Zingiberaceae) in Indian system of medicine - ayurveda. Ancient Sci Life 2013, 32(4), 253-61.

The aim of this study is the documentation of Zingiberaceous plants used in Ayurveda, adding information to the systematics, vernacular names and chemistry with experimental data. The live plants were collected from wild and successfully conserved at Herbal Garden of Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal. The experimental data of each species has been collected from the various sources. The photographs were taken and all relevant data documented. A total of 13 species belonging to 7 genera of Zingiberaceae were documented. The work will be useful to students and researchers as it provides an easy access to Zingiberaceous plants used in Ayurveda.

2 illus, 59 ref

003409   Karkun A;Tiwari K L;Jadav S K (School of studies in Biotechnology, Pt. ravi Shankar Shukla Univ, Raipur, Chhatttisgarh, Email: deepak.karkun@gmail.com) : Some mesophilic cellulolytic fungi from Mandeepkhol cave, Durg (C.G.). Flora Fauna 2013, 19(2), 263-6.

In Chhattisgarh state of India, one large cave is located in mountain range of Salewara nearly 100 km away from Durg district with temperature range between 26§C- 28§C, humidity 80- 100% and with complete dark zone besides a little twilight zone. In present studies, a total of 54 fungal species were isolated and studies were conducted assay for their ability to digest cellulose. The assessment was done on the basis of mycelial growth and mycelial dry weight. Results showed that Trichoderma viridae, Trichoderma atroviridae, Penicillium meleagrinum var. viridiflavum, Penicillium citrinum and Alternaria alternata possessed greater cellulolytic potency.

1 table, 16 ref

003408   Jain S;Romsha Singh (Zoology Dep, M.L.B. Girls P.G. College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: jain_sarika14@yahoo.co.in) : Medicinal uses of Cassia tora in modern research. Life Sci Bull 2013, 10(1), 77-80.

Cassia tora Linn. (Sans : Chakramardha) is already reported in the ancient Ayurvedic literatures. Cassia tora is well known plant in Asia including India, which possess wide range of pharmacological activities. It is an important medicinal plant commonly found as an annual weed on the way sides. A lot of research had been done on this plant to prove its different pharmacological activities. The present review aims to provide detailed information regarding its Ayurvedic and pharmacological activities in modem research of medical line. For the last few years or so, extensive research work has been done to prove its potential as a plant of medicinal importance. This research work is encouraging to expose the unexplored properties of the plant.

22 ref

003407   Gupta M;Mishra D P (Biochemistry & Plant Physiology Div, FOA, Main Campus, Chatha, SKUAST-J, Jammu-180 009, Email: moniguptaskuast@rediffmail.com) : Cloning and sequencing of psbA gene from Phalaris minor biotypes for isoproturon resistance. Indian J agric Biochem 2013, 26(2), 167-71.

Phalaris minor is one of the most predominant and troublesome weed of wheat crop. Excessive use of isoproturon, an urea substituted herbicide in wheat fields has caused resistance in weed, which have become detrimental for the wheat crop. Metabolic detoxification and modification of herbicide binding site (D1 protein of chloroplast) have been predicted to be the major mechanism conferring resistance in P. minor against isoproturon. D1 protein is encoded by chloroplast genome (psbA gene) and Cytochrome P450 mediated detoxification of isoproturon is encoded by nuclear genes. In the present experiment, the psbA gene from 4 biotypes (resistant R, susceptible S, reciprocal crosses RxS, SxR) of P. minor was amplified using PCR and cloned in pGEM T easy vector. Reciprocal crosses were also made to see the inheritance pattern of the R/S biotypes. Sequence analysis of the fragment from R and S biotypes of P. minor exhibited a substitution from serine to glycine at position 136 of the D1 protein encoded by the psbA gene. However, the reciprocal crosses showed similar sequence to that of susceptible biotype. This mutation is not the same as reported earlier in the herbicide binding region of Photosystem II for other substituted ureas. The existence of isoproturon resistance biotypes of P. minor lacking mutation in the herbicide-binding region clearly indicates that psbA gene alone do not account for the resistant biotype but resistance to this herbicide can be attributed to some other mechanism.

3 illus, 16 ref

003406   Gupta D K (Botany Dep, D.A.V.(PG) College, Dehradun-248 001) : Preliminary survey on the floral diversity of Asan wetland, Doon valley, (Uttarakhand), India. Flora Fauna 2013, 19(2), 233-7.

While undertaking survey work on the floral diversity of Asan wetland (Doon Valley), the algae, aquatic macrophytes, herbs, shrubs, trees, grasses and weeds were recorded. Among the algae, the members of Bacillariophyceae dominated over Chlorophyceae and Englenophycea/Myxophyceae in succession while in Chlorophyceae the abundance of Spirogyra and Cladophora was recorded. The distribution of Zygnema and Chlorella was moderate. On the other hand in Bacillariophyceae - the dominancy was shown by Tabellaria whereas Pinnularia, Naviculla, Gomphonema, Synedra and Meridion exhibited moderate distribution. There was an abundance of Euglena multiformis under the family Euglenophyceae. The grasses were mainly represented by Saccharum spontaneum, Digitaria ciliaris and Cynodon dactylon while the herbs like Chenopodium album, Rungia puctinata and Solanum nigrum were common. Among the shrubs the following species, namely, Polygonum barbatum, Mallotus philippensis, Ardisia solanacea, Murraya koenigii and Plectranthes japonicas were common.

1 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

003405   Gautam P K;Sharma O P (Botany Dep, Government College, Bundi (Rajasthan)) : Rehabilitation of bisalpur dam catechment area and their consequencial effects of vegetation. Life Sci Bull 2013, 10(1), 55-6.

Bisalpur dam is the largest gravity dam in Rajasthan. It is made for drinking water supply and irrigation purpose. It supplies drinking water from Bisalpur to Ajmer, Jaipur, Tonk and its neighbouring areas. Sixty three villages are partially/totally sunk in to the water of this dam and are affected very much. The Bisalpur Dam catchment area was rich in vegetation. After building the dam and its filling up to its capacity, maximum vegetation of catchment area have been submerged in to water. This paper deals with the consequencial effect of vegetation after the catchment of sinking area, affected plant species and present status of vegetation.

9 ref

003404   Fasola T R;Iyamah P C (Botany Dep, Ibadan Univ, Ibadan, Nigeria, Email: fasolatr@gmail.com) : Comparing the phytochemical composition of some plant parts commonly used in the treatment of malaria. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2014, 21(1), 1-11.

Malaria is endemic to Africa in which Nigeria is the largest country. Medicinal plants are harvested widely in parts or as a whole due to the curative effects derived from their phytochemicals. It is common knowledge that just about 10% of the total plants have their phytochemicals known hence the desire to investigate the various phytochemicals present in the plant parts. Variation in the phytochemicals present in the leaf, root and stem bark of some frequently used Nigerian medicinal plants - Adansonia digitata, Alstonia boonei, Anacardium occidentalis, Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Chromolaena odorata, Chrysophyllum albidum and Citrus aurantifolia in the treatment of malaria were therefore investigated. Quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and phenolic acids in various concentrations as there were significant differences (p<60>0.05) between these phytochemicals and their plant parts. The presence of varied active ingredients in the different parts of these plants explains their diverse use in the treatment of different disease conditions. The research into the isolation and identification of these active ingredients in the different plant parts will help to authenticate the diverse claims of herbal practitioners on the use of plants and their parts in the cure of several diseases.

2 tables, 64 ref

003403   Dobaria J D;Mandavia M K;Patel S V;Golakiya B A (Food Testing Laboratory, Biochemistry Dep, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh-362 001) : Separation of secondary metabolites from Peucedanum dhana (Bhojraj), a rare herb. Indian J agric Biochem 2013, 26(2), 160-6.

Primary goal of present study was quantitative analysis and mass detection of Peucedanum dhana (Bhojraj) with antiaging ethno-botanical records in northern India. The dry root samples were extracted with MeOH/H2O solution. Sepbox 2D-2000 and multicolumn HPLC were used to quantify the root extract with C 18 analytical column and mobile phase consisting ACN/MeOH/H2O for each gradient resulted in 321 fractions. The method provides rapid and reproducible results. Screening was carried out by multimode reader. Preliminary phytochemical test of selected fractions showed presence of phenol and terpenes in most of the fractions. The LCMS was performed for selected 30 fractions and mass were detected. Only 2 fractions were selected for GCMS. Total 14 compounds with different similarity index were identified through GC-MS analysis. Highest similarity index (93%) of ethylene oxide and lowest similarity index (72%) of benzenemethanol alpha.(1-aminoethyl)-[R-(@),R@] was observed.

9 illus, 6 tables, 17 ref

003402   Das P R;Islam M T;Jahan R;Rahmatullah M (Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Dep, Development Alternative Univ, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh, Email: rahamatm@hotmail.com) : Ethnomedicinal plants used by the Nag clan of the Rai Ghatual tribe of Moulvibazar district, Bangladesh. Ancient Sci Life 2013, 32(4), 217-21.

The aim of the study was to conduct an ethnomedicinal survey and documentation among the Nag clan of the Rai Ghatual tribe of Bangladesh. The survey was carried out among the Nag clan of the Rai Ghatual tribal community of Moulvibazar district. The clan, according to them, is the only Nag clan of the Rai Ghatual tribe in Bangladesh. The clan has three tribal healers, still continuing their traditional medicinal practices. Interviews of the healers were carried out with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and the guided field-walk method. The Nag clan healers were observed to use 28 different plant species distributed into 22 families for treatment of ailments such as fever, loss of appetite, male infertility, dysentery, lower abdominal pain during menstruation, jaundice, stomachache, burning sensations during urination, bodily pain and weak health. This is the first reported study of the traditional medicinal practices of Nag clan healers. Several of the plants can be validated in their uses on the basis of existing scientific literature. The medicinal plants used by the Nag healers warrant further scientific studies, for the plants are readily available and can form alternative medicinal sources instead of costlier biomedical drugs.

1 table, 31 ref

003401   Das A K;Stalin N;Rameshprabu N;Swamy P S (Plant Science Dep, School of Biological Sciences, Madurak Kamaraj Univ, Madurai-21, Email: swamypsplantscience@gmail.com) : Volatile oil composition of Toddalia asiatica L. var. Floribunda leaves collected from parunthumpra, idukki district, Kerala. Med Pl 2013, 5(4), 250-2.

Chemical composition of leaf volatile oil of Toddalia asiatica L. var. floribunda was analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fifty eight compounds were identified and the major compounds were 1, 2-Dimethoxy-4-(2-methoxyethenyl) benzene (29.25%), β-pinene (13.91%), decanal (12.01%), bicyclogermacrene (5.22%), β-elemene (4.18%) and (3- caryophyllene (3.15). Ethers (29.43%) form the majority of the compounds followed by sesquiterpenes (21.88%), monoterpenes (17.97%) and the alcohols (14.97%).

1 table, 10 ref

003400   Chaurasia A K;Chaursia S;Chaurasia S; Chaurasia S (Botany Dep, Govt. P.G. College, Tikamgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Email: dr.amitkumarchaurasia@gmail.com) : Production of cellulolytic enzymes by rhizopus oryzae in vitro and in vivo. Life Sci Bull 2013, 10(1), 31-4.

The production of cellulolytic enzymes (C₁ and C_x type) by Rhizopus oryzae in vitro and in vivo were studied. The amount of enzyme production varied with different incubation days. No direct relationship was found in the dry weight and cellulase production of the test pathogen. Twenty days of incubation period supported maximum growth of the pathogen, though maximum production of cellulase C_x and C₁ type in brinjal pulp medium was recorded on 5th and 15* days of incubation respectively. Cellulase (C_x and C₁) enzymes production was found to be very high in Rhizopus oryzae infected brinjal tissues, whereas in the healthy tissues only trace of C_x and C₁ production was observed.

5 tables, 31 ref

003399   Chaurasia A;Ahirwar K (Botany Dep, Govt. P.G. College, Panna, Madhya Pradesh, Email: anand_happy001@yahoo.co.in) : Integrated management of citrus canker disease (Xanthomonas campestris) in lemon orchards. Life Sci Bull 2013, 10(1), 75-6.

A field experiment was carried out on the fanner's fields having citrus lime orchards under the purview of Krishi Vigyan Kendra in the selected villages of Bhopal district of M.P. during rainy-cum-winterseason of 2009-10. The citrus canker disease reduced upto 6.7 to 7.2% due to both the integrated control methods having four sprays of streptocycline (100 ppm) + Dithane M-45 or Vitavax @ 2% with prunning of trees. The disease infested fruits were minimum (5.4 to 6.8/tree) along with significantly higher fruit yields (16.96 to 17.44 kg/tree and 46.64 to 47.96 q/ha) over the remaining treatments. The increase in fruit yield was upto 109 to 115% and net profit upto Rs. 63930 to Rs. 67890/ha due to above treatments over control.

7 ref

003398   Chatterjee J (Botany Dep, Lucknow Univ, Lucknow-226 007, Email: jobachatterjee@sify.com) : Amelioration of cadmium effects on fruit quality of french bean with iron. Indian J agric Biochem 2013, 26(2), 155-9.

Cadmium (Cd) is an important and widespread pollutant element and is highly toxic for plants, animals and human beings. In order to study the deleterious effects of cadmium, french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown in refined sand supplied variable levels of cadmium viz. 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mM supplemented in control nutrient solution. The toxic effects of cadmium in french bean were ameliorated by different modes of iron supplementation. At Cd levels <62> 0.3 mM, the growth of plants was depressed and they developed Cd toxicity symptoms as chlorosis of young leaves. Excess Cd lowered the biomass and economic yield of plants and disturb the whole metabolism. Discontinuation of 0.3 mM Cd after 15 days and supplementation of iron by different modes, recovery was marked in absence of Cd. The fruit quality of french bean was also improved by discontinuation of Cd and supplementation of iron. The recovery was most effective when Cd was discontinued and plants were supplied normal nutrient solution with 0.25 mM iron through roots with 0.25 mM iron in foliar spray than any other mode of iron supplementation. The threshold of toxicity and toxicity value of Cd in different plant parts were also observed.

1 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

003397   Chandra N;Pandey N (Plant Nutrition and Stress Physiology Laboratory, Botany Dep, Lucknow Univ, Lucknow-226 007) : Effect of sulfur on the growth, dry matter, tissue sulfur and carbohydrate concentration of Allium sativum L. and Allium cepa L.. Indian J agric Biochem 2013, 26(2), 182-6.

Two vegetable crops garlic (Allium sativum L. var. Yamuna safed) and onion (Allium cepa L. var. Nasik-53) were raised in sand culture under controlled conditions of green house to investigate the influence of sulfur supply (1.0, 4.0 and 8.0 meq S L^{-1) on growth and metabolism. Plant growth and dry matter was suppressed in 1.0 and 8.0 meq S L-1 supplied plants. Optimum growth and dry matter yield were observed in plants grown at 4.0 meq S L-1 and these were treated as control plant. Both tissue sulfur and cysteine concentration was decreased in sulfur deficient (1.0 meq SL-1) and increased in sulfur toxic (8.0 meq S L-1) plants. As compared to control, carbohydrates (sugars and starch) accumulated in leaves and were marginally decreased in bulbs of sulfur deficient and toxic plants.}

3 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

003396   Ceballos R;Sankoli S M;Ramnath S; Venkataramegowda S;Murthy G S;Ceballos R M (DVM/PHD, The Univ of Minnesota (Minneaplis) St. Paul, USA, Email: sivaram900@gmail.com) : Evaluation of phytochemicals and in vitro antioxidant studies of Toddalia asiatica leaf. Med Pl 2013, 5(4), 202-5.

Primary phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant studies were performed on methanol, chloroform, petroleum ether and aqueous leaf extracts of Toddalia asiatica. The antioxidant activity of methanolic leaf extract was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Ascorbic acid was used as standard. Evaluation showed high phenol content and methanolic extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract was increased with the increasing concentration. The highest radical scavenging effect was observed with IC₅₀ = 36μg/ml. The greater amount of phenolic compounds leads to more potent radical scavenging effect as shown by Toddalia asiatica leaf extract. The results concluded that the plant has potential source of antioxidants of natural origin, augmenting its therapeutic value.

1 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

003395   Basarkar U G;Bajpayee R (Botany Dep, HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nasik, Email: gdbasarkar@yahoo.com) : Floral biology with respect to bumble bee. Life Sci Bull 2013, 10(1), 65-7.

Study of bee flora is of great importance as it highlights many benefits which are unseen. Nectar and pollen are the most important sources that are extracted by bees from flowers. Due to the foraging activity of bees, they visit many flowers, and carry nectar and pollen with them. Due to this there is cross pollination, which leads to better yield. From the observation it was noted that each and every flower have different morphology and symmetry and bees accordingly select their bee plant Flower size thus matters for bees. Like the flowers having larger size are visited by Apis dorsata and Apis mellifera. Medium sized flower are visited by Apis cerana and Apis mellifera and flowers having small size are visited by Apis cerana and Apis florea. From the study it was also observed that the bees are also flower specific. With the careful observation it was inferred that Apis cerana and Apis mellifera arc the best pollinator. As these are medium in size, there foraging activity is more than any other bees. With this data it is clearly known that bees forage and visit flowers during blossoming season, in search of food.

1 table, 14 ref

003394   Barman H K;Gupta D S;Barua H K;Amarghade R K; Debnath A (Botany Dep, North Bengal Univ, Siliguri, West Bengal) : Biodiversity of citrus in north eastern India: some policy issues. Int J Trop Agric 2013, 31(1-2), 103-8.

7 ref

003393   Ahmad S;Jahan N;Khatoon R;Shahzad A;Shahid M (Community Medicine Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hosptal, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh-202 002, Email: drnoorj@rediffmail.com) : Antimicrobial activity of in vitro raised callus of Tylophora indica Merr. against resistant bacteria harbouring bla genes and comparison with its parent plant. Med Pl 2013, 5(4), 187-93.

Alcoholic extract of leaves of an endangered medicinal plant Tylophora indica and its in vitro raised callus were analyzed for antimicrobial potential against various gram positive and gram negative bacteria including those harbouring resistant bla genes by agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts were determined by broth microdilution method. The extract of parent plant showed potential antimicrobial activity against gram negative bacteria and mild activity against those harbouring bla genes, whereas, the extracts from in vitro raised callus also showed antimicrobial activity against gram positive, gram negative and resistant bacteria harbouring bla genes. The MIC values of the alcoholic extracts of in vitro raised callus against gram positive and gram negative bacteria ranged from 1.53 to 24.0 μ/ml, whereas, those harbouring bla genes ranged from 12.0 to 98.0 μg/ml. The present study showed that in vitro raised callus gave promising results in comparison to parent plant. Hence, in vitro cultivation may be used to obtain antibacterial compounds especially at places where it does not grow naturally. This is the first report of antimicrobial activity of in vitro raised callus of Tylophora indica against gram negative bacteria harbouring bla gene.

3 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

002464   Yonzone R;Lama D;Bhujel R B;Gogoi K;Rai S (Botany Dep, St. Joseph's College, P.O. North Point, District Darjeeling, W.B., 734 104, Email: ryonzone99@gmail.com) : Gastrochilus sonamii s.z. Lucksom (orchidaceae): a new record for Darjelling Himalaya of West Bengal, India. J Econ Taxon Bot 2013, 37(1), 28-30.

Deals with the Gastrochilus sonamii S.Z. Lucksom (Orchidaceae) collected from Rammam, Neora Valley of Darjeeling Himalaya of West Bengal and is reported as new angiospermic record for the Darjeeling Himalaya of India. An updated nomenclature, important synonyms, illustrated description, habitat, flowering and fruiting, altitudinal range, specimen examined present status and general distribution of species have been given.

1 illus, 13 ref

002463   Yonzone R;Lama D;Bhujel R B;Gogoi K;Rai R H S (Botany Dep, St. Joseph's College, P.O. North Point, District Darjeeling W.B., 734104, Email: ryonzone99@gmail.com) : Taxonomic assessment on new record of Platanthera communsiana (King & Plantling) Renz, (Orchidaceae) for Darjeeling Himalaya of W.B., India. J Econ Taxon Bot 2013, 37(1), 31-3.

Deals with the Platanthera cumminsiana (King & Pantling) Renz (Orchidaceae) is collected from Sandakphu, Megma and Kalpokhari of Darjeeling Himalaya of West Bengal and is reported as new angiospermic record for the Darjeeling Himalayan region of India. An updated nomenclature, important synonyms, illustrated description, habitat, flowering and fruiting, altitudinal range, specimen examined, present status and general distribution of species have also been given.

1 illus, 13 ref

002462   Yadav R R;Mishra K G;Kotlia B S;Upreti N (NO, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 Univ Road, Lucknow-226 007, Email: kgmisrabsip@gmail.com) : Age of Himalayan cedar outside its natural home in the Himalayas. Curr Sci 2014, 106(7), 932-5.

4 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

002461   Vishwanath K;Pallvi H M;Radha B N;Maruthi J B (NO, Agricultural Sciences Univ, GKVK, Bangalore) : Enhancement of seed quality of chilli by seed invigoration. Bioinfolet 2014, 11(1A), 9-10.

Significant improvement in germination, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight, vigour index, and speed of emergence was observed in invigorated seeds with KNO₃ (1%). Hydration-dehydration enhanced seed germination and field emergence.

1 table, 13 ref

002460   Vattakandy L S;Chaudhari G S;Pandey P O (Botany P.G. Cep, M. J. College, Jalgaon) : Comparative anatomical and stomatal studies of some taxa of group vandoideae. Bioinfolet 2014, 11(1A), 122-6.

Paper presents anatomical features of the aerial root, stem, leaf and stoma of three species of Acampe rigida Roxb., Rhynchostylis retusa (Linn.) Blume and Vanda tessellate (Roxb.) Hook belonging to the tribe Vandeae including the subtribe Aeridinae. The prominent characters of the epiphytes were 4 to 5 layers of velamen cells, uniseriate exodermis with U-thickened cell walls and collateral vascular bundles in roots. The raphide bundles occurred in roots and leaves. Endodermal cells are O and U-thickened. Sunken stomata with anisocytic, paracytic and stomatal chambers were observed. The vascular bundles in leaves occurred in single series with alternating large and small bundles. The leaf, root, stem and floral elements showed amphystomatic, homogenous mesophyll with aerial spaces.

27 illus, 1 table

002459   Sunilkumar T;John A H;Prabhukumar K M;Antony V T;Balachandran I (Botany Research and Post Graduate, St. Berchmans College, Changanacherry, Kerala, India-686 101, Email: sunilkumarmuhamma@gmail.com) : Premna scandens Roxb. (verbenaceae) - a new distribution record for South India. J Econ Taxon Bot 2013, 37(1), 50-2.

Premna scandens Roxb., a scandent shrub in Verbenaceae, is reported for the first time for South India from Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary of the southern Western Ghats. A brief description along with colour plate of the species is provided.

2 illus, 12 ref

002458   Singh M P;Singh P;Singh A (Botany Dep, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi, Email: mpsingh.upc@gmail.com) : Invasive alien plant species of Varanasi district, their source region and use potential. J Econ Taxon Bot 2013, 37(1), 116.

Present paper is the result of three years of extensive exploration of the area. 120 important alien species are recorded with their legitimate botanical names, families, origin, habit, habitat and uses. Some important plants are Ageratum conyzoides L., A. houstonianum Mill., Alternan-thera pungens Kunth, Argemone mexicana L., Chenopodium album L., Croton bonplandianum Baill., Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Lantana camara L., Parthenium hysterophorus L., Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br., Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br.etc.

6 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

002457   Sikarwar R L S (Arogyadham, Deendayal Research Institute, Chitrakoot, District Satna-485 780, Email: rlssikarwar@rediffmail.com) : Ethnomedicinal uses of Selaginella bryopteris (L.) baker in Chitrakoot. J Econ Taxon Bot 2013, 37(1), 101-5.

Study on ethnomedicinal uses of Selaginella bryopteris (L.) Baker, locally known as 'Kamraj', was carried out during 2009-2911 in Parikrima Marg of holy hill Chitrakoot (also called Kamadgiri) and first hand information collected from different herbal vendors is described.

3 illus, 12 ref

002456   Shrithakeerthiraja S B;Krishnakumar G;Shenoy H S (Applied Botany Dep, Mangalore Univ, Mangalagangothri-574 199, Email: kkgmane@rediffmail.com) : Mikania cordata (Burm. F.) Robins. (asteraceae) - a new record to Karnataka. J Econ Taxon Bot 2013, 37(1), 220-02.

Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) Robins, of the family Asteraceae, is a tropical climber and an exotic weed. In India, this has become naturalised in Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and the North Eastern States. In peninsular India, this has been reported from Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The present record is a new plant report to the State of Karnataka.

2 illus, 5 ref

002455   Sharma S K;Jain A (NO, Forest Research Farm, Banki (Sisarma) Udaipur-313 001, Email: sksharma56@gmail.com) : Wild flora of Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India. J Econ Taxon Bot 2013, 37(1), 187-86.

Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the trijunction hilly tract of Pali, Rajsamand and Udaipur districts of Rajasthan, India. Extensive floristic survey was carried out during the year 2000-2011 to document flora of Kumbhalgarh WLS and 515 plant species belonging to 106 families have been recorded. The higher generic coefficient (68.15%) of flora of this Sanctuary indicates that the Sanctuary has more varied habitats and intergeneric and intrageneric competition in the floral component. All the species are enumerated in the present paper along with their botanical name, family and habit.

15 ref

002454   Sharma N;Kaushik P;Rai A (Botany & Microbiology Dep, Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar-249 404, UK, Email: nitinsharma.com@gmail.com) : Expression and immunogenicity of E2 glycoprotein gene of classical swine fever virus cloned in eukaryotic expression vector. Trends Biosci 2013, 6(1), 23-7.

E2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is immunogenic and induces neutralizing antibodies against CSFV. In the present study the recombinant plasmid pSin.csfv.E2 transfected HeLacell expressed E2 protein which was confirmed by immunoperoxidase test. The in invo immunological logical response was studied in pigs immunized through IM route. The immune response on 28th day post vaccination induced by 10 μg dose of the rplasmid revealed protective serum neutralizing antibody titer 60, while control group showed lower 1:5 non protective SN titer. Stimulation Index (SI) was found higher in vaccinated group as compared to healthy control animals. The T-cell response in the blood of vaccinated pigs suggested the role of cell mediated immunity in protection apart from neutralizing antibodies in serum. The challenge test revealed 100% protection of vaccinated pigs while all control pigs died of csfv infection. Therefore, this study demonstrates that DNA vaccination with 10 ig dose of pSin.csfv.E2 can provide protective immunity 28 days post vaccination.

2 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

002453   Shareef S M (NO, Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram-695 562) : Occurrence of five exotic angiosperms in cultivation - addition to the flora of Kerala. J Econ Taxon Bot 2013, 37(1), 98-100.

Floristic survey was conducted during 2007-09 and five more exotic species were collected from different districts of Kerala under cultivation, which were not included in any floristic documentation. Hence, it forms as addition to the exotic flora of Kerala.

6 ref

002452   Semwal D P;Bhatt K C;Bhandari D C;Panwar N S (Plant Exploration and Germplasm Colletion Div, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi-110 012, Email: dinusem@rediffmail.com ) : Note on distribution, ethnobotany and economic potential of Hodgsonia heteroclita (Roxb.) Hook. f. & Thoms. in North-eastern India. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2014, 5(1), 88-91.

Hodgsonia heteroclita (Roxb.) Hook. f. & Thoms., one of the high oil yielding Cucurbitaceous species, is traditionally used as food and medicine by several tribal communities inhabiting North-eastern hill (NEH) region of India. These communities comprise a large part of population of this region and still maintain traditional knowledge associated with the local floristic wealth. This species is a promising candidate for commercial exploitation as oil, food and medicinal crop.

2 illus, 1 table, 14 ref