022877   Chen B;Nagarajaiah S (Civil and Environmental Engineering Dep, Rice Univ, Houston, TX 77005, USA, Email: chenbl@rice.edu) : Flexibility-based structural damage identification using Gauss-Newton method. Sadhana 2013, 38(4), 557-69.

Structural damage will change the dynamic characteristics, including natural frequencies, modal shapes, damping ratios and modal flexibility matrix of the structure. Modal flexibility matrix is a function of natural frequencies and mode shapes and can be used for structural damage detection and health monitoring. In this paper, experimental modal flexibility matrix is obtained from the first few lower measured natural frequencies and incomplete modal shapes. The optimization problem is then constructed by minimizing Frobenius norm of the change of flexibility matrix. Gauss-Newton method is used to solve the optimization problem, where the sensitivity of flexibility matrix with respect to structural parameters is calculated iteratively by only using the first few lower modes. The optimal solution corresponds to structural parameters which can be used to identify damage sites and extent. Numerical results show that flexibility-based method can be successfully applied to identify the damage elements and is robust to measurement noise.

7 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

022876   Chandrasekaran N;Thyagarajah K (Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dep, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul-624 622, Email: chandrasekaran283@gmail.com) : Simulation and experimental validation of AC motor and PMDC motor pumping system fed by photovoltaic cell. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2014, 21(1), 93-103.

Solar water pumping is a promising renewable alternative to conventional water pumping for large, medium and small power applications. This system is also useful in remote areas where electricity is not available and it is very expensive to lay long transmission lines. This paper deals with basics of solar powered water pumping system and the comparison of performance between AC motor and PMDC motor pumping systems. In this work, the MATLAB based modelling of a PV array, single-phase induction motor and permanent magnet DC motor are studied and developed. The photovoltaic is used to feed power to the water pumping systems. The performance characteristics of single-phase induction motor and permanent magnet direct current motor are obtained by using MATLAB simulation and are validated with experimental results. From the experimental results, it is found that the permanent magnet direct current motor is best suitable for photovoltaic water pumping than the single-phase induction motor in low power applications.

25 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

022875   Boopathi S;Sivakumar K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode-638 401, Email: boopasangee@gmail.com) : Water assisted dry wire-cut electrical discharge machining. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2014, 21(1), 75-82.

In the modern manufacturing industries, one of the challenges is to reduce the environmental impacts by the machining processes. In this article, the minimum quantity of tap water mixed with compressed air is used as a dielectric fluid in wire-cut electrical discharge machining (WEDM) which promotes the green manufacturing environment. Four input process parameters have been considered such as the pulse width (PW), discharge current (I), air inlet pressure (P) and flow rate (F) of mixing water to study the parametric effects on the material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (R_a). High speed steel (HSS) is used as a work material which is one of the key materials to manufacture the cutting tools of the conventional machining process. Central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) has been used to conduct the design of experiments and to develop the regression models for the output parameters. It was observed from response surface analysis that PW, I and F are the significant process parameters and optimum responses (maximum MRR and minimum R_a) have been achieved at the moderate air pressure (5 bar).

10 illus, 6 tables, 17 ref

022874   Bidasaria M (NO, Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi) : Geotechnical problems in dams: case studies. Indian Geotech J 2014, 44(1), 1-25.

Geotechnical engineers and designers, many times come across a problem for which a conventional solution may not work and needs an innovative technique, to solve and complete a project. Three case studies stated below explained the innovative design used, foundation problems encountered with solution, innovative construction technique used and performance after completion.

ref

022873   Bhagat Singh T E (NO, , Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dep, K.L.N. College of Engineering, Email: bhagat_93@yahoo.co.in) : Peripheral interface controller based automatic robot firing on infiltrators. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(1), 25-8.

For a country to be secured, it must be secured in its borders. The enemy infiltrations from neighboring countries pose a severe threat to an country's national security. And this project focuses on defending the border by thwarting the enemy terrorist, enemy soldiers infiltrations by using an automatic robot based on peripheral interface controller which surveils 180 to-180 degrees along the enemy LOC using a sensor shaft fitted with a infrared transceiver which eliminates the infiltrators by firing at them. This automatic mechatronic robot could work on any kind of adverse climatic conditions and areas of high tension without getting detected from enemy RADARs. This project could eliminate the human causalities and minimize the work of the soldiers.

4 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

022872   Bansal A;Sharma A K;Das S (Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, Email: amit.bansal978@gmail.com) : Metallurgical and mechanical characterization of mild steel-mild steel joint formed by microwave hybrid heating process. Sadhana 2013, 38(4), 679-86.

Mild steel-mild steel (MS-MS) joints fabricated through microwave hybrid heating (MHH) have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron probe micro analyser (EPMA), Vicker's microhardness measurement and tensile strength. The XRD spectrum of the developed joints shows substitution type of solid solution form in the joint zone. The back scattered electron (BSE) images of the joint obtained by SEM show complete melting of powder particle and consequently diffusion bonding takes place between the substrate and the powder particle. The electron probe micro analysis shows diffusion of element across the joint. The Vicker's micro hardness of the joints was measured to be 420 ± 30 Hv, which is higher than that of substrate hardness 230 ± 10 Hv. The tensile strength of the sample was measured by an universal testing machine and found to be 240 MPa which is about 50% of base - 268 - material strength. The SEM micrographs of the fractured sample indicate mixed modes of failure during fracture of the joint; both ductile and brittle modes of failures occurred as indicated by dimple and cleavage of the brittle faces, respectively.

6 illus, 20 ref

022871   Balaji C;Krishnamoorthy C;Chandrasekar R (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, Email: balaji@iitm.ac.in) : Possibility of retrieving near-surface rain rate from the microwave sounder SAPHIR of the Megha-Tropiques mission. Curr Sci 2014, 106(4), 587-93.

In this study, ab initio atmospheric profiles generated through high-resolution calculations from the community weather model WRF, suitably matched up with both TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) and Precipitation Radar (PR) instruments of the TRMM satellite were used to compute simulated brightness temperatures (BTs) corresponding to SAPHIR frequencies, through an in-house polarized radiative transfer code. An artificial neural network was then constructed and trained to return the near-surface rain (NSR) rate given the six BTs corresponding to SAPHIR. For accomplishing the retrievals, measured BTs of SAPHIR (level 1 data) were used. NSR rates were calculated for two precipitating systems, namely (i) cyclone Neelam and (ii) cyclone Phailin. Rain rates thus estimated were then validated with the TMI-PR combined rain product of TRMM (2A12). The results showed that there is good agreement between the two. An inter-comparison between rain rates derived from MADRAS and SAPHIR was also done. This unexpected ability of the SAPHIR radiances provide us with the rainfall signature opens up new vistas in achieving the mission objectives of Megha-Tropiques.

8 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

022870   Athilingam R;Senthil Kumar K;Thillainayagi R; Nuzrath Hameedha A (Avionics Div, Aerospace Engineering Dep, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna Univ, Chennai, Email: aathikannan@gmail.com ) : Moving target detection using adaptive background segmentation technique for UAV based aerial surveillance. J scient ind Res 2014, 73(4), 247-50.

Detection of moving objects in a video plays a vital role in aerial surveillance. Here, both the target and the detecting camera remain in motion. In - 267 - the videos captured by unmanned aerial vehicles the scenes are dynamic and time varying. Therefore the existing algorithms which are capable of detecting objects in static backgrounds are not efficient for videos obtained from aerial surveillance. Hence we propose an Adaptive Gaussian based updating model for background segmentation which is suitable for dynamic background variations. The proposed algorithm is simulated and results are compared with Adjacent frame differencing and running average based background segmentation algorithms for the videos captured by UAV. The input data are the HD videos captured by UAV - Dhaksha. The experimental results show that the proposed method works effectively in dynamic environment.

3 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

022869   Asroun N;Asroun A (Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory, Djillali Liabes Univ, PO box 89 Sidi Bel-Abbes 22000 Algeria, Email: a_asroun@yahoo.fr) : Nanoindentation simulation of concrete with various indenter forms and yield strengths. Int J civ struct Engng 2013, 4(1), 36-45.

The finite element method was used to simulate the whole process of nanoindentation test. Two kinds of indenters, spherical and conical, were used to simulate indentation test of concrete. The modeling procedures were introduced in detail. The agreement between the FE calculations and experimental results is satisfactory with appropriate geometry parameters and mechanical properties of specimen materials. The indenter tip shape and the yield strength of concrete have significant effect on the accuracy of simulation results.

5 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

022868   Arvind Kumar;Pandey R (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana) : Spectrally efficient intercarrier interference reduction scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems in low signal-to-noise ratio environment. IETE J Res 2013, 59(1), 74-82.

Inherent sensitivity of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems to any frequency shift in the signal makes their design very challenging. In OFDM systems, the frequency shift may be due to instability of transmitter/receiver oscillators or because of fading channel. The frequency shift in the signal destroys the orthogonality among subcarriers and results in intercarrier interference (ICI), which affects the system performance severely. A number of solutions are.available to mitigate the effect of ICI. The existing ICI mitigation techniques include frequency equalization, time domain windowing, ICI self-cancellation, coding, etc., Among several ICI reduction methods, ICI self-cancellation scheme has received much attention due to its simplicity. The ICI mitigation schemes that depend on carrier frequency offset (CFO) correction at the transmitter are effective under high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scenario and those that depend on CFO estimation and correction at the receiver have additional computational complexity and some sort of data symbol redundancy. In this paper, a bandwidth-efficient ICI reduction method for M-ary QAM signals is proposed. The present method is effective in low SNR environment. This method reduces the effect of ICI and improves the performance of the system in terms of bit error rate. It is shown that the proposed ICI cancellation method considerably outperforms the existing ICI self-cancellation schemes in the presence of small CFO while maintaining the throughput level.

10 illus, 23 ref

022867   Ali H M;Iqbal A;Liang L (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Eastern Mediterranean Univ, Gazimagusa, Northern Cyprus, Via Mersin 10, Turkey) : Comparative study on the use of drilling and milling processes in hole making of GFRP composite. Sadhana 2013, 38(4), 743-60.

Drilling and milling processes are extensively used for producing riveted and bolted joints during the assembly operations of composite laminates with other components. Hole making in glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites is the most common mechanical process, which is used to join them to other metallic structures. Bolt joining effectiveness depends, critically, on the quality of the holes. The quality of machined holes in GFRP is strongly dependent on the appropriate choice of the cutting parameters. The main purpose of the present study is to assess the influence of drilling and milling machining parameters on hole making process of woven laminated GFRP material. A statistical approach is used to understand the effects of the control parameters on the response variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to isolate the effects of the parameters affecting the hole making in the two types of cutting processes. The results showed that milling process is more suitable than drilling process at high level of cutting speed and low level of feed rate, when the cutting quality (minimum surface roughness, - 266 - minimum difference between upper and lower diameter) is of critical importance in the manufacturing industry, especially for precision assembly operation.

14 illus, 10 tables, 17 ref

022866   Alandkar P M;Wagaj A S;Shiyekar M R (NO, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune, Email: pmalandkar.scoe@sinhgad.edu) : Interaction of compression and shear in transversely stiffened web. Int J civ struct Engng 2013, 4(1), 56-62.

Thin webs are stiffened transversely to protect it from buckling. In combined loadings of bending (M), shear (V) and axial compression (P), dominating actions for buckling is axial compression (P) and shear (V). The present study is aimed towards understanding Limit State behaviour of transversely stiffened web of girder in pure axial compression (P), pure shear (V) and hence in combined action of compression and shear. The span to depth ratio (aspect ratio, a/b) of web panel plays important role in this regard. Further the V - P interaction is also studied & verified. Numerical analysis by FEM for pure axial compression and pure shear are validated by classical analysis.

5 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

022865   Akinlar M A;Kurulay M;Secer A;Celenk M (NO, Bilecik Seyh Edabali Univ, Bilecik, 11210, Email: mehmetaliakinlar@gmail.com) : Novel matching of MR images using Gabor wavelets. IETE Tech Rev 2012, 30(2), 129-33.

This study introduces a hybrid method for deformable matching of Magnetic resonance (MR) images by utilizing the advantages of both wavelets and variational calculus. Image matching problem is expressed as an optimal control problem and discretization of the resulting Euler-Lagrange equations is written in terms of the system of linear equations in the form of Au= f, where u is the image displacement field. Implementation of the algorithm exploits Gabor wavelet energy maps of MR images. The proposed algorithm provides an efficient MR matching technique. Experimental results proved that the method can match MR images better than the only variational or only wavelet-based methods.

1 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

022864   Akhtar M N;Sidek O (NO, Collaborative Microelectronic Design and Excellence Centre, School of, Penang, Malaysia) : Intelligent adaptive arbiter for maximum CPU utilization, fair bandwidth allocation and low latency. IETE J Res 2013, 59(1), 48-54.

Rapid advancement in the world of microprocessor necessitates solving the bus contention in a most efficient manner. The major challenge is to reduce the latency of the system and to achieve a fair bandwidth allocation using maximum CPU utilization. Combination of Adaptive Arbitration (AA) algorithm and the processors according to their traffic behavior can be one of the feasible options to tackle the aforesaid problems due to its fair bandwidth allotment and low system latency. This article provides a comprehensive picture of the global scenario of AA algorithm for fair bandwidth allocation so as to enable researchers to decide the direction of further investigation. Some of the works published so far in this area are reviewed, classified according to their - 265 - objectives, and presented in an organized manner with general conclusion.

6 illus, 27 ref

022863   Agrawal S K;Tamoli D P;Bhowmick B N D E; SureshKumar B N V R C;Rao S B R;Sundaran A (NO, Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd., Gurgaon, Haryana) : 1200 KV National Test Station: taking Indian power system to next orbit. Wat Energy int 2013, 70(4), 4-6.

8 illus

021870   Zacharia S;Seshasayanan R;Srinivasan R; Thamarai T;Sudhakar T;Rao R R;Atmanand M A (NO, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pallikaranai, Chennai-600 100, Email: zacharia@niot.res.in) : Design, development and validation of smart sensor drifting node with INSAT telemetry for oceanographic applications. Curr Sci 2014, 106(6), 831-40.

Drifter buoys are globally deployed to measure surface meteorological and oceanographic variables. A Lagrangian drifting buoy (Pradyu II) to measure sea-surface temperature and current has been developed at the National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai. The drifter buoy with geostationary satellite communication (INSAT-3C) to have near real-time data at every hour is a unique attempt in the history of drifting buoy nodes. This article describes Pradyu II drifting buoy node, design of low-power embedded system, communication network and field test results from an experiment conducted in the Bay of Bengal during March-April 2013. The results from Pradyu II are compared with commercially available drifting buoy (Marlin-Yug), moored data buoy (BD11) and remotely sensed data.

20 illus, 31 ref

021869   Yadav S;Choudhary R;Sharma M M (ECE Dep, Govt. Engineering College, Ajmer, Email: sanjeev.mnit@gmail.com) : Modiofied star-triangular fractal monopole antenna for wideband applications. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 258-60.

A modified star-triangular fractal monopole antenna with semi-elliptical ground plane is given for wideband applications. By comparing with the previous defined fractal antenna, the proposed antenna dimension has compact size 20x20xlmm3. The proposed antenna operates over a wide frequency band between 3.5 GHz-35 GHz with a band notch from 6 GHz-8.2 GHz. The design method with improving of the impedance bandwidth and gain, VSWR, radiation patterns of the simulated antenna are presented.

5 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

021868   Yadav J;Mishra V V;Mahanth Prasad (NO, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra, Harayana, Email: jyotiy07@kuk.ac.in) : Design and partial fabrication of low power Pt-based microheater for gas sensing application. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 261-5.

The paper reports the design and simulation of double spiral shape Pt-based microheater using MEMS-CAD Tool COVENTORWARE. The structure consists with a thermal silicon dioxide suspended membrane, followed by a double spiral Pt heater. The hotplate membrane size and thickness were taken as 230 x 230 μm² and 0.5 μm respectively. The simulation results show that for applied voltage, 0.2V to 0.8V, the maximum temperature of 364-1905K was obtained at center of the membrane. The heat is assumed to flow from the hotplate to the surrounding air at an ambient temperature of 300K by conduction. The power dissipation of less than 12 mW was obtained to reach 1905K membrane temperature. Based on simulation, the Pt heater was realized on an oxidized Si-substrate using lift-off technique. The resistance of the heater was measured as 86.4 ohm.

5 illus, 17 ref

021867   Yadav A;Parida D;Muralidharan A;Ramya M (Genetic Engineering Dep, School of Bioengineering, SRM Univ, Chennai-603 203, Email: muralifly@hotmail.com) : Bioelectricity generation by proton exchange membrane-based microbial fuel cell from sewage substrate. Curr Sci 2014, 106(1), 29-30.

1 illus, 9 ref

021866   Viswa Prakash Babu;Sreenivas B;Kumar T P; Jawahar Lal R (E.E.E. Dep, Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology & Science, JNTU, H.Karimnagar, Andhra Pradesh) : Cracking Bluetooth security. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2014, 3(2), 540-5.

In this Paper, data encryption/decryption for Bluetooth security using virilog HDL is presented. SAFER+ algorithm is a very good choice for wireless systems due to the reason that it is a combination of security and high speed implementation. It is a basic component in the authentication of Bluetooth mechanism. The whole design was captured entirely in VHDL using a bottom-up design. The proposed VLSI implementation of the SAFER+ algorithm reduces the covered area about 25 percent, and achievesa data throughput up to 320 Mbps at a clock frequency of 20 MHz.

4 illus, 9 ref

021865   Vishwakarma R K;Agarwal S (ECE Dep, Jaypee Engineering & Technology Univ, AB Road, Raghogarh, Guna, Email: rkv.786@gmail.com) : Stacked square microstrip antenna for dual-band operation. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 200-3.

In this paper an electromagnetically coupled square microstrip antenna for dual-band operation is presented. The patch is stacked by electromagnetic coupling between the parasitic patch (Upper patch) and driven patch (Lower patch). The stacked microstrip antenna is a particular characteristic such as a high gain or a wide band width and dual band. When the size of parasitic patch is nearly equal to the fed patch and the distance between the feed patch and the parasitic patch is approximately 0.1mm wave length, the band width is increased. For obtaining dual-band the variation of dimension (2.0 mm) in the square patch has been done. This antenna works well as dual-band in the frequency range (2.69-3.41 GHz)

9 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

021864   Vishwakarma R K;Agarwal S (ECE Dep, Jaypee Engineering & Technology Univ, AB Road, Raghogarh, Guna, Madhya Pradesh, Email: rkv.786@gmail.com) : Design of butterfly shaped microstrip antenna for multi band operation. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 124-8.

In this paper author designed butterfly shaped microstrip patch antenna which is used for multiband operation. To increase the bandwidth this antenna structure is loaded by trapezoidal-shaped slot on the radiating patch. Indirect microstrip feed line is provided to excite the trapezoidal shaped slot at its respective optimal feeding position. The designed antenna has compact size of 30*40 mm including the ground plane and substrate (∞r = 2.2) of thickness h=1.57 mm. The designed structures were simulated using the HFSS software and the values of simulated return losses obtained were less than -10 dB at resonant frequencies. The results were obtained for three antenna structures having trapezoidal-cut with varying 1₁ and l₂ (length of parallel sides) and w(distance between parallel sides). For trapezoidal 1, the value of 1₁=12mm, 1₂=10mm and w=6mm; for trapezoidal 2, the value of 1₁=10mm, 1₂=8mm and w=5mm; for trapezoidal 3, the value of 1₁=8mm, 1₂=6mm and w=4mm. These structures were operated at their quarter wavelength modes and arranged in a compact planar configuration. After simulation of these structures we got four distinct operating frequency bands centred at 3.60 GHz, 7.10GHz, 9.90 GHz and 16.10 GHz with improved return loss. The simulation results show that an acceptable impedance bandwidth is obtained and the resonant frequencies are used in case of multiband antenna and for mobile services.

7 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

021863   Venkatesan R (NO, National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), Parisila Bhavan, 11, Indraprasta Estate, New Delhi-110 002, Email: rvenkatesan@ncaer.org) : Comparison between LTTD and RO process of sea-water desalination: an integrated economic, environmental and ecological framework. Curr Sci 2014, 106(3), 378-86.

Sea-water desalination has emerged as the key alternative to overcome demand-supply gap of potable water, worldwide. This paper aims to carry out a technology review of sea-water desalination, technologies in an integrated framework of economic, environmental and ecological analyses. The economic analysis here refers to a project/technology development effort analysis in the context of national econ-omy. The cost per unit output from this perspective is the economic cost. In an environmental analysis, the higher specific energy consumption in a process vis-avis the best technology option in the project area is measured in terms of certified emission reduction. In ecosystem analysis, the accent is to find out whether the technology disrupts the existing eco-system. Such a disturbance entails a huge ecological cost. The cost quantified per unit output is arrived at as the reduction in GDP in the project affected area due to the direct and indirect effects of adverse ecological effects; these effects are deduced using specifically developed I-O tables 'with and without' technology options, for the project area. The choice of technology is the one with the minimum composite cost per unit output. The composite cost in the context is the sum of economic cost, the environmental cost and the ecological cost per unit output. The framework is applied in the technology review of low-temperature thermal desalination process and its impact on project areas of Lakshadweep islands and Thoothukodi district vis-a-vis the alternative RO process of sea-water desalination technology.

5 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

021862   Venkat Ramayya V;Vinayaka Rao V R;Krishnaiah S (Civil Engineering Dep, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, Email: ramayya77@gmail.com) : Indigenous development and testing of rotational viscometer for bituminous binders. Int J civ struct Engng 2014, 4(3), 286-94.

Measurement Viscosity have been introduced for bitumen and a methodology has been suggested to assess these parameters of consistency of construction materials has been the keen interest of many researchers in the recent past. It can be observed that the empirical methods are being used for measuring consistencies of Bitumen, Cement Paste, Soil Mass and Fresh Concrete in many countries. The need of the hour is to develop instrumentation for measuring the consistencies based on Mechanistic Approaches which essentially depend on the assessment of deformation behavior in response to application of loads. This paper presents a method by which a Rotational Type Viscometer can be devised. The instrument is validated with glycerin at a specified temperature and further used to measure the viscosity of bitumen for temperatures ranging upwards from the softening point. Two terms; Static effective & Dynamic Effective.

6 illus, 6 tables, 11 ref

021861   Veluthai S;Murugeswari V (NO, Christian College of Engineering and Technology, Oddanchatram. Tamil Nadu, Email: s.kavived26@gmail.com) : Replica node attacks detection in mobile sensor networks using efficient and distributed scheme. Int J Comp Applic 2013, 8(2), 283-8.

The most wireless sensor networks are composed of unshielded sensor nodes. An adversary can easily attack, analyze and clone the unshielded sensor nodes and create replicas and insert them in the network .This gives the adversary to carry on a large class of insidious attacks like disrupting communication, subverting data aggregation, eavesdropping etc. In this research we resist against node replication attacks in mobile sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a new protocol to detect the replicas in mobile WSNs. In this protocol, Efficient and Distributed scheme and sequential probability ratio test are used to security that the replicas can never lie about their real identifiers. As the replica nodes enters into the monitoring area containing number of nodes under consideration the path travelled by the replica nodes are monitored and other nodes present in the area are prevented from attack using the efficient and Distributed scheme.

9 illus, 15 ref

021860   Varatharaj N;Kalidhas K (NO, Christian College of Engg. & Tech., Oddanchatram, Email: varatharaeee@gmail.com) : Conglomerate interdependent interface in cognitive radio ad hoc networks. Int J Comp Applic 2013, 8(2), 229-32.

Main objective of this paper is to reduce the interference from primary user to the secondary user by using percolation threshold. Cognitive radio networks the signal reception quality of a secondary user degrades due to interference from multiple heterogeneous primary networks. The connectivity of such a cooperative secondary network from a percolation based perspective, in which each secondary network's user may have other secondary network user acting as relay. The connectivity of this cooperative secondary network is characterized in terms of percolation threshold. The ad hoc network doesn't require a centralized base station; multiple numbers of nodes creates a stability and share the spectrum within the cooperated networks. The node in a multiple cooperated networks forms a router. In this paper we are investigating the cognitive radio networks with underlay approach, the primary user and secondary user transmits same time but the secondary user is considered for lower priority in spectrum use.

5 illus, 8 ref

021859   Vaishali S;Gayathri V (ITM University, , Gurgaon, Haryana, Email: vaishalisahu@itmindia.edu) : Use of stabilized fly ash as a green material in pavement substructure. Int J civ struct Engng 2014, 4(3), 306-14.

Fly ash is a waste produced in coal-fired thermal power stations. It has pozzolanic properties and can therefore be stabilized to achieve higher strength and durability required for use as pavement substructure specifically as subbase or base layer material. The stabilization of fly ash can be achieved by adding either cement, lime or other materials. Stabilization of fly ash with available industrial by-products is also possible and is gaining researchers' attention nowaday. Considerable economic as well as environmental benefits can be achieved when bulk amount of fly ash is utilized along with other potential waste materials. Hence a comprehensive study has been done to review the various ways of stabilizing fly ash for higher strength and durability for its extensive use in pavement sector. The paper therefore presents a comprehensive review of available literature on attempts at beneficial reuses of stabilized fly ash (FA) in subbase/base layer of pavement.

1 illus, 26 ref

021858   Ushadevi C;Ramesh D (NO, Sudharsan College of Engineering, Pudukkattai, Email: enjoyful.viswa@gmail.com) : Energy minimization for MIMO systems using antenna management algorithm. Int J Comp Applic 2013, 8(2), 113-22.

Present the theoretical foundation, implementation, and experimental evaluation of a novel power-saving mechanism for MIMO network interfaces on mobile systems, called antenna management. Antenna management judiciously determines both optimum power & data rate to adaptively disable a subset of antennas and their RF chains to reduce circuit power consumption .. An efficient algorithm that efficiently solves the problem of minimizing energy per bit. MATLAB based simulation experiment was employed to validate the energy efficiency benefit of antenna management. The results show that antenna management can achieve 14% and 17% for two ended continuous and intermittent respectively. For one ended continuous and intermittent we achieved 24% and 36% energy per bit reduction to the front end of the MIMO network interface, compared to a static MIMO configuration that keeps all antennas active.

6 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

021857   Trivedi S K (Electrical Dep, Rajasthan Techanical Univ, Rajasthan, Email: Shreya.trvd.9890@gmail.com) : Robust maximum power point tracking control of permanent magnet synchronous generator for grid connected wind turbines. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 35-41.

Over the last years, with technological advancements wind power has grown rapidly and becomes the most competitive form of renewable energy especially for VS-WECS as compared to fixed velocity system. Most of system does not capture power at every wind speed, especially low wind speed. To achieve this outcome at variable speed wind energy conversion system (VS-WECS) here Permanent magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) is used which eliminates gear box. A simple Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control Scheme is used for PMSG with diode bridge rectifier and grid side inverter. The Power Conversion are Performed at unity power factor and DC link voltage is maintained constant. An Algorithm named Perturbation and Observation is developed at MPPT for maintaining constant voltage at output side in spite of variation in wind speed. Modeling and simulation of the grid side of the wind turbine system are performed. Results are verified through the MATLAB simulations.

13 illus, 11 ref

021856   Tripathi A S;Mishra V V;Mahanth Prasad (NO, VIT Univ, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, Email: mahanth.prasad@gmail.com) : Design and simulation of AIN-based MEMS acoustic sensor for high SPL measurement. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 27-30.

The paper presents the design and simulation of both AlN-based and ZnO-based MEMS acoustic sensor for high SPL (120-180 dB) over a wide frequency range (30 Hz to 8 KHz) using COMSOL multiphysics. The sensor structure consists of a 25 æm-thick Silicon diaphragm loaded with a piezoelectric layer (of 3 æm thickness) sandwiched between two Al electrodes. The comparison of both piezoelectric materials based sensor was performed. The simulated result shows the wide bandwidth and high resonant frequency for AlN-based acoustic sensor (43 KHz) in comparison to ZnO-based MEMS acoustic sensor (39 KHz). The sensitivity of the designed AlN-based acoustic sensor was found to be 293μV/Pa.

4 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

021855   Tiliouine B;Sandjak K (Laboratoire de Genie Sismique et de Dynamique des Structures, , Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, 10 Avenue H Badi, 16200, Algiers, Algeria, Email: boualem.tiliouine@g.enp.edu.dz) : Numerical simulation of granular materials behaviour for unbound base layers used in Algerian pavement structures. Int J civ struct Engng 2014, 4(3), 419-29.

Structual analysis of flexible pavements has been and still is currently performed using a multi-layer elastic theory. However, for thinly surfaced pavements subjected tolight to medium volumes of traffic, the importance of non-linear stress-strain behaviour of unbound granular materials (UGM's) requires the use of more sophisticated numerical models for structural design and analysis of such pavements. In this work, an axisymmetric finite element model coupled with a shear volumetric strain model is utilized to simulate the nonlinear resilient behaviour of two local unbound granular materials used in Algerian pavements. This model is included herein to adequately incorporate the material non-linearity due to the stress and stiffness dependency of the granular layers in flexible pavement analysis. The numerical performance of the finite element model is examined with regards to its capability of representing adequately the granular material non-linearity under various stress conditions including low values of mean normal stress and large values of shear stress ratio. In addition, the sensitivity of pavement design criteria to the likely variations of asphalt layer thickness and mineralogical nature of unbound granular materials typically used in Algerian pavements structures are assessed and conclusions of engineering significance are formulated.

4 illus, 6 tables, 15 ref

021854   Tharcis P;Kezi Selva Vijila C (Electtronics and Commmunication Engg. Dep, Christian College of Engg. & Tech., Oddanchatram, Dindigul, Email: ptharcis@gmail.com) : Review on classification of image segmentation. Int J Comp Applic 2013, 8(2), 129-35.

Image segmentation is an important process to extract information from images. Segmentation has wide application in various fields. The main objective of image segmentation is to partition an image into mutually exclusive and exhausted regions. This paper presents review of classification of image segmentation methods and recent segmentation algorithms.

2 illus, 16 ref

021853   Thapar A;Saini A;Manocha H S;Shahi R (NO, , ) : Residual life assessment and RM&U. Wat Energy int 2013, 70(6), 8-15.

2 illus, 1 table, ref

021852   Tewari S;Saha P K;Biswas A;Mallik A (Radio Physics and Electronics Dep, Calcutta Univ, 92 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700 009, Email: abiswas5@rediffmail.com) : Effects of barrier layer of nanoscale InGaAs-channel MOSFETs on analog circuit performance. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 168-72.

In recent years MOSFETs using an InGaAs channel have attracted much attention for high performance logic applications due to enhanced electron mobility, which is known to further improve with the incorporation of a barrier layer on top of the channel. In this paper, using extensive device simulation we present a comprehensive report concerning the impact of a barrier layer on the analog performance of In_0.7Ga_0.3As nMOSFETs in the terms of transconductance, transconductance efficiency, output conductance and intrinsic gain for channel length down to 20 nm. It is found that different device parameters associated with analog applications such as ON-current, transconductance and gain exhibit considerable improvement for InP barrier thickness of 0.7 nm at channel length of 40 nm. Studies are extended to InGaAs devices without a barrier and also to Si devices for different channel lengths such as 40 nm, 30 nm and 20 nm. In all the cases InGaAs devices exhibit enhanced performance as compared with their Si counterparts. Furthermore, InGaAs devices with a thinner barrier <126>0.7 nm show better performance for analog circuit applications at the more advanced nodes.

7 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

021851   Tayade K C;Deshpande N V;Pofale A D (Rastrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, , Nagpur, Email: keshavtayade@yahoo.com) : Experimental study of temperature rise of concrete and assessment of cracking due to internal restraint. Int J civ struct Engng 2014, 4(3), 353-64.

Experimental study was carried out on a prototype structure to investigate the temperature rise characteristics of the concrete used. Two thermocouples each in 2 layers at four similar locations, totaling 16 numbers were embedded during the concreting of said structure to assess the characteristics of the temperature rise and temperature difference at peak in the concrete. The cement used was OPC in first layer and was replaced by PPC in other layer to find out the effect on the temperature rise and the temperature difference at peak. The study revealed that the temperature rise in concrete with PPC was much less than where OPC was used. The derived temperature rise equations with strong R2 values could be used to predict the early age temperature rise in structures with similar geometry, weather conditions, curing and form removal. Another purpose of this study is to know the probability of cracking based on the existing cracking assessment based on Korean methods as Indian specifications are non-existent and also to find the crack index for internally restraint cases both the elastic; hypoelastic models. The study indicated that the existing provisions based on crack index appear to be very conservative which tend to overestimate the probability of crack occurrence compared with construction observations on prototype structures.

11 illus, 9 tables, 28 ref

021850   Tandon A;Vajpai A;Mishra A N;Keseri S (Mechatronics Engineering Dep, SRM University, Kattankulafhur, Email: aditya.guad@gnail.com) : Design and modeling of a magneto rheological fluid based clutch system. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2014, 3(2), 366-72.

Objective of this article is to analyze the power & efficiency of Francis turbine and analyze its performance with different heads. This article will help the researchers while working on Francis turbine & analyzing its various components. In this article we study the details of francis turbine & measure the power output on Francis turbine. This article will provide background and progress of various parameters in Educational field.. The future directions of the commercial activities to implement the new findings will be the central theme. The immerging new partnership and challenges projected will also be discussed. This article will help engineering schlor in their experiments while analyzing.

5 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

021849   Swati M V;Sharma R;Chauhan M S;Jain P K (Centre of Research in Microwave Tubes, Electronics Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Email: swati.mv.ece10@iitbhu.ac.in) : Multimode simulation and analysis of two cavity gyroklystron. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 254-7.

In the present paper, the design and simulation study of a 35 GHz two cavity gyroklystron amplifier operating in the TE01 mode has been carried out to investigate the multimode beam wave interaction behavior in the RF interaction structure. The PIC simulation is performed using 3D particle in cell code CST particle studio. Using multimode behavior, the effect of presence of nearby modes on the cavity performance is described. The simulation studies produces saturated output peak power 200 kW with efficiency 35% and a saturated gain of 23.4 dB when driven by 70 kV, 8.2 A gyrating electron beam having the velocity pitch factor of 1.43. The theoretical analysis produces an output power <126>211 kW at center frequency of 34.95 GHz with 23.5 dB gain. The results obtained from the present simulation and analysis has been found in match with the reported experimental values [5] within 10%.

7 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

021848   Suganya K;Sri Ramalinga Ganesa Perumal N; Rajasekaran U (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Sudharsan Engineering College Pudukottai, Tamil Nadu, Email: d.sugamua115@gmail.com) : Comparision and analysis of different types of adders with carry select adder. Int J Comp Applic 2013, 8(2), 165-8.

Addition usually influences strongly on the overall performance of digital systems and a crucial arithmetic function. In electronic applications adders are most widely used. Applications where these are used are multipliers, DSP to execute various algorithms like FFT, FIR and I1R. Wherever concept of multiplication comes adders come in to the picture. There are many ways to design adders. Ripple carry adders exhibits the most compact design but the slowest in speed. Whereas carry look ahead is the fastest one but consumes more area. The Carry Select Adder (CSA) provides a compromise between small area but longer delay RCA and a large area with shorter delay CLA. The modified CSLA architecture has developed using Binary to Excess-l converter (BEC) as add-one circuit This paper proposes an efficient method which replaces the BEC using D latch.

7 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

021847   Soltanzadeh G;Shad H;Vafaei M;Adnan A (Faculty of civil engineering, Universiti Teknology Malaysia, , , Email: m.reza.vafaei@gmail.com) : Seismic performance of 4-legged Self-supporting Telecommunication Towers. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2014, 3(2), 319-32.

Specific design codes for telecommunication towers indicate wind load as the governing lateral load and except in limited cases, do not consider earthquake load in the design of these structures. Moreover in these codes evaluation of seismic behavior of self-supporting telecommunication towers has been limited to linear behavior with no consideration to nonlinear behavior of these structures. In this study, seismic performances of ten existing 4-legged telecommunication towers with heights ranging from 18 to 67 meter have been investigated. These towers have been designed and installed in Iran. At first, nonlinear static analysis has been applied to all towers. For this purpose, three different vertical distributions of lateral load have been utilized. Then, both target displacement approach and capacity spectrum approach have been considered to calculate the seismic performance point of towers. It has been exhibited that all towers have been satisfied immediate occupancy level for both design base earthquake hazard level and maximum probable earthquake hazard level. At last, three equations have been presented to estimate towers yield base shear and base shear that corresponds to immediate occupancy level for 4-legged self-supporting telecommunication towers for both mentioned seismic hazard level.

18 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

021846   Sinha D A;Verma A K;Prakash K B (BVM Engineering College, , Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, Email: deepa_sinha_98@yahoo.co.in) : Development of mathematical model of ternary blended steel fibre reinforced concrete subjected to elevated temperature. Int J civ struct Engng 2014, 4(3), 381-8.

This paper an experimental investigation is described on the mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete with 30% replacement of cement by Fly ash + ground granulated blast furnace slag making it ternary blended and then subjected to elevated temperature of 200°C or 400°C or 600°C or 800°C or l000°C as the case may be for 3 hours. From the experimental investigation it is concluded that the steel fiber reinforced ternary blended concrete subjected to such as 200°C, 400°C 600°C, 800°C and l000°C for 3 hours with 30 replacement of cement by FA+ GGBFS (in proportion of (10+20)) shows improved resistance to temperature. The mathematical models are developed for the strength characteristic of ternary blended steel fibre reinforced concrete when subjected to different sustained elevated temperatures. The best fit biquardratic polynomial equations are obtained for compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength. The equations generated will help in finding out the strength of ternary blended steel fibre reinforced concrete at any desired temperature.

4 illus, 9 tables, 6 ref

021845   Singhal M;Mehta P (Electronics & Comm., Global College of Technology, Jaipur, Email: mayanksinghal19@gmail.com) : Design and analysis of a conical horn antenna at 10GHz frequency. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 22-6.

This paper discusses the Design & analysis of a conical horn antenna with high gain, light weight, circularly polarized, suppressed side lobes for space applications. The procedure is simple and determines the physical dimensions of a conical horn that determine the performance of the whole antenna. The length, flare angle, aperture diameter of the conical antenna is examined. These dimensions will determine the required characteristics such as impedance matching, radiation pattern of the antenna etc. The antenna is designed and simulated by using PCAAD Software. The measured results of the constructed antenna confirmed the simulation results and satisfied the design requirements, validating the proposed design procedure.

10 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

021844   Sharma V;Srivastava S (NO, Banasthali Univ, Tonk, Rajasthan, Email: sharma93.vidushi@gmail.com) : Chemical sensing based ABC swarm intelligence algorithm for cancer treating nanorobots. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 101-5.

Nanorobots have been designed to perform specific functions inside the human body to bring relief from several ailments by circulating in the vascular system and destroying diseased cells like those of cancer. For efficient working and simple design, they need a swarm intelligence system to maintain high levels of coordination, collaboration, adaptability and biocompatibility. This paper is focused upon the limitations of the existing swarm intelligence algorithms and also suggests a new algorithm based on task allocation as in ABC and quorum sensing.

2 illus, 17 ref

021843   Sharma S K;Ransinchung G D;Praveen Kumar (Civil Engineering Dep, IIT, Roorkee, Email: Shashi_pec@yahoo.co.in) : Role of Wollastonite micro-fiber in rigid pavement. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 192-6.

Rigid pavements are the future of highways. Not only these act as an alternative for depleting bitumen made flexible pavements, but also provide high servicability and better performance under adverse traffic and environmental conditions. Under traffic load, the rigid pavement bends under flexure, necessitating its higer flexural strength. Simple concrete is not ideal for rigid pavement because of poor flexural behavior and more shrinkage cracks. Under repeated traffic loading fatigue causes these small cracks to transform into bigger cracks, finally causing failure of pavement. Hence there is a need to increase the flexural strength of concrete mix, not by increasing the cement content, but by introducing such material which replace cement, reduce shrinkage and at the same time increase the flexural strength of concrete. Wollastonite micro- fiber, found as a ready to use material, is anticipated to perform likewise because of its fiber action along with pozzolanic properties. This study finds out its impact on shrinkage and flexural strength of self compacting concrete. It is found that the fleural strength of mix remains same for a cement replacement of about 32.5% whereas shrinkage resistance nearly increased 40% with its use.

5 tables, 9 ref

021842   Shadab A;Sharma N (WRD&M Dep, IIT, Roorkee) : Analysis of pilot channel concept using tractive force ratio approach for river diversion- a case study. Wat Energy int 2013, 70(6), 56-9.

Meandering of rivers is a spontaneous phenomenon that has been a challenge in the field of water resources and river engineering. The chaotic behaviour of meandering rivers causes spatiotemporal variation in the flood plains, which leads to their shifting or alteration. Structures built across the stream are rendered useless once the course of the stream shifts due to meandering. Also, certain projects that need to be planned and executed near these streams (for example, extension of an airport parallel to the banks of the meandering river), fall under the threat of being washed away or inundation with temporal variation in the stream form. Pilot channel is an artificially constructed channel to direct the main stream along the desired alignment. The present study is carried out for analysis of pilot channel concept using tractive force ratio approach for diversion of Beas River. Analysis of the pilot channel is done by HEC-RAS 4.1.0, which gives the discharge carrying capacity, sediment carrying capacity, bed degradation and aggradations etc. Finally, the validation of the new pilot channel is done with respect to its characteristic features, viz. discharge, sediment load, velocity, sediment carrying capacity and tractive force ratio (pilot channel to old river) etc.

5 illus, 12 ref

021841   Serag M S (Civil Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt, Email: sadek1234@hotmail.com) : Modelling pedestrain road crossing at uncontrolled mid-block locations in developing countries. Int J civ struct Engng 2014, 4(3), 274-85.

Aim of this research is to investigate and model pedestrian road crossing behavior at uncontrolled mid-block in Egypt as one of the developing countries. In particular, two aspects of pedestrian crossing behaviors at mid-block locations have been examined, namely the size of traffic gaps accepted by pedestrians and the decision or not to cross the street, as well as the related determinants. A field survey was carried out at nine uncontrolled mid-block locations in different streets in three Egyptian cities. The locations were chosen with various street crossing widths to test the influence of this variable as it has not covered in previous pedestrian models. In this survey, pedestrian crossing decisions were videotaped in real traffic conditions. The survey period was 30 minutes for each location. Ten JPEG files were obtained from each second of video recording with the help of Snapshot Wizard software. The data collected included traffic characteristics (speed, type, etc.), individual characteristics (gender, age etc.), as well as individual behavior (frequency of attempt, rolling gap, etc.). A lognormal regression model was developed in order to examine the effect of various parameters on the size of traffic gaps accepted by pedestrians. It was found that the accepted gaps depend on the speed of incoming vehicle, the pedestrian rolling gap, the frequency of attempts a pedestrian makes before crossing, the crossing width, and the age of the pedestrians. A binary Logit model was also developed in order to examine the effects of var.ous parameters on the decision of pedestrians to cross the street or not. The results suggest that pedestrians' decision to cross the street depends on the size of traffic gap, the vehicle speed, the pedestrian rolling gap, and the frequency of attempts before crossing.

1 illus, 7 tables, 27 ref

021840   Sen Gupta D P;Gupta I;Ahuja D R (NO, National Institute of Adavanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: drahuja@gmail.com) : All states stand to save electricity were Indian standard time to be advanced. Curr Sci 2014, 106(1), 70-4.

Earlier estimates of electricity savings from advancing Indian Standard Time (IST) to GMT + 6:00 using regional load curves provided encouraging results of savings during evenings. This persuaded us to undertake this more accurate study involving 13 states that account for 85% of India's annual electricity consumption. As we expected, the savings obtained were higher than estimates from the five electrical regions of the country. Although advancing IST would benefit the northeastern and eastern regions, there is an apprehension that later dawns may inconvenience people in the north and northwest. In response we present data on postponement of the latest winter dawns in state capitals. We also report on the flattening of load curves in the six highest electricity-consuming states and discuss how this affects the results.

4 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

021839   Sandeep Kumar (NO, , ) : Silt management under O&M practices at hydro power plants. Wat Energy int 2013, 70(6), 30-7.

26 illus, 3 tables

021838   Saha M;Biswas A (NO, Institute of Engineering & Management, Saltlake, Kolkata-700 091, Email: abiswas5@rediffmail.com) : Studies on reduction of efficiency droop in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well LEDs. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 225-9.

GaN-based light emitting diodes (LEDs) have attracted extensive attention for their potential applications in energy saving solid-state lightning. However, InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) devices suffer from efficiency droop. Although the physical origin of the droop is still under debate, the device structure and material composition play an important role for its minimization. In this simulation work, we have considered LEDs that consist of three pairs of GaN/InGaN layers with thickness values 10 nm/3 nm, respectively forming MQWs. Such MQWs are sandwiched between p-AlGaN electron blocking layer and AlGaN/GaN superlattice insertion layer and have conduction and valence band diagrams of trapezoidal shapes realized by grading In content accordingly. Our results show that for trapezoidal wells the electron and hole distribution peaks occur near the centre of the well thereby increasing the radiative recombination probability. The output power of our proposed LED increases more rapidly with the current density as compared with conventional LEDs. Furthermore, the quantum efficiency of our LEDs reduces 3.92% only in contrast to 34% for conventional LED at the current density of 200 A/cm2.

8 illus, 20 ref

021837   Sadat A (Electronics Engineering Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh, Email: anwart7039@rediffmail.com) : Electronic technique for the determination of added water to milk. INROADS 2014, 3(1; Spec), 94-6.

Adding water to milk is a common practice by farmers. It leads to economic losses, deterioration of the quality of end products. In this paper the technique of ac conductance spectroscopy has been used to study the milk samples having different proportions of added water in full fat milk over the range of 20 Hz to 1 MHz. The characteristics show that the conductance exhibits a rapid variation with frequency below 10 kHz, but remains constant above this value. The conductance measured at 10 KHz frequency decrease with increasing water concentration in full fat milk, the reason for this is that the milk has conductivity properties because of the existence of charged compounds such as salts. The milk samples were also tested at 10 KHz frequency and 8 C temperatures by using simple electronic circuit. The result indicates that the output voltage decreases with increase in percentage of added water to milk. This measurement technique may be used for the development of a simple milk quality testing instrument.

6 illus, 9 ref

021836   Sabna J;Sreevidya V;Venkatasubramani R (Civil Engineering Dep, Sri Krishna College of technology, Coimbatore, Email: sabna08@gmail.com) : Mechanical properties of fibrous geopolymer mortar in relation with curing conditions. Int J civ struct Engng 2014, 4(3), 365-71.

Geopolymers are a class of inorganic polymer formed by the reaction between an alkaline solution and an aluminosilicate source. The hardened material has an amorphous 3dimensional structure. The last few years have seen spectacular technological progress in the development of geosynthesis and geopolymeric applications. Portland cement, the conventional binding material in concrete, is responsible for 5-8% of our collective worldwide carbon footprint. The geopolymer mix completely replaces the Portland cement with a alumino silicate base material that results in a massive decrease in associated carbon emissions (theoretically up to a 90% reduction) and makes safe use of a waste product of coal production. This research aims at developing fibrous geopolymer in order to study its strength properties under heat and ambient curing. Based on the results obtained, the heat cured fiber reinforced geopolymer composite with 0.5% fibre was found to be have superior strength.

4 illus, 4 tables, 66 ref