007907   Bimlesh Kumar;Thiyam Devi T (Civil Engneering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Email: bimk@iitg.ernet.in) : Oxygen transfer at turbulent microscale. J Envir Res Dev 2012, 6(3), 569-74.

Experimental and numerical investigation has been carried out to analyze the existence of local isotropy concept in geometrically similar surface aeration systems. Commercial software has been used in determining the small scale parameters such as microscale of turbulence and energy dissipation. Experimental observations have been carried out for oxygen transfer measurements in geometrically similar surface aeration systems. Two-film theory has been adopted in the measurement of oxygen transfer rate. It is found that microscale of turbulence and oxygen transfer are inversely related in geometrically similar surface aeration systems. Present work establishes the existence of local isotropy concept in higher turbulent flow conditions. Based on the local isotropy concept, the relationship of microscale of turbulence and rotational speed of rotor should exhibit the constancy, has been found in the present work. Empirical equation to simulate oxygen transfer rate in geometrical similar systems at turbulent microscale has been developed in the present work.

3 illus, 30 ref

007906   Bhowmick A;Ghosh S (Civil Engg. Dept, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata, Email: anupam.bhowmick@rediffmail.com) : Effect of synthesizing parameters on workability and compressive strength of Fly ash based Geopolymer mortar. Int J civ struct Engng 2012, 3(1), 168-77.

Geopolymer is known for its durability and environmental sustainability. The findings of this research paper are based on the experiments conducted on geopolymer mortar synthesized from locally available fly ash. Various engineering properties are highlighted. Influence of processing parameters such as Fly ash/ Sand ratio, SiO2/Na₂O ratio, and Water/ Fly ash ratio on workability and compressive strength are studied which may be useful to develop mix design methodology. Pore size distribution and total pores volume are appreciated by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) and their influence on compressive strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was done for micro-structural and elemental analysis.

14 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

007905   Bhati M;Jain J (NO, JNU, Jaipur, Email: nbmeenubhati@gmail.com) : Sharp rejection LPF using defected ground structure. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(5), 40-3.

For the sharp rejection the DGS is widely used. In this paper author have designed a LPF that is having a sharp rejection using DGS. In this project a compact microstrip low pass filter is designed with sharp rejection using a defected ground structure (DGS) with compensated microstrip. The equivalent circuit for the DGS and its corresponding L-C parameters are extracted by using its S parameters response (EM simulation) and a simple circuit analysis method. The low pass filter is realized and optimized using cascaded DGS to provide a portable size, excellent sharpness in transition with low insertion loss in pass band and wide rejection in the stopband. Observed results show good agreement with the theoretical results. The results are validated by using CST.

6 illus, 7 ref

007904   Bandivadekar T P;Jangid R S (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Email: tpbandi@rediffmail.com) : Mass distribution of multiple tuned mass dampers for vibration control of structures. Int J civ struct Engng 2012, 3(1), 70-84.

Mass distribution is one of the important parameter for MTMD (Multiple Tuned mass damper) for reducing effectively dynamic response of a main system. By controlling mass distribution along with other parameters like damping ratio, frequency range, number of dampers, response of the main system can be controlled. Different mass distributions like parabolic mass distribution and bell-shaped mass distribution are studied and its effect on controlling the dynamic response of the system is reported. To increase the effectiveness of the MTMD system, modified parabolic mass distribution and modified bell shaped mass distribution by skewing the mass distribution is proposed. Optimum parameters for MTMD with optimum mass distribution and main system damping varied as 2% and 5% are presented. Among the various mass distributions proposed in the present study Modified bell-shaped mass distribution for MTMD is superior. It was found to be more promising in terms of reducing dynamic response of structure making it more flat and increasing bandwidth of flat region. Also, lower values of damper damping associated with this mass distribution makes system more workable.

11 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

007903   Bajia S;Khedar R (NO, JNU, Jaipur, Email: sbajia02@gmail.com) : FPGA based design and performance optimization of low power 64-bit MIPS RISC processor based on cryptographic algorithms using VHDL. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(5), 55-64.

Paper presents the FPGA design and implementation with performance of low power 64-bit encrypted and decrypted MIPS RISC processor for Data Encryption Standard (DES), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Triple DES based on MIPS pipelined architecture. The pipeline stages organization has been done in such a way that pipeline can be clocked at high frequency. Three standard blocks of Encryption and Decryption cryptography algorithms on MIPS processor and through the help of a block diagram dependency among themselves are explained in detail. Power consumption reduces in the MIPS crypto RISC processor with the help of Clock gating techniques. This methodology results in processor that meets power consumption and performance specification for security applications. Simulated results show that the MIPS crypto processor operates successfully at a working frequency of 218MHz and a bandwidth of 664 Mbits/s.

8 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

007902   Baisantry M;Negi D S;Manocha O P (NO, Defence Electronics Applications Laboratory, Dehradun-248 001, Email: munmunbaisantry@gmail.com) : Change vector analysis using enhanced PCA and inverse triangular function-based thresholding. Def Sci J 2012, 62(4), 236-42.

Change vector analysis is a very sophisticated method to evaluate land-use/land-cover changes meaningfully. By making proper choice of input data in the form of bands (for instance, red, NIR etc) or features (for instance, greenness, brightness, wetness etc), information about both the magnitude as well as the type/nature of changes can be extracted. However, improper selection of thresholds is always a hindrance to a good change detection algorithm. The paper has proposed an improved technique to select threshold appropriately by means of principal component difference and inverse triangular function. The changes have been represented using class-based circular wheel representation. Results have been shown to further testify the performance of proposed algorithm.

5 illus, 12 ref

007901   Asha N M;AlNasra M M;Najmi A S (Civil Engineering Dep, Jordan Univ, Amman, Jordan, Email: moayyad.alnasra@mail.wvu.edu) : Optimizing the use of swimmer bars as shear reinforcement in the reinforced concrete beams. Int J civ struct Engng 2012, 3(2), 313-20.

The sudden failure of the reinforced concrete beams due to shear made it necessary to explore more effective ways to design these beams. The reinforced concrete beams show different behavior at the failure stage in shear compare to the bending, which is considered to be unsafe mode of failure. The shear failure of beams is usually sudden without sufficient advanced warning, and the diagonal cracks that develop due to excess shear forces are considerably wider than the flexural cracks. The cost and safety of shear reinforcement in reinforced concrete beams led to the study of other alternatives. Swimmer bar system is a new type of shear reinforcement. It is a small inclined bars, with its both ends bent horizontally for a short distance and welded to both top and bottom flexural steel reinforcement. Regardless of the number of swimmer bars used in each inclined plane, the swimmer bars form plane-crack interceptor system instead of bar-crack interceptor system when stirrups are used. Three different shapes of swimmer bar system were explored in this study. The main purpose is to identify the most efficient shape to carry shear forces at the lowest cost. Several reinforced concrete beams were carefully prepared and tested in the lab. The results of these tests will be presented and discussed. The deflection of each beam is also measure at a given applied load. The propagation of shear cracks was also closely monitored.

5 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

007900   Anandavalli N;Lakshmanan N;Iyer N R;Amar Prakash;Ramanjaneyulu K;Rajasankar J;Rajagopal C (NO, CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai, Email: anandi@serc.res.in) : Behaviour of a blast loaded laced reinforced concrete structure. Def Sci J 2012, 62(5), 284-9.

According to existing provisions, large separation distance has to be maintained between two conventional explosive storage structures to prevent sympathetic detonation. In this paper, reduction of the separation distance with the use of earth covered laced reinforced concrete (LRC) storage structure is demonstrated, which will result in saving of land cost. Details of blast resistant design of 75T (NEC) storage structure based on unit risk principle are presented. Performance of the storage structure is evaluated in an actual blast trial. Strain and deflection profiles are obtained from the trial. Based on these, the storage structure is found to be re-usable after the blast trial.

16 illus, 11 ref

007899   Ambily P S;Madheswaran C K;Lakhsmanan N; Dattatreya J K;Jaffer Sathik S A (NO, CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre, Taramani, Chennai, Email: ambilyps@serc.res.in) : Experimental studies on Shear behaviour of reinforced Geopolymer concrete thin webbed T-beams with and without fibres. Int J civ struct Engng 2012, 3(1), 128-40.

Describes the experimental studies on shear behaviour of reinforced Geopolymer Concrete (RGPC) thin webbed Tee beams. Since T-beams are susceptible to shear, thin webbed T-beams are taken up for the current study. Shear failures are very sudden and unexpected, a thorough knowledge of the different modes of shear failures and the mechanisms involved is necessary to prevent them. Not many investigations were reported on the shear behaviour of RGPC. In the present study shear reinforcement spacing (0, 120, 180 & 240mm) was the basic test parameters for the beam specimens. Steel fibres were used for one set of beams and the same was compared for beams without fibres. After a series of trial mixes on geopolymer concrete, the volume of steel fibres was fixed as 0.75. All the beams were provided with the same flexural and shear reinforcement and the beams were tested under two point loading with shear span to depth ratio of 1.9. This paper presents the details of the mix proportion of geopolymer concrete (GPC) mixes, preparation of RGPC beams, testing and evaluation of structural behavior with respect to cracking, service load, deflections at various stages and failure modes. Investigations on the shear behavior of the reinforced concrete beams showed that the failure mechanism can be transformed from brittle to ductile mode by addition of steel fibres.

11 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

007898   Alam B;Javed M;Ali Q;Naveed Ahmad;Ibrahim M (Civil Engineering Dep, Engineering & Technology (UET)Univ, 25000 Peshawar, Pakistan, Email: drnaveedahmad.eec@gmail.com) : Mechanical properties of no-fines bloated slate aggregate concrete for construction application, experimental study. Int J civ struct Engng 2012, 3(2), 302-12.

Paper presents investigation on the mechanical characteristics of no-fines bloated slate aggregate concrete (BSAC) through laboratory testing. The BSAC concrete employ locally available coarser aggregates formed of slate (clay rock), with no fine aggregates, where aggregate-to-aggregate bond is achieved through water-cement paste resulting in significantly lightweight concrete. Laboratory tests were conducted on cubes and cylinders to estimate the basic mechanical properties i.e. compressive strength, density, stress-strain behavior, Young modulus, etc., of BSAC concrete required in the design and analysis of concrete construction works using engineering tools. The effect of water-cement ratio and aggregate-cement ratio is also investigated for essential optimization. It was found that the strength of no-fines BSAC is lower than that of normal weight concrete, but appears to be sufficiently enough for specialized construction works where compressive stress demand is not very high. Its application in the construction industry may include core work in concrete like sandwich panels, drainage layers under reservoir and basement floors, paving and lightweight screed for leveling of floors and roofs, as a damp-proofing material, etc.

5 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

007897   Al-Qasem I A A;Abdulwahid M Y (Civil Engineering Department, Al-Najah National Univ, Nablus, Email: mohanad.yaseen@koyauniversity.org) : Comparison of calculation of axial loads on columns by tributary area method and 3D modeling by SAP2000. Int J civ struct Engng 2012, 3(2), 336-45.

This research is an attempt to understand the distribution of axial loads on columns in one story building model under different case of slab (rigid and flexible slab) and different load condition (gravity and horizontal load), then comparing the results obtained by model with those results obtained by tributary area method. To do this, a technique utilizing finite element analysis is used in order to create computerized model with SAP2000 program. This model is built to simulate the real state of slab and columns in one story building. According to the analysis of the data obtained, big difference can be scan between the real load carried by columns and the load calculated by using the Tributary area method, so using 3-D model is the best method to calculate the real load effected on columns and design this columns according this load.

8 illus, 8 tables, 6 ref

007896   Adi H P;Niam M F (Civil Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering Islam Sultan Agung Univ, Semarang 50112, Central Java, Indonesia, Email: pratiwi_adi@yahoo.com) : Improving skill's strategies of Indonesian construction labours to have global competitiveness. Int J civ struct Engng 2012, 3(1), 150-7.

Labours is one of important element in the continuity and implementation of construction projects. Availability of labours that have good skills is a key factor to get a good quality product. Profile of construction labours in Indonesia showed that 62% of the total construction labours is unskilled labours. This study aims to get appropriate strategies to reduce the amount of unskilled labours and also to improve the skills of construction labours to have global competitiveness. The data were collected through in-depth interviews to the stakeholders involved in the coaching skills of Indonesian construction labours, that are the Construction Services Development Board, Ministry of Public Works and the Ministry of Labours. The data were validited by Delphi method and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the strategies that must be implemented to improve the skills of construction labours is certification, standards and training, coordination, awareness, clearinghouse and research.

4 illus, 16 ref

007895   Abdel Raheem S E;Hayashikawa T (Taibah Univ, Madinah Munawarh, KSA on Leave, Assiut Univ, Egypt, Email: shehataraheem@yahoo.com) : Seismic performance of semi-rigid base connection model of cable-stayed bridge tower. Int J civ struct Engng 2012, 3(2), 346-59.

Quite general base connection modeling capable of accurately representing material and geometrical nonlinear behavior of the base plate and arbitrary nonlinear contact with concrete foundation has been demonstrated and its implementation in a finite element nonlinear seismic analysis is presented. A time domain finite element methodology for nonlinear dynamic analysis problem that accounts for base connection lift-off and the inelastic behavior of anchor bolts through an incremental-iterative procedure is developed. A representative problem of cable-stayed bridges tower subjected to strong ground motion is analyzed. The maximum bearing stress on the concrete foundation as well as the tension force per anchor bolt that necessary to design the anchorage system is computed.

18 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

006975   Zhao X;Gao P (NO, Daqing Oilfields Lit Co., Daqing, China, Email: xin.zhao@sohu.com) : Cyclic injection of high temperature N₂-foam in Fuyv reservoir. J Petrol Engng Technol 2013, 3(2), 1-12.

Steam stimulation has already been proved as an important thermal recovery technology. In Daqing, the development and management of high-heterogeneous heavy oil reservoirs plays an important role in stabilizing the oil output. To combine the good features of steam injection and cyclic injection, a cyclic steam flooding has been conducted in the Fuyv reservoir, Daqing. This paper is to present a detailed process of the cyclic-steam injection. The target Fuyv reservoir in this research is located on the edge of the Songliao Basin. The reservoir characterized by high heterogeneity has a permeability range from 61.5 to 3650 mD. The viscosity of crude oil is averagely 3200 mPa.s. A simulation investigation was performed to instruct the pilot design. The nitrogen co-injected cyclic steam injection is also proposed and analyzed. The mechanisms of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) by nitrogen assisted cyclic steam stimulation are studied. The pilot injection was fulfilled on the basis of fundamental investigation. The simulation results showed that the heated radius is a function of injection cycles. When the injected steam is only enough to forfeit the heat loss to caprock and beneath formation, the heated radius or heated area will not expand. The limited heated radius and steam overlapping vertically results in a poor sweep efficiency and oil-steam ratio, a large amount of oil untapped. The factors effecting production and injection performance are analyzed, and the injection parameters are optimized. The pilot injection has obtained foreseeable results. This investigation shows an excellent opportunity to: (I) demonstrate the method to improve the recovery of high heterogeneity heavy oil reservoirs, (2) provide valuable reference to improve the reservoir development.

14 illus, 6 tables, 12 ref

006974   Viji M;Chitra S (NO, Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, Email: vijimuthaiyan225@gmail.com) : Cogeneration of fast motion estimation processor and algorithms using loss less compression. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2013, 3(2), 6-11.

Flexible and scalable motion estimation processor for the h.264 advanced video coding standard handling the processing requirements for high-definition video and suitable for Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation. The new motion estimation algorithm of kalman filter used to reduce the computational complexity. The eight custom instruction sets are used in the motion estimation. All processor instances are remaining binary compatible so recompilation process is not required. The motion estimation algorithm is used in the hardware architecture leading to a very efficient implementation.

2 illus, 9 ref

006973   Vijaya Kumar S R;Hanumaiah A N (NO, Electronics Test and Development Centre, Bangalore) : Relevance of sensitivity coefficient in uncertainty estimation. Mfg Technol Today 2012, 11(5), 11-15.

Estimation of uncertainty in measurement is very important in any measurement since any measurement is meaningless if it is not accompanied by uncertainty. Generally all laboratories use Type A & Type B method for estimation of uncertainty in measurement. During the estimation of combined standard uncertainty it is necessary to know how sensitive the output, for any change in input quantity. The sensitivity coefficient describes how sensitive the output is to a particular influence quantity. This is to be calculated and used while estimating uncertainty in measurement. This paper outlines with examples how to arrive at sensitivity coefficient for each input quantity using practical approach.

4 tables, 2 ref

006972   Thangavel P;Somasundaram P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai-638 052, Email: vptvel@gmail.com) : Part load performance analysis of vapour compression refrigeration system with hydrocarbon refrigerants. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(7), 454-60.

Objective of this paper is to study the effect of evaporator load on performance of vapour compression refrigeration system with hydrocarbon refrigerants at different loads in evaporator. Hydrocarbon mixture (HCM) is an alternative refrigerant for hydro fluorocarbon (HFC) and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compounds due to their lower global warming potential (GWP) and zero ozone depletion potential (ODP). The impact on the environment is also reduced due usage of hydrocarbons as refrigerants. 50% of Propane (R290) and 50% of Isobutene (R600a) by mass fraction is used as a refrigerant in this analysis. Effects of condenser and evaporator temperature are computationally analysised. Various performance parameters like compressor input power, discharge temperature, heat rejected in the condenser, refrigeration effect and coefficient of performance are investigated at various loads of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% in the evaporator. As compared to other loads, 75% load in the evaporator is economic mode to operate the system due to 3.81% reduction in compressor input power, 4.76% reduction in discharge temperature, better condenser heat rejection rate and refrigeration effect.

4 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

006971   Suwandi A;Hermawanto D (NO, Puslit KIM-LIPI, Serpong, Tangsel, Indonesia, Email: achmadsuwandi@kim.lipi.go.id) : Developing a computer based audiometer for hearing loss screening. MAPAN 2012, 27(4), 205-12.

Audiometric test is an ongoing task in almost all human activities. It presents a fundamental demand related to safety and health. Due to that, there is a need for sophisticated instrument to measure accurately the hearing loss within the human activities, especially for the people who work in noisy fields. The objective of this work is to develop the hearing loss screening system by involving the computer software based audiometer. A friendly user interface has been designed to guide the users in operating the audiometer, and then the practical of hearing loss test to the patients has been conducted in order to evaluate the performance of audiometer software. From the practical results, it can be said that the designed computer based audiometer has performed a satisfactory results. Wherein, all functions of audiometer which are displayed on graphical user interface have been working as expected. Thus, the audiometric test result was automatically plotted in the audiogram curves. The calibration of audiometer was done by utilizing artificial ear, standard microphone and frequency analyzer. The calibration result for computer based audiometer is reported in this paper.

2 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

006970   Singhal D K (NO, Chandpur Enterprises Ltd., Sargam Theatre Post: Chandpur, Dist Bijnor-246 725) : Analysis of wire wear pattern. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(2), 158-9.

Timely evaluation of any failure and its mechanism is important to any equipment or part of it. If we can view the wear behavior of wire immediately after the wire is taken out, it becomes easier to take decisions on closer view of table elements and replace these if required. The present paper shows such a simple effort to use conventionally available office scan-copy-fax machine to scan the wire and using generated image for fault finding.

4 illus

006969   Singh K;Manish Kumar;Ponram A;Hari Prasad; Vedadri A (Defence Research & Development Laboratory, , Hyderabad, Email: Kushalsingh2000@gmail.com) : Integration of laser technology with dimensional metrology for generation of CAD data. Mfg Technol Today 2012, 11(5), 20-5.

There are a variety of technologies for digitally acquiring the shape of a 3D object. Broadly it can be classified in two categories i.e. contact and non-contact. The Laser technology which falls under non contact type active scanning technique uses Time-of-flight or triangulation 3D laser scanner to probe the object. In Laser Scanning data is collected by a computer and recorded as data points within Three-dimensional space, with processing this can be converted into a triangulated mesh and then a Computer-aided design model, often as Nonuniform rational B-spline surfaces. This paper presents the evolved measurement methodologies with the help of CMM, Portable Laser Scanner and other conventional measurement instruments to generate 3D CAD models & engineering drawings and evaluate the critical parameters for missile subsystems.

6 illus, 4 ref

006968   Shetty M K;Sunil H;Ravishankar R;Ramaraju H K (Chemical Engineering Dep, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Kumara Swamy Layout, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: maheshshetty20@gmail.com) : Reuse and recycle of waste in national games village apartments: a case study. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2013, 3(2), 19-24.

The reuse and recycle of waste in Tungabhadra block of National Games Village, Bengalurn has been studied. At the Tungabhadra Block, the residents segregate their wastes into two bins, one for the wet and other for the dry waste, before they dispose of it. Then the garbage is segregated further by a secondary process where the wet waste is turned in to compost and the dry waste is segregated in to different categories based on the training by Vellore Srinivasan, an expert in Solid Waste Management (SWM) and his Indian green service, along with Meera Rajesh, a software consultant and one of the resident of Tungabhadra block. The segregated dry is sold and just 10% goes to landfill which includes sanitary napkins and babies pampers. The composting unit which turns wet waste into compost is a great help towards realizing this zero waste management dream of Srinivasan.

6 illus, 9 ref

006967   Sharma S;Mahto V;Sharma V P (Petroleum Engineering Dep, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, Email: vikas.ismpe@gmail.com) : Emerging technologies to control wax deposition in the oilfields: an overview. J Petrol Engng Technol 2013, 3(2), 28-35.

Wax deposition on the well bore, production tubing, flow lines and pipelines reduces the production or flow capacity and increases the cost for the production and transportation of waxy crude oils in the oilfields. The different conventional methods for the control of wax deposition problems are mechanical, chemical, electrical, thermal and combination of others. But, there is no single solution to this problem that can be applied to all the oilfields. This has led to search for techno-economical solution for the control of wax deposition problems. This paper reviews application of different conventional methods for reducing wax deposition as well as discusses the recent technological innovations for the control of wax deposition in the oilfields.

50 ref

006966   Shah K A;Devashrayee N M (Electronics and Communication Dep, SPCE, Visnagar, Gujarat, Email: kashah.ec@spcevng.ac.in) : Design of low power folded cascode current mirror CMOS OTA and implementation of 2nd order Gm-C IF filter with analysis of S-parameter. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2013, 3(2), 12-9.

Deals with design and optimization of a cascode current mirror folded cascode operational transconductance amplifier is done in order to optimize MOS transistor sizing. The design of folded cascode OTA, which works for frequencies that lead to a base band circuit design for RF application, is based on transistor sizing methodology and Simulation results are performed using SPICE software and BSIM3V3 model for CMOS 0.18μm process, show that the designed folded cascode OTA has a 52dB DC gain and provides a Unit gain bandwidth of around 400MHz. In this paper the design of CMOS Gm-C 2nd order Biquad Filter implementation using OTA, operating at center frequency 70 MHz. The simulated performance shows that the filter provides a Q of 23. The filter can be operated at center frequency of 70MHz under 1.8V power supply and is suitable for intermediate frequency (IF) range in most of the wireless systems operating at 900MHz.

21 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

006965   Shafabakhsh G A;Akbari A (Faculty of Civil Engineering, Semnan Univ, Semnan, Iran, Email: shafabakhsh@semnan.ac.ir) : Numerical study of airplane wheels characteristics on the runway rigid pavement failure. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(6), 348-57.

In most airports, the maintenance of pavements involves a significant part of costs. Hence, before designing the pavement, it is essential to know about the effect of every kind of airplane on the failure caused to the pavement, the management system and the maintenance of airport. This article, based on the three-dimensional (3-D) modeling done before and through using the finite element software called ABAQUS. This numerical study is done to determine the role of different parameters of passenger, commercial, and military airplanes' main gears which cause the most failure on the runway rigid pavement. The results show that, among different kinds of airplanes which transit and pass in worldwide airports, A380-800F, B777-300ER, C17A and dual wheel in below of the belly of MD11ER airplane (MD11ER Belly) cause the most failure on the runway rigid pavements. Additionally, by increasing the weight of any airplane, increasing the number of wheels in form of Tandem is considered the most important factor in reducing failure caused to the pavement.

6 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

006964   Roy J;Majumder A;Barma J D;Rai R N;Saha S C (Mechanical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Email: deeproymech@gmail.com) : Approach for solving multi characteristics optimization of submerged arc welding process parameters by using grey based genetic algorithm. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(6), 340-7.

Quality of a weld joint is directly influenced by the welding input parameters during welding and the joint quality can be defined in terms of properties like weld-bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion. In this paper, an attempt has been made to find the optimal process parameters for achieving good quality welded joint by using multi objective function genetic algorithms (GA). Taguchi design of experiment (DOE) was used for conducting the experiment and these experimental data used to develop regression model for correlating mechanical properties with the process parameters. Grey relational analysis has been introduced to convert the multi objective function into single objective one, which will be the objective function in genetic algorithm.

3 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

006963   Plangsangmas V;Leeudomwong S;Kongthaworn P (NO, National Institute of Metrology (Thailand) (NIMT), 3/4-5 Moo3, Klong 5, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand, Email: virat@nimt.or.th ) : Sound pressure level in an infant incubator. MAPAN 2012, 27(4), 199-203.

Currently, there are a lot of infant incubators being used in hospitals in Thailand. That situation brings about the question on whether the values of physical quantities such as sound pressure or temperature inside the incubator still conform to the requirements of the international standards. The main objective of this research was to study the sound pressure level (SPL) generated within the incubator. The measurement method was based on IEC 60601-2-19:2009. There were two measurement conditions of the SPL in the infant incubator; the measurement during power-off condition and the measurement during the operation of incubator at a controlled temperature of 36 °C with a maximum humidity setting. Both measurement conditions were carried out in an empty incubator. The average values from the three measurement results of each operating incubator subtracted by the value of background noise were reported as the result of SPL generated in the incubator. The SPL results from this study were lower than 60 dBA, which are within the tolerance limit specified in IEC 60601-2-19. The estimated measurement uncertainty was lower than 1.8 dBA. This research will benefit to an investigation of hearing loss in infants possibly caused by the operation of the infant incubators in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Ultimately, this research will be a great evidence to show the NICU staffs in the hospitals in Thailand and also raise their awareness that it is important to sustain the proper maintenance and calibration of the infant incubators.

2 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

006962   Pal S;Kundu T K (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, Email: tkkundu@metal.iitkgp.ernet.in) : Natural bond orbital, bond order and frequency based study of hydrogen bond formation in different glycols-water complex. J Modern Chem chem Technol 2013, 4(1), 1-20.

Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, natural atomic orbital (NAO) analysis, Wiberg bond order, vibrational frequency, free energy and enthalpy changes for hydrogen bond formation in different polyethylene glycol + water complex and dipropylene glycol + water complex have been performed by Hatree Fock (HF) method, second order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) using 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. In order to describe hydrogen bond interaction appropriately, B3LYP DFT-D, WB97XD, M06 and M06-2Xfunctional having dispersion term are used. It is observed that the hydrogen bond in glycol + 1 water complex is found to be stronger when glycol act as proton donor as per charge differences and Wiberg bond order. Glycol water complex have shown higher red shift values for hydrogen bonded O-H bond stretching compared to that of water dimer. The glycols are found to be potential inhibitors for water cluster, as formation of glycol + 1 water complex and glycol + 2 water complex are favourable process at high pressure (10 atm) and low temperature (263 K, 273 K) according to thermochemical calculations.

4 illus, 12 tables, 54 ref

006961   Padte N J;Tambad R V;Padte J C (Technical Partner, Mechasoft, Ichalkaranji) : Enhancing dimensional measurement resolution and accuracy in machine vision inspection with sub-pixel measurement technique. Mfg Technol Today 2012, 11(5), 16-19.

Modern trend of non-contact measurement has found more attention towards image analysis. This kind of technique is of interest due to capabilities shown in terms of quality and quantity of measurement. To improve measurement resolutions, it is required to select higher resolution cameras. The cost of system increases exponentially with the higher resolution. In CCD device every pixel is inferred by surrounding: pixels, the value of pixel has shown structured relation between nearby pixels. Advantage of this phenomenon is taken for measurements within the pixels. Behavior of pixel variation is studied to set non-linear curve between pixels. With this technique major Improvement in resolution and accuracy is found and the technique of measurement and results are discussed in this paper with its application in radius measurement of impact.

4 illus, 7 ref

006960   Onyegu S O;Chima O C O (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Port Harcourt Univ, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Email: onyguosokam@gmail.com) : Energy, exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of a forced draft cooling tower. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2013, 3(2), 8-18.

Presents the results of energy, exergy and exergoeconomic analysis for a forced draft cooling tower. The work was done using field data from an operating system spanning ten (10) years. The process was modelled mathematically and computer simulations were made using the MS Excel environment, specifically on the dependence of both the energetic efficiency on the inlet water temperature and the second law efficiency on the inlet water temperature, ambient temperature and relative humidity was investigated, and the cost associated with the exergy destroyed, the average cost per unit exergy, ratio of mass flow rates of water and air and the exergoeconomic factor for the cooling tower were simulated. The results from the analysis compare formally with those in the literature; this study demonstrates that exergoeconomic analysis can provide extra vital information than the energy and exergy analysis alone.

7 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

006959   Neetu Singh;Kapoor A;Mehra R M (Electronic Science Dep, Delhi South Campus Univ, New Delhi-110 021, Email: rm.meha@sharda.ac.in) : Quantum dot sensitized solar cells. Invertis J renewable Energy 2013, 3(3), 133-77.

Present review focuses on the fabrication and characterization of ZnO based QDSSCs using CdS as sensitizers. ZnO was chosen because of its high stability against photo corrosion upon optical excitation. ZnO is one of the II- VI compound semiconductors having wide bandgap of 3.37 eVand large exciton binding energy of 60 me V with electrical conductivity of the order <126> 103 ohm^-1 cm^-1 at room temperature. The large bandgap of ZnO is advantageous in QDSSCs for the transparency of front electrode in the large portion of the visible spectrum. So, ZnO acts as a TCO due to its high optical transparency (<62>80%) in the visible region and high electrical conductivity. The QD layer also plays very important role in performance of QDSSCs. Tlie interfacial properties of the QDs should be such that it gets properly adsorbed on to the wide bandgap semiconductor surface and that it should absorb light in the entire visible range. CdS is II-VI compound semiconductor having a direct bandgap of 2.42 eV and was used as sensitizer in the present work. The unique properties of II-Vl semiconductor materials such as direct bandgap, tunable size and hence bandgap, broad absorption spectrum, narrow emission spectrum, high temperature stability and large extinction coefficient make them attractive for solar cell applications. CdS QDs were synthesized using chemical route and then used to fabricate QDSSC. Stability issues of QDSSC are also discussed. The performance of QDSSC is depicted on the basis of power conversion efficiency and emphasis is given on the importance of energy level alignment of the system to increase light to electric power conversion efficiency.

36 illus, 173 ref

006958   Nagaraj B;Vijayakumar P (NO, Karpagam Univ, Coimbatore) : Evolutionary computation based controller tuning a comparative approach. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(2), 85-90.

Proportional - Integral - Derivative control schemes continue to provide the simplest and effective solutions to most of the control engineering applications today. However PID controller is poorly tuned in practice with most of the tuning done manually which is difficult and time consuming. This research comes up with a soft computing approach involving Genetic Algorithm, Evolutionary Programming, Particle Swarm Optimization and Bacterial foraging optimization. The proposed algorithm is used to tune the PI parameters and its performance has been compared with the conventional Ziegler Nichols method. The results obtained reflect that use of heuristic algorithm based controller improves the performance of process in terms of time domain specifications, set point tracking and regulatory changes and also provides an optimum stability. This paper discusses in detail, the Soft computing technique and its implementation in PID tuning for a controller of a Pulp and paper industry process. Compared to other conventional PID tuning methods, the result shows that better performance can be achieved with the soft computing based tuning method.

6 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

006957   Muthupriya P;Vishnuram B G;Subramanian K (Civil Engineering Dep, V L B Janakiammal College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore-641 042, Email: muthupriya.vlb@gmail.com) : Reducing pollution by using fly ash in concrete works. J Ecotoxic envir Monit 2011, 21(1-2), 151-6.

The mineral admixtures such as Fly ash (FA), by product of thermal power plant and High Reactivity Metakaolin (MK.) were used in the production of high strength concrete. The fly ash (constant percentage of 10%) and metakaolin (5%, 7.5% & 10%) were mixed with concrete. The compressive strength obtained for the mixes such as M2, M3 and M4 ( 5% MK, 10% FA). The increase in compressive strength for the HPC is 5 9.09%, 11.07% and 7.1% higher compared to control specimens at the age of 28 days. The durability study of water absorption test was conducted on high strength specimens. It is found that the high strength concrete specimen shown reduced water obsorption compared to control specimen (ordinary concrete). Hence the fly ash can be used in the production of high strength concrete which result in minimizing the disposal of fly ash avoiding pollution.

2 illus, 5 tables, 8 ref

006956   Murugan K B;Manish Kumar;Ashok B;Prasad B H; Vedadri A (Defence Research & Development Laboratory, , Hyderabad, Email: speak_maths_bala@yahoo.co.in) : Uncertainty budget evaluation of high precision length measuring equipment. Mfg Technol Today 2012, 11(5), 26-30.

According to international standards, measurement uncertainties have to be stated with all measurements and any measurement result is meaningless without a quantitative statement of uncertainty. Measurement uncertainty is characterized by the dispersion of values that could be attributed to the result of measurement. The dispersion of measurement result is obtained from the dispersion of various quantities influencing the measurement. The suitable information about the parameters which influence the measurement is described by probability density functions. This paper describes a method for evaluation of measurement uncertainty of high precision length measuring equipment by considering various factors associated with the measurement process.

3 tables, 3 ref

006955   Mitra A (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, B.P. Poddar Institute of Management and Technology, Kolkata, Email: ankit.mitra01@gmail.com) : Comparative study of a 32 bit clock gated ALU based on carry skip adder and ripple carry adder. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2013, 3(2), 1-5.

ALU is one of the most frequently accessed modules in a CPU and is utilized during most instruction executions. Hence the power consumption of the ALU is a major concern. In this paper a low power 32 bit ALU is designed using VHDL. Lower power consumption is achieved by using clock gating technique than conventional design. A carry skip adder with variable block length is used for the arithmetic unit to achieve better performance and compared with the performance of the ALU based on Ripple Carry Adder. The design is then implemented in Xilinx Spartan 3E FPGA. The Carry Skip Adder based ALU achieves a maximum frequency of 49.48 MHz with a dynamic power dissipation of 2.18 mW when operated at 10 MHz.

9 illus, 5 tables, 6 ref

006954   Mehta U S;Dhare V;Parmar H;Shah R A (NO, , Electronics & Communication Dep, Nirma Univ, Email: usha.mehta@nirmauni.ac.in) : Logic optimization algorithm based on Shannon's expansion: reduction in area, power and delay for pass gate implementation. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2013, 3(2), 20-30.

Reduction in hardware requirement for any application does not only guarantee the reduction of chip area but also significantly reduces the corresponding power consumption and delays. Hence, any heuristic used to reduce the hardware requirement for given logic is always well justified In this paper, the number of pass gates required to implement the given Boolean Logic is reduced by sizeable amount with use of the proposed algorithm for logic expansion. The proposed algorithm defines the criteria for selection of literals at each step of Shannon's expansion. In this paper, the reduction in hardware requirement for various Boolean Logics implemented using the Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) Pass Gate technology is demonstrated with necessary example. The limitation of existing heuristic which is applicable to Boolean Function with non-repeated literals only is overcome in the proposed work. The proposed "Literal Selection Algorithm for Shannon's Expansion" is applicable to all type of Boolean functions i.e. may be with all individual literals or having repeated literals and also demonstrates the promising results. This work can be further extended to dynamic logic.

20 illus, 8 tables

006953   Mehra R;Gaur A K (Acoustic & Environmental Laboratory, Pure & Applied Chemistry Dep, M D S Univ, Ajmer, Email: mehra_rita@rediffmail.com) : Ultrasonic studies in binary liquid mixtures of butylamine and iso-butylamine with 1-decanol at 293, 303 and 313 K. J Modern Chem chem Technol 2013, 4(1), 43-53.

Acoustic parameters like isentropic compressibility, acoustic impedance and intermolecular free length along with internal pressure of butylamine and iso-butylamine with 1-decanol have been determined from sound speed, density and viscosity measurements at 293, 303 and 313 K over the entire range of composition. These derived parameters were used to calculate excess functions like deviation in isentropic compressibility, excess acoustic impedance, excess intermolecular free length, excess internal pressure and excess enthalpy. Variation of these derived and excess functions with composition is helpful in understanding the type and extent of interactions present between the components of binary liquid mixtures. All the excess functions are fitted into Redlich-Kister polynomial equation to find smoothening coefficients and standard deviation. Further, various empirical and semi empirical relations of sound speed have also been correlated with experimental sound speed to find best suitable theory for the systems under investigation.

15 illus, 6 tables, 22 ref

006952   Liang T (NO, , Petro China, Liaohe China, Email: Tao.liangpetro@gmail.com) : Molecular investigation of CO₂ solubility and diffusion in crude oil. J Petrol Engng Technol 2013, 3(2), 18-27.

It is important to know solubility and molecular diffusion coefficients of gas under reservoir CO₂ Enhanced Oil Recovery. In this paper, a set complete device has been established to measure solubility and molecular diffusion coefficients of gas to improve the empirical formula and chart. Based on the experiment, molecular diffusion coefficients and solubility is evaluated, which provides the fundamental data to CO₂ Enhanced Oil Recovery. The solubility vs. pressure linear relationship and molecular diffusion coefficients vs. pressure linear relationship are obtained in a certain pressure range at different temperature conditions. In addition, experiments with shearing are also designed to simulate the real dissolving process of carbon dioxide in oil under reservoir conditions, which can be influenced by the mechanical dispersion. The results demonstrated that the molecular diffusion coefficients are 10^-6 m2/s for 600 r/min at I05°C however, the molecular diffusion coefficients are 10^-7 m2/s in the case without stirring at 105°C, the mass transfer process is accelerated by stirring.

5 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

006951   Kunimatsu S;Pathak K (NO, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan, Email: s.kunimatsu@aist.go.jp) : Vibration-related disorders induced by mining operations and standardization of assessment process. MAPAN 2012, 27(4), 241-9.

Machinery used in mining operations generates various types of vibrations that can adversely affect workers. To reduce the potential risk of workers suffering from job-related vibration disorders, it is essential to develop a standardized system of measurements and analysis for evaluating vibrations in the work environment along with standard regulations. The development of international standards for vibration-related disorders caused by whole-body vibration (WBV) and hand-arm vibration (HAV) is reported and permissible standards for WBV and HAV in Japan are described. In addition, initiatives are described for a labeling system for hand-held vibrating tools in Japan.

2 illus, 6 tables, 7 ref

006950   Kishore Nath N;Mallesam P (Advanced Systems Laboratory, , Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, Email: lca_droptank@yahoo.com ) : Manufacture of ablative divergent liners for large solid rocket motor flex nozzles. Mfg Technol Today 2012, 11(5), 5-10.

Solid rocket motor generates thrust by converting pressure energy to kinetic energy of propulsion in the nozzle. The structural steel members of nozzle should be protected from hot gases by highly erosion resistant thermal liners. Ablative composite liners made up of rayon carbon fabric and phenolic resin. Divergent liner thickness should be as minimum as possible at the same time, it should be more erosion resistant. The erosion resistant due to hot gases can be increased by fabricating the liner in such a way that the flame only touches the edge of the composite ply of liner and liner has more density. This can be achieved by tape winding of composite prepreg tapes at zero degrees on tapered metal mandrel using tape winding machine followed by Autoclave curing. This paper gives the details of prepreg, tape winding, autoclave curing and NDT of the ablative liner.

5 illus, 8 tables, 13 ref

006949   Keerthana M;Harikrishna P (Wind Engineering Laboratory, CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre, Taramani, Chennai-600 113, Email: keerthana@serc.res.in) : Application of CFD for assessment of galloping stability of rectangular and H-sections. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(7), 419-27.

Wind induced aerodynamic forces are considered to be important for the design of buildings and structures. Additional aerodynamic forces, which can cause instability are induced in flexible structures like suspension/cable stayed bridge decks owing to wind-structure interaction effects. Hence, it becomes necessary to assess the stability of cross-sections of such bridge decks against the effects like galloping and flutter. In the present study, towards the application of CFD as a numerical tool in assessing the stability of bridge cross-sections against transverse galloping, smooth flows around three 2-D rectangular sections and a 2-D H-section representing a realistic bridge deck cross-section have been numerically simulated for various angles of wind incidence at Reynolds number of 61000. Two of the popular RANS turbulence models, namely Realizable k-ε (RKE) and Shear Stress Transport k-ω model (SST) available in commercial CFD code FLUENT have been used. The numerically evaluated aerodynamic drag and lift force coefficients and their variations with angle of wind incidence have been used to assess the stability of the sections against transverse galloping using quasi-steady assumption. Further, the numerically evaluated aerodynamic force coefficients have been compared with the experimental results available in literature for the validation of CFD simulations.

5 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

006948   Karim A (NO, Faculty of Engineering Sciences & Technology, Iqra Univ, Defence View, Shaheed-E-Millat Road (Ext.), Karachi, Pakistan, Email: akarimpk@iqra.edu.pk) : High efficiency pin waveguide photodetectors. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(4), 307-10.

Major trends in photodetectors design are the achievement of higher efficiencies and larger bandwidths. In this paper, the performance of zero-bias and biased pin waveguide photodetector is compared with respect to internal and external quantum efficiencies. Internal quantum efficiencies as high as 98% are achieved.

5 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

006947   Kannan V K;Rengarajan N (Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dep, K.S.R. College of Engineering, K.S.R., Tiruchengode, Tamilnadu, Email: kannan.ped@gmail.com) : Photovoltaic based three-phase three-wire DSTATCOM to improve power quality. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(7), 446-53.

Three-phase three-wire Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) with Photovoltaic (PV) array or battery operated DC-DC boost converter is proposed, in this paper. The proposed DSTATCOM consists of a three-leg Voltage Source Converter (VSC) with a DC bus capacitor and it provides continuous reactive power compensation, source harmonic reduction and load compensation throughout the day. With the help of PV array or battery, which is connected to the dc link of VSC via the DC-DC boost converter is used to maintain the desired voltage to the dc bus capacitor for continuous compensation to the load. The Icos Φ controlling algorithm is proposed for three-phase three-wire DSTATCOM. In this algorithm, the fuzzy logic controller is compared with the conventional PI (Proportional Integral) controller at DC bus to regulate the DC link capacitor voltage. The fuzzy controller is used to maintain the DC link voltage to the reference value. The switching of VSC will occur by Hysteresis based Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) current controller. The simulations are carried out by using MATLAB/simulink software to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

6 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

006946   Jain S K;Titus S S K;Rajesh Kumar;Jain K K (Force and Hardness Standards, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi-110 012, Email: skjain@nplindia.org) : Design, development and fabrication of 50 kN force standard machines to provide national traceability in force measurement to the industries. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(6), 333-9.

Describes design, development and performance of a 50kN dead weight force standard machine and 50kN force comparator machines established at Regional Reference Standard Laboratories (RRSL) to provide national traceability to users without much degradation in uncertainty in disseminating force scale. This chain of measurement expedites the process of dissemination of the force unit from the national level to the user industries economically without much degradation in uncertainty. The expanded uncertainty associated with the force measured by the dead weight force machine is ±0.005%, which increases to ±0.05% in the case of force measurement by the force comparator machines. An excellent agreement is found in the force measurements within the stated uncertainties of the individual machines used; (i) national force reference standard, (ii) RRSL Dead weight force machine and (iii) the force comparator machine which establishes the compatibility of these force standard machines based on different operational principle.

6 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

006945   Gopalakannan S;Senthilvelan T;Ranganathan S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Adhiparasakhti Engineering College, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, Email: gopalakannans@yahoo.com) : Statistical optimization of EDM parameters on machining of aluminium hybrid metal matrix composite by applying taguchi based grey analysis. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(6), 358-65.

Hybrid metal matrix composite is a recent kind of material which are not only focused on the improvement of mechanical properties, but also on machinability for difficult-to-machine shapes using EDM. Experiments were conducted by choosing the typical process parameters such as pulse current, gap voltage, pulse on time and pulse off time. The Taguchi based grey relational analysis was adopted to obtain grey relational grade for EDM process with multiple characteristics namely material removal rate (MRR), electrode wear ratio (EWR) and surface roughness (SR). The significance of process parameters was obtained by analysis of variance based on grey relational grade, which showed pulse current and pulse on time to be the most significant parameters.

4 illus, 8 tables, 29 ref

006944   Dimuna K O (Architecture Dep, Ambrose Alli Univ, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria, Email: Kodimuna@yahoo.com) : Social effects of the built environment: a case study of selected buildings in Benin city, Nigeria. J hum Ecol 2011, 34(3), 189-96.

Paper examines the impact of the built environment on the pattern of social life of the home dweller. Housing and planning rest on the premise that by the manipulation of the physical environment we can control social patterns. In general, it is said that architecture controls the environment in order to make interaction and collaboration possible. The paper attempts to assess this premise. In the context of architecture and city design, the physical environment is generally known as the built environment. The built environment simply refers to the buildings and spaces between them. The purpose of architecture is to give order to certain aspects of our environment. This implies that architecture controls or regulates the relations between man and his environment. It, therefore, participates in creating a meaningful frame for the activities of man. The paper posits that if housing exerts an independent influence on how we live, then the creation of certain housing conditions can change social relationship. We can affect the choice of friends, family adjustment, and generally how people spend their time. Different housing decisions may have different social consequences. This paper examines the various ways the manipulation of the environment could result to a better sustainable and environmentally conscious architecture. The paper recommends that architecture, as a human product should be used to order and improve our relations with the environments.

1 table, 26 ref

006943   Dharmalingam B;Chavali M (NO, Malkolak Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (M-INT), Malkolak Kno, <35> 101, Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 038) : Fighting corrosion the nano-way!. Int J Nano Sci Technol 2013, 2(2), 32-6.

32 ref

006942   Cui S;Chua H A;Chan C K (NO, National Metrology Centre, 1 Science Park Drive, Singapore-118 221, Singapore, Email: cui_shan@nmc.a-star.edu.sg) : Realization of medical ultrasound power measurement by radiation force balance method. MAPAN 2012, 27(4), 251-5.

Ultrasound has wide applications in medical instruments for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. As medical ultrasound is being used on human bodies, it is particularly important that the output power level must be well known for safety reasons. To meet this increasing need, we have realized a medical ultrasound power measurement system based on radiation force balance method. In this paper, we will discuss the system set-up in the National Metrology Centre (NMC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore and the uncertainty evaluation of this system.

2 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

006941   Chakraborty S;Choudhuri K;Dutta P;Debbarma B (Production Engineering Dep, N.I.T. Agartala, Tripura, Email: ersujoymech05@gmail.com) : Performance prediction of centrifugal pumps with variations of blade number. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(6), 373-8.

Centrifugal pumps are used extensively for hydraulic transportation of liquids over short to medium distance through pipelines where the requirements of head and discharge are moderate. At present, the influence of blade number on inner flow field and the characteristics of centrifugal pump have not been understood completely. The use of numerical analysis tools allow us to obtain data in inaccessible positions for the experimentations. In this paper, a two dimensional numerical study of steady, static pressure distribution and incompressible flow characteristics inside the passage with different numbers of blades of centrifugal pump impeller has been carried out. The investigation focuses mainly on the efficiency of the pump. Centrifugal pumps with impeller blades 5, 6 and 7 have been modeled and its efficiency at 3000 rpm is evaluated by FLUENT 6.3 software. The numerical analysis displays that with the increase of blade number, the head and static pressure of the model increases, but the efficiency of centrifugal pump varies with number of blades and shows maximum for 7 number of blade.

5 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

006940   Arora P;Kumar R;Singh R P (NO, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, Email: pinklesh@rediffmail.com) : Interaction of oxovanadium (V) ion with human serum albumin by physico-chemical methods. J Modern Chem chem Technol 2013, 4(1), 21-30.

pH-metric and transmittance studies between oxovanadium (V) and human serum albumin (HSA) have been made these studies were carried out below isoelectric pH of human serum albumin (HSA). With the help of these studies the binding of oxovanadium (V) and (HSA) were shown in the form of different parameters such as-V_M, log Ks and ΔG°. Effect of the electrolyte (KCl) on the transmittance of metal-prorein complexes was also studied in this paper.

8 illus, 2 tables, 62 ref

006939   Anayochukwu A V;Onyeka A E (Electronic Engineering Dep, Nigeria Univ, Nsukka (UNN), Nigeria, Email: vincent_ani@yahoo.com) : Assessment of carbon credits for power generation systems at GSM base station site. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2013, 3(2), 1-7.

Electricity production is often a source of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, for instance when fossil fuel is combusted in power plants. Therefore the root cause of pollution coming from telecommunication industry is the source of energy (diesel genset) the network operators used in running their base station sites. Energy consumption of using diesel to power base station by telecom networks is a contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper presents the comparative carbon credits of hybrid (PV/wind/hydro/Diesel) power systems for base station site. The assessment is based on theoretical model of the power stations using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software. The proposed Hybrid (Solar, Wind & Hydro) + DG system was simulated using the model which results in eight different topologies: Hybrid (Solar, Wind & Hydro) + DG, Hybrid (Solar & Hydro) + DG, Hybrid (Wind & Hydro) + DG, Hydro only + DG, Hybrid (Solar & Wind) + DG, Solar only + DG, Wind only + DG, DG. From the simulation results, it is shown that the designed Hybrid PV/wind/hydro/Diesel system has the highest carbon credits of $14509.16 relative to the case of a diesel-only system of zero. Details of the comparisons are presented.

4 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref