006938   Anayochukwu A V;Nnene E A;Onyeka A E (Electronic Engineering Dep, Nigeria Univ, Nsukka, Nigeria, Email: vincent_ani@yahoo.com) : Assessment of environmental impact of power generation in banking industry. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2013, 3(1), 13-21.

Energy consumption of using diesel generators to power banks is a contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper presents an assessment of environmental impact of power generation in banking. HOMER-optimization and simulation software tool was used to study the environmental impact of banks powered by diesel generators. The environmental impact of powering banks with diesel generators was assessed by quantifying the emissions generated in terms of pollution and the impact in terms of environmental cost. Based on the simulation result of emissions from diesel generator and presented here (29.23 t of carbon dioxide (CO₂, 0.07 t of carbon monoxide (CO), 0.01 t of unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), 0.01 t of paniculate matter (PM), 0.06 t of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and 0.64 t of nitrogen oxide (NO_x)), it has shown that there is a strong case to prove the environmental impact of using diesel in powering banks.

5 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

006185   Swamy K C T;Sarma A D;Reddy A S;Srinivas V S; Somasekhar Rao P V D (Research and Training Unit for Navigational Electronics, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: ketswamy@gmail.com) : Modelling of GPS signal scintillations with polynomial coefficients over the Indian region. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(1), 162-74.

Performance of Global Positioning System (GPS) and other satellite based navigation systems can be degraded by the ionospheric scintillations of the signal. As the ionospheric scintillations behaviour varies with geographical location (latitude, longitude) and time, modelling is required for estimating and forecasting the scintillation. In this paper, amplitude and phase scintillations (S₄ and σ_ϕ) of the GPS signal are modelled with the polynomial coefficients developed using the least square solution (LSS) with merit function. For the coefficients development, GPS satellites data from 17 stations of the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) system network in the Indian region is considered. It is found that estimated / predicted scintillations due to the developed coefficients are very close to the experimental (observed) data of Hyderabad receiver station (17.44°N, 78.47°E). The maximum deviation in predicted S_n and σ_ϕ is 0.03 and 0.3 rad, respectively. With the developed coefficients temporal, latitude and longitudinal variations of S4 and åí are analysed for Hyderabad station (17.44°N, 78.47°E)

7 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

006184   Sunehra D (JNTUH College of Engineering, , Jagtial, Karimnagar-505 501, Email: dhirajsunehra@yahoo.co.in) : Validation of GPS receiver instrumental bias results for precise navigation. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(1), 175-81.

The positional accuracy of Global Positioning System (GPS) is affected by several errors, the most predominant error being the ionospheric delay. This delay is proportional to the total electron content (TEC). The dual frequency GPS observables can be used to estimate the TEC. The line-of-sight TEC estimated from dual frequency GPS data is corrupted by the instrumental biases of the GPS satellites and the receiver. The instrumental biases exist as the signals at the two GPS frequencies (f₁=1575.42 MHz; f₂=1227.60 MHz) experience different delays within the GPS satellite and receiver hardware. The estimation of the receiver instrumental bias plays a significant role in achieving required navigation accuracy for civil aviation applications. In this paper, receiver instrumental bias results due to a modified fitted receiver bias method, Kalman filter and singular value decomposition (SVD) algorithms are compared.

1 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

006183   Stewart L (Monash University, , Melbourne, Australia, Email: leastewart0.4@gmail.com) : Airport security. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(3), 1-3.

This paper tells about Freedom from risk or danger at airport area, and such to prevent the airports from accidental/malicious harm, crime and other threats. Airport security attempts to prevent any threats or potentially dangerous situations from arising or entering the country. If airport security does succeed in this, then the chances of any dangerous situations, illegal items or threats entering into aircraft, country or airport are greatly reduced. As such, airport security serves several purposes: To protect the airport and country from any threatening events, to reassure the traveling public that they are safe and to protect the country and their people. Airport security has gone through significant changes in recent years. Notably, these changes have been driven largely by terrorist activities around the globe. Developing a comprehensive security plan is complex, involving multiple stakeholders responsible for airport and air travel security (e.g., airport authorities and agencies, airlines, private enterprise and government). Conceiving cost effective plans to address the complexity and regulatory compliance of security today, requires a forward thinking approach that encompasses a holistic and technology based view of what a security plan should include to meet current and future needs.

3 ref

006182   Solanki S K;Agrawal S;Khandelwal P (NO, KNGDMEC, Modinagar, Email: pankaj19808@gmail.com) : H.V.D.C. technology overview and applications. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(2), 35-9.

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) technology has characteristics which make it especially attractive in certain transmission applications. The number of HVDC projects committed or under consideration globally has increased in recent years reflecting a renewed interest in this field proven technology. New HVDC converter designs and improvements in conventional HVDC design have contributed to this trend. Provides an overview of the rationale for selection of HVDC technology and describes some of the latest technical developments. Most commercial HVDC plants now operating are equipped with the same type of control system, the so-called individual phase control system. This system is simple and the operating experience is excellent. This may be the case when the HVDC transmission is connected to a very weak ac network or to a generator station with large variations in frequency.

6 illus, 12 ref

006181   Smith D (NO, Victoria University Melbourne, Australia, Email: denialsmith1970@gmail.com) : Wireless charging. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(3), 4-5.

In wireless charging energy is sent through a coupling to an electrical device, which can then use that energy to charge batteries or run the device. Wireless chargers typically use an induction coil to create an alternating electromagnetic field from within a charging base station, and a second induction coil in the portable device takes power from the electromagnetic field and converts it back into electrical current to charge. An emerging technology that is being adopted heavily by wireless chargers is inductive charging. This wireless transmission technique uses a magnetic field to transfer electricity, allowing compatible devices to receive power through this current, rather than utilizing conductive wires and cords.

1 illus, 3 ref

006180   Singh O P;Chauhan V;Singh B (Physics Dep, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, R B S College, Bichpuri, Agra-283 105, Email: opsasd@gmail.com) : GPS based total electron content (TEC) anomalies and their association with large magnitude earthquakes occurred around Indian region. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(1), 131-5.

In this paper, the effect of earthquakes on total electron content (TEC) data at Agra (geographic latitude 27.2°N, longitude 78°E), India has been examined. This study has been carried out for a period of 30 months from 01 January 2009 to 30 June 2011 and a dual frequency GPS receiver system is used for recording TEC data. To investigate the seismic effects on TEC, an epicentral distance of 2000 km from the observing station has been selected. This region includes 22 cases of earthquakes during the period of study with large magnitudes (M ≥ 5.5). Different statistical procedures are used to observe the anomalies in TEC data. The results show that TEC fluctuated in the form of enhancements and depletion and maximum precursors are found 5-10 days prior to these earthquakes. The solar and geomagnetic activities during the cases of earthquakes have also been studied and data on disturbed days are omitted to separate out the seismic effects. Hence, the observed TEC anomalies may be due to the occurrences of large magnitude earthquakes around Indian region. The ExB drift due to the electric field generation during earthquake preparation process and ground wave oscillations may possibly be the significant contributors of these anomalies in TEC data.

3 illus, 29 ref

006179   Singh D;Agerwal R K (NO, , , Email: durgesh_kota5@yahoo.com) : CI engine with various helical threaded performance. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 131-5.

Fuel economy remains the prime factor favoring the application of the diesel engines and the need to improve performance regarding power output or lower fuel consumption or preferably both, has led to research in the engine systems. This research includes design and orientation of the inlet manifold, which is a major factor effecting the performance of the engine. A four stroke compression ignition engine with power 9 H.P and rated speed 1500 rpm is selected for the present work to investigate the performance characteristics. The swirl motion of the air is an important parameter in optimizing the performance of the engine. For better turbulence it is a common practice to leave the surfaces of the inlet manifold rough and unpolished. To achieve this helical threads are arranged in the inlet manifold with variable pitches which creates swirl. The performance characteristics with normal manifold and helical threaded manifold were calculated and compared.

11 illus, 6 tables, 9 ref

006178   Singh A;Mahale P;Kale A A;Bhati R (NO, St. Wilfred's Institute of Technology, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra) : Cooling system optimization and expected lifetime of large power transformers. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 109-16.

Presents the most recent results of an experimental research in the area of ageing processes taking place in large power transformers paper in oil insulation. It explains the effect of the transformer oil and winding temperatures on the achievement of the expected transformer lifetime. These results and findings of two research studies made at the Milan Vidmar Electric Power Research Institute (EIMV) in 2004/2005, assessing ageing and cooling system state of large 400kV and 220kV transmission transformers, provided the basis for highlighting the occurrence of unexpected early ageing of particular large transformers that were installed in the Slovenian power grid around 1980. Issues of temperature measurements and transformer cooling system control, associated with oil-forced type of transformer cooling system (OFAF), are discussed in detail. Also discusses the effect of cooling optimization in order to have transformer residual life-time extended and its life-cycle cost minimized.

4 illus, 10 ref

006177   Shrivastava L;Sharma R (EI&EC Dep, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Alwar, Rajasthan) : Application of differential evolution in truck trailer backer upper control problem. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 91-6.

Differential evolution algorithm is used to optimize the control problem of truck trailer backer upper parking. The results are simulated with different parameters, like initial and final position of the TTBU, angles of cabin and trailer. Presents an approach to solve truck-trailer backer upper problem which is a bench mark nonlinear problem of the control system. The results are compared with fuzzy-logic approach.

2 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

006176   Sharma V K;Sharma V K (NO, Rajasthan Engineering College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: sharma.vishal2009@gmail.com ) : 40 gigabit ethernet era in the enterprise: applying lessons learned from the transition to 10 giabit ethernet. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 97-100.

With the ratification of the IEEE 802.3ab in 2010, 40GbE has displaced 10GbE as the next network speed evolution in the enterprise. As was the case with the migration to 10GbE, the two main hurdles to widespread deployment of 40GbE are high deployment costs and lagging availability of supporting technologies and tools. In the 10G era, the network monitoring switch emerged as one of the technologies that helped enterprises clear the two main hurdles to High-Speed Ethernet deployment. The network monitoring switch is poised to play an even greater role in the 40GbE era. In addition to providing a bridge to High-Speed Ethernet, the network monitoring switch delivers higher network visibility and monitoring efficiency.

3 illus, 8 ref

006175   Sharma R;Jain G K;Ranjan R (NO, Deepshikna Group of Colleges, Jaipur) : Productivity improvement analysis model through operations strategy. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(3), 88-91.

The operations strategy overcomes weaknesses and build on existing strengths and productivity of the technical educational institutions. It specifies how the institutes will employ its educational capabilities to support its business strategy. This paper has discussed the relevant operations associated with technical educational institutions and its future scope and perspective under changing environment with the help of SWOT Strength, weakness, opportunity and suggests several short-term and long-tem operations for technical educational institutions.

3 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

006174   Sharma P K;Sharma Y (NO, Regional College for Education & Research Tech, Jaipur, Email: pankaj_sharmal@rediffmail.com) : Analysis of Kee parameter indicator for GSM network. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(3), 121-7.

This paper includes performance and analysis of 3G GSM network on the basis of KPI report. Performance & analysis of this network has following features: Blocked Call Troubleshooting Drop Call - Troubleshooting Speech Quality Parameters Speech Quality - Troubleshooting Handover Troubleshooting Coverage Analysis Quality of SFH & Non-SFH network Drop Call Rate Call setup success rate Blocked Call Rate Hopping C/I.

11 illus, 6 tables, 7 ref

006173   Sharma N;Joshi P;Sharma M (Jagarnnath University, , Rajasthan, Email: nityanandsharmal7@gmail.com) : Next generation CDMA technology. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(3), 105-11.

This paper presents the new trends in code division multiple access techniques known as Optical CDMA Technology. Authors highlight those trends and features that are believed to be essential to the successful introduction of various OCDMA techniques in communication systems and data networks in near future. In particular, authors elaborate on enabling technologies that are needed prior to full scale consideration of OCDMA in communication systems and extend discussion to various data network. It is believed that OCDMA once fully developed and matured will be an inseparable part of advanced optical communication systems and networks due to its various desirable features and functionalities, in not so distant future. Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) is an optical processing system which allows multiple users to share the same bandwidth simultaneously without interfering with each other using unique optical codes. In this paper they present an in depth review on the new trends and the directions taken by the researchers worldwide in Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) systems.

3 illus, 11 ref

006172   Sharma M K;Sharma S;Khatun H;Sinha A K (Gyrotron Lab, Microwave Tube Area, Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute-CSIR, Pilani-333 031, Email: manoj.sharma59@gmail.com) : Inner profile measurement of weakly tapered open resonator. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 141-5.

Three section gyrotron resonator has been fabricated using a single piece of brass and OFHC copper material. The resonator consists of a down taper section, uniform middle section and up taper section with input and output taper angles, 2° and 3°, respectively. To realize the resonator design through fabrication, the inner profile measurement of the weakly tapered open resonator is the foremost important. Therefore, reports the destructive and non-destructive measurement technique to measure inner profile of the resonator. Further, based on the measurement and predicted output power through simulation will help to determine whether the fabricated resonators excite the desire mode and the desire output power.

5 illus, 9 tables, 7 ref

006171   Sharma G;Dua R L;Bhati Y (NO, Jaipur National University, Jaipur) : Review paper on microstrip bandpass hairpin filter. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(3), 172-5.

Band pass filters are essential part of any signal processing or communication systems, the integral part of superhetrodyne receivers which are currently employed in many RF/Microwave communication systems. At Microwave Frequencies the discrete components are replaced by transmission lines, for low power applications microstrip are used which provide cheaper and smaller solution of Band Pass Filter. This article is an effort to document the designing steps of a micro strip Band Pass Filter. The specific design discussed in the article in detail is know as Parallel Coupled Filter. In this article an example of a filter specs is given over which a filter is designed by using certain tools.

^iia9 illus, 8 ref

006170   Sharma A K;Preeti (NO, Raj Rishi Govt. Autonomous College, Alwar) : An inventory model for deteriorating items with power pattern demand and partial backlogging with time dependent holding cost. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(3), 92-104.

This paper deals with an inventory model for deteriorating items with power pattern demand, partial backlogging in the form of two parameters weibull function. Holding cost is considered as time dependent.

12 ref

006169   Sen M;Jain G K;Ranjan R (NO, , ) : Identity, privacy, issues, challenges and solutions in mobile. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(3), 61-8.

Gap between mobile phones and portable computers in shrinking, and portable computer is shrinking, and almost everyone's daily activities are highly dependent upon a device, know as mobile phone/Smart phone (sp). So mobile device security is becoming increasingly important, as business information and personal information move from the PC onto handheld storage. It is very important to do our daily activities without any problems. But what if our mobile gets stolen? The paper describes issues and challenges in security and privacy of mobile device. The paper also proposes privacy solutions. Fingerprint sensors and face recognition are also highlighted as a growing feature in security and navigation for handsets. In this paper, we have used security password, face recognition and finger print recognition to avoid unnecessary messaging. It operates silently in the background and it should and it should be very hard to spot.

1 illus, 8 ref

006168   Riswan Ali S B;Muthuvelayudham R;Viruthagiri T (Chemical Engineering Dep, Annamalai Univrsity, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu) : Statistical optimization of nutrients for production cellulase & hemicellulase from rice straw. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2012, 2(2), 154-74.

Production of cellulase and hemicellulase from Cellulomonas flavigena NCIM 2481, using rice straw as a substrate in submerged fermentation, was enhanced by medium optimization from twelve nutrients using Placket-Burman design . The optimization process was further analyzed using central composite rotary design and response surface methodology. Four significant factors influencing cellulase and hemicelluase productions were identified as NaNO₃,KH₂PO₄, MgSO₄.7H₂O and CaCl₂.2H₂O using Plackett-Burman design study. The combined effects of these nutrients on production of cellulase and hemicellulase were studied using central composite design. The optimized conditions by response surface analysis were NaNO₃ (0.753g/L), KH₂PO₄(3.3g/L), MgSO₄.7H₂O(0.423g/L) and CaCl₂.2H₂O(0.42g/L). Under these conditions, the production of cellulase and hemicellulase were found to be 1.16 IU/mL and 12.48 IU/mL.

14 ref

006167   Rethika T;Mishra S;Nirmala S;Rathnakara S C; Ganeshan A S (ISRO Satellite Center, , Bangalore-560 017, Email: rethika@isac.gov.in) : Single frequency ionospheric error correction using coefficients generated from regional ionospheric data for IRNSS. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(1), 125-30.

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is the satellite based navigation system being developed by India for locating user's position in 3-dimensional space and time over IRNSS service area. The users estimate their position by using a receiver which receives the navigation signal from the IRNSS satellites which is operating on L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S (2492.028 MHz) frequencies. There are three types of IRNSS users: dual frequency (L5 and S); single frequency (L5); and single frequency (S). The signal from the satellites before reaching the user receiver passes through the ionospheric layer of the atmosphere and suffers a delay. The delay in the signal introduces error in the position computed by the user. The dual frequency users of IRNSS correct the ionospheric error by taking advantage of the dispersive nature of ionosphere. On the other hand, single frequency user requisite an algorithm for computing the ionospheric delay along his line-of-sight. In IRNSS, the ionospheric error correction for single frequency (L5 or S) user is provided through a set of eight ionospheric coefficients. These coefficients are computed on ground by using previous 24-hour data and broadcasted as secondary navigation parameters (messages) to the user. These corrections are available for any user in the primary service area (extending up to 1500 km from Indian boundary) of IRNSS with a validity period of one day. The algorithm designed and developed for the estimation of these coefficients is explained in this paper which uses the global ionospheric model based on cosine curve approximation of diurnal variation of ionospheric delay. The estimation technique has been tested initially with simulated data and then with measurement driven model data for days of different ionospheric activity. The results are promising when compared with GPS transmitted Klobuchar coefficients over IRNSS primary service area. This algorithm is a part of the IRNSS navigation software which is operational at IRNSS Navigation Center (INC), Bangalore.

6 illus, 5 tables, 5 ref

006166   Reddy G S;Saraswat V K;Kumar M (Research Center Imarat, DRDO, , Hyderabad-500 069, Email: manjitgnss@gmail.com) : Analysis of tropospheric time delay effect on in-flight attitude improvement of vehicle using integrated GPS-INS. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(1), 143-9.

The in-flight attitude improvement for maneuvering vehicle is proposed as a new metric for determining the degree of observation for attitude and other inertial navigational errors over specified flight profile of the vehicle. Guided munitions / projectiles can inherit large alignment errors during initialisation process by the launch platform, which if goes uncorrected, may affect terminal phase circular error probability (CEP) of the weapon. These alignment errors can be removed during flight by using Kalman filter based GPS and INS (Inertial Navigation System) data fusion scheme so as to correct the inertial system navigation errors. In order to achieve the precise navigational accuracy of the GPS-INS system, it is essential to model the ionosphere and troposphere time delays properly as they directly affect the measurement accuracy of the GPS and indirectly affect navigational accuracy of GPS-INS states. It is interesting to simulate the effect of tropospheric time delay for the vehicle being guided through GPS-INS when it is flying below the altitude of 60 km. In this paper, emphasis is given on the modelling of tropospheric delay and its impact on the performance of the GPS and GPS-INS during flight.

7 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

006165   Rao S V B;ong J T;Timothy K I;Venugopal D (School of EEE (Blk S2), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore-639 798, Email: drsvbr.acas@gmail.com) : Propagation of free space optical links in Singapore. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(1), 182-6.

Preliminary results of analyses on the propagation aspects of free space optical signals in Singapore are presented. Effect of visibility, scintillations and rain are also presented. A model is proposed for free space optical communications.

8 illus, 7 ref

006164   Rao G S B;Sateesh Kumar G;Kumar M N V S S (ECE Dep, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 001, Email: sateeshkumargudla@gmail.com) : GPS signal Rician fading model for precise navigation in urban environment. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(1), 192-6.

Global Positioning System (GPS) usage is not limited to the aircraft en-route navigation and missile guidance where the user receives the satellite signals from the open sky. Currently, GPS has become an essential utility in the car navigation, mobile phones, surveying and aircraft landing applications. The received signal strength of a GPS satellite at a given location on or near the earth surface can be predicted by analyzing the propagation characteristics of the channel with an appropriate propagation model. The signal propagation characteristics particularly the short term variations severely affect the quality, availability and continuity of the system. The short term propagation characteristics of GPS signal is modeled and analyzed in this paper. Short term variations are mainly due to multipath reflections and Doppler shift which degrades the quality of received signal particularly in urban environments. The variation of signal quality with respect to user velocity is observed using Rician fading model.

6 illus, 7 ref

006163   Rajarajan D;Babu R;Saha S;Rathnakara S C (Space Navigation Group, ISRP Saatellite Centre, , Bangalore-560 017, Email: rrajan@isac.gov.in) : Optimal method for parameter retrieval from Radio Occultation Missions. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(1), 187-91.

Radio occultation (RO) is the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based remote sensing of Earth's atmosphere for atmospheric parameter retrieval and total electron content (TEC) computation. Several RO missions have been launched by ISRO, viz. Meghatropiques and Oceansat-2, for atmospheric studies. Current implemented methods are able to provide the parameters only in post processed mode and hence, are available after some duration. This is due to the limitation of availability of precise satellite orbit for GNSS and LEO satellites which serves as one of the fundamental input to the process. However, a faster turnaround time is possible if the parameters are computed in near real time from the on-board solutions. This paper highlights the work that has resulted in optimizing the atmospheric parameter retrieval and TEC computation using the radio occultation technique.

8 illus, 7 ref

006162   Prashanth ;Avnish Kumar;Mulay S (Aerospace Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400 076, Email: prashant7891@iitb.ac.in) : Pratham satellite: Faraday rotation based TEC measurement. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(1), 197-203.

Pratham, the student satellite of Indian Institute of Technology Bombay is a landmark project undertaken by the students of the institute in collaboration with ISRO. The project is in its environment testing phase now. Total electron content (TEC) measurement was chosen as the payload for the satellite keeping in mind the current scientific atmosphere in India with the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) and GPS-Aided Geo-Aumented Navigation (GAGAN) system in the process of development. This paper describes the use of Faraday rotation method for TEC measurements. The key features of the method, n-pi ambiguity resolution, possible sources of error and simulations carried out to get the initial estimates of the TEC values are also discussed. The on-board and on-ground hardware implementation are briefly explained.

7 illus, 6 ref

006161   Patel S;Saxena R K (NO, BSNL, Jamnagar, Gujarat, Email: sureshpatel1980@gmail.com) : Development from PIN to GaAS based MISFET photo-detector. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(2), 59-66.

High speed photo-detector are a key building block, which allow a large bandwidth upto several GHz for telecommunication application such as local area network, long distance communication upto several kilometers without signal degradation with high switching speed and high quantum efficiency. The recent progress in development and integration of Ge photo-detector on Si based photonics will be comprehensively reviewed along with a proposed structure of GaAs MISFET photo-detector for future research trends.

5 illus, 32 ref

006160   Naveen Kumar P et al (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: naveen.gps@gmail.com) : Ionospheric variabiliy of low and equatorial latitude regions over India - a study using RaBIT on-board YOUTHAT. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(1), 136-42.

The Indian small satellite, YOUTHSAT, was launched mainly for the study of the ionosphere-thermosphere region over the Indian longitudes. The ionospheric processes play an important role in influencing the position accuracies while using the GPS applications. Ionospheric tomography is an effective way of investigating the spatio-temporal variabilities of these ionospheric processes. The RaBIT (Radio Beacon for Ionospheric Tomography) is one of the three payloads on-board the YOUTHSAT. In this paper, first a case, viz. the analysis of the slant total electron content (STEC) variation measured at the three southern RaBIT stations, namely Trivandrum (8.5°N, 77.0°E), Bangalore (13°N, 77.6°E) and Hyderabad (17.8°N, 78.0°E) on 9 May, 7 and 10 June and 6 July 2011 is presented. It is found that the overall STEC variations measured at each station are different for different days. These variations are attributed to the day-to-day changes in the distribution of ionosphere owing to prevailing electrodynamic processes. To highlight this aspect, the RaBIT tomograms are presented, as case 2, for three different days for five stations, one each for the May, June and July months of 2011 to highlight the day and night differences in the overall distribution of the electron density. The tomograms, unambiguously, reveal the marked differences in the ionization distribution on these days not just during daytime but night time also. These differences are attributed to the overall evolution of the electrodynamics and the neutral dynamics over the equatorial region.

5 illus, 8 ref

006159   Laddha E V (Centre for Information Management & Computer Applications (CIMCA), Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bkn Rajasthan, Email: vladdha@yahoo.com ) : Go mobile, smartphone's and tablets are transforming the way we surf. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(3), 32-5.

Traditionally, access to the Web has been via fixed-line services on large-screen laptops and desktop computers. However, the Web is becoming more accessible by portable and wireless devices and according to ITU (International Telecommunication Union) with current growth rates, web access by people on the move - via laptops and smart mobile devices - is likely to exceed web access from desktop computers within the next five years. The shift to mobile Web access has been accelerating with the rise since 2007 of larger multitouch smartphones, and of multitouch tablet computers since 2010. Both platforms provide better Internet access and browser- or application-based user Web experiences than previous generations of mobile devices have done.

4 illus, 5 ref

006158   Khandelwal P;Agrawal S (NO, S.K.I.T., Jaipur, Email: Pankaj19808@gmail.com) : Load-Flow solution of radial distribution networks with minimum data preparation. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(3), 22-6.

This paper reports a new and accurate method for load-flow solution of radial distribution networks with minimum data preparation. The node and branch numbering need not to be sequential like other available methods. The proposed method does not need sending-node, receiving-node and branch numbers if these are sequential. The proposed method uses the simple equation to compute the voltage magnitude and has the capability to handle composite load modelling. The proposed method uses the set of nodes of feeder, lateral(s) and sub lateral(s). The effectiveness of the proposed method is compared with other methods using two examples. The detailed load-flow results for different kind of load-modellings are also presented.

3 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

006157   Jayswal U S;Jain G K;Ranjan R (NO, , ) : Integrated solutions for routing and service in MANET. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(3), 167-71.

Mobile ad-hoc networks are constructed without any infrastructures such as redirection switches, base stations and towers. The node clustering and a peer-to peer service discovery protocol specially designed for Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) environment. The clustering process is carried out to form multicast groups within the clusters managed by the cluster head. The Mobile Service Discovery Protocol (MSDP) uses a dynamic clustering algorithm to group nodes in a MANET. The route discovery process is performed to discover the neighbors and maintain the routing table. Cluster Based Routing protocol (CBRP) is used for providing service details and maintaining routing information. This paper is introduced to carry out the routing management and service discovery operations with minimum bandwidth consumption. The multicast data transmission mechanism is used to transfer route and service details.

6 ref

006156   Jain G K;Kumawat T;Samanta P (NO, Regional College for Education, Research and Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: gaurav.rinkujain.jain@gmail.com) : Cisco shielded optical networking. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 84-90.

Optical network users, whether service providers, enterprises, or government and military agencies, have unique and growing security needs. Today's optical networks must provide end-to-end protection that is fully integrated with other security services, technologies, and management systems. To provide the greatest flexibility, optical network elements should support advanced AAA services, and provide multiple layers of protection. Describes the security requirements of optical networks, and the ways in which the Cisco ONS Family of optical network platforms meets the demanding requirements of government agencies, service providers, and enterprises. Cisco Systems has a longstanding reputation as a global leader in network security. Cisco developed the SAFE Blueprint, a comprehensive framework for defending networks, and has incorporated robust security technologies and features into all Cisco network devices, including optical platforms.

16 ref

006155   Harikumar C;Karthikeyan K;Syamala S; Radhakrishna Pillai C;Hemachandran S;Shukkoor A A;Mohanlal P P (ISRO Inertial Systems Unit, , Thiruvananthapuram-695 013, Email: harikumarganesan@yahoo.co.in) : Troposphere induced GPS navigation error, its effect on GPS-INS integrated system performance and mitigation strategies. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(1), 150-8.

Conventional Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers track GPS satellites above 5 degree horizon to avoid multipath effects. In order to improve vertical dilution of precision (VDOP), it is an attractive prospect to utilize GPS satellites below the horizon in addition to those above, for navigation computations in GPS receivers used by vehicles operating at high altitude trajectories. This paper, however, exposes a possible risk of navigation output degradation in adopting this scheme due to unintentional occultation of GPS signals from satellites below the earth tangent horizon. The error on GPS range and range rate measurements induced by troposphere are simulated using a model based approach. Results indicate position errors up to 150 m and velocity errors up to 14 ms-1 over a period of 15 s under practical conditions. Such slowly varying errors being uncharacteristic of GPS receivers are not rejected by the usual protection features in GPS-Inertial Navigation System (INS) integration schemes. Thereby, the integrated system performance is degraded. In the uncoupled GPS-INS scheme studied, GPS error of the above order resulted in integrated system output error of 100 m in position and 5 ms-1 in velocity, respectively. An altitude based elevation cut off scheme that can be incorporated in the GPS receiver for retaining the advantages of using negative elevation satellites, while avoiding occulted measurements, is presented in this paper. A method for strengthening integrated scheme protection, using innovation residuals, for rejecting such slow GPS errors is also presented.

15 illus, 10 ref

006154   Goswami S;Amit Kumar (NO, BMS College of Engineering, Sri Muktsar Sahib Punjab) : Implementation of 2D DCT on xilinx virtex-5M1507 FPGA. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(3), 6-8.

Paper present two algorithms for Discrete Cosine Transforms used for the compression of still images and motion video. First, background theory on discrete cosine transform (DCT) has been presented, and subsequently a detail study of DCT algorithms is presented, Based on that algorithms one architecture has been designed .It also introduced the concept of Floating point arithmetic operation which is necessary for the implementation. Further 32bit Floating point adder and multiplier is implemented. Main objective of this paper is to explore one of various architectures for optimizing any one or all of the given constraints (area, performance). Given these constraints (area, performance) our explored architecture will be a best suited as per the requirement. Above architecture will be designed and implemented in VHDL and synthesis in Xilinx tools and implementation on FPGA.

4 ref

006153   Cicilato A (NO, Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE, Waterdale Rd, Heidelberg, Australia, Email: amanda.cicilato@gmail.com) : Photovoltaic system. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(6), 1-3.

Photovoltaic systems (PV system) use solar panels to convert sunlight into electricity. A system is made up of one or more photovoltaic (PV) panels, a DC/AC power converter (also known as an inverter), a racking system that holds the solar panels, electrical interconnections, and mounting for other components. Optionally it may include a maximum power point tracker (MPPT), battery system and charger, solar tracker, energy management software, solar concentrators or other equipment. A small PV system may provide energy to a single consumer, or to an isolated device like a lamp or a weather instrument. Large grid-connected PV systems can provide the energy needed by many customers. The electricity generated can be either stored, used directly (island/standalone plant), or fed into a large electricity grid powered by central generation plants (grid-connected/grid-tied plant), or combined with one or many domestic electricity generators to feed into a small grid (hybrid plant).Systems are generally designed in order to ensure the highest energy yield for a given investment.

11 ref

006152   Bhatiya P (NO, L.D.R.P. College of Engineering, Gandhinagr, Gujarat, Email: parthbhatiya@ymail.com) : Intrusion detection in mobile ad-hoc networks. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 12-17.

With the progression of computer networks extending boundaries, Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) has more easy technology to provide anywhere, anytime communication. Due to its deployment nature, MANETs are easier to malicious attack. The absolute security in the mobile ad hoc network is very hard to achieve because of its fundamental characteristics, such as dynamic topology, open medium, limited power and limited bandwidth. The Prevention methods like authentication techniques and cryptography techniques and algorithms alone are not able to provide the security to these types of networks. So, efficient intrusion detection must be made to facilitate the identification and isolation of attacks. Surveyed several techniques for intrusion detection in MANET.

3 illus, 7 ref

006151   Ahmed M M;Sultana Q;Reddy A S;Malik M A (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Deccan College of Engineeering and Technology, Hyderabad-5000 001, Email: mushthaq.md@gmail.com) : Tropospheric error correction in assisted GPS signals. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(1), 159-66.

Though standalone cell phone technology is sufficient to navigate, presently, in the developed and the under developed countries of the world, almost every cell phone has a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver embedded in it. This combined system is called as assisted GPS. There are various issues to be dealt critically while using such systems. For instance, cellular networks and GPS signals encounter various types of errors in which tropospheric error is one. This paper focusses on the estimation of tropospheric error and its correction in cell phone signals as well as GPS signals. In order to estimate the tropospheric delay, four different tropospheric error correction models are implemented. Two models, namely Hopfield model and European Geo-stationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) model are implemented for GPS signals and other two models, namely Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) and Locata Tropospheric (LTC) model are implemented for cellular signals. The results indicate that in case of GPS signals, as the altitude increases, tropospheric delay (TD) gradually decreases. The maximum TD is observed at the surface of earth for Hopfield model (13 m) as well as for EGNOS model (13.2 m). In case of cellular signals, TD increases as the altitude increases since the base stations are on the ground. At an altitude of 14 km, TD is observed for RTCA model as 9.08 m and for LTC model, it is 11.41 m.

13 illus, 6 tables, 14 ref

004975   Vyas P B (NO, , Narayan Vaidh's Street, Mansa-382 845, Dist. Gandhinagar, Email: krishnamansa@yahoo.com) : Physical composition and characteristics of municipal solid waste of Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Pollut Res 2011, 30(2), 151-3.

Problem of municipal solid waste is increasing day by day with glowing population and urbanization. Proper disposal of MSW has become a necessity. The physical composition and physico-chemical characteristics of the refuse of 19 sites from both residential and commercial areas. Since the city extended and developed in a totally unorganized manner there is no clear demarcation in the MSW composition and characteristics between market area and residential area. The study reveals highest percentage composition of organic waste (57.17%) followed by other recyclable waste (21.01%), inert waste (17.93%) etc. Average percentage composition of moisture content is 47.5 and average C:N ratio is 19.52. These data are expected to be of help for preparing a sustainable and effective planning for solid waste management of the city.

3 tables, 3 ref

004974   Smith D (NO, Victoria Melbourne Univ, Australia, Email: denialsmith1970@gmail.com) : Bluetooth 2.o+EDR. Int J latest Technol Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(4), 4-6.

Bluetooth 2.0+EDR and Bluetooth 2.1+EDR are specifications for short-range wireless data exchange. Both Version 2.0 and 2.1 support EDR (Enhanced Data Rate), a faster PSK modulation scheme capable of transmitting data 2 or 3 times faster than previous versions of Bluetooth.

10 ref

004973   Singh R P;Malik A;Rehalia A;Singh S P (NO, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering, New Delhi, Email: singhrohitprakash@yahoo.com) : Update on pace maker and pulse meter. J Instrum Technol Innovation 2013, 3(2), 1-8.

Cardiac arrhythmia causes substantial morbidity and mortality; even with optimal pharmacotherapy Cardiac pace maker and pulse meter has been instrumental in saving the life of mankind. The knowledge of basic concepts, application, types, and complications is essential for the medical and engineering professionals. Advances in the electronic circuitry and the battery have led to the development of safe, efficient and effective cardiac pace maker devices. The linking of pace maker and pulse meter is a challenging task for the bio medical engineers. Our systematic review summarizes the current evidence regarding the efficacy, effectiveness, safety and electronic perspective of cardiac pace maker and pulse meter.

49 ref

004972   Singh B;Sharma D;Rana R K (NO, Poornima Univ, Jaipur, Email: bhawani.ing@gmail.com) : Brief review in solar and wind power applications. Int J latest Technol Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(4), 34-7.

Presents a detailed reviews process adopted to study a scientific research papers. It explains five stage process followed for the review of 3 selected papers in the area of renewable energy system replacing Systems with Conventional Energy sources.

13 ref

004971   Sharma N;Gulia S;Dhyani R (Environmental Science Div, CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi-110 025, Email: neeraj.crri@nic.in) : Performance evaluation of CALINE 4 dispersion model for an urban highway corridor in Delhi. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(8), 521-30.

Piper focuses on the performance evaluation of CALINE 4 model for predicting carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations along an urban highway corridor passing through the city of Delhi. The model was applied using two different sets of Indian emission factors for different categories of vehicles specified by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), and Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) in conjunction with on-site traffic and micro-meteorological inputs. The modelling results indicate that the dispersion of CO along the corridor was limited to a distance of <126> 150 m from the edge of the mixing zone width (road width+3m on each side of the road). The concentrations were found to be 12% higher in the case of ARAI emission factors as compared to the CPCB emission factors. The correlation coefficient values (r²) between predicted and observed 1-hour concentrations for CPCB and ARAI emission factors were found to be 0.60 and 0.65 respectively. In addition, the estimated index of agreement (d) values of 0.86 and 0.85 respectively indicate satisfactory model performance. However, the estimated fractional bias (FB) values of 0.04 for CPCB and 0.06 for ARAI emission factors indicate that the CALINE 4 model under predicts the concentrations in both the cases.

3 illus, 5 tables, 25 ref

004970   Shang Y (NO, Institute for Cyber Security, Texas at San Antonio Univ, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA, Email: shylmath@hotmail.com) : Biased edge failure in scale-free networks based on natural connectivity. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(6), 485-8.

The natural connectivity is recently reported as a novel spectral measure of robustness in complex networks. It has a clear physical meaning and a simple mathematical formulation. In this article, based on the natural connectivity, author studied the robustness and fragility of scale-free networks under topologically biased failure (degree-dependent percolation). The probability p_ij that an edge between nodes i and j remains intact is assumed to depend on the degrees k_i and k_j- through p_ij ∞ (k_ik_j)^-α. It is shown that a clear division between robust regime and fragile regime can be extracted based on natural connectivity by tuning the bias exponent a. The theory is found in good accordance with simulations.

1 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

004969   Shailendra Kumar;Barai S V (Civil Engineering Dep, Institute of Technology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur-495 009, Email: shailendrakmr@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of loading condition, specimen geometry, size-effect and softening function on double-K fracture parameters of concrete. Sadhana 2012, 37(1), 3-15.

Presents numerical investigation of the influence of the specimen geometry, loading condition, size-effect and softening function of concrete on double-K fracture parameters. The input data needed for computation of the double-K fracture parameters are obtained from the well-known version of Fictitious Crack Model (FCM). FCM is developed for three standard specimens: three-point bend test, compact tension specimen and four-point bend test of size range 100-600 mm at relative size of initial crack length 0.3. The analysis of numerical results shows some interesting behaviour of double-K fracture parameters.

10 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

004968   Sathiyavathi S;Krishnamurthy K (Mechatronics Engineering Dep, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamilnadu, Email: sathi.ed@gmail.com) : PID control of ball and beam system-a real time experimentation. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(8), 481-4.

Ball and beam system is a nonlinear, open loop unstable and second order integrating process which is widely used as a test bed for evaluating various control strategies. The stabilization of ball and beam system by Proportional, Integral and Derivative (PID) controller is investigated. Simple internal model control (SIMC) based PID controller and H infinity controller are deliberately employed for stabilizing the ball at a desired position on the beam. The simulation and experimental results which demonstrate the dynamic behaviour of ball and beam system, reveals the effectiveness of controller in industries for any second order integrating processes.

3 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

004967   Sanikommu N;Sivakumar G;Joshi A S;Rao D S; Sundararajan G (NO, International Advanced Research Center for Powder Metallurgy and Advan, PO Balapur, Hyderabad-500 005, Email: nirmala@arci.res.in) : Computer-based approach for developing functionally graded and layered coatings with detonation spray coating process. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(8), 477-80.

Many material based technologies are being attempted for developing functionally graded coatings to withstand increasingly demanding conditions like higher temperatures, corrosive atmospheres, erosive attack, etc. This article describes a computerized concept to develop gradient or layered coatings using the detonation spray coating (DSC) technique.

5 illus, 11 ref

004966   Sahoo P K;Dattaguru B;Manjunatha C M;Murthy C R L (Structural Technologies Div, CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore-560 017, Email: pks@nal.res.in) : Fatigue de-bond growth in adhesively bonded single lap joints. Sadhana 2012, 37(1), 79-88.

Fatigue de-bond growth studies have been conducted on adhesively bonded lap joint specimens between aluminium and aluminium with Redux-319A adhesive with a pre-defined crack of 3 mm at the bond end. The correlations between fracture parameters and the de-bond growth data are established using both numerical and experimental techniques. In the numerical method, geometrically non-linear finite element analyses were carried out on adhesively bonded joint specimen for various de-bond lengths measured from the lap end along the mid-bond line of the adhesive. The finite element results were post processed to estimate the SERR components G_I and G_II using the Modified Virtual Crack Closure Integral (MVCCI) procedure. In experimental work, specimens were fabricated and fatigue de-bond growth tests were conducted at a stress ratio R = -1. The results obtained from both numerical analyses and testing have been used to generate de-bond growth curve and establish de-bond growth law in the Paris regime for such joints. The de-bond growth rate is primarily function of mode-I SERR component G_I since the rate of growth in shear mode is relatively small. The value of Paris exponent m is found to be 6.55. The high value of de-bond growth exponent in Paris regime is expected, since the adhesive is less ductile than conventional metallic materials. The study is important for estimating the life of adhesively bonded joints under both constant and variable amplitude fatigue loads.

9 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

004965   Roy B;Bhattachaya S;Roy S B (Uranium Extraction Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Email: bikram@barc.gov.in) : Dual frequency ultrasonic density measurement of liquid: a novel method for density determination of liquid. J Instrum Technol Innovation 2013, 3(2), 9-15.

Dual frequency based Ultrasonic density determination of liquid gives superior performance in terms of sensor drift, non repeatability of measurement data. Traditionally density measurement of liquid by ultrasound is done with single frequency based ultrasound which suffers drift, non repeatability. Standard reference liquid or solid is also required for density estimation using currently available ultrasound technique. In this paper Dual frequency based ultrasound technique for liquid density measurement is developed and validated through experimentation. The inherent stability, repeatability and measurement accuracy of density by dual frequency based ultrasonic has been evaluated in detail. In the end, effect of bubble is studied qualitatively with help of available model of acoustic pressure in bubbly liquid.

4 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

004964   Ray S;Chandra Kishen J M (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: chandrak@civil.iisc.ernet.in) : Fatigue crack growth due to overloads in plain concrete using scaling laws. Sadhana 2012, 37(1), 107-24.

Scaling laws are represented in power law form and can be utilized to extract the characteristic properties of a new phenomenon with the help of self-similar solutions. In this work, an attempt has been made to propose a scaling law analytically, for plain concrete when subjected to variable amplitude loading. Due to the application of overload on concrete structures, acceleration in the crack growth process takes place. A closed form expression has been developed to capture the acceleration in crack growth rate in conjunction with the principles of dimensional analysis and self-similarity. The proposed model accounts for parameters such as, the tensile strength, fracture toughness, overload effect and the structural size. Knowing the governed and the governing parameters of the physical problem and by using the concepts of self-similarity, a relationship is obtained between the different parameters involved. The predicted results are compared with experimental crack growth data for variable amplitude loading and are found to capture the overload effect with sufficient accuracy. Through a sensitivity analysis, fracture toughness is found to be the most dominant parameter in accelerating the crack length due to application of overload.

13 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

004963   Rao A K;Srinivas T (Civil Engineering Dep, Chaitanya Engineering College, Visakhapatnam) : Discritization of the Gaussian Plume model. J envir Sci Engng 2012, 54(1), 14-20.

In general a plume is more known than a puff for stack emissions. A plume may be regarded as a number of puffs ejected out in quick succession. Conversely a continuous plume can be discritized (dissected) at intervals to form puffs. The main objective of the present study is to establish a relationship between a plume and a puff by dissecting the plume longitudinally and equating the contents of the segmented plume to a spheroidal shaped puff for different distances and stabilities to meet vagaries of weather.

4 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

004962   Raghu Prasad B K;Ramana P V (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: bkr@civil.iisc.ernet.in) : Modified Adomian decomposition method for fracture of laminated uni-directional composites. Sadhana 2012, 37(1), 33-7.

Well-known Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) is modified to solve the fracture laminated multi-directional problems. The results are compared with the existing analytical/exact or experimental method. The already known existing ADM is modified to improve the accuracy and convergence. Thus, the modified method is named as Modified Adomian Decomposition Method (MADM). The results fromMADM are found to converge very quickly, simple to apply for fracture(singularity) problems and are more accurate compared to experimental and analytical methods. MADM is quite efficient and is practically well-suited for use in these problems. Several examples are given to check the reliability of the present method. The principle of the decomposition method is described, and its advantages form the analyses of fracture of laminated uni-directional composites.

4 illus, 10 tables, 33 ref