021633   Joshi S K;Agarwal P;Gupta H P (NO, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee) : Operational adversities of transformers. Wat Energy int 2012, 69(1), 44-8.

Transformers in its present form, grown and matured over 126 years, has given rise explosive growth to the utilization of energy. These increasing utilization lead to compromise in operating conditions viz. voltage profile, loading, and flow of harmonic. These adverse operating conditions while sacrifice life of transformers, variation of losses in transformers from nominal values affect techno-economic evaluation. Total owning cost of transformers is based on estimated life of transformer which is greatly dependent on rate of failure. Highlights the operational adversities that needs to be taken care of in absence of which all techno-economics and technological innovations in transformers would remain unexploited.

1 table, 11 ref

021632   Johnson S C;Thirugnanam G S (Civil Engineering Dep, Hydro Training Institute, Tamil Nadu generation and Distribution Corpo, Kathiriakalmedu, Erode, Tamil Nadu) : Some insights on corrosion of transmission line tower foundations and remedial measures. Wat Energy int 2012, 69(3), 43-7.

4 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

021631   Jena J;Sahu G C;Das G N (NO, , Institute of Technical Education & Research (ITER)) : Slope protection of subarnarekha main canal from RD 7950 m to RD 8720 m- an alternative approach. Wat Energy int 2012, 69(1), 49-53.

Subarnarekha multi-purpose river valley project is an Interstate Project which would benefit Jharkhand (erstwhile Bihar), Odisha and West Bengal. The head works i.e., Chandil Dam, Ichha Dam and Galudihi Barrage are located in Jharkhand to provide irrigation both to Odisha and Jharkhand, power to Jharkhand and flood control in West Bengal and Odisha. This interstate project was possible only after Tripartite agreement of 1978. For flood protection in Odisha, the State has already paid Rs. 665 crores (up to 2010-11) to Jharkhand towards the flood reserve space provided in the dam. Odisha would get irrigation from Jharkhand-Odisha border (i.e. Uchhagaon village) through Galudihi right bank canal. Though, excavation of the canal commenced during 1988-89 in Odisha portion, the lining of canal could not start in the head reach, i.e., from RD 7950 to RD 8720 m, due to slope failure since inception. Various alternatives have been tried times and again but not yet successful. Unless the problem of slope failure in the said portion of canal is tackled effectively, canal in Odisha side cannot provide any irrigation, though major portion of canal in the downstream portion is complete. An attempt has been made in this paper for an alternative design considering all previous attempts.

2 illus, 3 tables, ref

021630   Jena J;Ray S;Pandey S;Das T (NO, CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 102, Email: trupti.sreyas@gmail.com) : Effect of COD/N ratio on simultaneous removal of nutrients and COD from synthetic high strength waste water under anoxic conditions. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(2), 127-31.

Simultaneous removal of nitrate, PO₄ and COD from synthetic wastewater containing high substrate and low COD/N ratio, under anoxic conditions has been attempted in the current study. Maximum removal of nitrate (98%), PO₄ (96%) and COD (93%) was achieved at a COD/N ratio of 1.62. PO₄ removal rate ranged between 77.6, 88.7, 90.5, 95.9, 93.1 and 93.2% at a COD/N ratio of 0.36, 0.97, 1.36, 1.62, 4.06 and 6.37 respectively. Thus PO₄ removal rate was more or less impervious to varying concentration of nitrate and carbon load in the system. pH measurements during the course of reaction, gave new insights into the denitrification and PO₄ uptake processes. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) further determined a significant variance between removal of PO₄, nitrate and COD with respect to time of reaction as well as in different experimental set up.

2 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

021629   Javid M A;Okamura T;Nakamura F;Tantaka S;Wang R (Civil Engineering Dep, Yokohama Natronal University, Japan, Email: as.uetian@gmail.com) : Methodology for evaluating driver's attitudes towards transportaion demand management strategies in Lahore, Pakistan. Recent Trends Civil Engng Technol 2012, 2(2), 45-59.

Transportation demand management (TDM) strategies consider as an important tool to solve urban congestion related problems both in objective and subjective manner. This study attempted to explore attitudes of rickshaw, taxi, and truck drivers towards soft and hard strategies considering driver's various lifestyles and attitudes. Structural equation modeling (SEM) technique used in order to predict driver's behavior towards each specific TDM strategy using the behavioral theories as a frame of reference. A questionnaire survey conducted in Lahore and 126 samples obtained. The questionnaire items mainly consisted of socio-economic characteristic, driving characteristics, and various statements regarding lifestyles, driving, social and learning attitudes. Survey results depicted that drivers have favorable evaluation of soft strategies as compare to hard strategies. The strategies have ranked considering driver's perceptions such as advance traffic information first; education and awareness programs second; willingness to pay road tax third and support to increase in carbon tax on gasoline fourth. SEM results reveal that social, learning, and driving related attitudes are significant determinants of driver's attitudes towards specific TDM strategy. The findings revealed that different attitudes are related differently (positively or negatively) with each strategy. It has also found that all attitudinal factors have positive relationship with drivers' moral obligation to protect environment from negative impacts of traffic such as air pollution. It can argue that driver's attitudes have important implications for the consideration of any TDM strategy. This study implicates that acceptance level of hard strategies can enhance by highlighting the incentives associated with a particular strategy through marketing programs or traffic information media. It hypothesizes that transport planners and policy makers should give proper attention to driver's lifestyles and attitudes in considering and implementing TDM strategies.

2 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

021628   Javed M;Alam B;Syed A M;Shahzada K;Ahmed N (Civil Engineering Dep, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan, Email: mjaved@nwfpuet.edu.pk) : Experimental investigation on the seimic disaster mitigation of unreinforced brick masonry buildings. Recent Trends Civil Engng Technol 2012, 2(3), 11-23.

Himalayan region is considered to have the potential to produce earthquakes of magnitude 8.0 or greater once every 100 years. Since the occurrence of an earthquake cannot be prevented; therefore, seismic disaster mitigation remains the only option for the civil society. Unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings, constructed with stone or brick, are very common in Northern Pakistan part of Himalayan belt. The seismic performance of stone masonry was found very poor in October 2005 Kashmir earthquake and was the main source of fatalities as most of the collapsed buildings in the area were constructed with stone masonry. Unreinforced brick masonry (URBM) buildings, however, performed much better than stone masonry buildings and survived collapse in most of the highly affected areas except Balakot town and in some parts of Muzzafarabad. The performance of URBM would have been much better if buildings were designed and constructed using engineering principles of earthquake disaster mitigation instead of experience based thumbs rules developed by the masons. Taking the lessons from the earthquake disasters of October 2005, an experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate and quantify the seismic performance of unreinforced brick masonry (URBM) shear walls constructed in stone dust mortar being widely used in Northern Pakistan and thus to further promote the research and development for earthquake disaster prevention. In-plane shear-compression tests were carried out on twelve walls, using quasi-static cyclic loading. The effect of geometry and extent of gravity load (as measured by pre-compression level) on various parameters used to quantify seismic performance such as ductility, ultimate drift ratio and equivalent viscous damping for evaluating energy dissipation capacity, of the walls is also examined and discussed.

13 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

021627   Hossain J (NO, Wind Force Management Services Private Limited, Gurgaon, Haryana) : Developments and trends in wind technology. Wat Energy int 2012, 69(1), 33-5.

4 illus, ref

021626   Hasani H;Behtaz S (Textile Engineering Dep, Isfahan Technology Univ, Isfahan, 84166-83111, Iran, Email: h_hasani@cc.iut.ac.ir) : Measuring the roughness of knitted fabrics by analysis of surface signals obtained from image processing. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(1), 101-5.

The study focuses on the evaluation of weft knitted fabric roughness using image processing. Various knitted fabric samples have been produced using flat and circular knitting machines. The SMD value of fabrics which refers to surface roughness has been measured by Kawabata surface tester. Images of samples have been taken by a high resolution scanner, converted to grayscale image and then been processed by Matlab; a signal is obtained from each sample. Six different features have been extracted from the signals. The results of correlation test reveal that there is a good correlation between the wave lengths of obtained signal extracted from fabric images and the measured roughness by KES surface tester.

^ssc2 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

021625   Halawa M;Rahal M (NO, National Institute for Standards (NIS), Tersa St., Giza, Box: 136, El-Ahram 12211, Egypt, Email: mamdouh_halawa@yahoo.com) : Step-down technique to calibrate AC current down to 10 μA using a precision 10 mA current shunt. MAPAN 2012, 27(3), 139-42.

Describes a calibration procedure for AC current measurements at 1 mA, 100 μA and 10 μA using a NIST-calibrated 10 mA current shunt as a reference standard. The procedure involves a step-down technique using the reference transfer standards (RTS) as a precision current divider. The RTS is used at values of 370 Ω, 3.3 and 30 kΩ to provide the intended currents. Uncertainty calculations are estimated for calibrating the AC current of 10 mA, 1 mA, 100 μA and 10 μA at 55 Hz and 1 kHz. The expanded uncertainties are around the values of 37 nA and 1 nA for the ranges of 1 mA-10 μA respectively.

3 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

021624   Halawa M;Hasan A;Shehab-Eldin E H;El-Rafaee E M (NO, National Institute for Standards (NIS), Tersa St., ElAhram, Box: 136, Giza 12211, Egypt, Email: mamdouh_halawa@yahoo.com) : Integrated calibration system for accurate AC current measurements up to 100 kHz. MAPAN 2012, 27(3), 143-8.

Describes the establishment of an integrated calibration system for accurate AC current measurements at National Institute of Standards, Egypt. The measurement system consists of a new assembled thermal current converter (TCC) associated with an appropriate hardware and automation software. The system has been used for a wide range of AC current from 5 mA to 20 A at frequencies from 10 Hz to 100 kHz. The assembled TCC at rated current of 5A was modified and recalibrated in PTB, Germany to enhance the system reliability. The estimated uncertainty budget of this system is presented in this paper.

6 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

021623   Gyan Vardhan Artist;Parihar P;Arora M (SITE, , Nathwdara, Rajasthan, Email: gyanvardhan19@gmail.com) : Long term evolution (LTE) technology. Int J latest Technol Mgmt appl Sci 2012, 1(3), 69-71.

To be able to offer users a mobile broadband service over a truly fourth generation or 4G network a provider will have to completely upgrade their entire network infrastructure the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has standardized a further development of UMTS. The successor to UMTS is referred to as long term evolution (LTE) and will permit more powerful and more spectral-efficient mobile radio transmission. LTE uses both frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD) as duplex modes. This paper describes the LTE technology in detail and highlights any differences between LTE TDD and LTE FDD technology. Special characteristics and specific challenges to be faced during network planning are also described.

3 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

021622   Gunaseelan K;Seethalakshmi E (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: gunaseelanpsg@gmail.com) : Image resolution and contrast enhancement using singular value and discrete wavelet decomposition. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(1), 31-5.

This paper proposes the image resolution and contrast enhancement techniques using DWT (Discrete wavelet transform), SWT (Stationary wavelet transform) and SVD (Singular value decomposition). The low resolution and contrast input image is equalized using GHE (Generalized histogram equalization). This equalized image is decomposed into the four frequency subbands by using DWT and the four subband images are interpolated using Bicubic interpolation technique. In this proposed method, the new LL is reconstructed using SVD and edges are enhanced using SWT. Then all these subbands are reconstructed as high resolution image using IDWT (Inverse discrete wavelet transforms). Hence this proposed algorithm enhances the image resolution and contrast over the conventional techniques. The experimental result shows the superiority of the proposed method over conventional techniques.

2 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

021621   Gill S;Pareek M;Kumawat S (EE Dep, Lovely Professional University, Punjab) : Dynamic voltage restores. Int J latest Technol Mgmt appl Sci 2012, 1(3), 21-5.

Voltage sags and swells in the medium and low voltage distribution grid are considered to be the most frequent type of power quality problems based on recent power quality studies. Their impact on sensitive loads is severe. The impact ranges from load disruptions to substantial economic losses up to millions of dollars.

7 illus, 4 ref

021620   Dutta D;Chakrabarty S;Bose C;Ghosh S (Civil Engmeering Dep, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, Email: ddebabrata83@gmail.com) : Comparative study of geopolymer paste prepared from different activators. Recent Trends Civil Engng Technol 2012, 2(3), 1-10.

Present paper explores the comparative study of the geopolymer paste resulting from different alkali activations. In this experimental study, four series of geopolymer pastes differing in the alkali activation were manufactured by activating low calcium fly ash. These activators were subjected to a certain temperature of 35°C for duration of 24 h. After casting of the specimens, activated by those activators, they were subjected to 85°C for 48 h. The performance of the geopolymer specimens were investigated on the basis of workability and strength. Scanning electron microscopy along with EDAX was also conducted to predict microstructural and mineralogical changes.

12 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

021619   Douglass D (NO, , ) : Uprating & reconductoring existing lines with high-temperature low-sag conductors. Wat Energy int 2012, 69(1), 16-23.

Provides general recommendations for methods and testing useful to qualify high temperature (<62>150C), bare conductors for use on electric overhead transmission lines. Includes recommendations for both indoor & outdoor laboratory testing of the complete HTLS conductor system (including installation tools - sheaves and conductor grips). Includes references to useful industry standards. Provides general recommendations for the consideration of electrical and mechanical characteristics of the conductors.

21 illus, 6 tables, ref

021618   Dhawan K R;Ramteke R S (NO, Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune) : Post grouting studies for measuring permeability at Dyke-1, Hidkal dam, Karnataka. Wat Energy int 2012, 69(3), 21-8.

Signs of reservoir seepage in terms of water pool formation at downstream side of earthen Dyke-1 of Raja Lakhamgowda reservoir of Hidkal Dam of Hukkeri Taluka in Belgaum, Karnataka has been reported to be persistent ever since the impoundment of reservoir. Insitu permeability studies have been conducted at five boreholes between Ch.4700 and 5100m located at the downstream toe of Dyke-1. Heavy water losses even in low pressures have been observed from various sections. In order to provide remedial measures to prevent foundation seepage, it was recommended curtain grouting on upstream side of Dyke-1 near heel line for the zone vulnerable for seepage. Project authorities have carried out curtain grouting using cement up to a depth of 15m from Ch.4700 to 5100m. To check the effectiveness of grouting and to have comparison of permeability values between grouted and ungrouted portion, post-grouting permeability tests have been conducted, at about 50 percent of the pressure used during grouting, in seven boreholes at Ch. 4650, 4750, 4850,4950,5050,5150 m and 5250m, in which Ch.4650, 5150 and 5250m are the boreholes where grouting has not been carried out. From the permeability test results in the grouted portion Ch.4750 to 5050 m, permeability is found to be varying from 4 to 10.92 lugeons. There is significant improvement in post grouting permeability values as compared to the values prior to grouting. The permeability results confirmed that the grouting was effective and prevented heavy water losses through the foundation. While grouting different rows of holes from Ch.4900 to 5100 the cement intake is less than 30Kg/m in three rows and just near to 30 kg/m in two rows in-between 4900 to 5100m. In these cases the grouted area will correspond to 2 to 8 times of the borehole size. Borehole spacing within the rows and row spacing depend on the effective radius of grouting. Narrow spacing is to be selected when cement intake is less than 30Kg/m. The already grouted stratum from chainage 4700 to 5100 m is not to be disturbed. The portions, which have high permeability values and not grouted yet, are required to be grouted to avoid any foundation deterioration. It can be grouted at borehole spacing of 1 to 1.5 m and row spacing of 1 to 1.5 m.

5 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

021617   Dey A P A;Basudhar P P K (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam-781 030, Email: arindam.dey@iitg.ernet.in) : Estimation of burger model parameters by inverse analysis of oedometer data. Recent Trends Civil Engng Technol 2012, 2(2), 27-44.

Contrary to the forward analysis, inverse analysis can be effectively utilized to determine the parametersof a constitutive model commonly used to represent the stress-strain-time behavior or the loaddeformation-time behavior of the soil. This paper reports the development of a generalized inverseanalysis formulation for the parameter estimation of four-parameter Burger model. The analysis iscarried out by formulating the problem as that of mathematical programming in terms of identificationof the design vector, the objective function and the design constraints. Thereafter, the formulatedconstrained nonlinear multivariable problem is solved with the aid of fmincon: an in-built constrainedoptimization solver module available in MatLab. In order to gain experience, a synthetic case-study isconsidered wherein key issues such as the determination and setting up of variable bounds, globaloptimality of the solution and the minimum number of data-points required for prediction of parametersare addressed. The results reveal that the developed technique is quite efficient in predicting the modelparameters. The best result is obtained when the design variables are subjected to a lower boundwithout any upper bound. Global optimality of the solution is achieved using the developed technique. Based on the experience gained from the synthetic study, the paper reports the determination of Burgermodel parameters using real-time 1-D field and laboratory oedometer data.

4 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

021616   Deokar S A;Waghmare L M (Electrical Engineering Dep, Dnyanganga College of Engineering and Research, Pune-411 041, Email: s_deokar2@rediffmail.com) : Discrete wavelet transform based classifier for PQ disturbance detection. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(2), 92-100.

Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) conceptusing multi-resolution signal decomposition (MSD) technique with Daubechies family db4 second order vanishing moment mother wavelet for detection of power quality (PQ) disturbances has been proposed and presented. The PQ disturbances are also classified by extracting energy distribution features from multi-resolution analysis (MRA) curve based on detailed energy distribution pattern (DEDP). The information obtained from detail squared wavelet transform coefficients (SWTC) of the disturbance signal at each wavelet decomposition level is utilized for plotting MRA curve. The proposed method algorithm has been verified by simulating various PQ disturbances and results are analyzed using Mathworks Matlab/Simulink. The classification and detection sensitivity of the proposed method is also verified and presented when signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 20 dB is superimposed during the duration of PQ disturbances. Theproposed technique appears to be effective and accurate tool for the detection, localization and classification of PQ disturbances.

4 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

021615   Debbarma S R;Saha S (NO, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur-713 209, Email: debbarma@yahoo.com) : Stiffness of concrete flexural members increases on use of shape memory alloy bars as reinforcement. Recent Trends Civil Engng Technol 2012, 2(3), 24-38.

This paper describes the properties of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) and its useful aspect towards utilization in civil engineering structures. The non-linear material behavior in terms of shape memory effect, superelasticity, martensite damping and variable stiffness is presented. The values of effective moment of inertia and cracking moment, of treated and controlled Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams were determined using ACI 318, AS 3600 and CEB-FIP model codes. Treated beams were reinforced in combination with SMA and conventional steel reinforcement and controlled beams were reinforced with only steel. It was found that high yield strength property of SMA, increases effective moment of inertia and cracking moment of treated beams under self-weight and restricts growth of instantaneous and long-term deflections. With increase in load the deflections of treated beams increases than that of controlled beams due to lower modulus of elasticity of SMAs. The deflection or stiffness of SMA reinforced treated beams were more than that of similar steel reinforced controlled beams, when mid-span bending moment due to imposed load was within 30% of their respective designed moment of resistance.

8 illus, 8 tables, 35 ref

021614   Das S;Prasad B K (NO, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal-462 026, Email: sdas88@hotmail.com) : Al and Mg-based lightweight metallic materials for Automobile applications. Invertis J Sci Technol 2012, 5(3), 147-56.

Need for the development of eco-friendly and fuel efficient transport devices demands the use of high performance lightweight materials. A few attractive features of lightweight materials include low density and high specific strength and modulus. There are a number of material systems in this category including Al- and Mg- based alloys and their composites, Al foam, sandwich panels etc. In this study, an attempt has been made to highlight some of our R&D efforts pertaining to the development of Al metal matrix composite (MMC), Mg alloys, Al foam and components thereof like automobile brake drum, crash box etc. Al foam could be used for crash box and noise and vibration attenuation applications. It is evident from the results that the metal foam has the highest loss factor and damping coefficient as compared to the other investigated materials. Foam filled tubes exhibit damping capacity ~9 to 10 times higher than the dense steel bars or hollow steel tube. Al MMC has drawn considerable attention of the automobile sector for developing brakedrums, pistons, cylinder liners, connecting rods etc. because of their interesting combination of properties such as high specific strength and specific modulus, better wear resistance, good corrosion resistance etc. The developed MMC brake drum is in a process of being tested. Mg alloys also find applications in the transportation sector in the form of engine / gear box casings, bearing covers etc. Rolling behaviour of Mg alloys has also been studied with improvement in properties after rolling.

021613   Das N R (Laser Science & Technology Centre, , Metcalfe House, Delhi-110 054, Email: nrdas2k@yahoo.co.in) : Evalution of excimer lasers. Invertis J Sci Technol 2013, 6(1), 53-60.

This paper reveals the latest emerging applications and trends of Excimer laser in industry. The widely known areas of applications viz. material processing, engineering, metrology, scientific research, medical diagnostics tool, communications, holography and of course military applications are emphasized here. The most recent advances in the application scenario like nano science and engineering are described elaborately. Among all industrial lasers, Excimer lasers are becoming the most important and widely accepted tool to carry out various applications in the industry, specially in micromachining and marking applications. The paper describes a detailed theoretical case study of a small Excimer laser and its comparison with conventional Excimer laser. The various latest applications of small Excimer laser are also described here.

^iiaillus, table, ref

021612   Dahlan I;Lee T;Mohamed A R (School of Chemical Engineering, Sains Malaysia Univ, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, Email: chrahman@eng.usm.my) : Development of dry methods for the removal of SO₂ and NO_x from flue gases. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(2), 83-7.

Continuous increase in economic activities couple with the growing population throughout the world has led to a tremendous increase in energy consumption. In the near future, the energy consumption is expected to further increase especially in developing countries. This has led to a significant increase in industrial activity in recent times and consequently resulted in a massive increase of pollutants, especially air pollution released to the atmosphere. Among the several air pollutants that contaminate our planet, SO₂ and NO_x have received special attention due to the fact that these two pollutants have toxic and acidic characteristics. SO₂ and NO_x have been linked to the formation of acid rain and many other undesirable environmental hazards. This paper reviews background information on the various approaches and methods that are currently being used to control SO₂ and NO_x emissions. Particular interest is given to research findings on the development of dry-type processes at low temperature that appear to be the most promising technique for the removal of SO₂ and also simultaneous removal of SO₂ and NO_x.

^iia27 ref

021611   Chelliapan S;Sallis P J (UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Semarak, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: shreeshivadasan@ic.utm.my) : Removal of organic compound from pharmaceutical wastewater using advanced oxidation processes. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(4), 248-54.

Further polishing of effluent:(pharmaceutical wastewater) from an aerobic reactor using different types of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) were presented and discussed. Four types of processes were evaluated, i.e. ozonation (O₃), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), ultraviolet (UV) and Fenton reagent, and a combination of these AOPs (O₃/UV, H₂O₂/UV, O₃/H₂O₂ and O₃/H₂O₂/UV) for organic compound (as chemical oxygen demand, COD) removal have also been studied. The additional treatment of the activated sludge reactor effluent contributed substantially to overall COD removal of the pharmaceutical wastewater. Among the AOPs used in this study, O₃/H₂O₂/UV alternative resulted in the highest COD removal (59%) from the activated sludge effluent. In specific, around 450 mg.L^-1 of COD had been removed in the O₃/H₂O₂/UV process giving a final COD of 300 mg.L^-1 in the treated effluent. Other processes (Fenton, O₃, O₃/UV, O₃/H₂O₂ and H₂O₂/UV) showed nearly constant maximum removal of 38-43%.

6 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

021610   Britto C M T (NO, Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd., Priyadarshini, Eastern Express Highway, Sion, Mumbai-400 022) : Improving energy efficiency in fertiliser plants initiatives by RCF. Indian J Fertil 2012, 8(6), 54-61.

RCF operates two multiplant complexes, one at Trombay and another at Thal, Maharashtra. Over the years RCF has put conscious efforts to improve efficiency of plants at Trombay and Thal on sustained basis. As a part of Energy Management Strategy, RCF adopted various short term and medium term measures. The revamp of Ammonia V plant at Trombay was implemented recently to reduce the energy consumption and enhance the capacity of the plant. The major measures implemented were modification in primary reformer, improvement in CO₂ removal section, modification of process air compressor, replacement of synthesis gas compressor, installation of S-50 Converter, etc. As a result of these measures the energy consumption of Ammonia V plant was reduced from 11.95 MKCal/MT in 2005-06 to 9.47 MKCal/MT in 2009-10. Ammonia and urea plants at RCF Thal are under revamp to enhance the capacity and energy efficiency. The measures include modification in primary reformer, revamp of existing one stage Benfield CO₂ removal system to GV two-stage regeneration process, installation of S-50 converter, etc. A significant energy saving is expected to realized after completion of revamp project in December 2012.

3 illus, ref

021609   Brand K P;Apostolov A (NO, ABB, Switzerland) : Basics of IEC 61850. Wat Energy int 2012, 69(1), 24-7.

15 ref

021608   Boob T N;Rao Y R M (Dr. N. P. Hirna Poltechnic, , Pusad, Maharashtra, Email: jspmpoly@rediffmail.com) : Critical evaluation of "Urban open spaces in development plan". Recent Trends Civil Engng Technol 2012, 2(2), 9-26.

After independence, town planning experienced tremendous changes in its approach. Town and country planning laws were enacted by various states and accordingly preparing a development plan of town or cities became obligatory for municipal councils. Maharashtra state is said to be progressive in this regard and enactment of Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Act, 1996, made it possible to prepare a development plan for all towns having municipal corporations, councils, etc. By and large, almost for whole of Maharashtra, development plans are prepared for each municipal town/city. Most of them are at revision state and some are due for revision after the expiry of their implementation period. Development plans are nothing but preparation of the land use plans/maps which are needed to guide urban centers for their orderly development. One of the essential ingredients of a development plan is recreational spaces in the form of open spaces, parks, play grounds, children's' parks, etc., which are commonly known as "urban open spaces." Organizations like municipal councils that initiate a project like development plan should have an influence on implementation of such ingredients, but implementation of land use reservation has greatly been observed as unsatisfactory in terms of their implementation. The performances of such "urban open spaces" in terms of their implementation are critically analyzed to find out the factors contributing to their poor performance. This paper also emphasizes to suggest measures for their better implementation. "B" and "C" class municipal councils of Yavatmal district of state of Maharashtra (India) have been taken as a case study.

4 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

021607   Bhoi S K (NO, NTPC Ltd, Talcher Thermal Power Station) : Renovation & modernisation (R&M) of 220 KV/132 KV switchyard- an experience. Wat Energy int 2012, 69(3), 9-14.

This paper by NTPC covers the problems faced major challenges in R&M of switchyard and also deals with learning and benefits of R&M of switchyard.

19 illus, ref

021606   Banerjee S (NO, , SGI Engineers Pvt. Ltd.) : EMP3 induced GIC & consequences on national grid of India. Wat Energy int 2012, 69(2), 40-2.

3 illus, ref

021605   Austin Suthanthiraraj S (Energy Dep, Madras Univ, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, Email: suthan98@gmail.com) : Application aspects of polymer electrolytes in solar cells. Indian J pure appl Phys 2013, 51(5), 310-14.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have aroused intense interest owing to their easy fabrication, low cost, simple preparation procedures and high energy conversion efficiency. Considering the fact that leakage and volatilization of liquid electrolytes hinder their practical applications in the case of DSSCs, polymer electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, excellent thermal and long-term stability are being used as alternatives to liquid electrolytes. This review focuses mainly on recent progress witnessed in the field of quasi-solid-state electrolytes suitable for DSSCs. The dependence of photovoltaic performance on the polymer content within the electrolyte employed in DSSCs, their working principles as well as latest developments are also discussed.

1 illus, 36 ref

021604   Anand Kumar B G (Civil Engneering Dep, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore-560 059, Email: anandgeoengg@gmail.com) : Strength assessment of RCC beams subjected to corrosion. Recent Trends Civil Engng Technol 2012, 2(2), 71-84.

Damage assessment of civil structural members is one of the most important and recently emerging fieldsin engineering. Deterioration of a structure may occur due to a host of factors such as poor workmanship, improper maintenance, atmospheric effects, accidents, natural calamities. Certain causes like environmentaleffects, natural calamities cannot be controlled. Therefore, durability of concrete structures especially thoseexposed to aggressive environments is of great concern. Many deterioration causes and factors have beeninvestigated and corrosion of steel reinforcement was found to be one of the major deterioration problems.Thus, an Engineer may need to examine the state of reinforcement in structures for a number of reasonsincluding assessment for change of use or exposure, routine maintenance, or investigating signs of distress. Inturn, there is a requirement for a method that can determine simply, accurately and non-destructively not onlyweather corrosion of reinforcement taking place but also its intensity and the rate of damage. The main aim ofthis paper is to assess and evaluate the corrosion condition of reinforced concrete beams by using nondestructivetest (NDT) methods such as half-cell potential test, rebound hammer test, and ultrasonic pulsevelocity test. Also, another thrust of this pilot program is to establish a correlation between the reboundhammer number, and ultrasonic pulse velocity variation versus concrete strength for different degrees ofcorrosion in turn to interpret the effectiveness of degree of corrosion on NDT values as well as concretecompressive strength. For that, a total of six reinforced concrete beams (150 x 150 x 1000 mm) wereconsidered. An impressed current was applied to beams with different degrees of corrosion (5%, 10%) in orderto accelerate steel corrosion. Meanwhile, electrochemical measurements were carried out to obtain opencircuit potential. Finally, the results show that the linear regression analysis is the best fit for the compressivestrength prediction relationship by using rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity test at compression aswell as tension side of the reinforced concrete beam with different degrees of corrosion (5%, 10%).

13 illus, 7 tables, 10 ref

020594   Venkateswaran P R;Buvanashekaran G;Ganesh Kumar K (Welding Research Institute, BHEL, Tiruchirappalli-620 014) : Investigations into arc rotation current behaviour for SA 210 gr. A1 tubes in MIAB welding process. WRI Jl 2012, 33(2), 30-4.

Magnetically Impelled Arc Butt (MIAB) welding is a solid state welding process finding applications in automobile and processing industries. Being a relatively new process, establishment of process parameters for boiler tube applications is an interesting area for research. Welding Research Institute, BHEL, India has been in the forefront of developing and establishing MIAB welding for boiler tube applications like economizer coils. This paper explores the impact of current through different stages of MIAB welding process and establishes the current parameter for arc stabilisation time. This study was carried out on SA 210 Gr Al steel for fixing the range of stabilisation current for acceptable MIAB welds. Mechanical and metallurgical characterization is done to validate the results of experimentation.

8 illus, 2 tables, 2 ref

020593   Thirugnanam C;Prabhakar M R;Nagaraj Kumar T V S (Corporate R&D Div, BHEL, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh) : Hydro power plant operatir training simulator. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(3), 41-3.

Hydro Power Stations have multiple units and the type of hydro turbine used may depend on the reservoir head existing for the station. To operate the unit continuously without any outage, it needs skillful operator well versed with the operation of the plant. A software solution has been attempted here, to develop operator training simulator to provide training to the operator. The hydro plant model has been configured and tested for a specific hydro station having three Pelton Turbines each of 40MW. The simulation software consists of HMI software to create the control room environment for the operator to carryout the plant operations which are possible from unit control room, virtual plant model software to have the dynamic response of the plant process parameters depending on the operating conditions existing at any instant of time and Instructor station software to enable the Instructor to carry out the training session efficiently with different instructor station features and virtual control and instrumentation software. The software may also be customised for any Hydro station by changing the respective station parameters.

4 illus, 4 ref

020592   Sulaiman O O;Wan Nik W B;Kader A S A; Saharuddin A H (Maritime Technology Dep, Malaysia Terengganu Univ, Malaysia, Email: O.Sulaiman@umt.edu.my) : Potential of waste based biomass Cogeneration for Malaysia energy sector. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2012, 9(1), 117-38.

Reuse of waste as source energy remains sustainable energy source for humanity. The processing of waste provide fuels for electricity, heat generation, and transportation fuels environmental advantages in term of energy production that lead to vast reduction in the waste stream, production of valuable byproducts, wasteland reduction and the killing of the pathogens and bacteria that cause disease as well as provision of reliability for food safety and mitigation go Green House Gas release. The process calorific content of biomass is considered less than fossil fuel, but can be more sustainable by using hybrid cogeneration biomass system for marine system. Recent global political will has provided spill in Malaysia policy to pursue production of renewable energy of modest percentage increase of 20 percent by 2020. This paper present the status of biomass, constrain and the way forward in Malaysia.

10 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

020591   Shekhar H (High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, , Pune-411 021, Email: himanshudrdo@rediffmail.com) : Stress-strain curves of aged composite solid rocket propellants. Def Sci J 2012, 62(2), 90-4.

Mechanical property evaluation of composite solid rocket propellants is used as a quick quality control tool for propellant development and production. However, stress-strain curves from uni-axial tensile testing can be utilised to assess the shelf-life of propellants also. Composite propellants (CP) of two varieties cartridge-loaded (CLCP) and case-bonded (CBCP) are utilized in rocket and missile applications. Both classes of propellants were evaluated for mechanical properties namely tensile strength, modulus and percentage elongation using specimens conforming to ASTM D638 type IV at different ageing time. Both classes of propellants show almost identical variation in various mechanical properties with time. Tensile strength increases with time for both classes of propellants and percentage elongation reduces. Initial modulus is also found to decrease with time. Tensile strength is taken as degradation criteria and it is observed that CLCP has slower degradation rate than CBCP. This is because of two facts-(i) higher initial tensile strength of CLCP (1.39 MPa) compared to CBCP (0.665 MPa) and (ii) lower degradation rate of CLCP (0.0014 MPa/day) with respect to CBCP (0.0025 MPa/day). For the studied composite propellants, a degradation criterion in the form of percentage change in tensile strength is evaluated and shelf life for different degradation criteria is tabulated for quick reference.

5 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

020590   Satyavani T V S L;Rao G S;Srinivas Kumar A; Venkateswara Rao K (Naval Science and Technological Laboratory, , Vigyan Nagar, Visakhapatnam-27, Email: tvslsatyavani@yahoo.co.in) : Electrical and thermal behaviour of Li-ion polymer cells for auxillary power supply in underwater applications. Def Sci J 2012, 62(2), 127-31.

Lithium ion polymer (Li-Po) battery technology is the latest technology for portable use and the most promising technology for exercise torpedoes. These batteries are technologically evolved from Lithium ion batteries. In this paper, extensive experimental studies on Li-Po cells which include studies on electrical characteristics during charge-discharge cycles, discharge at different C rates, self discharge throughout charge stand, temperature profiles at the cathode and anode during the discharges, etc. are reported and discussed. The extensive electrical characterisation done on these cells indicates the capability of these cells for use as auxiliary power supply in underwater weapon applications.

7 illus 9 ref

020589   Sarma J;Rajkhowa S;Sarma N;Mahiuddin S (Materials Science Div, CSIR-North-East Instiute of Science & Technology, Jorhat-785 006, Email: mahiuddin@rrljorhat.res.in) : Beneficiation of Indian iron ore slime and fines: effect of surface-active agent and specific ion effects. Sci Cult 2011, 77(11-12), 486-9.

The suspension stability in 10% slurry of iron ore fines and slime was studied by using three surface-active agents at pH 8. The AI₂O₃/Fe and Al₂O₃/SiO₂ ratios in the concentrates are appreciably reduced at the isoelectric point of hematite. The surface-active agent removes and disperses gangue minerals. Tlie hard-water flocculates particles in the dispersed phase and generates roughly clear water for reuse. The specific ion effects in the pH variation have been observed in the hematite suspension.

5 illus, 27 ref

020588   Sadawy M M;Shirinov T U;Heseinov R G (NO, Mining and Pet. Engg. Dep., Faculty of Eng., Al-Azhar Univ) : Corrosion and electrochemical behavior of martensitic-austenitic stainless steel in hydrochloric acid solutions. Int J pure appl Chem 2011, 6(3), 319-22.

Corrosion and Electrochemical behavior of martensitic-austenitic stainless steel was investigated in 0.5,1,3 and 5wt. % HC1 solutions by weight loss and electrochemical methods. The results indicated that the increase of acid concentration shifts the corrosion potential to more negative values and increasing the corrosion current. Also the results showed that this steel has a passive region in 0.5 and 1 wt. % HC1 while the passivity disappeared completely in 3 and 5wt. % HC1. On the other hand the morphology of surface after corrosion tests indicated that this type of steel suffers from pitting corrosion.

7 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

020587   Ravichandran G (Welding Research Institute, BHEL, Tiruchirappalli-620 014) : Failure analysis of aluminium oil cooler as per ASME code. WRI Jl 2012, 33(2), 5-10.

Investigation on the premature failure of aluminium oil cooler was taken up to study the root cause of failure. The oil cooler was a box type container with a cover plate welded to the box. The investigation revealed that the failure was in the weld after the cooler had been put into service. The crack was caused by the fluctuating pressure loading in the inlet side from 2 bar to 12 bar and ten such fluctuating cycles would be experienced by the weld in one hour. The investigation showed that the cover plate had been welded to the container using a partial penetration fillet weld and this has given rise to severe stress concentration on the root side of the fillet weld. To determine the stress distribution in the fillet weld, finite element method was employed. One quarter of the oil cooler was considered for analysis with 10 noded tetrahedral elements. After the assessment of the normal stress along the stress classification line, the membrane and bending components of the stress were determined. From the determined membrane and bending components, the fatigue life assessment of the aluminium weld was carried out as per the procedure given in ASME VIII code. The design fatigue cycles were evaluated for various probabilities of survival viz. 1%, 5%, 32%, 50%, 68%, 95% and 99% as given in the code. The reported fatigue lives for the component were found to lie between lower 68% prediction interval (mean - la) and upper 95% prediction interval (mean + 20λ). The details of the finite element model and the fatigue life evaluation as per ASME code are discussed in this paper.

9 illus, 3 ref

020586   Raju V R S;Gandhi O P;Deshmukh S G (NO, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: vrsraju@gmail.com) : Maintenance, repair, and overhaul performance indicators for military aircraft. Def Sci J 2012, 62(2), 83-9.

Modern day military and commercial aircraft systems are an integration of a large number of sub-systems and components. Each of these systems has different reliability characteristics and different probability distributions governing their failure rates. Space constraints and structural layout of the aircraft govern the position of each component. The accessibility, reliability, and snag diagnostic-ability determines the maintainability of the aircraft. The peculiarities involved in aircraft maintenance are discussed and performance measurement indices for O, I and D level maintenance are presented in this paper. These performance measurement indices are intended for use by aircraft maintenance managers for instituting process improvements for achieving best flight and maintenance safety records, improve operational availability of the aircraft and reduce costs.

3 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

020585   Raja A (Welding Research Institute, BHEL, Tiruchirappalli-620 014) : Automation and robotics- emerging trends. WRI Jl 2012, 33(1), 5-11.

Welding automation is approaching newer heights with the development of advanced real time sensor integrated robot welding systems. The need, concept of welding automation and the chronological developments in welding automation up the present state has been delineated. Trends in sensors and seam tracking development have also been elaborated in this paper.

5 illus, 8 ref

020584   Patel G R;Pandit A (NO, , ABB Ltd.) : Innovations for compaction of substations. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(4), 37-42.

6 illus, 1 table, 2 ref

020583   Parmar B J;Shelke V C (Water Resources Dep, , Govt. of Gujarat) : ABC of RCC dam construction: Ghatghar Dam- a case study. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(4), 25-31.

The RCC (Roller Compacted Concrete) technology of dam construction being widely used in the world at present is the technology of construction with cement, sand, gravel and additives similar to the CVC (Conventionally Vibrated Concrete) technology but with improved qualities of concrete with strength, with not only faster placement, but it is also economical. The technology is about four decades old but it is now widely accepted the world over since 1980, after exhaustive testing and trials by some countries. Now with the continued improvement in technology by testing and research, the technology has matured. The population of RCC dams is on an increase every four to five years as it is observed since 1990. Various analysis of cost and time aspects of the RCC dams already constructed, shows saving of up to 20%. Though India is one of the leading countries in population of dams already constructed and many more dams still to be constructed, the RCC technology has not been deployed to a large extent. In fact, Ghatghar dam recently (2006) constructed in Maharashtra is the first RCC dam of India. How the beneficial technology has been deployed for Ghatghar has been explained in the paper.

1 illus, 7 tables, ref

020582   Neelamegam P;Vasumathi R (Electronic and Instrumentation Engineering Dep, SASTRA Univ, Tanjore, Tamil Nadu-613 503) : Artificial neural network as a prediction tool for mild steel corrosion. Int J pure appl Chem 2011, 6(3), 369-75.

Mild steel is one of the major construction materials, which is widely used in Chemical industries for the handling of acid and alkali solutions. The corrosion behavior of Mild Steel in Hydro Chloric Acid is investigated by Mass Loss measurements method. The Rate of Corrosion for mild steel at various aqueous environments by varying Chloride ion concentration (0.1N to 0.75 N), pH (0.12 to 1) and Temperature (290K to 333K) is modeled by means of Artificial Neural Network. Fifty values of Rate of Corrosion with 3 neurons at the input are used to model the corrosion behavior of Mild Steel, using Back Propagation Algorithm Neural Network approach. The applicability of the developed Model is verified by comparing the computed results and the experimental results obtained in this study. It is found that the empirical model developed by using Neural Network seemed to have a high prediction capability of the Rate of Corrosion.

9 illus, 5 tables, 21 ref

020581   Nagalakshmi R;Kannan P R;Kavitha M (Welding Research Institute, BHEL, Tiruchirappalli-620 014) : Corrosion behaviour of nickel based super alloy Haynes 230 and its weldment. WRI Jl 2012, 33(2), 23-9.

In recent days, coal based power industries are looking for increasing the efficiency using the technology called advanced ultra supercritical technology (AUSC). This technology is based on increasing the working temperature and pressure upto 700 °C and 300 bar, respectively. Based on the working conditions of AUSC, there is a need to use newer materials viz austenitic materials like stainless steels and nickel based super alloys. In this paper, a nickel based super alloy called "Haynes 230" is taken up for studying its corrosion characteristics using GTAW process. For the GTAW process, continuous current (C-GTAW) and pulsed current mode (P-GTAW) were used. Two types of filler metals, IN 617 and IN 625 were used. The welded samples were evaluated for the corrosion properties. Corrosion behaviour was evaluated using immersion test, intergranular corrosion test and electrochemical corrosion test as per ASTM Standard.

12 illus, 10 ref

020580   Mishra S;Singal S K;Khatod D K (Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee) : Design of desilting tank for small hydropower projects- a review. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(4), 32-6.

Small Hydropower (SHP) being most reliable and environmentally benign energy technology for electricity generation plays an important role in development of a region/nation. Major portion of hydropower potential in India lies in Himalayan region. The Himalayan rivers carry large amount of sediments (silt), which are harmful for the hydro mechanical equipment of SHP. One of the important components of SHP schemes is the desilting tank, which protects the hydro mechanical equipments from the harmful silt carried by the conducting system. Desilting tanks are used on water treatment plants and hydropower channels to remove objectionable sediment of a specified size and quantity. In the present study, an attempt has been made to review the different types of model developed to evaluate different types of parameter required for the designing of desilting tank. The present review also attempts to cover the cost aspect of desilting tank. It has been found that earlier authors have developed models for design and costing of desilting tank, which can be used for planning purpose.

^iia7 illus, ref

020579   Mazumder S K (NO, , ) : Breaching of flood embankments with particular reference to Kosi & Farakka barrages in India. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(3), 34-40.

Breaching of fload embankments often cause loss of life, properties and disruption of communication systam. Breaches occurred in Kosi and Farakka flood embankments resulting in devastation in North Bihar and Malda district in West Bengal in 2008 and 1998 respectively. A brief description and purpose of Kosi and Farakka flood embankments has been made with figures showing the behavior of the respective rivers with photographs of flood damage that occurred after the breaches. Different causes for breaching of earthen flood embankment are discussed. With very little data available from breach sites, author has made an attempt to critically analyze the exact causes of breaching in Kosi and Farakka marginal flood embankments with a view to avert such catastrophe by adopting appropriate measures against such breaches in future.

7 illus, 24 ref

020578   Karar V;Saini S S;Vipin Kumar;Bajpai P P (Optical Instumentation Group, CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh-160 030, Email: vksehjal@yahoo.co.in) : Avionic cockpit display systems. Sci Cult 2012, 78(9-10), 411-15.

Strategic sector is a highly guarded area imposed with technology denial putting a challenge on indigenous developments and bring it to par-excellence. A challenge was placed in the eighties to CSIR-CSIO to develop indigenous instruments for defense sector. 70mm Aerial Panoramic Camera for MIG21 Aircraft to capture aerial pictures, Projection plotter with range bearing graticules for Kamorta class of ships for Navy were major efforts in this direction. Subsequently another big challenge was put up to CSIO to enter into state-of-art technology for avionic cockpit display systems (Head Up Display (HUD)) for Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) and Hindustan Jet Trainer (HJT36) aircraft. This system allows to display the flight information of several selectable modes in collimated form so that the pilot can view this information superimposed on his view of the outside world without having to change his line of sight or visual accommodation.

020577   Kapadia V P;Rana V M (NO, Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited, New Sachivalaya, Gandhinagar, Gujarat) : Auto-controller for interconnected canal pools of canal system of the Sardar Sarovar project, Gujarat. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(3), 44-7.

Important parameter for performance evaluation of an irrigation system is the ratio of volume of water released from the sources to that actually applied in the field. Generally in the irrigation system, the farmers and the canal operators consultatively plan out the discharges from the off-taking points so as to meet the requirements of various parts of the command area. Requirements of water in various parts of the command area keep on changing as per the type of crops, sawing time, soil types, atmospheric conditions, etc. Therefore, steady state of canal, i.e., operating a canal at a specific discharge is not practicable in real world. Control system as a means of operating a canal essentially has an objective of achieving the steady state of the canal in the shortest time duration. It does so by efficiently working out the required depth of water for a specific discharge. It also involves instantaneous decision making about controlling the gate operations at the control structures in the canal. The paper discusses the philosophy of the auto-controller developed for the interconnected pools of the canal system of the Sardar Sarovar Project, Gujarat, India which has a huge main canal of about 532 km in length and discharge 1133 m³ s^-1, a large canal system of about 75,000 km length.

7 illus, 3 ref

020576   Jha I S;AgArwal S K;Bhatnagar M C;De Bhowmick B N;Rao S B R;Usman K (NO, , Power Grid Corp of India Ltd.) : 1200 KV national test station: key issues. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(4), 9-15.

Indian power system is expanding at high rate with present installed capacity is about 1,64,000 MW comprising about 64% thermal, 23% hydro, 10% renewable and balance nuclear sources. The Planning Commission projections indicated about three (3) fold increase in peak demand over the next decade (by 2021/22) to a level of about 323,000 MW from the present level of about 119,000 MW for which total installed capacity of about 480 GW is envisaged. However optimal utilization of unevenly distributed energy resources in the country along with severe right of way issue and phase-wise development of transmission infrastructure necessitates establishment of high power transmission corridors. Towards this, a number of transmission corridors comprising 765kVAC, 1200kVAC, ± 800kV, 6000MWHVDC system have been planned/under implementation. In this paper, the major consideration for the development of 1200 kV AC system, outcome of various studies & field trials conducted so far for optimization of conductor configuration, air clearances, corona, voltage distribution on insulator strings and status of development of various equipment and transmission line material has been detailed. This paper also describes in brief the insulation coordination studies carried out and major technical parameters considered for 1200 kV equipment such as Power Transformer, Disconnector, Circuit Breaker, Surge arrestor, Instrument Transformers, etc. and design details of 1200kV Transmission line.

7 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

020575   Jain S C;Kapur P (Photonics Group, CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh-160 030, Email: sci_42@rediffmail.com) : Photonic sensors. Sci Cult 2012, 78(9-10), 416-31.

Sustained efforts have been made at CSIR-CSIO over the last several years in the area of Fiber optics based research activities resulting in infrastructure development, expertise generation and fabrication of sensors & devices. These activities include optical fiber light guide technology, fiber optic components, assemblies and instruments, optical fiber measurement and characterisation benches, fiber optic sensors, application specific fiber optic systems, fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) & long period gratings (LPGs) writing technology and associated sensors. Work has also been carried out in other related areas such as: holographic optical elements (HOEs), holographic nondestructive testing (HNDT) for defect diagnosis and restoration of precious art & cultural objects, display holography for exhibition of precious and culturally valuable objects, machine readable security holograms and holo phase mask for FBG writing. Details of the achievements made, infrastructural facilities established and current & future R & D programmes taken up in the area of Photonics are described here.