022586   Sharma P K;Singh A;Sharma N (RCERT, , Sitapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: pks011279@gmail.com) : Analysis & comparison different adders. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(7), 59-68.

Deals the construction of high speed adder circuit using Hardware Description Language (HDL) in the platform Xilinx ISE 9.2 iandimplement the monField Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to analyze the design parameters.Them otivation behind this investigation is that anadder is a very basic building block of Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and would be alimiting factor in performance of Central Processing Unit(CPU) .Design of a high speedsing lecoreprocessor is the future goal of this paper. Single coreprocessor would have many advantages over multiplecoreapproach. Task execution on asing lecore is a well unders too the process, while executionon many cores is a problem that has not yet been solved. There a reals ocomputational tasks which parallelize very badly, where asinglehigh clock rate processor would suitthem very well. Such a high speed processor needs certain components that should support high speed.The two main components of processors are the ALU and the register file. The one of the critical path with in an ALU may be the carry-chainin addition operation.

17 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

022585   Sharma P K;Singh A;Sharma M (NO, Regional College for Education Research Center, Jaipur, Email: pks011279@gmail.com ) : Wireless power transmission. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(5), 46-50.

This paper describes an original idea to eradicate the hazardous usage of electrical wires which involve lot of confusion in particularly organizing them. Imagine a future in which wireless power transfer is feasible: cell phones, household robots, mp3 players, laptop computers and other portable electronics capable of charging themselves without ever being plugged in, freeing us from that final, ubiquitous power wire. Some of these devices might not even need their bulky batteries to operate. This paper includes the techniques of transmitting power without using wires with an efficiency of about 95% with non-radiative methods. Due to which it does not effect the environment surrounding. These techniques includes the coupling consists of an inductor along with a capacitor with its own resonating frequency. In any system of coupled resonators there often exists a so-called "strongly coupled" regime of operation. If one ensures to operate in that regime in a given system, the energy transfer can be very efficient another technique includes transfer of power through microwaves using rectennas. This is particularly suitable for long range distances ranging kilometers. With this we can avoid the confusion and danger of having long, hazardous and tangled wiring. This paper as a whole gives an effective, high performance techniques which can efficiently transmit the power to the required area varying in distances and input.

11 ref

022584   Sharma M (Computer Science Dep, BBSBEC, Fatechgarh Sahib, Punjab, Email: er_meenu@rediffmail.com) : Classifier comparison for defect detection in ceramic tiles using GLCM. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(7), 11-15.

The ceramic tile manufacturing process is completely automated with the exception of visual inspection of the product (sorting stage). There are a number of methods for the automatic detection of multifarious range of ceramic tile defects and automatic sorting of them. In these methods it is necessary a trade-off between sorting accuracy and the rate of computation. Proposes a system that uses machine-vision techniques for sorting the ceramic tiles. Authors apply the GLCM for texture features extraction of ceramic tiles. As the classifier, we use Bayesian, KNN and SVM. Authors investigates the performance of all the classifiers and SVM achieves higher level of accuracy.

1 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

022583   Sharma K L;Priyadarshi N (NO, , Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Dyanamic modeling and simulation of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell using MATLAB/Simulink. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(5), 109-15.

In order to investigate the output characteristic of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) based on the electrical empirical model, a novel dynamic model of the PEMFC has been developed with MATLAB/Simulink, which is distinct from the models that have been published previously. The comprehensive results of simulation manifested that the model is effective and operational. This model will be very useful to optimize the structure design, improve the operation performance, and develop the realtime control system of PEMFC.

022582   Sharma D;Chechi R;Kalra A (ECED, HCTM Technical Campus, , Kaithal-136 027, Email: sharmaadeepika@gmail.com) : Study and analysis of channel estimation techniques in MINO OFDM system. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(7), 7-10.

A multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) communication system is used with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) modulation technique to achieve high and reliable data rate transmission over broadband wireless channels. The performance of MIMO-OFDM system is evaluated on he basis of Bit Error Rate(BER) and Mean Square rror(MSE). The correct channel estimation requires channel response of subcarriers between the pilot tones. Usually the eceived signal is distorted by channel characteristics. To recover the transmitted bits channel effects must be estimated. By orthogonality principle, each component of received subcarrier is to be expressed as product of transmitted signal and channel frequency response of subcarriers. So, the transmitted signal is recovered by estimating the channel response just at each subcarrier. Generally, data signal as well as training signal, or both , can be used for channel estimation. In this Paper, we will discuss the study and analysis of channel estimation techniques with the help of graphs plotted between power in decibels and subcarrier index .The estimation of channel estimation technique will be carried out through MATLAB simulation.

7 illus, 8 ref

022581   Shahbazi A;Radmanesh F;Akhoond-Ali A M;Sadi T (NO, Khuzestan Water and Power Authority, Ahwaz, Iran, Email: alish1980@gmail.com) : Developing a simulation model for multipurpose reservoir using system dynamic approach. Res Crop 2012, 13(1), 319-26.

Simulation is one of the most useful methods in water resources system analyzes. There is still a strong need to explore simulation techniques that not only represent complex dynamic systems in a realistic way but also allow the involvement of end users in model development to increase their confidence in the modelling process. One of these techniques is system dynamics. System dynamic models have four structural units including Levels, Flows, Connectors and Converters. These four units are applied to simulate a variety of simple to very complex systems. In this article, system dynamic approach and Vensim software have been used to simulate a multipurpose reservoir operation. Developed models have been used to evaluate the agricultural demands allocation, hydropower generation and reliability at Abolfares dam. Optimization and sensitivity analyses were used on dam operational properties. Also different dam operations and inflow scenarios were used to evaluate water resource system feedback. Results showed that reservoir could meet the environmental and agricultural demands of existing farms in 100 and 99% of simulation period accordingly. Also results indicated that regulated water by the reservoir could extend existing land upto 1300 ha by shortage of water in only 2% of whole simulation period. Simulation of energy generation as second purpose of dam showed that hydro power plant could generate monthly average of 140 mwh peak energy and 430 mwh non-peak energy.

6 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

022580   Sha C V;Shah P K (IT Engineering, SVBIT, GTU, , Email: Chintan.shah@bapugkv.ac.in) : Cloud computing security: enable by trusted computing. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(5), 63-5.

Cloud computing is a collection of resources and services offered by the Internet. Cloud services are delivered from data centers located throughout the world. Cloud computing helps its customers by providing virtual resources via the Internet. General example of cloud services is Google apps, provided by Google and Microsoft Share Point. The rapid growth in the area of "cloud computing" also increases the serious security issues. Security remained a constant problem for open systems and the Internet, when we talk about cloud security genuinely suffering Cloud service requires security measures in three domains: data storage, processing and transmission. In this paper, we are focusing on security measures required for cloud computing. We proposed a method to build a secure computing environment for the system by integrating cloud computing platform of confidence in the cloud. Authors propose a model system in which cloud computing system is combined with trusted computing platform with trusted platform module. In this model, some important security services, including authentication, confidentiality and integrity, are provided in cloud computing system.

8 ref

022579   Sethia A (NO, University of Queensland Brisbane QLD, Australia) : Software reusability process. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(6), 3-4.

This paper surveys the different approaches to software reuse found in the research literature. It uses a taxonomy to describe and compare the different approaches and make generalizations about the field of software reuse. Software is the base for a number of organizations involved in different activities around the planet, consisting on a strategic element to differentiate current products and services. Nowadays, software is embedded in a number of systems related to a wide selection of sciences and technologies, and according to Pressman [PRE01], software "will become the driver for new advances in everything from elementary education to genetic engineering". The effectiveness of a reuse technique can be evaluated in terms of cognitive distance-an intuitive gauge of the intellectual effort required to use the technique. Cognitive distance is reduced in two ways: (1) Higher level abstractions in a reuse technique reduce the effort required to go from the initial concept of a software system to representations in the reuse technique, and (2) automation reduces the effort required to go from abstractions in a reuse technique to an executable implementation. This Paper will help answer the following questions: What is software reuse? Why reuse software? What are the different approaches to reusing software? How effective are the different approaches?

2 ref

022578   Seth A (University of Queensland Brisbane, , Australia, Email: seth.queensland@gmail.com) : Refrigeration. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(7), 1-3.

Typically in hermetic, and most semi-hermetic compressors (sometimes known as accessible hermetic compressors), the compressor and motor driving the compressor are integrated, and operate within the refrigerant system. The motor is hermetic and is designed to operate, and be cooled by, the refrigerant being compressed. The obvious disadvantage of hermetic motor compressors is that the motor drive cannot be maintained in situ, and the entire compressor must be removed if a motor fails. A further disadvantage is that burnt out windings can contaminate whole refrigeration systems requiring the system to be entirely pumped down and the Refrigerant.

4 ref

022577   Senbanjo A A;Coker J O (Science Laboratory Technology (Physics Unit) Dep, , Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria, Email: jocoker20@yahoo.com) : An overview of integrated power supply system: solution to Nigeria's electricity problem. J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 268-73.

This work traces the causes of electricity problem in Nigeria to inadequate power generation. Though other militating factors such as faulty transmission and distribution systems were highlighted, the study insists that the major contributing factor to the epileptic electric power supply in the country is due to the inadequate power generation system currently in place. The study further proposes an integrated powers supply system whereby several sources of primary energy are harnessed and combined to give a robust generation system, as the solution to the epileptic power supply in the country. The study further recommends that the reactivation and repairs of the country's power transmission and distribution networks, is germane to the attainment of this goal.

2 illus, 7 tables, 9 ref

022576   Sayyad F M;Bakal J (Abdul Razzak Kalsekar Polytechnic, , Panvel-410 206, Email: faimida_sayyad@rediff.com) : Novel approach f exploring ICT for rural development. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(7), 118.

ICT Today ICT is buzz word and lots of literature is available on use of ICT. Especially use of ICT in developing countries is encouraged. From the Review of literature it is learnt that involvement of information and communication technologies (ICT) in rural development initiatives can very well be developed but are not successful. Lack of people participation, community participation, lack of an integrated approach and non-inclusion of traditional knowledge systems in the project designs are the major issues and hurdles. Here we are trying to propose the novel systems-based method and approach for design of e-Governance projects, and brief some future possibilities. The proposed framework is based on participatory approach with inclusion of relevant new knowledge system, traditional knowledge system and will have a bi-directional Citizen to Government interface as well as a feedback mechanism. The prime goal is that ICT for rural development should serve as tool to attain good-governance for drastically improving continual rural development.

022575   Sambasiva Rao B;Navada K C;Ceena S (ISTRAC, Indian Space Research Organization, Bangalore, Email: ceena@istrac.org) : Precision machining & inspection procedure established for achieving a high order orthogonality for elevation module of a high precision tracking antenna. Mfg Technol Today 2012, 11(1-2), 18-25.

Above process provided excellent results, which was verified after assembly of the entire antenna mount and during field trials at SDSC, SHAR, Sriharikotta. The process detailed above can be adapted for future applications of similar kind and may be improved further.

14 illus, 2 tables

022574   Ravinder Khatri (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Manav Rachna College of Engineering, Faridabad-121 007) : Analysis of the heat sink of a tail lamp using finite element method. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(6), 19-25.

The automotive industry today requires the change in design, lower cost and advanced features to enhance the demand of an automobile. With the invention of new designs and using the analysis methods the designers today can predict the performance of an automobile. For a tail lamp the thermal analysis has been performed on the heat sink of a tail lamp. A heat sink used in tail lamp functions to dissipate the heat generated due to continuous use of lamp. The analysis has been performed in two steps. A CATIA model of a tail lamp has been generated in the first step which is in a while imported in the HYPERMESH. Later in the analysis meshing is done on the model with the help of HYPERMESHING and after applying boundary conditions the solution report file and graph can be plotted. These report file and graphs helps in detecting the new boundary conditions validation by comparing the graph result with the standard result of 80W street lamp and 56W tail lamp. Hence the validation of the result can be shown via a comparison table.

5 illus, 2 tables, 2 ref

022573   Rana P (EE Dep, SKITM Ladrawan, Bhadurgarh, Haryana, Email: pranarohtak@gmail.com) : Damping controller. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(6), 39-42.

individual design of the UPFC controller, using the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) technique over a wide range of operating conditions, is discussed. The effectiveness and validity of the proposed controller on damping low-frequency oscillations is tested through a time-domain simulation and eigenvalue analysis under 4 loading conditions and a large disturbance.

3 ref

022572   Priyadarshi N;Sandeep Raj;Gupta U;Uday Kumar (Electrical Engineering Dep, GITS, Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Phase measurement based wide area protection with damping. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(5), 51-6.

Electricity supply industries need tools for dealing with systemwide disturbances that often cause widespread blackouts in power systems. When a major disturbance occurs, protection and control measures assume the greatest role to prevent further degradation of the system, restore the system to a normal state, and minimize the impact of the disturbance. Continuous technological development in communications and Instrumentation Technologies have promoted the utilization of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) based Wide-Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) in power system protection and control for better management of the system security through advanced control and protection strategies.

^iia1 illus, 5 ref

022571   Priyadarshi N;Joshi R R (Electrical Engineering Dep, CTAE, Udaipur) : Modelling and simulation of PV system for maximum power point tracking using MATLAB/simulink. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(5), 99-104.

Photovoltaic (PV) generation involves the direct conversion of sunlight into electrical energy. In recent years it has proved to be a cost-effective method for generating electricity with minimum environmental impact. Due to the environmental and economic benefits, PV generation is now being deployed worldwide as an embedded renewable energy source and extensive research is being performed in order to study and assess the effectiveness of PV arrays in Distributed Generation (DG) systems either as a potential energy source or as energy reserve in combination with other types of distributed energy resources. This paper presents the modelling and MATLAB simulation of a standalone polycrystalline PV Array system and investigates load following performance efficiency under various loading and weather conditions as well as suitability with regard to enhancing power supply reliability to critical loads. The modelling of the PV array that has been performed in this research using MATLAB Simulink is based on the calculation of parameters for the Thevenin's equivalent circuit of each cell of the array.

022570   Pardeep Kumar (NO, , ) : Thermosolutal instability of partially ionized plasma in porous medium in presence of finite larmor radius and hall currents effect. J expl appl Mech 2012, 3(1), (NULL).

Effects of finite Larmor radius (FLR), collisions, and Hall currents are investigated on thermosolutal instability of a partially ionized plasma in porous medium in the presence of a uniform vertical magnetic field. In the case of stationary convection, finite Larmor radius, Hall currents, medium permeability and magnetic field may have stabilizing or destabilizing effects but for a certain wave number range, FLR, magnetic field and Hall currents have stabilizing effect only. The stable solute gradient always has a stabilizing effect on the system whereas collisional effects disappear in the case of stationary convection. It is found that the presence of each-magnetic field, FLR, Hall currents and collisions introduces oscillatory modes which were, otherwise, non-existent.

022569   Pandya N;Sharma T (NO, Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu Institute of Technology, Vasan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, Email: nitin.pandya@bapugkv.ac.in) : Design and implementation of optimized light-weight communication system in grid. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(5), 105-8.

The advantage of high performance networks in conjunction with low-cost, powerful computational machines have made possible the development of a new set of technologies termed "computational grids". These technologies are making possible the creation of very large-scale distributed computing systems by interconnecting geographically distributed computational resources via very high-performance networks. This provides tremendous computational power that can be brought to bear on large-scale problems in several domains. In many problems remain before Grid computing can reach its full potential. One particularly difficult issue is that of utilizing fully the available bandwidth while being in some sense fair to competing traffic flows. It has been widely demonstrated that TCP, the communication protocol of choice for most distributed application, often performs quite poorly in the emerging high-bandwidth high-delay network environments. This has led to significant research on the development of user-level applications that can circumvent some of the performance problems inherent in TCP.

022568   Panchariya R;Goswami S;Karim A;Bhatia A (EIC Dep, Engineering College, Bikaner, Rajasthan) : Artificial neural networks. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(6), 10-2.

Artificial neural networks can also be used for the purpose of image compression and have shown their superiority over classical methods. This paper describes an image compression scheme using back-propagation networks. And results have been recorded using different transfer functions combinations on different test images for PSNR and MSE.

3 ref

022567   Olakunle Coker J;Abdulrahaman Ogunji B (Science Laboratory Technology (Physics Unit) Dep, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria, Email: cokerclara@yahoo.com) : Design and construction of an inverter using solar cell as a source of charger. J appl nat Sci 2013, 5(1), 30-6.

The present study is basically on electricity generation in which solar cell or module is used to power an inverter. This can also be called photovoltaic system, because it consists of solar modules, solar charge controller, 24V.d.c battery and an inverter. Solar modules serve as source of charger through solar charge controller to the battery and inverter are used in converting the direct current into an alternating current for the domestic appliance. This study is very useful in electricity generation especially in a developing country such as Nigeria where there is epileptic power supply. It-'s use is far better than generating set because it needs less maintenance, it does not use fuel, it is not heavy, it is rugged, it does not need an alternating current for its charging and it is noiseless.

4 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

022566   Nidhi Dhanda (NO, Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Engineering College, Punjab, Email: dhanda.nidhi@gmail.com) : Enhancing performance of internet business tools using multi-agent system. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(5), 15-9.

As the complexity of real-world applications increases, particularly with the advent of the Internet, there is a need to incorporate organizational abstractions into computing systems that ease their design, development, and maintenance. The advent of Multi-agent systems has brought together many disciplines in an effort to build distributed, intelligent, and robust applications. They have given us a new way to look at distributed systems and provided a path to more robust intelligent applications. In this paper it is presented a preliminary research work that involves the development of the Internet Business tool through Multi-agent system for E-commerce applications taken place online transactions. Authors focus on the architecture of the multiagent systems.

3 illus, 17 ref

022565   Neeraj Priyadarshi;Joshi R R (Electrical Engineering Dep, CTAE, Udaipur) : Research of integrated inverter structure for grid connected photovoltaic system with maximum power tracking. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(5), 86-91.

An inverter for grid-connected photovoltaic systems is presented in this paper. It can globally locate the maximum power point of the panel over wide insulation and feed the solar energy to the grid. Its structure mainly integrates a previously developed maximum point tracking method and output current shaping function into a buck-boost-derived converter and then inverts the shaped current through a grid frequency bridge to the grid. Instead of having a storage capacitor connecting in parallel with the converter output, series connection is used, so that the required capacitor voltage rating is lower than that in classical inverters. Most importantly, the inverter output current harmonics are less sensitive to the capacitor value. The tracking capability, inversion efficiency, and large-signal responses at different insulations have been investigated. Detailed analysis on the inverter performance has been performed.

022564   Neeraj Priyadarshi (Electrical Engineering Dep, CTAE, Udaipur) : Control strategy for single phase, sinusoidal PWM converter using PI-controller. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(5), 66-71.

This paper presented a control strategy for fixed pattern rectifier. Single-phase, sinusoidal, active rectifier is presented, based on the classical inverter topology. The switches are governed by a fixed PWM pattern, and the control strategy is extremely simplified as compared with many active rectifiers. General Feedback control techniques are commonly used nowadays in single-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) converters to improve the AC current waveform and the power factor. Simulations were obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation and hardware results proved that the control scheme have the advantages of better static and dynamic characteristics, small overshoot of the system response, rapid dynamic response and good robustness.

022563   Mustafa M M;Chhanda N J;Razzaque M (NO, , ) : Parametric analysis of oscillating squeeze film using a New dimensionless parameter. J expl appl Mech 2012, 3(2-3), (NULL).

comprehensive mathematical model has been established including a new dimensionless parameter ê to investigate the effects of surface roughness and permeability of rubber block on leakage flow rate and hydrodynamic force generated in fluid film between annular porous rubber block and oscillating annular rigid block. The modified Reynolds equation, Laplace equation and governing equation for three-parameter viscoelastic model are solved simultaneously to obtain pressure developed in fluid film between the mating surfaces as well as in the porous matrix. It is seen that with the increasing standard deviation of surface height of rubber block, hydrodynamic force developed in thin fluid film increases whereas leakage flow rate decreases. Combined effect of permeability of rubber block and frequency of oscillation on hydrodynamic force and leakage flow rate has also been studied. Based on the present analysis it can be suggested that surface roughness of rubber block is advantageous for wet clutches, bearings, non-contacting face seals due to good load bearing capacity and optimal selection of permeable rubber material is necessary in engineering applications.

022562   Musiafa M;Chhanda N J;Salam Akanda M A (NO, , ) : New numerical method for the analysis of stress concentration in tension specimen. J expl appl Mech 2012, 3(1), (NULL).

Analyzing the stress concentration in the critical region of a mixed boundary value elastic problem has always been an important area of interest in applied mechanics. In most of the cases, the problems were circumvented using a numerical solution. A numerical approach has been used to solve elastic problems of arbitrary shaped bodies subjected to mixed boundary conditions. The formulation of displacement potential function is used in finite difference method to determine the stress concentration factors in the critical point of fillet region of tension specimen. In this paper, ASTM D 638 type I, II, III, IV and specimens of other proposed dimensions are analyzed. A relationship between stress concentration factor and width-fillet ratio (w/r) has been established. It is also observed that width ratio (W/w) has no effect on stress concentration factor for higher fillet radius. But for lower fillet radius, width ratio has significant effect on stress concentration factor. It is suggested that single arc tension specimen (ASTM D 638 type I, II, and III) can be used instead of double arc specimen (ASTM D 638 type IV) since complicated geometry of double arc tension specimen cannot help to reduce stress concentration in the specimen during tensile test. The results obtained have been presented graphically and are in good agreement with the available results in the literature.

022561   Mohammad Ashraf;Mohammad Javed;Amjad Naseer (Civil Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan, Email: mjaved@nwdfpuet.edu.pk) : Mechanics based analytical model for evaluating the seismic performance of unreinforced masonry building retrofitted with wire mesh. Recent Trends Civil Engng Technol 2013, 4(1), 1-7.

Mechanics based analytical model employing the results of experimental work is proposed for the seismic performance evaluation of low-rise unreinforced masonry buildings reinforced with steel welded wire mesh. The model is based on rigid diaphragm and weak pier-strong spandrel concept, i.e. the damages occurs in piers and spandrels remain fully elastic. Two types of failure criteria's, namely, flexural failure and shear failure were considered. Lateral force-deformation curves are defined for both flexural and shear-critical piers and capacity curve of a building is developed by superimposing the capacity curves of the piers. The proposed model was found to be in good agreement when compared with experimental results and FEMA-356 criteria.

5 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

022560   Moazed H;Farasati M;Ghamarneia H (Water Science Engineering daculty, Shahid Chamran Univ, Ahvaz, Iran, Email: farasati2760@gmail.com) : Dispersivity of chlorine through medium and coarse grained soil materials. Res Crop 2012, 13(1), 327-33.

Dispersivity is an important property of a porous medium and Advection-Dispersion Equation (ADE). It is used in solving problems related to pollutants migration by groundwater. In the present study, the dependence of dispersivity on the thickness and texture of the aquifer materials has been investigated. The physical model used in the study consisted of a cylindrical Plexiglas tank with inner diameter of 72 cm and 130 cm height. Sodium chloride with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 35 dS/m was selected as conservative pollutant. The porous media used consisted of homogenous coarse and medium sand particles. The textures of soils consisted of medium sand particles and medium sand particles with 10, 20 and 30% (by weight) of coarse sand designated by T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄, respectively. Results of the study indicated that : (1) the dispersivity values obtained for T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄ media with thicknesses of 15 to 120 cm were in the range of 0.17 to 1.45, 0.46 to 4.05 cm, 0.85 to 3.6 and 1.6 to 4.6 cm, respectively, and the mean dispersivity values obtained for aquifers were in the range of 0.77 to 3.6 cm, (2) the dispersivity of sandy porous medium was dependent on the particle size, and (3) in homogeneous sandy aquifers with coarse and medium sand particles, the dispersivity value was dependent on the aquifer thickness.

3 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

022559   Mishra L K;Birda R K;Mathur R;Sharma V J (ME Dep, PSIT, Bhauti, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh) : Heat transfer enhancement using modified vortex generator. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(5), 116-20.

Experimental study of heat transfer enhancement is performed in smooth circular tuber then same performed in smooth circular tube fitted with insert. The Reynolds number is varied in the range of 8,000 to 17,000. The objective of this Project work is to analyses heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop in a tube fitted with the insert. The experimentations was firstly carried out on the smooth circular pipe and heat transfer augmentation were recorded and then the insert are fitted in the same pipe and then again the heat transfer augmentation is recorded and then both of them is compared. The heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop in tubes with inserts to generate vortex are presented. All of the experiments are carried out at the same Reynolds number, in a range of 8,000 to 17,000.

022558   Manjot Kaur (NO, Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Engineering College, Punjab, Email: manjot.mini@gmail.com) : Inventory cost optimization in supply chain system through case-based reasoning. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(5), 20-3.

Under the mode of the supply chain management, the inventory is always the biggest obstacle. The inventory not only influences the integrated cost of a single enterprise, but also restricts the performance of the whole supply chain. The past single enterprise inventory management approach already cannot adapt the request of the supply chain management. However, the simulation approach is not an optimization approach and it cannot provide the optimal solution or the satisfactory solution of the problem. So the simulation is combined with the optimization to form the simulation-based optimization (SBO) approach, which can achieve the system optimization in a real sense. In this paper, case-based reasoning approach is being applied to optimize the inventory cost in supply chain system. The solutions are stored for future use for this purpose.

2 illus, 15 ref

022557   Malviya A;Dipika Kaur (Engineering Chemistry Dep, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal, Email: art_7920@yahoo.co.in) : Removal of toxic azo dyes from wastewater using bottom ash- equilibrium isothermal modeling. Oriental J Chem 2012, 28(2), 955-61.

This article describes the use of a power plant waste-Bottom Ash, as effective adsorbent for the removal of toxic Azo dyes Carmoisine and Chrysoidine Y from their aqueous solution. The paper incorporates comparative study and discussion of the adsorption characteristics of these dyes on the economically effective adsorbent with special emphasis on the effects of time and temperature. The characterizations of the adsorbent have been carried out by standard analytical techniques. The adsorption behavior of the dyes has been studied using some well-known Isotherms like Freundlich, Langmuir, Tempkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption isotherm models. The experimental results confirmed that both the dyes were potentially adsorbed by the power plant waste.

4 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

022556   Levenberg E (Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute ofTechnology, Technion City, Haifa-32000, Israel, Email: elevenbe@technion.ac.il) : Direct estimation of air void content from gyratory compaction history. Recent Trends Civil Engng Technol 2013, 4(1), 14-20.

computational approach is offered and explored for estimating the air void content of asphalt mixtures densified in the Superpave gyratory compactor. It entails fitting a sigmoidal function to the compaction history records of specimen height vs. gyration level. The compaction progress is then extrapolated mathematically to infinite number of gyrations for which the air void content is theoretically zero. The fitted densification curve is then used to estimate the air void content at any finite gyration level of interest. Different asphalt mixtures consisting of both dense and coarse aggregate gradations are compacted to assess the approach. At this point of development, based on comparison with measured air void contents, acceptable estimations are obtained only for dense-graded mixes. It is envisioned that the ideas proposed herein will be programmed into future gyratory equipment to provide operators with an estimated air void content immediately after compaction.

4 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

022555   Kumud;Gupta D V (NO, , ) : Thermal effect on vibration of non-homogeneous parallelogram plate of linearly varying thickness. J expl appl Mech 2013, 4(1), 8-14.

In this paper, free vibration of non-homogeneous parallelogram plate of linearly varying thickness subjected to a linear temperature distribution along the length of the plate has been studied. Thermal Induced vibration of such plates has been taken as one dimensional temperature distribution in linear from only. The Rayleigh-Ritz technique has been used to determine the frequencies equation of the plate. The frequencies corresponding to the first two modes of vibration has been computed for a clamped parallelogram plate for different values of non-homogeneity constant, aspect ratio, thermal constant, thickness variation constant and skew angle.

022554   Kohli N K;Patel L K (Mechanical Engg Dep, JJT University, Rajasthan, Email: navinkkohli@gmail.com) : Performance of wind turbine. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(7), 77-9.

The primary application of wind turbines is to extract energy from the wind. Thus, the aerodynamics is a very important aspect of wind turbines and aerodynamics of one wind turbine to the other can be very different. There performance varies from turbine characteristics. The traditional method of measuring wind turbine performance under laboratory conditions in ideal circumstances always tend to be optimistic & hardly reflect how the turbine actually behaves in actual. Real performance affected by local wind conditions, nearby obstructions, power demand profiles and a range of other factors. The wind turbine characteristics are Rotor diameter, Mean wind speed, Cut in speed, Cut out speed, Turbine efficiency and Weibull shape parameter. There is deterioration in performance with time due to wear and tear. What is important is how the turbine reacts and actually delivers power on site. Without proper data this can be very subjective and a matter of personal opinion. These characteristics are discussed in reference to performance of wind turbine in this paper.

6 ref

022553   Kiran M B;Ramakrishna H;Kuppahalli P (NO, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Bangalore, Email: kiranm.bhaskar@gmail.com) : Evolution of surface roughness characterization. Mfg Technol Today 2012, 11(1-2), 11-7.

Evaluation of surface roughness of machined surfaces is useful in predicting the functional performance of the components. This will also help in providing evidence of fore-warnings of functional disasters. The objective of this paper is to present our research findings in the area of surface texture characterization so as to create a platform for further research in the field of surface metrology. An attempt is also made to show how the focus on surface roughness is shifting from profile to areal characterization and also to highlight the challenges faced in the surface texture characterization.

1 illus, 20 ref

022552   Kapsepatil A (NO, Pillai's Institute of Information Technology, New Panvel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, Email: asmitakapsepatil@gmail.com) : Visual cryptography for color image using color models. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(5), 7-9.

This paper shows the study of color visual cryptography. It provides a review on color models which is used in the concept of color visual cryptography.

4 illus, 1 table, 2 ref

022551   Kakhani M (Faculty of Engineering and Technology, MITSA University, Laxmangarh, Sikar, Rajasthan, Email: manishkakhani@gmail.com) : Novel adaptive spatio-temporal thresholding policy for background subtraction algorithms. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(5), 24-8.

Automatic segmentation of foreground from background in video sequences has attracted lots of attention in computer vision. A commonly used technique is background subtraction. In background subtraction technique, each frame is compared against the background model or reference frame. If the difference is greater than given threshold, than it is considered to be foreground otherwise it is background. A thresholding policy plays a critical role in identifying foreground object in a video sequence. In this paper, author proposed a new thresholding policy that uses spatial and temporal information of input video sequence for foreground detection. Thresholding policy embedded with the existing algorithms and results shows significant improvement in foreground detection by existing algorithms.

4 illus, 10 ref

022550   Kadirvel A;Hariharan P (NO, RMK Engg College, Kavaraipettai, Thiruvellur (Dist), Tamil Nadu, Email: kadirvel77@gmail.com) : Circularity analysis in micro electrical discharge machining of EN- 24 die steel. Mfg Technol Today 2012, 11(1-2), 29-34.

Demand for micro-products and components has been rapidly increasing in electronics, optics, medicine, biotechnology, automotive, communications and avionics industries. Introduction of micro electronics and related technologies brought quantum change in products and applications. The miniaturized products demand innovative manufacturing methods. Micro-EDM is one of the most powerful technologies which are capable of fabricating micro-structure. In this work, EN-24 die steel as workpiece, Cu and CuW as electrodes of 250μm diameter are used to drill blind holes of 500μm depth. The comparative analysis of circularity of holes machined by micro-EDM and Heat affected zone are presented.

11 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

022549   Jitender (ME Dep, SKITM Ladrawan, Bhadurgarh, Haryana, Email: Smilewithmejitender@gmail.com) : Electric utilities in renwable energy. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(6), 26-30.

3 ref

022548   Jindal N;Surmeet Kaur;Puneet Kumar;Arora N (NO, , ) : Forest sort: implementation and performance analysis. Res Rev: J embedded syst Applic 2013, 1(1), 19-23.

A new technique has been introduced for sorting a large number of data set. Technique is known as Forest sort. It comprises of 3 steps- (1) a forest of binary trees has been made using hashing (2) In order traversal of each tree has been carried out concurrently (3) Merge sort has been applied to the resulting lists in (2) in a concurrent manner. A comparison has also been made with Quick Sort and in order Binary Sort. Results have proved that the performance of forest sort is far better.

10 ref

022547   Jeelani S A K;Al-Dosary A S;Karthikeyan J (Civil Engineering Dep, SV University College of Engineering, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, Email: akjeelani@gmail.com) : Empirical evaluation of performance of construction management at-risk (CM at-Risk) project delivery system with and without agency-CM. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2013, 3(1), 13-25.

project delivery system is a comprehensive process of assigning the contractual responsibilities for designing and constructing a project. Design-Bid-Build (D-B-B), Design-Build (D-B), and Construction Management at risk (CM-at-Risk) are the three principal project delivery systems. Agency CM is as a construction management system, and is a way to manage the process of construction. Agency-CM doesn't take any performance risk in guaranteeing project cost, project schedule and project quality. Generally Agency CM is remunerated on monthly fee, lump sum fee or by the percentage of the project cost that has conflict of interest with the final project schedule and final project cost. Considerable amount of fee is paid to the Agency CM in order to improve the efficiency of the project. This necessitates a comprehensive investigation in to the performance of projects delivered with Agency CM and projects delivered without Agency CM. Agency-CM can be used with any type of Project Delivery system. This study is intended to evaluate the project performance metrics such as Project Cost, Project Schedule and Project Quality in Projects where CM -at - Risk Project Delivery System was used with Agency CM and Projects and where CM-at-Risk Project Delivery System was used without Agency CM. The study included literature review, designing a questionnaire, collecting data from 200 CM-at-Risk projects of which 100 projects where Agency CM was used and 100 projects where Agency CM was not used. Analysis of data pertaining to project performance metrics was done by using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) statistical software. An understanding of this study may help an owner/client better select the most suitable Project Delivery System between the CM-at-Risk Project Delivery System with Agency CM and CM-at-Risk Project Delivery system without Agency CM.

18 illus, 6 tables, 29 ref

022546   Jatain D;Manoj Kumar (NO, CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, Pilani, Rajasthan, Email: divya.jatain.88@gmail.com) : FEM based optimization of microstructure membranes. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(5), 10-4.

Membranes are the most fragile part of microstructures which can face ductile failure if the thickness of a membrane is not capable of handling the pressure exerted on it during fabrication. This work presents the method for optimizing thin applications such as micro-heaters and thermoelectric devices. Membrane width and thickness plays a major role in deciding its capability for handling stress. The work compares the different sized membranes to optimize the dimensions against the load exerted during lithography process for a thermoelectric device structure. Analysis is done for membrane widths ranging from 200æm to 600æm at a thickness level ranging from 10æm to 90æm. Value of applied load is taken as 80000N/m2 as obtained from SUSS Micro-Tec Lithography process which exerts a pressure of 0.8bar on target structure. The wider membranes (~600æm) with less thickness (~30æm) are found highly stressed. For successful fabrication and operation of a device it is necessary that before moving to the fabrication stage, the proposed micro-structure device must be analyzed and optimized by structural modeling to avoid any kind of undesirable deformation or ductile failure.

4 illus, 3 ref

022545   Jaiswal C;Soni B P (Electrical Engineering, , Career Point Technical Campus, Rajsamand, Rajasthan, Email: er.bpsoni2011@gmail.com) : Improvement in power transmission capability by using facts devices. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(7), 113-17.

In this paper contains the study of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) equipment operation in transmission systems. In the present scenario the demand for electrical energy has increased manifold. This has led to the facing of power transmission limitation crisis by energy transmission systems. The limitations occur due to maintaining a balance between supplying the allowed level of voltage and maintaining stability of the system. Due to the power crisis the FACTS devices play a crucial role in the present scenario. In energy transmission systems FACTS are effective equipments on power control. They help facilitating the improvement in power transmission capability while minimising the transmission losses and impact on the environment. They also aid in the improvement of power quality while maintaining the stability of the system.

4 illus, 2 table, 19 ref

022544   Islam N;Alam M Z;Mahmud M M (NO, , Bangladesh, Email: naz87lKuet@yahoo.com) : Determination of well loss and aquifer loss of new construction deep water well at Artesian aquifer in Khulna city, Bangladesh. Recent Trends Civil Engng Technol 2013, 4(1), 8-13.

Studied the performance of water well installed as artesian aquifer in South Western Region of Bangladesh. The main activities were known to the properties of aquifer condition on that area. Well performance was also measured after development of water well. The well performance and aquifer performance were justified by Rorabaugh's graphical methods. The total depth of drilling was 305 m from the ground level. Drilling was completed by Hydraulic Rotary Drilling Machine. The method of drilling was Reverse circulation drilling method. Well performance is important for water well business industries because performance of a well depends on the service period i.e., for how much time the pumpwill run for extraction of water. Similarly aquifer performance is another important function for water well business industry.

6 illus, 5 tables, 6 ref

022543   Hosseinzadeh H;Sadeghi M (Chemistry Dep, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran, Email: h_hoseinzadeh@pnu.ac.ir) : Preparation and swelling behaviour of carboxymethylcellulose-g- poly(sodium acrylate)/kaolin super absorbent hydrogel composites. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(1), 85-8.

A novel biopolymer-based superabsorbent hydrogel composite based on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) has been prepared via graft copolymerization of acrylic acid in the presence of kaolin powder using methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent and ammonium persulfate as an initiator. The synthetic variables i.e. acrylic acid, methylenebisacrylamide and ammonium persulfate concentration, as well as the kaolin amount affecting on water absorbency of the resulted superabsorbent composite were studied. Evidence of grafting and kaolin interaction was obtained by comparison of FTIR spectra of initial substrates and superabsorbent composite. The effect of various salt media and solutions with different pHs on the swelling of the super absorbent was also studied.

6 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

022542   Hosseini A;Hosseini M;Ahmadi A (Mecvhanical Engineering-School of Information Technology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, Email: hossini.ahmadi.in@gmail.com) : Impact loading and perforation of plates for development of armor shells - a numerical analysis. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(7), 73-6.

The occurrence of failure after the interaction between the penetrator and mild steel is investigated. The focus on parameters and the types of damage envisaged. The impact was performed at a velocity ranging from 30-830 m/s and the overall numerical analysis was carried out using LS-Dyna software. The overall microstructure of the steel was under heavy impact which caused the adiabatic shear bands in the region close to the direction of penetration. Main failure observed was ductile deformation followed by cleavage after the impact. Cracks due to adiabatic shear band and formation of abrasive wear were seen during the simulation. The perforation mode of the steel was at zero degree and with different velocities from a fixed distance. Three types of damages of plate were mainly identified and the parameters influencing them like velocity and the angle of impact are discussed from the energy point of view.

6 illus, 23 ref

022541   Hosseini A;Hosseini M;Ahmadi A (Mechanical Engineering School of Information Technology Dep, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, Email: hosseini.ahmadi.in@gmail.com ) : New analysis for response of laminated composite skew plates under step loading. Engng Technol India 2012, 1(7), 69-72.

Dynamic analysis of the laminated composite skew plates with all edges clamped subjected to uniform step loading is presented in this work. The displacement field assumed is in accordance with the HSDT. The skew plate in physical domain is transformed into square plate in computational domain. Finite Double Chebyshev polynomial and Houbolt time marching scheme has been employed for spatial and temporal discretezitation respectively.

2 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

022540   Gupta S (Civil Engg Dep, Mewar University Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, Email: sangupta43@gmail.com) : Diagnosis and repair of deteriorated concrete structures. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2013, 3(1), 7-12.

In India, we come across many old buildings needing major repairs or go early in to a state of dilapidation condition to make them unfit for occupation. The premature deterioration of structure is an economic burden not only on owners but also to the municipalities' and nation as a whole. The longer life of structures enables better utilization of natural resources. Reduction in waste due to demolition enhances energy conservation. Such philosophy will be in harmony with the environment and help in achieving sustainability of system. It would also lead to benchmark standards of maintenance and upkeep of buildings. Of course, the buildings/structures should also be appropriately designed for resistance to natural disasters like earthquakes, cyclones, floods etc. This premature deterioration is largely due to poor construction or inappropriate design and/or neglect of timely repairs. Proper understanding of the probable causes of poor performance or faster deterioration of buildings especially concrete structures which constitutes a major part of the structures constructed till date is essential, so that precautionary measures can be taken by the designers, constructors, consultants and the owners. The details of the process, steps and the common methodology in the diagnosis and repair of deteriorated concrete structures are given here

4 illus,, 4 ref

022539   Gupta A K;Sharma P (NO, , ) : Thermal effect on frequencies of non-homogeneous trapezoidal plate with linearly varying thickness in one direction and linearly varying density in other direction. J expl appl Mech 2012, 3(2-3), (NULL).

In this study thermal effect on vibrations of non homogeneous trapezoidal plate has been investigated whose thickness varies linearly in one direction and density varies linearly in other direction. Governing differential equation has been derived using classical plate theory. Rayleigh-Ritz method is applied to obtain the frequencies for the first two modes of vibration. Clamped-Simply supported-Clamped-Simply supported boundary condition is considered with two term deflection function. Effect of various plate parameters such as non-homogeneity, aspect ratios, thermal gradient and taper constant have been studied. Results are shown in tabular form. The obtained results have been compared with the published paper of the authors shows a very well agreement together.

022538   Gupta A K;Jain M (NO, , ) : Thermal gradient effect on frequencies of a rectangular plate of varying thickness in both directions. J expl appl Mech 2013, 4(1), 15-20.

An analysis and numerical results are presented for frequencies of rectangular plates of non-linear thickness variation in x-direction and linearly in y-direction with linearly temperature distribution on the basis of classical plate theory. An approximate but quiet convenient frequency equation is derived by using Rayleigh-Ritz technique with a two term deflection function. Effect of the thermal gradient together with taper constants on the natural frequencies of vibration a clamped rectangular plate is illustrated for the first two modes of vibration. The results have been presented in tabular forms

022537   Ghugal Y M;George J T (NO, , ) : Bidirectional bending of laminated plates using trigonometric shear deformation theory. J expl appl Mech 2013, 4(1), 1-7.

Bidirectional bending analysis of symmetric cross-ply laminated plates using trigonometric shear deformation theory is presented. Theory takes into account of transverse shear deformation effect without transverse strain effect. Theory uses sinusoidal function in the displacement field in terms of thickness coordinate to include shear deformation effects. It has only three variables. It is to be noted that the present theory satisfies the constitutive relations in respect of transverse shear strain and stress. The transverse shear stress can be obtained directly from constitutive relation, satisfying the shear stress free boundary conditions at top and bottom surfaces of the plate. Hence, the theory requires no shear factor. Using principle of virtual work, governing equations and boundary conditions of the theory are obtained. The results from closed-form solution obtained for inplane and transverse displacements; and bending and shear stresses for plates subjected to sinusoidal load and uniformly distributed load are presented in this paper. The results are compared with those of other higher order plate theories and exact elasticity solutions to validate the accuracy of the theory.

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