024783   Yadav M;Sharma U (Applied Chemistry Dep, ISM, Dhanbad-826 004, Jharkhand, Email: yadav_drmahendra@yahoo.co.in) : Eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors for N80 steel in hydrochloride acid. J Mater metall Engng 2012, 2(2), 12-24.

Important method of protecting metallic materials against deterioration due to acid corrosion is by the use of corrosion inhibitors. In the investigation, corrosion inhibition study of two compounds, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-ethylimidazoline(Inh I) and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-decylimidazoline (Inh II) have been performed for oil-well tubular steel (N80) in 15% HCl using weight loss, electrochemical polarisation, AC impedance and SEM. The inhibition efficiencies of the inhibitors follow the sequence, Inh II<62> Inh I. The results showed that inhibition efficiency of all inhibitors increased with increase in their concentration in 15% HCl solution. Both inhibitors act as mixed inhibitors and obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The corrosion inhibition mechanism follows the adsorption phenomenon.

4 illus, 4 tables, 32 ref

024782   Yadav B S (NO, JJT Univ, Chudela, Jhunjhunu) : Electronic business security model (EBSM). Int J latest Technol Mgmt appl Sci 2012, 1(8), 19-26.

E-business is a powerful tool for business transformation to 21st century that allows companies to enhance their supply chain operation reach new market and improve services for customers as well as for providers. The development and improvement of technologies have brought success towards e-business. High technologies attracted people misuse the technologies such as hackers and cybercrime which they can access to e-business privacy easily. This article examines the issues related to the security of the assets and transactions in the e-business components and activities. Since a large business community is involved and public money at large invested in business, role of information security and privacy is not blown up in this kind of business. This article identifies the need of security, essential components of security and their importance to protect e-business from threats. Thus e-business companies should built security circle around business entity. Company should built security and trust to protect e-business customers which in turn will improve e-business prospective. This paper undertake descriptive study on security threats determining the quantum of risk of security threats on e-business and develop a model of total security for secure business transaction using e-business platform.

1 illus, 7 ref

024781   Wesley S B;Goyal S C;Mishra S C (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad-211 004, Email: sunilwesley@rediffmail.com) : Corrosion behavior of ferritic steel, austenitic steel and low carbon steel grades in sugarcane juice. J Mater metall Engng 2012, 2(1), 9-22.

Objective of the study is to evaluate the corrosion behavior of ferritic grade AISI 444 and to compare its performance with the austenitic grade AISI 304 and low carbon steel AISI 1010 in the corrosive medium of raw sugarcane juice. General corrosion and pitting behavior of AISI 444, AISI 304 and AISI 1010 steels in sugarcane juice was investigated using traditional weight loss method and cyclic polarisation scan. Crevice corrosion tests were also conducted, as per ASTM standard G 78. It is observed that the corrosion performance of AISI 444 as compared to AISI is for superior and comparable to that of AISI 304 grade steel.

6 illus, 11 ref

024780   Thakur S R;Ali H;Hota K (NO, Tata Steel-West Bokaro Div, Bench Mark Mining Industry) : Showcase of modern technology backed by innovative systems and approach. SGAT Bull 2012, 13(1), 47-53.

8 illus, ref

024779   Sood Y R;Sharma N K (NO, EED, N.I.T., Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, Email: yrsood@gmail.com) : Assessment of restructured Indian power sector: availability, demand and shortage. Trends electl Engng 2013, 3(2), 6-14.

The Indian power sector has undergone significant changes since 1990 by opening gateway for the independent power producers. Power planning will play an important role in the successful power reform. It is essential for India economy growth. Only a financially and commercially sound power sector can attract new investments. India ranks fifth in the world in total energy consumption and needs to accelerate the development of the sector to meet its growth aspirations. The electricity market is undergoing a tremendous transformation not only in India but throughout the world as it move towards a more competitive environment. Five different ministries have structurally handled the Indian energy sector and power is a concurrent subject of both the central government and the states. India had also cross 28 GW milestone installed grid connected renewable energy capacity. For renewable development in India, the renewable energy program has been in existence for more than three decades, but a market for renewable energy technologies still need to be exists. The country is aiming to achieve up to 20% of additional installed capacity to be set up till 2020 to come from Renewable Energy Sources (RES). In this paper, efforts have been made to summarize the availability, demand, shortage, and current assessment of restructured Indian power sector and strategies of renewable energy options in Indian competitive electricity market.

8 illus, 19 ref

024778   Sharma R;Raghu Shant J;Pandey B K;Goyal R K; Kathayat T S (Operations-PBM, Welspun Corp Ltd, Welspun City, Dist. Kutch, Gujarat, Email: raghu_shant@welspun.com) : Effect of hot induction process on bend properties. J Mater metall Engng 2012, 2(2), 25-32.

Disscusses about the effect of processing speed and water flow rate on the mechanical properties of the hot induction bending of grade API5LX70 for the bending angle of 30°. Water flow rate & speed of the bending machine were varied to optimise the process parameters with respect to mechanical properties.

6 illus, 5 tables, 2 ref

024777   Sellakumar S;Vijayakumar M (NO, Sathyabama Univ, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: sellakumarin@gmail.com) : HCC based hybrid shunt active filter to reduce the harmonics due to switching surges. Trends electl Engng 2013, 3(2), 15-9.

This paper deals with the hysteresis current control based hybrid shunt active filter to reduce the harmonics produced by frequent switching of industrial loads in distribution system. The main harmonic sources of distribution lines are the non linear loads and frequent switching of industrial loads. The harmonics due to non linear loads can be controlled by passive filters. The switching surges are dynamic and its magnitude dies out quickly. Hence the harmonics due to these phenomena requires an attention. The switching of loads produces voltage sag and swells which leads to harmonics in the lines. The proposed dampening system is fully characterized by series L, shunt C and shunt DC link connected through 3-phase active filter. The disturbances in the supply voltage and load current due to the switching surges are observed in the simulation. The same is studied after connecting the designed active filter to the line. The simulation results obtained from the proposed method proves that it gives comparatively better THD value.

5 llus, 5 ref

024776   Saini P (NO, Lords Institute of Technology for Womens, Alwar, Rajasthan) : Delay differential equations methods. Int J latest Technol Mgmt appl Sci 2012, 1(8), 15-8.

In this paper, authors propose numerical method to solve singularly perturbed delay differential equations which works smoothly in both the cases, i.e., whether the delay is of O(ε) or of O(ε). The numerical method uses the modified upwind finite difference scheme on a special type of mesh to tackle the delay argument. The stability and error analysis is given for in both the cases, when the sign of the coefficient of the reaction term is negative or positive. To demonstrate the efficiency of the method and how to discuss the size of the delay argument affects the layer behaviour we have implemented it on several test examples.

2 tables, 10 ref

024775   Saied M M (NO, , 6 Hassan-Mohamed Street, Apt. 16, El-Haram, Giza, Cairo, Egypt, Email: m.saied@ieee.org) : Transient performance of power line towers. Trends electl Engng 2013, 3(2), 20-8.

This paper presents a refined approach to the transient analysis of power line towers. Each section of the tower's steel structure is accurately modeled as a non-uniform transmission line. Among other features, an efficient representation of the towers' cross-arms as open-ended non-uniform lines and their subsequent approximation by lumped capacitors will be explored. Furthermore, the error introduced by neglecting the presence of the cross-arms, as well as the effect of their number (three or six) will be the subjects of detailed investigations. Based on the suggested tower model, the paper will then present the results of a comprehensive parameter study addressing the effect of the tower footing resistance on its response to lightning surges. It is believed that the results can lead to useful guidelines to the proper selection of this resistance.

8 illus, 10 ref

024774   Saied M M (Electrical Engineering Dep, Kuwait Univ, Code 13060, Kuwait, Email: mmsaied2@yahoo.com) : New solution technique for the frequency and transient response of transformer windings with all inter-turn mutual inductances and capacitances induced. Trends electl Engng 2013, 3(1), 21-41.

This paper addresses the frequency response, the identification of the resonance frequencies as well as the transient response of transformer windings taking into account all possible inter-turn mutual inductances and capacitances. The mutual inductances and capacitances between any turn to all other turns, i.e. not only the immediately adjacent ones, are considered. The analysis starts with writing the set of simultaneous differential equations relating the currents and voltages within the sections representing the transformer winding. This is followed by their solution, only once, in the form of analytic expressions for the voltage and current distributions in the Laplace s-domain. The resonance and anti-resonance frequencies can then be directly identified for the different possibilities of the transformer's neutral treatment (solid-earthing, isolated neutral, resistive- or inductive-earthing). Results show the importance of taking into account the mutual inductances between any turn and all other winding turns. It was found that the error introduced by neglecting the mutual capacitances to turns other than the immediately neighboring ones is practically insignificant. The results of a parameter study on the effect of the transformer's circuit parameters on the resonance frequencies are presented. The closed-form expressions of the voltages and currents lend themselves to the determination of their time response using the numerical inversion of their Laplace transforms. This was applied to find the winding response to unit-step voltage input and the transient voltage due to current chopping.

11 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

024773   Sahu B K (Earth Sciences Dep, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076) : Geology and economics for mining and beneficiation of low-grade ores. SGAT Bull 2012, 13(1), 72-4.

Ore mineralisations in the earth's crust form due to very complex geological processes resulting in marketable ores that are located in a few places and where the ores are intricately intertwined with low-grade ores (not directly marketable) and gangue materials(having very little market value). Therefore, mining operations with economic profits require adequate high sell value of high-grade and beneficiated low-grade to marketable grade ores; so that the operational costs of mining, beneficiation and disposal of mine-wastes are compensated to result in adequate profits/year. Geological factors (total of FIVE) such as total reserve(W, tons), proportions of high-(W(H)) and low-grade ores(W(L)) and proportion of gangue (1- W(H))- W(L)) are important of which only three are independent as well as two independent assay values, such as, of high-grade (A (H)) and of low-grade (A(L) ores. Economic factors (total of TEN)include Profit/year(P) which must be positive, life of mine(L - W/production rate per year in tons), sale price per ton of marketed ore ((S(H)), capital cost for mine operations(C(M)}, capital cost of beneficiation plant (C(B)), interest rate on capital costs (r), efficiency of beneficiation plant to upgrade low-grade ores to marketable ores( e), per ton running costs for mining(R(M)), beneficiation(R(B)), as well as of disposal of mine-waste (R(D)). All these fifteen factors are necessary for an economic profitability analysis and to decide whether mining is feasible and whether ore beneficiation is necessary or not and feasible. Profits (P per year) are computed here on annual basis for convenience of tax payments and fiscal discipline. Then the total profit over the entire mine life (L years) is given by PL. Large mines have considerable non-marketable low-grade ores and these should establish beneficiation plants for upgrading and marketing these upgraded ores. This is scientifically and economically optimal for profits as well as more acceptable to prevent environmental degradation. However, smaller mines and those having little proportion of low-grade ores should operate without the beneficiation plants at mine-site but think of ore beneficiation by pooling several nearby mines of same metallic/non-metallic ores.

4 ref

024772   Rooble;Chatterji S;Shimi S L (NO, National Institute of Technical Teacher Trainings and Research, Chandigarh, Email: rooble_12@yahoo.co.in) : Novel maximum solar power point tracking application. Trends electl Engng 2013, 3(2), 1-5.

In this paper a low voltage, low cost and high efficiency based solar maximum power point tracking system for green house applications is presented. The main controlling element is the micro controller programme in c language in order to extract maximum solar power point. Used boost converter for MPPT. This maximum power is utilized to drive pumps and fans of green house.

3 illus, 7 ref

024771   Reddy C H;Santhosh Kumar K;Durga Rao R (NO, EEE JNTU Dep, Jagityal, Karimnagar, Email: charinathr@yahoo.com) : Analysis and comparison of space vector and sinusoidal PWM controlled two level inverter fed 3-φ phase induction motor. Trends electl Engng 2013, 3(1), 1-11.

The current generation of variable speed drives is typically based around the real-time digital generation of Pulse-Width Modulated (PWM) waveforms using either microprocessors or application-specific integrated circuits in many ways. PWM generation techniques for getting the control of inverters have the major advantages that component drift and tolerance problems associated with earlier analog implementations. Of all the various PWM techniques Sinusoidal and Space vector PWM techniques are more prominent. The implementation of these techniques through Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) simulation is discussed in this paper. The Space Vector technique is essentially based around the decomposition of a reference voltage vector into voltage vectors realizable on a six pulse inverter although as it will be shown, space vector modulation is actually a special case for the Sinusoidal PWM technique. A Two-level inverter is being used for the space control of a 3-phase Induction Motor. The Two control strategies, namely, Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation and Space Vector Modulation are to be employed for the V/F control in order to have the control on speed and torque. A comparison is presented on the performance of a 3-phase Induction Motor, between sinusoidal PWM technique and space vector PWM technique. These aspects of space vector modulation are discussed in this paper to illustrate their practical engineering significance. The MATLAB Simulator is employed for the simulation and analysis work.

26 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

024770   Rao Y S;Rao C S P;Rangajanardhan G;Vundavilli P R (Mechanical Engineering Dep, SVVSN Engg. College, Ongole-523 001, Email: yaoseshuy2@gmail.com) : Simultaneous tolerance synthesis for manufacturing and quality using GA and PSO. Int J Inf Process 2011, 5(1), 81-7.

Attempt is made to consider product design, manufacturing, and quality into account simultaneously, and introduces a concurrent approach for tolerance allocation using evolutionary algorithms. A non-linear model that minimizes the combination of manufacturing cost and quality loss simultaneously, in a single objective function, by setting both process and design tolerances have been considered. In the proposed work, evolutionary algorithms (that is, Genetic Algorithms (GA). and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)) have been used to determine the optimal tolerances at the minimum manufacturing and quality loss cost. The application of the proposed methodology has been demonstrated on a simple mechanical assembly.

3 illus, 5 tables, 4 ref

024769   Ramulu M;Sinha A (NO, Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Regional Centre, 3rd Floor, MECL Complex, Seminary Hills, Nagpur-440 006) : Blasting productivity improvement at tunneling works of Lohari-Nag Pala Hydroelectric Power Project, Uttarakhand. SGAT Bull 2012, 13(1), 1-11.

The ever increasing need for rapid tunnel excavations has driven C1MFR, Nagpur to develop two new underground blasting techniques with simple modifications in explosive loading patterns. The first technique was in-hole delay cut blasting technique by inserting multiple delay detonators in cut holes to improve the solid blasting efficiency. The second one was bottom hole decking technique by inserting air-deck at the bottom of the blastholes by means of plastic spacer at the bottom of the hole and remaining portion of the hole is conventionally charged. These techniques were successfully applied at Lohari-Nag Pala Hydroelectric Power Project (LNPHEPP) and the overall improvement achieved in pull per round was 30-50%. The technique also resulted in reduced ground vibrations by 20 to 25%, which resulted in reducing rock mass damage. These techniques resulted in substantial improvements in both hard and medium hard rock formations of tunnels.

6 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

024768   Pruthviraj R D;Prakash C (Chemistry Dep, Material Research Laboratory, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Email: pruthvirajrd@gmail.com) : Aromatic quinoxaline as corrosion inhibitor for Zn-Al alloy in 3% NaCl solution. Int J chem Sci 2012, 10(2), 1096-1100.

New corrosion inhibitor, viz. 3-ethyl-6-m‚thyl-quinoxalin-2-one, 1-benzyl-6-methylquinoxalin-2-one, 2-benzyloxy-3,6-dimethyl-quinoxaline, 1-benzyl-3-methyl-quinoxalin-2-one, were synthesized in the laboratory. Their influence on the inhibition on corrosion of Zn-Al in aqueous chloride solution (3% NaCl) was studied by weight-loss measurements. The impact of temperature on the effectiveness of the substances mentioned above has been determined between 20° and 40°C. The results showed that the corrosion resistance was greatly enhanced in the presence of inhibitor and that the effectiveness depends on some physicochemical properties of the molecule, related to its functional groups1. These compounds act through the formation of a protective film on the surface of the alloy.

2 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

024767   Prasad K S;Rao C S;Rao D N (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Science, Visakhapatnam, Email: kspanits@gmail.com) : Effect of process parameters of pulsed current micro plasma arc welding on weld pool geometry of AISI 304L stainless steel sheets. J Mater metall Engng 2012, 2(1), 37-48.

AISI 304L stainless steel is an austenitic Chromium-Nickel stainless steel offering an optimum combination of corrosion resistance, strength, and ductility. These attributes make it a favorite for many mechanical components. The low carbon content reduces susceptibility to carbide precipitation during welding. The effects of pulsing current parameters on weld pool geometry namely front width, back width, front height, and back height of pulsed current micro plasma arc-welded AISI 304L stainless steel were analysed. Four factors, five levels, and central composite design were used to develop mathematical models, incorporating pulsed current parameters and weld pool geometry. The mathematical models have been developed by Response Surface Method. The adequacy of the models was checked by analysis of variance technique. By using the developed mathematical models, weld pool geometry can be predicted.

4 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

024766   Pahwa S;Jain S K (E&I Dep, Thapar Univ, Patiala, Punjab, Email: skjain@thapar.edu) : Three-phase squirrel cage induction generators (SCIG) connected to grid: an overview. Trends electl Engng 2013, 3(2), 29-35.

The induction generators associated with non-conventional energy systems like wind, mini/micro hydro are gaining popularity day by day as they are generating clean energy. The induction generators may be operated in two modes: isolated and grid connected. Further the grid connection can be done by using squirrel cage induction generators or doubly fed induction generators. In this paper detailed study of grid connected Squirrel cage induction generator is done, discussing steady- state, transient analysis, reactive power control methods and its applications in mini/micro hydro plants. Also to optimize the controller parameters implementation of Particle swarm optimization is discussed.

50 ref

024765   Nimbalkar V M;Rao B R K;Deshmukh V P;Marathe K V;Eswara Prasad N (Naval Materials Research Lab, DRDO, Shill-Badlapur Road, Ambernath-421 506, Email: kv.marathe@ictmumbai.edu.in ) : Development of new castable Al-alloy-TiB₂ metal matrix composites. J Mater metall Engng 2012, 2(1), 31-6.

There has been a constant drive for replacing monolithic aluminium alloys by aluminium-based metal matrix composites (MMCs) in many industrial applications where high stifness and high strength to weight ratio are required. Describes a cost-effective route to produce Al-Alloy-10 wt % TiB₂ metal matrix composites by in situ molten flux assisted reaction synthesis. In Situ LM25-TiB₂ composite material prepared by reaction synthesis was cast into thick as well as thin section industrial composites by gravity and pressure die casting route. Subsequent structure-property evaluation studies indicated sub-micron size reinforcement of in situ formed TiB₂ particles with improved physical and mechanical properties as compared to conventional aluminium alloy and its composites. From industrial point of view, the Al-TiB₂ composite has an advantage of easy recyclability over conventional aluminum-alloy composites.

2 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

024764   Niasar A H;Moghbelli H (Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Kashan Univ, Kashan, Iran, Email: halvaei@kashanu.ac.in) : Conversion of gasoline vehicles to CNG hybrid vehicles (CNG-electric vehicles). Trends electl Engng 2013, 3(1), 12-20.

Operating CNG vehicles are really beneficial in the Middle East region considering the fact that gasoline is offered at a heavily subsidized price and therefore, by converting a significant portion of the automobiles to run on CNG, the gasoline internal consumption could be reduced. This in turn will result in more oil being available for export which will be beneficial to the economy of Qatar. Hybrid Vehicles mainly have a CNG engine along with an electric drive. The batteries of Hybrid Vehicles are charged by a CNG engine. Since the CNG engine is employed only to recharge the electric batteries, the engine size and emissions may be considerably less in hybrid vehicles relative to typical diesel vehicles. Although CNG-Electric hybrid vehicles are less common than Diesel-Electric hybrids, but they have been tested in several U.S. cities such as Denver and Seattle. CNG-electric hybrids hold huge potential for the future in the fact that they are significantly cleaner sources of energy and are conveniently suited to serve the needs of the current economy and modes of transportation. The use of these alternative sources of fuels requires investment and significant studies need to be made to evaluate their efficiencies and reliability. This paper would cover most of these aspects and also explores the use of these technologies with particular reference to Qatar and the Middle East.

8 illus, 17 ref

024763   Munjal R (NO, , MRU India) : Micro-electro-mechanical system. Int J latest Technol Mgmt appl Sci 2012, 1(8), 31-4.

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, or MEMS, is a technology that in its most general form can be defined as miniaturized mechanical and electromechanical elements (i.e., devices and structures) that are made using the techniques of microfabrication. The critical physical dimensions of MEMS devices can vary from well below one micron on the lower end of the dimensional spectrum, all the way to several millimeters. Likewise, the types of MEMS devices can vary from relatively simple structures having no moving elements, to extremely complex electromechanical systems with multiple moving elements under the control of integrated microelectronics. The one main criterion of MEMS is that there are at least some elements having some sort of mechanical functionality whether or not these elements can move. The term used to define MEMS varies in different parts of the world. In the United States they are predominantly called MEMS, while in some other parts of the world they are called "Microsystems Technology".

8 ref

024762   Malsaria R (CEERI, , Pilani, Rajasthan) : Traveling wave tube. Int J latest Technol Mgmt appl Sci 2012, 1(8), 27-30.

TWT integrated with a regulated power supply and protection circuits is referred to as a traveling-wave-tube amplifier[13] (abbreviated TWTA and often pronounced "TWEET-uh"). It is used to produce high-power radio frequency signals. The bandwidth of a broadband TWTA can be as high as one octave,[citation needed] although tuned (narrowband) versions exist; operating frequencies range from 300 MHz to 50 GHz. A TWTA consists of a traveling-wave tube coupled with its protection circuits (as in klystron) and regulated power supply Electronic Power Conditioner (EPC), which may be supplied and integrated by a different manufacturer. The main difference between most power supplies and those for vacuum tubes is that efficient vacuum tubes have depressed collectors to recycle kinetic energy of the electrons, so the secondary winding of the power supply needs up to 6 taps of which the helix voltage needs precise regulation. The subsequent addition of a linearizer (as for inductive output tube) can, by complementary compensation, improve the gain compression and other characteristics of the TWTA; this combination is called a linearized TWTA. TWTAs are commonly used as amplifiers in satellite transponders, where the input signal is very weak and the output needs to be high power. A TWTA whose output drives an antenna is a type of transmitter. TWTA transmitters are used extensively in radar, particularly in airborne fire-control radar systems, and in electronic warfare and self-protection systems.[15] In such applications, a control grid is typically introduced between the TWT's electron gun and slow-wave structure to allow pulsed operation. The circuit that drives the control grid is usually referred to as a grid modulator. Another major use of TWTAs is for the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing industry for immunity testing of electronic devices.

8 ref

024761   Mahdi S M (Materials Engineering Dep, Al-mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: sahebmahdi@yahoo.com) : Breakout problems study of continuous casting steel. J Mater metall Engng 2012, 2(2), 1-11.

Breakout is one of greatest problems in the continuous casting processes. Can return most of their reasons on the bad control of casting process circumstances, including the chemical composition of the metal, pouring speed and temperature, as well as operation processes control. In this research, the breakout heats had been constrained for the period of ten months, for (ST 52) type steel. From the operating data, remarked that most breakout heats was out of the upper limit pouring temperature. Breakout is also appearing to be effect by the chemical composition. Although Manganese percent of the steel was within limits, but it is effect to induce breakout in indirect manner. Increase Silicon content will increase the fluidity of molten steel, leading to increase the ferro-static pressure on solidified shell causing breakout. The increase in Carbon percent has a positive effect in decreasing breakouts. From actual operating effect on breakout, it is found that most breakouts were of first sequence of the heat, which it means that casting preparation was unsuitable. Breakout can be eliminate or avoid by compliance with operation instructions.

8 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

024760   Kushwaha M K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, S.B.S. College of Engineering & Technology, Ferozpur-152 004, Email: Kushwaha_m_61@yahoo.com) : Pore distribution in porous anodic aluminum oxide (PAAO) of pure and commercial aluminum substrates. J Mater metall Engng 2012, 2(1), 49-59.

Porous anodic aluminum oxide (PAAO) surfaces were developed on pure aluminum (PA) and commercial aluminum (CA) substrates by anodisation as a function of voltage in phoshoric acid bath at 278 K and were analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The unterpore distances were plotted in the form of frequency histograms to examine pore-ordering characteristics. Self-ordered porous structures have been obtained at 200 and 160 V for PA and CA substrates respectively as can be evident from histogram and FFT analysis. However, the overall ordering improves with the increase in voltage for both types of substrates. Pore ordering, though relatively better for PA is not very different from that for CA, indicating that CA can be used as a potential substitute of PA for bulk application.

7 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

024759   Karthic Kumar S;Athirai A (NO, Pondicherry Engineerng College, Pondicherry, Email: athirai.a@gmail.com) : Multicast MANETs attacks and its counter solutions. Int J Inf Process 2011, 5(1), 26-32.

Security is an essential requirement in Mobile Ad hoc NET works (MANETs). Compared to wired networks. MANETs are more vulnerable to security attacks due to the lack of a trusted centralized authority, easy eavesdropping, dynamic network topology, and limited resources. One of routing protocols used in Ad hoc networks is ODMRP (On Demand Routing Protocol). The security of the ODMRP protocol is compromised by various MANET attacks. In this paper, we perform a simulated study of rushing attack, blackhole attack, jellyfish attack and neighbor attack on the ODMRP protocol and how they adversely affect the MANETs. We also provide defense mechanisms, to prevent the blackhole and neighbor attack.

5 illus, 8 ref

024758   Kapoor N N;Gogte C L (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Marathwada Institute of Technology, Beed Bypass Road, Aurangabad-431 005, Email: kapoornikhil99@gmail.com) : Effect of cycle time of plasma nitriding on the service of life of AISI H-13 tool steel die. J Mater metall Engng 2012, 2(2), 52-60.

AISI H-13 tool steel is widely used as a hot-forging die for various automotive components. Usually, to increase the die life, the dies are subjected to additional surface treatment process such as carburizing, gas nitriding, salt bath nitriding, plasma nitriding, etc. The case depth is an important parameter is surface treatment process. In this work, AISI H-13 tool steel hot-forging dies are subjected to plasma nitriding. The nitriding time cycles are 8, 12 and 24 h. The lives of plasma-nitrided dies increased largely. Highest life enhancement and surface hardness is achieved by 8 h plasma-nitriding cycle. The effect of cycle time on life enhancement is presented with justification with respect to the microstructure.

3 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

024757   Hambire U V;Tripathi V K (NO, Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, Email: umeshvhambire@yahoo.co.in) : Comparison of mechanical properties of resin-based dental composites with different filler types. J Mater metall Engng 2012, 2(1), 1-8.

Evaluates in vitro the influence of nano-sized filler particles and agglomerates of nano-particles (nano-cluster) in resin-based dental composite material. Four commercially available resin-based dental composites - Filtek Z250, Filtek Supreme, Filtek Z100 (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA), Heliomolor (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaon, Liechtenstein) containing different filler particle types and morphologies were investigated. The compressive strength, compressive modulus, flexural modulus and flexural strength of these composites were evaluated. The nanoclusters provided a distinct reinforcing mechanism compared with the microphybrid, microfill or nanohybrid resin-based composites resulting in significant improvement to the strength and reliability.

3 tables, 27 ref

024756   Dhobe M M;Chopde I K;Gogte C L (Mechanical Engineering Dep, P.E.S. College of Engineering, Aurangabad-431 005, Email: m_dhobe@rediffmail.com) : Surface characterisation of heat treated tool steel after W-EDM. J Mater metall Engng 2012, 2(2), 61-7.

In order to meet the increasing demands of performance and reliability of sophisticated components, quality of a machined surface plays an important role. In this research, it has been tried to investigate the effect of heat treatment on the surface quality of AISI D2 tool steel after Wire-Electro Discharge Machining (W-EDM). The test specimens were prepared by milling and then carrying out hardening and tempering in different ways and then machined with W-EDM process. Scanning electron microscopy, surface roughness and hardness tests were used to study the characteristics of the machined surface. After analysing the surface topography and test results it is observed that the recast layer drawplates are of smaller size in single tempering as compared to double and triple tempering. Similarly, the white layer of smaller thickness with higher hardness and lower surface roughness values is observed after single tempering.

10 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

024755   Dan T N;Dai L K (State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang Univ, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P.R. China, Email: ikdai@iipc.zju.edu.cn) : Comparison of least square support vector machine-based calibration methods in diesel property analysis by near infrared spectroscopy. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(3), 992-1000.

Partial least square (PLS) and least square support vector machine (LSSVM) are widely applied in NIR calibration modeling. The aim of this paper is to compare three kinds of LSSVM based calibration methods in diesel property by NIR analysis, which are regular LSSVM, LSSVM with feature extraction by principal component analysis (PCA) and PLS. Thirty nine diesel samples with known properties which include calculated cetane index, density, total sulfur and T50 (boiling point at 50% recovery), are collected from a refinery in China. Their near infrared spectra are measured by a spectrometer with the wavelength range of 900-1700 nm. They are divided into a calibration subset with 29 samples and a validation subset with 10 samples. The above LSSVM based calibration methods as well as PLS are employed to build models with the calibration samples and tested with the validation samples. Experimental results show that the LSSVM with PLS feature extraction presents the best performances in all of the calibration methods. Its root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of diesel calculated cetane index, density, total sulfur and T50 are 0.45, 3.19, 0.0482 and 3.90, respectively and the corresponding multiple correlation coefficients of prediction (R²) are 0.953, 0.924, 0.974 and 0.954, respectively.

10 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

024754   Cheng R;Wei Y C;Zhang Y K;Liang Y (Chemical Engineering Institute, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, P.R. China, Email: zhangyongkui@scu.edu.cn) : Removal of high concentration of H₂S in an airlift-loop reactor. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(3), 1095-8.

Type of airlift-loop reactor inoculated with Thiobacillus thioparus S1 was developed for treating a gaseous stream containing high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. This result showed superior performance of the bioreactor for H2S removal. The bioreactor systems allowed an efficiency of 99% when fed with 380-5400 ppmv H2S. And the maximum elimination capacity was about 235 g-H2S m^-3 h^-1. At high inlet concentration of 5120 ppmv, the conversion products were mainly sulfur and the production rate of SO₄^2- was only 2.8 mg h^-1. The biokinetic constants, Vm and Ks for the airlift-loop bioreactor were 277.8 g-H2S m^-3 h^-1 and 366.3 ppmv, respectively.

5 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

024753   Chaturvedi A;Agarwal V (NO, , HOD Electrical Dep) : Performance analysis of power factor correction for converters using hysteresis current mode control. Int J latest Technol Mgmt appl Sci 2012, 1(8), 10-4.

This paper presents ac-dc converter utilising current control mode to obtain unity p.f. Many applications demanding ac-dc converter require stable dc voltage at the terminals with better steady state and transient performance, which is accomplished by boost converters. These converter produce higher, regulated dc output voltage and simultaneously improving the p.f. Utilising control techniques of current, it is observed that input current can be made to follow input sinusoidal voltage wave thus shaping the input current and o reducing harmonics distortion and bringing p.f. to almost unity. Amongst various current control strategies hysteresis current mode in CCM mode control is preferred. Simulation is done in PSIM software.

7 illus, 8 ref

024752   Behera A;Mishra S C (Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769 008, Email: ajit.behera88@gmail.com) : Processing and characterisation of Ni₂MnSn FSMA. J Mater metall Engng 2012, 2(2), 46-51.

Among Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs), Ni₂MnSn Heusler alloys owing to occurrence of large magnetic field induced strain (<62> 10%) along with other interesting properties like permartensitic transition, high transformation temperature, large magnetocaloric effect and low stress of twin variant rearrangement. The prominent challenges facint ghe design and utilisation of these specialised alloys are a limited range of operating temperatures, phase transformations that have high sensitivity to variations in composition, brittleness of the alloys, and changes in transformation temperatures. The functional behaviors of these alloys are as actuators, magneto-mechanical transducers, switching devices, etc. The martensitic microstructures of Ni 50Mn37.5Sn12.5 FSMAs are investigated by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission electron microscopy. Among the most important martensites that exist in these alloys are the 5M tetragonal. 7M orthorhombic (moeulated structures) and NM tetragonal (non-modulated structure), etc. Differential scanning calorimeters is used for determining the transformation temperatures under zero stress. Crystal structures of the samples are determined by X-ray diffraction patterns using Cu-Ka radiations. Transmission electron microscopy study of this alloy revealed the presence of two matensite phases, i.e., modulated and non-modulated phases.

5 illus, 29 ref

024751   Behera A;Mishra S C (Metallurgical & Material Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769 008, Email: ajit.behera88@gmail.com) : Dependence of adhesion strength of plasma spray on coating surface properties. J Mater metall Engng 2012, 2(1), 23-30.

It is well known that thermal plasma spray coatings have diversified utilisations, but not vividly in use, mainly because of high cost of spray grade powder, for development of thick coating <62> 50 μm on metal substrates. Aims at depositing plasma spray coating on metals using low-cost/waste materials. A mixture of fly-ash + 20 weight percent of Quartz + 20 weight percent of illmenite is used for coating on copper and mild steel substrates. The powder mixture is plasma sprayed by different operating power levels (11 to 20 kW) of the plasma torch. The coatings are characterised for their adhesion strength, porosity and deposition efficiency. It is observed that with increasing operating power level, the adhesion strength increases up to a certain power level, and then it remains nearly steady with further increase in torch input power. A maximum of 6.56 MPa adhesion strength is obtained on the coating developed on mild steel. It is observed that coating adhesion is more in case of mild steel than that of copper substrate. The amount of porosity in the coating decreases with increase in operating power level. Coating deposition efficiency also increases with increase in operating power of the plasma torch, up to a certain power level, and then becomes stagnant with further increase in input power. The substrate morphology of the coating observed under scanning electron microscope indicates the difference in particle size and inter-particle adhesion, which collaborate to the mechanical properties, i.e., adhesion strength and level of porosity.

6 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

024750   Aireddy H;Mishra S C (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Email: harinathaireddy@364@gmail.com) : Effect of chemical treatment of coir dust on the dielectric behavior of bio-waste reinforced polymer composites. J Mater metall Engng 2012, 2(2), 33-45.

Focusses on analysing the effect of the chemical treatment of coir dust fibers on the dielectric properties of epoxy polymer macrix composites. Coir dust is a spongy, peat-like residue obtained from the processing of coconut husk for coir fiber. The coir dist was washed and sun dried. The dried coir dust was treated with chemicals such as HCl, CH₃COOH, KOH and NaOH. An untreated and treated surface of coir dust was characterised using FTIR. The dielectric parameters, viz., dielectric constant (K), dielectric loss (tan δ) of untreated and treated composites were obtained in the frequency range of 100 Hz-1 MHz, and temperature range of 30°C-150°C. It is observed that dielectric loss and A.C. conductivity of the treated coir dust composite has decreased. The dielectric constant of the treated composite is lower than that of untreated composite, may be because of reduction in interaction between polar-OH groups of coir dust fibers and water molecules.

12 illus, 31 ref

023808   Zhang L;Li L (NO, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South Forest, Changsha, Hunan-410 004, P R China, Email: zlq2k1103@126.com) : Identification of interfacial heat transfer coefficient during casting solidification based on an inverse heat conduction model. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(1), 27-34.

Interfacial heat transfer coefficients (IHTCs) are necessary for accurate simulation of the casting process. However, it is difficult to determine the values of heat transfer coefficient from experiments due to the influence of various factors, such as contacting pressure, oxides on surfaces, roughness of surfaces, coating material, coating thickness and gap formation caused by the deformation of casting and mold. In this paper, an inverse heat conduction model is introduced to calculate IHTCs from the measured temperatures in the mold. The model is proposed and established based on the least-squares technique and sequential function specification method. A typical profile of heat flux simulating practical conditions of casting solidification is used to investigate the accuracy and stability of the proposed inverse algorithm. In the test process, the effects of some calculation parameters in the inverse model are analyzed. Then, the inverse heat conduction model is applied to determine the heat fluxes and IHTCs during casting solidification and the results show that the proposed model is effective and reliable.

8 illus, 22 ref

023807   Yadav V;Singh R;Mishra P K (Computer Science and Engineering Dep, Krishna Girls Engineering College, Kanpur, Email: vibhashds10@yahoo.com) : Object oriented metrics: features and defects in S/W design & quality (a survey approach). Int J Comp Applic 2011, 6(2), 139-41.

Demand of high performance software continues to intensify due to our society's increasing dependence on software and the often devastating effect that the software error can have in terms of life, financial loss, or time delays. Software systems must ensure consistent and error free operation every time they are used. The major motivating factor in the invention of object oriented approach is to remove the flaws encountered in procedural approach. Software design has an important role in the quality of the software. Poor software design will result in rework, slower development productivity, and decrease the software's extendibility. Therefore, it is important that design quality is continuously evaluated during software development. Software quality is defined as "the totality of features and characteristics of a software system that bear on its ability to satisfy given needs, for example, conformance to specification.

11 ref

023806   Venkateswara Reddy A;Vijay Kumar M;Sen I; Gurrala G (Electrical Engineering Dep, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology (CBIT), Proddatur-516 213, Email: avreddy_2006@yahoo.com) : Decentralized linear quadratic power system stabilizers for multi-machine power systems. Sadhana 2012, 37(4), 521-37.

Linear quadratic stabilizers are well-known for their superior control capabilities when compared to the conventional lead-lag power system stabilizers. However, they have not seen much of practical importance as the state variables are generally not measurable; especially the generator rotor angle measurement is not available in most of the power plants. Full state feedback controllers require feedback of other machine states in a multi-machine power system and necessitate block diagonal structure constraints for decentralized implementation. This paper investigates the design of Linear Quadratic Power System Stabilizers using a recently proposed modified Heffron-Phillip's model. This model is derived by taking the secondary bus voltage of the step-up transformer as reference instead of the infinite bus. The state variables of this model can be obtained by local measurements. This model allows a coordinated linear quadratic control design in multi machine systems. The performance of the proposed controller has been evaluated on two widely used multi-machine power systems, 4 generator 10 bus and 10 generator 39 bus systems. It has been observed that the performance of the proposed controller is superior to that of the conventional Power System Stabilizers (PSS) over a wide range of operating and system conditions.

9 illus, 7 tables, 29 ref

023805   Venkataraman R;Pushpalatha M;Rama Rao T (NO, SRM Univ, Kattankulathur-603 203, Email: revathi.n@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in) : Implementation of a regression-based trust model in a wireless Ad hoc testbed. Def Sci J 2012, 62(3), 167-73.

Wireless ad hoc networks are resource constraint and vulnerable to various security attacks. Trust based security modelling go hand in hand with cryptographic services to offer good security services. We have implemented a vector auto regression (VAR) based trust model over ad hoc on demand distance vector protocol and optimised link state routing protocol. The novelty in this model lies in capturing individual functional behaviours of a neighbour in an ad hoc network and modeling them as regression parameters. The experimental results show the feasibility of implementing trust models over real ad hoc network deployments. The simulations results show that the proposed VAR trust model offers better performance compared to the existing trust models.

5 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

023804   Tengli P N;Ramesh C S;Saravanan R (NO, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute University, Chennai, Email: ptengli@gmail.com) : Frequency analysis of instability observed in a large segmented solid rocket motor. Indian J scient Res 2012, 3(1), 65-71.

During static testing of two identical large segmented solid rocket motors (SRM-3 & 4), unanticipated small amplitude oscillations and consequent thrust oscillations were observed for certain duration. The purpose of this paper is to give an of the pressure and thrust data obtained and the frequency analysis carried out on the test data. The probable cause of the .oscillations is also discussed. Frequency analysis was carried out by means of Fast Fourier Transform software. A major part of this carried out on frequency analysis of the data by using FFT software. The analysis revealed that the frequency of .oscillations in both motors were very close, Le., 54.29 Hz for SRM-3 and 55.17 Hz for SRM-4. The fundamental axial acoustic mode frequency is also calculated for these motors to find its matching with the analyzed frequency.

15 illus, 3 ref

023803   Sukhatme S P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, Email: spsiitb@yahoo.co.uk) : Meeting India's future needs of electricity through renewable energy sources. Curr Sci 2011, 101(5), 624-30.

In this article, an attempt is made to answer the question: Can renewable energy sources eventually supply India's electricity needs in the future? The estimates made here indicate that even with a frugal per capita electricity need of 2000 kWh/annum and a stabilized population of 1700 million by 2070, India would need to generate 3400 TWh/yr. As opposed to this, a systematic analysis of the information available on all the renewable energy sources indicates that the total potential is only around 1229 TWh/yr. It is concluded that in the future as fossil fuels are exhausted, renewable sources alone will not suffice for meeting India's needs.

3 tables, 16 ref

023802   Sudhindra A;Mallikarjunappa S K (Diagnostic Cables & Capacitors Div, Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore) : State of art mobile test laboratory for on-site accuracy testing and condition assessment of EHV class instrument transformers. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(1), 47-9.

023801   Srivastava N;Singh Y;Singh R A (Chemistry Dep, Udai Pratap College, Varanasi-221 002, Email: rasingh@bhu.ac.in) : Preparation of three-component conducting polymer composite using nucleate doping technique. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(1), 68-72.

This paper reports a new route for the preparation of conducting network in insulating polymer matrix. In existing techniques solubility of conducting component is an essential condition. Reported technique facilitates making composite of conducting polymer, which is insoluble in normal solvents, with percolation threshold of 0.5 wt%. Mechanism of formation of the three component hybrid may be described as when silica which acted as seed is dispersed in insulating polymer, the in-situ polymerized conducting polymer having high aspect ratio is grown over the silica surface connecting each other and making a continuous network. The star like growth of the conducting polymer can be seen under optical microscope.

5 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

023800   Solaimuthu C;Senthilkumar D;Ramasamy K K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Paavai Engineering College, Namakkal-637 018, Email: solai9999@gmail.com) : Experimental investigation of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of mahua (Madhuca indica) oil methyl ester on four-stroke direct injection diesel engine. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(1), 42-50.

This paper is mainly concerned with an experimental investigation to study the diesel engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics using mahua (Madhuca Indica) biodiesel (mahua oil methyl ester) and its blend in different volumetric proportions with diesel. To start with, the thermo-physical properties of all the fuel blends are evaluated. A four stroke tangentially vertical (TV) single cylinder direct injection (DI) diesel engine with eddy current dynamometer is used for the study under various load conditions. Combustion and emission characteristics for different blends are evaluated in running the engine under steady state conditions. Neat diesel is called BO and neat (mahua oil methyl ester) biodiesel is called B100. From the experiments, it is seen that B25 gives almost the same brake thermal efficiency as BO at full load condition, compared to other blends. The blend BO and B25 give the lowest specific fuel consumption of 0.56 and 0.27 kg/kW.h at no load and full load as compared to all other blends. At no load B100 gives the lowest NO_x emission which is 2.52% less compared to BO.

12 illus, 5 tables, 21 ref

023799   Sodha K;Panchani S C;Kaushik Nath (Chemical Engineering Dep, G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120, Email: kaushiknath@gcet.ac.in) : Feasibility study of microbial regeneration of spent activated carbon sorbed with phenol using mixed bacterial culture. Indian J chem Technol 2013, 20(1), 33-9.

The feasibility of regeneration of powdered activated carbon sorbed with phenol has been studied. A mixed bacterial culture, isolated from hydrocarbon polluted sediment, has been firstly acclimatized to the different concentrations of aqueous phenol solution and then it's immobilization on the powdered activated carbon is carried out. Substrate utilization and bacterial growth kinetics are also studied using Haldane equation. After the complete consumption of the phenolic compounds, the particles are examined using SEM for the biofilm morphology. The complete biofilm is not observed, rather clusters of biomass in the pits and crevices of the carbon particles and inside the macro pores are seen. Scattered colonies of microorganism are spotted on the surface of activated carbon. The experiments are also conducted to determine the extent of bioregeneration. The bioregeneration is not complete and found to be 57.5%.

5 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

023798   Sivakumar S;Dhanalakshmi V (Mechanical Engineering Dep, B S Abdur Rahman Crescent Engineering College, Chennai-600 048, Email: vss_kumar@rediffmail.com) : Feature-based system for CAD/CAM integration through STEP file for cylindrical parts. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(1), 21-6.

Intelligent manufacturing systems of the future produce small lot size with high flexibility, which require quick and automated decisions. To suit this environment, the integration of CAD and CAM is required. The key to the system integration is the product data exchange among various systems. This paper explains the integration of CAD and CAM by feature extraction. The system developed uses a simplified and generalized methodology of extracting manufacturing feature information from STEP files for cylindrical parts. The extracted data is used to generate controller dependent NC codes. Experimentation is carried out by turning the cylindrical parts using the generated codes and validated by inspecting them in CMM.

4 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

023797   Shin J Y;Choi H M;Han H S;Hong J W (Car Mechatronics Dep, Sahmyook University, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, Korea (139-742), Email: ealab@kw.ac.kr) : Affect of the electrical characteristics depending on the hold and electron injection materials of red organic light-emitting diodes. Pramana J Phys 2011, 77(4), 727-34.

This study examined the electrical and optical properties of red OLEDs (organic lightemitting diodes) with a four-layer structure, ITa/amorphous fluoropolymer (AF)/N,N'-diphenylN,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1 ,1-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (TPD)/R-H:R-D/lithium fluoride (LiF)/ AI, containing a hole injection material, AF (amorphous fluoropolymer) and an electron injection material, LiE Compared to the basic structure (two-layer structure), the brightness and luminous efficiency of the four-layer structure, ITO/TPD/R-H:R-D/AI, increased approximately 100 times (30,000 lrn/m²) and 150 times (51 lrn/W), respectively, with an applied voltage. The excellent efficiency of the external proton was also increased 150 times (0.51 %). That is, the hole and electron injection layers improved the surface roughness of ITO and AI, and the interfacial physical properties. In addition, these layers allowed the smooth injection of holes and electrons. The luminance, luminous efficiency and external quantum efficiency were attributed to an increase in the recombination rates.

14 ref, 7 illus

023796   Sheeba Rani J;Devaraj D (NO, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiamala, Trivandrum-695 547, Email: sheeba_hermann@yahoo.com) : Face recognition using Krawtchouk moment. Sadhana 2012, 37(4), 441-60.

Feature extraction is one of the important tasks in face recognition. Moments are widely used feature extractor due to their superior discriminatory power and geometrical invariance. Moments generally capture the global features of the image. This paper proposes Krawtchouk moment for feature extraction in face recognition system, which has the ability to extract local features from any region of interest. Krawtchouk moment is used to extract both local features and global features of the face. The extracted features are fused using summed normalized distance strategy. Nearest neighbour classifier is employed to classify the faces. The proposed method is tested using ORL and Yale databases. Experimental results show that the proposed method is able to recognize images correctly, even if the images are corrupted with noise and possess change in facial expression and tilt.

13 illus, 7 tables, 32 ref

023795   Sharma M;Sengar A;Nagar P (ECE Dep, Sharda Univ, Gr. Noida) : Design a floating-point fused add-subtract unit using verilog. Archiv appl Sci Res 2013, 5(3), 278-82.

Floating -point fused add subtract unit is described that performs simultaneous floating -point add and subtract operations on a common Pair of single -precision data in about the same time That it takes to performs a single addition with a Conventional floating -point adder. Placed and routed in 45nm process. So that there will be less consumption of memory as well as power.

ref

023794   Sengar A;Nagar P;Sharma M (E & CE Dep, Sharda Univ, Greater Noida) : FPGA implementations of the hummingbird cryptographic algorithm. Archiv appl Sci Res 2013, 5(3), 270-7.

Hummingbird is a new ultra-lightweight crypto-graphic algorithm targeted for resource-constrained devices like RFID tags, smart cards, and wireless sensor nodes. In this paper, we design the algorithm using Dsp module, we describe efficient hardware implementations of a Hummingbird component in field-programmable gate array (FPGA) devices. We implement an encryption/decryption core on the low-cost Xilinx FPGA series Vertex-5 and compare our results with other reported lightweight block cipher implementations. Our experimental results highlight that in the context of low-cost FPGA implementation Hummingbird has favorable efficiency and low area requirements.

13 ref

023793   Sen A;Nagar V;Singh M P (NO, , ) : Application of geophysical seismic refraction technique for delineation of palaeochannel in hydropower project. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(1), 37-40.

Presence of palaeochannels pose serious concern in development of hydropower schemes. The foreknowledge of existence of such buried channels is important in establishing secure and economic projects. Accordingly, it necessitates initiating a well-considered subsurface investigation plan, involving application of indirect technique of engineering geophysics towards optimizing the direct exploration program in view of restricted time-frame and finance. Of the various engineering geophysical methods, the seismics refraction is a prime cost-effective exploration technique in furnishing continuous profile of the underground status. The paper aims to highlight utility of seismic refraction technique as an efficient subsurface exploratory tool for delineation of palaeochannel in a hydropower project. Detailed account of utilization of seismic refraction survey in delineating palaeochannels through generation of 2-D/3-D model defining the bedrock disposition is presented herein, citing a couple of case studies demonstrating its advantageous usage.

6 illus, 6 ref