015081   Bhatt V;Chandra S;Singh C (NO, Centre for Applied Research In Electronics, (CARE), Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi-110 016, Email: vivekanand_iitd@yahoo.com) : Microstructures using RF sputtered PSG film as a sacrificial layer in surface micromachining. Sadhana 2009, 34(4), 557-62.

Explores RF magnetron sputtered Phosphor-silicate-glass (PSG) film as a sacrificial layer in surface micromachining technology. For this purpose, a 76 mm diameter target of phosphorus-doped silicon dioxide was prepared by conventional solid-state reaction route using P₂O₅ and SiO₂ powders. The PSG films were prepared in a RF (13.56 MHz) magnetron sputtering system at 300 watt RF power, 20 mTorr pressure and 45 mm target-to-substrate spacing without external substrate heating. Microstructures of sputtered silicon dioxide film were fabricated using sputtered PSG film as sacrificial layer in surface microma-chining process.

3 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

015080   Bharti V;Singla K;Pandita N (Computer Science & Engineering Dronacharya College of Engineering Dep, College of Engineering, Gurgaon-123 506, Email: mevishalbharti@yahoo.com) : Sub - research on steganography in IPv6Process towards intruders protocol. Int J Engng Sci Mgmt 2011, 1(1), 89-93.

Steganography is a special kind of cryptography that hides one piece of information inside another. This paper focuses on the usage of less used fields of IPv6 header for transmitting data by covert communication for secure transmission. This paper also proposes an efficient algorithm to transfer secret messages in a secure manner. Each field of internet protocol has its own characteristics, which indicate the scenarios in which it can best be used. Information can be hidden in these pre-specified fields so that the intruder is not able to detect the message. The paper also gives a brief overview that highlights the main difference between IPv4 and IPv6 header. It also shows the importance of IPv6 in current scenario and various applications where it can be used. This paper also gives details of development and benefits of IPv6 in recent and upcoming future researches. The proposed algorithm gives a new mechanism of hiding information in MAC address of IPv6.

1 table, 13 ref

015079   Bera B (Mechanical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Durgapur-713 209, Email: bisu_bera@yahoo.com) : Development of artificial articular cartilage. Sadhana 2009, 34(5), 823-31.

The study describes the development of artificial articular cartilage on the basis of mimicking structural gel properties and mechanical gel properties of natural articular cartilage. It is synthesized from PVA/Si nanocomposite containing 20% Tetra ethoxy silane (TEOS) by sol-gel method. Mechanical strength of Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA is improved up to 35MPa. Manufacturing method is adopted considering colloidal stability of nano silica particle in PVA sol at specific pH = 1. An adhesive is also prepared from PVA/Si nanocomposite containing 40% TEOS for firm attachment of artificial articular cartilage on underlying bone with high bond strength.

8 illus, 9 ref

015078   Basha M;Qahtani M A;Yilbas B S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, King Fahd Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Univ, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia, Email: bsyilbas;mqahtani;nbbasha@kfupm.edu.sa ) : Entrophy generation in a channel resembling gas turbine cooling passage: effect of rotation number and density ratio on entropy generation. Sadhana 2009, 34(3), 439-54.

Flow into a passage resembling a gas turbine blade cooling passage is considered and entropy generation rate in the passage is examined for unique rotation number and density ratios. In the simulations, leading and trailing walls of the passage are assumed to be at constant temperature. A control volume approach is introduced to discretize the governing equations of flow, heat transfer, and entropy generation. Reynolds stress turbulence model is accommodated in the simulation to account for the turbulence. The study is extended to include two rotational speeds and three density ratios. The passage aspect ratio is kept 10:1. It is found that volumetric entropy generation rate attains high values at passage inlet due to attainment of high temperature gradient in this region. Increasing rotation number and density ratio enhances volumetric entropy generation rate in the passage.

8 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

015077   Bahinipati B K;Kanda A;Deshmukh S G (Mechanical Engineerign Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, Email: bikrambahinipati@yahoo.co.in) : Revenue sharing in semiconductor industry supply chain: cooperative game theoretic approach. Sadhana 2009, 34(3), 501-27.

Defines cooperation as the process of coordinating the objectives and activities of supply chain (SC) members. It also focuses on cooperation as a solution for hybrid coordination mechanism to form the basis for semiconductor industry supply chain management. In the complex and competitive environment of semiconductor industry supply chain, independent system members are facing the difficult task of providing/sharing incentives resulting from e-market activi-ties in a fair and equitable manner. So, various other activities are necessary for the e-market to make revenue sharing operations more stable and reliable. In this context, the importance of coalition in enhancing the e-market capability, for rev-enue generation and sharing, is used to develop a possible mechanism for finan-cial compensation to the supply chain members. Interpreting the supply chain as cooperation, the concepts of the Shapely value are used in this paper for analysing the revenue sharing problem. The motivation behind such a scheme is to align the supply chain members' cost structure with the bidding value during auction and bargaining for e-procurement. The appropriateness of the Shapely value is veri-fied to ensure that a stable solution exists. The practical implication of this paper is how to make right decisions about revenue sharing. The principal contribution of this approach is for establishing a pooling coalition in order to provide a stable and cooperative solution.

2 illus, 1 table, 41 ref

015076   Bagui S K;Ghosh A (NO, Bengal Engineering and Science Univ, Shibpur, Howrah-711 103, Email: swapanbagui@gmail.com) : Visual system and glare. Indian Highw 2009, 37(8), 13-21.

Visual system and glare are important parameters in highway engineering during trvavelling from one place to another place. Glare has maximum effects on night driving speed and some effects are found during day time due light of sun including visibilty problem during rain. Highway engineer, landscape specialist or environmentailist should have some basic knowledge on these topics. They should design highway elements considering these aspects. A review on these topics has been carried out from different literatures like medical science, lighting, physics, landscape and highway design.

2 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

015075   Aziz A;Soni V K (School of Mechanical Engineering, Leeds Univ, Leeds, United Kingdom, Email: atifaziz82@gmail.com) : Investigating the modelling capabilities for freeform geometries using alias: a case study of a mobile handset. Ultra Scient phys Sci 2010, 22(2), 435-45.

The paper investigates the capabilities of the software Alias Studio tools Computer Aided Industrial Design software (CAID) on the modelling of artefacts which have got freeform geometry.. Freeform geometry is the geometry which uses curves and surfaces, which is not made up of Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) such as cubes, spheres, and cylinder. To achieve this, an object having a freeform geometry i.e. a mobile handset was chosen, as the geometry of mobile handset is quite typical and challenging and commonly used in day today life. This was done by reviewing the freeform geometry of mobile handset which is being used in industry. After the modelling was complete the mobile handset was rendered. The modelled mobile handset in the software was used to produce a stereo lithography (STL) file format and given for manufacturing or prototyping. It was found that the Alias (Studio Tools) is quite powerful in the modelling of freeform surfaces and its rendering. Firstly, this due to the fact that it has got an advantage that image of the real object can be imported to the interface which is of great help in making the profile curve of the model exactly the same as the real object. Secondly, these things are further enhanced by easy manipulation of the curves by Control Vertex (CVs) and edit points and blend points in blend curves. Alias STL file format production involves stitching of the surfaces which are modelled and if there are some gaps or spaces in the model, the spaces or gaps need to be filled in before STL file can be produced and require lots oftime.

24 illus, 12 ref

015074   Aziz A (NO, , HIG D-18 Kahkashan Complex phase 2 BDA colony Kohefiza, Bhopal-462 001, Email: atifaziz82@gmail.com) : Investigating the modelling capabilities for freeform geometries using I-DEAS:A case study of a mobile handset. Ultra Scient phys Sci 2010, 22(1), 213-22.

The paper investigates the capabilities of I-DEAS Mechanical Computer Aided Design software (MCAD) on the modelling of artefacts which have got freeform geometry. Freeform geometry is the geometry which uses curves and surfaces, which is not made up of Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) such as cubes, spheres, and cylinder. To achieve this, an object having a freeform geometry i.e. a mobile handset was chosen, as the geometry of mobile handset is quite typical and challenging and commonly used in day today life. This was done by reviewing the freeform geometry of mobile handset which is being used in industry. After the modelling was complete the mobile handset was rendered. The modelled mobile handset in the software was used to produce a stereo lithography (STL) file format and given for manufacturing or prototyping. In I-DEAS the objects can be manipulated at any time during modelling using the history access and also the modelled objects can be manipulated after stitching. The production of STL file format in I-DEAS of the completed objects take less time.

15 illus, 11 ref

015073   Ashraf M;Chollet F;Matham M;Yang C (MicroMachies Centre, School of MAE, Nanyang Technological Univ, Singapore-639798, Email: moha0040@ntu.edu.sg) : Fabrication of polymer-based reflowed microlenses on optical fibre with control of focal length using differential coating technique. Sadhana 2009, 34(4), 607-13.

Thermal reflow of polymer to generate spherical profile has been used to fabricate microlenses in this paper. A simple model based on the volume conservation (before and after reflow) and geometrical consideration of lens profile, shows that the focal length of the microlens produced by reflow technique is a function of the initial geometry of microcylinders, i.e. diameter and thickness. This relationship of focal length with diameter and thickness is used as a basis to control focal length. A simple spin coating technique on dual surface is used to achieve differential thickness, to control the focal length of microlenses produced on the same substrate. A biomedical application of such combination of microlenses is endoscopy where the lenses of varying diameter and equal focal length are needed on top of optical fibre bundles to provide independent function of illumination and imaging. This paper incorporates the differential thickness technique to show a micro fabrication process to produce the polymer reflowed microlenses, with a control of focal length based on thickness. The design also helps to integrate these microlenses on top an optical fibre with accurate alignment.

7 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

015072   Arshinder;Kanda A;Deshmukh S G (Management Studies Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, Email: arshinder@iitm.ac.in) : Coordination theoretic model for three level supply chains using contracts. Sadhana 2009, 34(5), 767-98.

Typically, supply chain members are dependent on each other to manage various resources and information. The conflicting objectives and lack of coordination between supply chain members may often cause uncertainties in supply and demand. The basic elements of coordination theory like interdepen-dency, coherency and mutuality may help in effective flow of information and material between the dependent supply chain members. Supply chain contract can be an effective coordination mechanism to motivate all the members to be a part of the entire supply chain. There are different types of supply chain contracts such as buy back and quantity flexibility contracts. Supply chain performance may be substantially improved by properly designing the contracts to share risks and rewards. The objective of this paper is to explore the applicability of coordination elements through an analytical model in three-level (Manufacturer-distributor-retailer) serial supply chains using contracts. The model evaluates the impact of supply chain contracts on various performance measures. The impact of some contract may be on some specific performance measure only, which helps managers to choose the type of contract if there is an objective of improving certain performance measure before hand. In three-level supply chains, the contracts are designed at two distinct interfaces: Manufacturer-distributor and distributor-retailer. The model demonstrates the complexity in evaluating the decision variables of three level supply chains. The proposed model is a novel approach to apply coordination theory at various levels of supply chain. The model also presents how the coordination elements are related to each other in various coordination cases.

4 illus, 5 tables, 42 ref

015071   Ahn H S;Bhambhani V;Chen Y (Mechatronics Dep, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju-500 712, Email: hyosung@gist.ac.kr) : Fractional-order integral and derivative controller for temperature profile tracking. Sadhana 2009, 34(5), 833-50.

Establishes a new strategy to tune a fractional order integral and derivative (ID) controller satisfying gain and phase margins based on Bode's ideal transfer function as a reference model, for a temperature profile tracking. A systematic analysis resulting in a non-linear equation relating user-defined gain and phase margins to the fractional order controller is derived. The closed-loop system designed has a feature of robustness to gain variations with step responses exhibiting a nearly iso-damping property. This paper aims to apply the analytical tuning procedure to control the heat flow systems at selected points in Quanser experimental platform. Thus, the main purpose of this paper is to examine performances of two different fractional order controllers in temperature profile tracking. From experimental comparisons with the traditional PI/PID controller based on Ziegler-Nichols' tuning method, it will be shown that the proposed methodologies are specifically beneficial in controlling temperature in time-delay heat flow systems.

16 illlus, 42 ref

015070   Aggarwal M K (NO, Nandi Infrastructure Corridor Enterprise Limited, Bangalore) : Fast construction with precast arch elements of highway structures on Bangalore-Mysore infrastructure corridor project. Indian Highw 2009, 37(8), 47-52.

Bangalore is known as Silicon Valley of India. IT Industry, which is earning very high revenue in terms of foreign exchange, has spread in all directions, resulting Bangalore has gone unmanageable vis-a-vis infrastructure is available. In order to cater enormous growth of traffic, Government of Karnataka propounded that the IT Industry required to be de-centralized from Bangalore and should be spread in satellite towns with nucleus at Bangalore. Mysore has been found as the alternate destination for the IT industry. In order to materialize the problems encountering as explained above in addition to problems of traffic exponentially increasing on account of traffic originating out of NH 4 & NH 7 and many other roads radiating inside Bangalore, a comprehensive plan of constructing a Bangalore -Mysore Express Highway has been envisaged by the Government of Karnataka.

2 illus, 4 ref

015069   Acharya D P;Roy I (NO, , 109/3, Kailash Roy Chowdhury Road, Barrackpore, Kolkata-700 120, Email: acharyadp_05@rediffmail.com) : Effect of surface stress and irregularity of the interface on the propagation of SH-waves in the magneto-elastic crustal layer based on a solid semi space. Sadhana 2009, 34(2), 309-30.

The object of the present paper is to investigate plane SH waves through a magneto-elastic crustal layer based over an elastic, solid semi space under the influence of surface stress on the free surface of the crustal layer and irregularity of the interface. Two types of irregularities of the interface namely, rectangular and parabolic have been considered. Modulations of wave velocity due to the presence of surface stress, irregularity and the magnetic field have been studied separately. Their combined effect has also been investigated. Graphs are drawn to highlight some important peculiarities. It is observed that surface stress, irregularity and magnetic field have their respective role to play in the propagation of SH waves in the crustal layer. Further modulation of wave velocity occurs due to their combined effect.

10 illus, 33 ref

013966   Vidya Sagar R;Raghu Prasad B K (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: rvsagar@civil.iisc.emet.in) : Modelling heterogeneity of concrete using 2D lattice network for concrete fracture and comparison with AE study. Sadhana 2009, 34(6), 865-86.

In this paper, numerical modelling of fracture in concrete using two-dimensional lattice model is presented and also a few issues related to lattice modelling technique applicable to concrete fracture are reviewed. A comparison is made with acoustic emission (AE) events with the number of fractured elements. To implement the heterogeneity of the plain concrete, two methods namely, by generating grain structure of the concrete using Fuller's distribution and the concrete material properties are randomly distributed following Gaussian distribution are used. In the first method, the modelling of the concrete at meso level is carried out following the existing methods available in literature. The shape of the aggregates present in the concrete are assumed as perfect spheres and shape of the same in two-dimensional lattice network is circular. A three-point bend (TPB) specimen is tested in the experiment under crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) control at a rate of 0.0004 mm/sec and the fracture process in the same TPB specimen is modelled using regular triangular 2D lattice network. Load versus crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) plots thus obtained by using both the methods are compared with experimental results. It was observed that the number of fractured elements increases near the peak load and beyond the peak load. That is once the crack starts to propagate. AE hits also increase rapidly beyond the peak load. It is compulsory here to mention that although the lattice modelling of concrete fracture used in this present study is very similar to those already available in literature, the present work brings out certain finer details which are not available explicitly in the earlier works.

17 illus, 5 tables, 47 ref

013965   Turkyilmazoglu M (Mathematics Dep, , 06532-Beytepe, Asnkara, Turkey, Email: turkyilm@hotmail.com) : Asymptotic stability of linearly evolving non-stationary modes in a uniform hydromagnetic field over a rotating-disk flow with suction and injection. Sadhana 2009, 34(6), 1039-60.

In this paper the linear stability properties of the magnetohydrodynamic flow of an incompressible, viscous and electricaIly conducting fluid are investigated for the boundary-layer due to an infinite permeable rotating-disk. The fluid is subjected to an external magnetic field perpendicular to the disk. The interest lies also in finding out the effects of uniform suction or injection. In place of the traditional linear stability method, a theoretical approach is adopted here based on the high-Reynolds-number triple-deck theory. It is demonstrated that the non-stationary perturbations evolve in accordance with an eigenrelation analytically obtained.

8 illus, 3 tables, 47 ref

013964   Turkyilmazoglu M (Mathematics Dep, University of Hacettepe, 06532-Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey, Email: turkyilm@hotmail.com) : Effect of mass transfer on a resonance instability in the laminar boundary layer flow over a rotating-disk. Sadhana 2009, 34(6), 947-65.

Direct spatial resonance phenomenon occurring in the viscous incompressible boundary layer flow due to a rotating-disk is investigated in this paper based on the linear stability theory. The possible effects of suction and injection are explored on the direct spatial resonance instability mechanism detected earlier in the case of zero-suction. This instability leads to an algebraic growth of disturbances while the flow is yet in the laminar regime and this in turn, may initiate the non-linearity and transition, competing with the unboundedly growing time-amplified perturbations. In line with the physical intuition, results show that suction delays the onset of resonance instability by increasing the critical Reynolds number, whereas it is enhanced by the presence of injection. The critical parameter for direct spatial resonance instability always precedes the onset value for absolute instability mechanism, after a comparison with the previous work. Therefore, in the case of suction, the onset parameter is close to the transition value as determined from the earlier experimental observations. It is further examined the inviscid nature of both absolute as well as direct spatial resonance instabilities when suction or injection is applied through the disk, and is demonstrated that these instability mechanisms are not in any wayan artifact of the parallel flow approximation assumed during the linearization of viscous incompressible stability equations.

9 illus, 2 tables, 48 ref

013963   Soonee S K;Agarwal V;Jain S (NO, Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd, New Delhi) : Reactive power and system frequency relationship-a case study. Wat Energy int 2009, 66(1), 26-31.

Describes the impact of system frequency on reactive power. The discussion is based on the study of these two important parameters on generator, urban radial load and SVC. In Northern India wide variation in frequency, in the range of 48.5 - 50.2 Hz, is observed against the permissible limit of 49 - 50.5 Hz in the absence of free governor mode of operation (FGMO). Studies show that relation of Reactive power with respect to frequency is negative. One percent increase/decrease in frequency causes 6-12% decrease/increase in Reactive power. To minimize this variation in Reactive power, for better Reactive power management, system stability and voltage control, a tighter frequency band is an urgent need today.

11 ilus, 2 tables

013962   Singh T N;Verma M K;Verma A K;Sarkar K (Earth Sciences Dep, IIT Bombay, Powai-440 076, Email: insingh@iitb.ac.in ) : Predictions of shear displacement in fully grouted rock bolt. J Rock Mech Tunnelling Technol 2009, 15(2), 117-30.

An effective strata control is one of the most important components for the safe design of an underground mine workings. In underground mining operations, approximately 50 percent of the accidents occur due to the fall of roof or side walls. It is essential that a safe and efficient support system will ensure moral confidence to the miner, thereby improving safety and productivity. Bolting is one of the methods to strengthen roofs and provide a good support to weak rock mass. There are some known methods to determine the shear displacement under in-situ as well as in the laboratory. These methods are tedious and time consuming. In the present investigation, Jordan-Elman network backed Genetic algorithm technique is used for the prediction of shear displacement, tiling into account hole diameter and bolt dimensions, forces and normal displacement as input parameters. The method of genetic algorithms is a search technique based Oil the mechanics of natural selection and natural genetics implemented by coding each state of a particular optimization problem as a string of binary digits. In Jordan-Elman network context units have been used which provides the network with the ability to extract temporal informatior from the data set. Network with five input processing elements, two hidden layer, each having 4 processing elements and context unit time of 0.8, and one output neurons is designed. Tanhaxon transfer function has been used for each of the two hidden layer. The coefficients of correlation among the predicted and observed values are high, encouraging and the percentage error obtained is also very low.

8 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref

013961   Singh R P (NO, , Satlul Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd) : Silt damage control measures for underwater parts-Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station-case study of a success story. Wat Energy int 2009, 66(1), 36-42.

Hydro power plants located on the Himalayan Rivers, typically, have had to endure high silt content in the water passing through the turbines causing enormous damages to the under-water parts of the turbine. The hydro power generating companies are engaged in mitigating this menace and optimizing generation and prof its. The Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station (NJHPS) - the flagship power station of the Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN) - bore the brunt of heavily silt laden water, consisting of highly erosive Quartz particles, in the first few years of operation after commissioning in 2003-04. Through a series of silt control measures, based on expert advice and experience gained by SJVN over the years, SJVN is close to finding a lasting solution to the problem towards achieving an optimum interval between successive repairs.

2 tables, ref

013960   Singh R (Central Soil and Materials Research Station, , Olof Palme Marg, Near IIT Hostel, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, Email: rajbal_s@yahoo.co.in) : Measurement of in situ shear strength of rock mass. J Rock Mech Tunnelling Technol 2009, 15(2), 131-42.

Shear strength parameters are required for stability analysis of dams, slopes and underground structures. The strength parameters are evaluated by conducting a set of in-situ shear tests. This paper deals with methodology for conducting in situ shear test and interpretation of testing data for evaluation of the shear strength parameters for rock to rock and rock to concrete interfaces. The variations in data from different project sites make it necessary to conduct the tests separately at each site/rock type carefully. Angle of internal friction is found to be high at low normal stress range.

8 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

013959   Sharma M D (Mathematics Department of Mathematics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136 119, Email: mohan_here@rediffmail.com) : Acoustic reflection from the boundary of anisotropic thermoviscoelastic solid with fluid. Sadhana 2009, 34(6), 1017-32.

Vertical slownesses of waves at a boundary of an anisotropic thermoviscoelastic medium are calculated as roots of a polynomial equation of degree eight. Out of the corresponding eight waves, the four, which travel towards the boundary are identified as upgoing waves. Remaining four waves travel away from the boundary and are termed as down going waves. Reflection and refraction of plane harmonic acoustic waves are studied at a plane boundary between anisotropic thermoviscoelastic solid and a non-viscous fluid. At this fluid-solid interface, an incident acoustic wave through the fluid reflects back as an attenuated acoustic wave and refracts as four attenuating waves into the anisotropic base. Slowness vectors of all the waves in two media differ only in vertical components. Complex values of vertical slowness define inhomogeneous refracted waves with a fixed direction of attenuation, i.e. perpendicular to the interface. Energy partition is calculated at the interface to find energy shares of reflected and refracted waves. A part of incident energy dissipates due to interaction among the attenuated refracted waves. Numerical examples are considered to study the variations in energy shares with the direction of incident wave. For each incidence, the conservation of incident energy is verified in the presence of interaction energy. Energy partition at the interface seems to be changing very slightly with the azimuthal variations of the incident direction. Effects of anisotropy, elastic relaxation and thermal parameters on the variations in energy partition are discussed. The acoustic wave reflected from isothermal interface is much significant for inciªdence around some critical directions, which are analogous to the critical angles in a non-dissipative medium. The changes in thermal relaxation times and uniform temperature of the thermoviscoelastic medium do not show any significant effect on the reflected energy.

7 illus, 26 ref

013958   Shailendra Kumar;Barai S V (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: (shailendra, skbarai)@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in) : Effect of softening function on the cohesive crack fracture parameters of concrete CT specimen. Sadhana 2009, 34(6), 987-1015.

The paper presents numerical study on the fracture parameters of concrete compact tension test specimens of different sizes using cohesive crack model. As softening function is the main ingredient of the cohesive crack model, seven numbers of widely used softening functions are incorporated in the model based on enhanced algorithm. It is found that the difference between the highest and the lowest peak loads obtained using various softening functions (except linear) is less than about 9%. The peak load predicted by the linear softening curve is about 16% larger than that of mean peak load predicted by other softening functions. The cohesive crack model with linear softening yields the fracture process zones lower by approximately 30-50% than those obtained by using the other softening relations for specimen size range 200-600 mm. The numerical results are further compared with a reference test result available in the literature. It is observed that some of softening relations (except linear) predict the experimentally obtained peak load up to 6% of accuracy whereas the linear softening curve overestimates it by about 30%. The numerically gained softening branch of load-displacement curves compare well with the experimental observation.

21 illus, 40 ref

013957   Secking G;Mamak M;Atabay S;Omran M (School of Civil Engineering, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey, Email: gseckin@cu.edu) : Discharge estimation in compound channels with fixed and mobile bed. Sadhana 2009, 34(6), 923-45.

Two-dimensional (2-D) formulae for estimating discharge capacity of straight compound channels are reviewed and applied to overbank flows in straight fixed and mobile bed compound channels. The predictive capabilities of these formulae were evaluated using experimental data obtained from the small-scale University of Birmingham channel. Full details of these data and key references may be found at the following www.flowdata.bham.ac.uk (university website). 2-D formulae generally account for bed shear, lateral shear, and secondary flow effects via 3 coefficients ƒ, λ and Γ. In this paper, the secondary flow term (Γ) used within the 2-D methods analysed here is ignored in all applications. Two different 2-D formulae almost give practically the same results for the same data when the secondary flow term is ignored. For overall test cases, the value of dimensionless eddy viscosity λ used in 2-D formulae was kept at 0.13 as recommended for open channels. 2-D formulae gave good predictions for most of the data sets studied in comparison with the traditional-D methods, namely the Single Channel Method (SCM) and the Divided Channel Method (DCM). The accuracy of predictions of 2-D formulae was increased by calibrating of λ value where the calibration was needed. For overall data, the average errors for each method were Lateral Division Methods (LDMs), with λ value of 0.13, 2.8%, DCM 14.3% and SCM -26.8%. The average error was 0.5% for LDMs with the calibrated values of λ.

16 illus, 5 tables, 37 ref

013956   Rivaz B E (NO, NV Bekaert, France) : Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC): the use of SFRC in precast segment for tunnel lining. Wat Energy int 2009, 66(1), 75-84.

The application and the use of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) in precast tunnel lining design is a growing trend due to its advantages in performance, durability and ease of manufacture compare to traditionally reinforced concrete. First we will give a brief state of the art concerning the use of SFRC for segmental lining. Then this paper will focus on a test program set up in order to simulate the precast tunnel segments subjected to local forces such as jack thrust during the installation process. For this type of industrial problem and for others involving SFFtCs, the test to compare different SFRCs has to be carried out in compliance with an appropriate test specification. This paper describes the research program carried out with AFTES (French Tunneling Association) and will explain through the test result the real behavior of the different material (plain concrete, SFRC, rebars) under this critical load case. This test will enable the engineer to define a required level of performance for this type of loading in relation with project requirements. The test program showed the behavior of SFRC in this application and its efficiency compared to traditional reinforcement. Multiple cracking occurred resulting in plasticizing and damage, but never sudden dislocation and failure. The test type which appears the most interesting is the median off-centered impact load test which gives very similar results and shows remarkable ductility. In addition, this test is relatively easy to implement with test specimens easy to execute and handle.

10 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

013955   Ramakrishna V;Sen S (Central Electricity Authority, , ) : Development of 1200 kv transmission system in India. Wat Energy int 2009, 66(1), 1-10.

The Indian power system is developing at an accelerated pace and it is anticipated that peak demand -shall increase to over 400 GW by 2022 and beyond for which total installed generation capacity of about 500 G W is envisaged. To optimally utilize the unevenly distributed energy resources and taking into account severe right of way issues, transfer of bulk power over long distance is required. Towards this, National Grid interconnecting all the five(5) regional electrical grids comprising high capacity 400 kV/765 kV AC and ±500 kV HVDC system has been established. Today, National Grid with interregional capacity of about 17,000 MW is in place. Further, central grid comprising of the Northern, Western, Eastern and North-eastern Regions is operating as a single synchronous grid of 105 GW capacity and asynchronously connected to the Southern region of about 40 GW. To meet the growing power demand of various regions power transfer capacity of the inter-regional links are being enhanced continuously. In this direction, major bulk power transmission corridors comprising of high capacity 1200kV and 765 kVAC system along with ± 800 kV, 6000 MW HVDC system are being planned. However, the 1200 kV AC system being UHV system with high Surge Impedance Loading(SIL) level, generate huge reactive power especially under light load condition which poses a major challenge of reactive power management in 1200 kV AC system under different loading conditions. Major considerations for development of 1200 kVAC system and methodologies of reactive power management to ensure secure operation of 1200 kV system are discussed in this paper.

10 illus, 3 tabls

013954   Rajbal Singh;Mathur R K;Gupta S L (Central Soil and Materials Research Station, , Olof Palme Marg, New Delhi-110 016, Email: rajbal_s@yahoo.co.in) : Instrumentation for underground powerhouse of Sardar Sarovar project, Gujarat. J Rock Mech Tunnelling Technol 2010, 16(1), 47-66.

The Central Soil and Materials Research Station (CSMRS), is involved with Sardar Sarovar Project for instrumentation work in underground powerhouse cavern since 1992 viz. from construction stage to operation stage and doing instrumentation work for monitoring of cracks deformation, rock movement and pore water pressure. The CSMRS has installed various instruments on different locations like upstream wall, down stream wall, bus gallery and crown of powerhouse. D deals with the instrumentation in underground powerhouse of Sardar Sarovar Project (Gujarat), including installation of various kinds of instruments for long term monitoring along with results and conclusions. The relative deformations show stability trend of the cavern finally inspite of shear zones.

21 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

013953   Pukkila J;Sarkka R (NO, Helsinki Technology Univ, Finland) : Risk assessment for deep underground work spaces. Wat Energy int 2009, 66(1), 68-74.

The sites of this work were Pyhasalmi Mine of Inmet Mining Corporation, Tytyri Mine of Nordkalk Oyj Abp, Orivesi Mine of Polar Mining Corpora tion and Onkalo of Posiva Ltd., which is an underground rock characterisation facility for final disposal of spent nuclear fuel. The objectives of this work were to develop work safety of the workers and of the sites as well as to obtain knowledge of hazards of underground mining and excavation process. To reach these objectives "The Risk Assessment at Workplace" method was developed more suitable for assessing the risks of underground mining as well as for underground rock excavation work. The first phase of risk assessment, hazard identification was carried on in a way in which workers themselves identified them in their own work. At the second phase of the risk assessment, risks were formed and their magnitudes were defined for the most often identified hazards by two parameters - probability and consequences. Proposals for actions to either reduce the magnitudes or to eliminate the risk were developed by meetings with the representatives of the company management, industrial safety organization, occupational health care and workers themselves as well as the risk assessment team of HUT.

3 illus, 10 tables

013952   Prasad A;Sarveswara Rao S (Chemical Engineering Dep, G.M.R. Institute of Technology, Rajam, Srikakulam-532 127) : Removal of copper using microsize coconut husk powder: equilibrium and kinetic studies. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2009, 8(2), 389-94.

Deals with the equilibrium and kinetic studies on biosorption of copper ions from aqueous solutions using coconut husk powder in a batch process. The results indicate that biosorption of copper is increased with an increase of biosorbent dosage and decrease with biosorbent size. A significant increase in percentage removal of copper was observed as pH value is increased from 1 to 7 and the percentage removal is decreased beyond pH 7. Increased initial concentration of copper in the aqueous solution results in lower biosorption. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models describe the present data very well indicating favourable biosorption. The biosorption follows pseudo-first-order kinetics.

9 illus, 7 ref

013951   Patel U C;Mahant B S (NO, , Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation Ltd) : Case study on transformers maintenance & rectification. Wat Energy int 2009, 66(2), 42-6.

Power Transformer is a most important and capital intensive equipment in the switch yard. It is a vital link for transferring power supply from generating station to consumer premises. It is an important component for all electrical power systems and every pulse generated in the system, passes though several transformers before it is finally consumed in any appliances/ equipments/industries. In short, transformer is an integral part of any electrical system, as one can't think about electrical system without transformer. Failure of Power transformer leads to huge loss by way of its repairs and loss of revenue due to interruption of power supply. It is a static device and gives trouble free service for years together, if the transformer is manufactured, installed, commissioned and maintained properly. A closed condition monitoring of Power transformer will definitely pro vide trouble free service for a longer period and avert premature failure/material damage.

2 tables

013950   Patel J D K (NO, Uyoti Ltd, Vadodara) : Failure analysis and preventive maintenance of electrical motor. Wat Energy int 2009, 66(2), 56-63.

4 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

013949   Neeru Bala;Sunita Rani (Mathematics Dep, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-125 001) : Static deformation due to a long buried dip-slip fault in an isotropic half-space welded with an orthotropic half-space. Sadhana 2009, 34(6), 887-902.

Closed-form analytical expressions for the displacements and the stresses at any point of a two-phase medium consisting of a homogeneous, isotropic, perfectly elastic half-space in welded contact with a homogeneous, orthotropic, perfectly elastic half-space due to a dip-slip fault of finite width located at an arbitrary distance from the interface in the isotropic half-space are obtained. The Airy stress function approach is used to obtain the expressions for the stresses and the displacements. The case of a vertical dip-slip fault is considered in detail. The variations of the displacements with the distance from the fault and with depth have been shown graphically.

7 illus, 11 ref

013948   Muzzammil M;Siddqui N A;Anwar M (Civil Engineering Dep, Z.H. College of Engineering and Technology, ) : Reliability - based scour depth estimation in Indian alluvial rivers. Wat Energy int 2009, 66(1), 44-55.

The inherent uncertainties in the estimation of bridge pier scour depth suggest that the reliability of bridge piers must be assessed to ensure desirable safety of bridges against scour. Use of reliability tools is an important step in examining the relationship between pier safety factor and risk, which are considered to be the key parameters for decision-making in bridge foundation design. The Lacey's scour equation is one of the earliest formulas for the scour depth prediction. It is still in practice in Indian subcontinent although many other scour prediction equations exist. In the present study, a procedure for the reliability assessment of bridge piers against local scour is presented using Lacey's scour depth prediction equation. First Order Reliability Method (FORM) and Monte Carlo simulation technique have been applied for this purpose with due consideration of correlation among the design variables. A simplified relationship between safety factor and reliability index has also been proposed for direct application of reliability values in the design process. Effect of flow discharge and sediment size on pier reliability against scour is investigated. In order to highlight the application of presented methodology, reliability of Elgin Bridge over an Indian river called 'Ghagra'is estimated and the estimated reliability is used to explain root cause behind sequence of problems faced by this bridge since its construction. Some parametric studies have also been included to obtain the results of academic and practical interest.

6 illus, 6 tables, 22 ref

013947   Mathur N (NO, Cental Electricity Authority, New Delhi) : Power development in India. Wat Energy int 2009, 66(1), 11-20.

013946   Mani R;Singh A N (NO, Uttar Pradesh Technical Univ, Lucknow) : Assessment of conjunctive use planning of water resourcs: a case study of Sultanpur district-Uttar Pradesh, India. Wat Energy int 2009, 66(1), 56-67.

The amount of available water resources have been recognized as limiting factors in development of most of the semi arid regions. Optimal utilization of available surface and groundwater resources, in canal command areas would result in their better utilization by maximizing the net benefits from the crop production. But shortage of surface water supplies has increased the pressure of ground water utilization and development as well. The potential of groundwater can be used to develop conjunctive use water management plans for supplementing canal water supplies and to increase agricultural productivity. The feasibility of conjunctive use management is analyzed using a mathematical model in the Sharda Sahayak Command Area of Sultanpur district of Uttar Pradesh-India. The water demand and available water resources in the study area are evaluated considering surface water and groundwater. This paper presents, a simple economic- engineering optimization model to explore the possibilities of conjunctive use of surface and groundwater using linear programming, and to arrive at an optimal cropping pattern for optimal utilization of water for maximizing net benefits. The UNDO 6.1, optimization package has been used to arrive at optimal allocation plan of surface water and groundwater. The results indicate that conjunctive use options are feasible and can be easily implemented in the study area.

8 illus, 7 tables, 31 ref

013945   Manhas B S;Kalia S B;Sardana A K (Chemistry Dep, Punbabi Univ, Patiala-l14 002, Email: shashibalakalia@rediffmail.com ) : Correlations of pK_a and steric characteristics of arylcarboxylic acids and the heterocyclic based with the magnetic behaviour of their copper (II) complexs. Proc Natn Acad Sci India-Sect A 2009, 79(PtII), 153-7.

Magnetically dilute and antiterromagnetic behaviour have been observed on the basis of magnetic moment data and electron spin paramagnetic resonance spectral parameters on a series of copper (II) arylcarboxylate (arylcarboxylate = x-C₆H₄GPO; x = 2 or 3 or 4-methyl-, chloro- or nitro-) adducts with saturated hetero-cyclic bases [1-methylpiperazine (1-MePipz); 1,4-dimethylpipe-razine (l,4-Me₂Pipz); 2,6-dimethylpiperazine (2,6-Me₂Pipz); 1-phenylpiperazine (1-PhPipz); 1-methylpiperdine (1-MePipd); 1-cthylpiperidine (1-EtPipd); 2,6-dimethylpiperidine (2,6-Me₂Pipd) and 4-methylmorpholine (4-MeMorph); 4-ethylmorpholine (4-EtMorph); 2,6-dimethylmorpholine (2,6-Me₂Morph)]. The magnetic behaviour has been correlated to the electronic and steric factors and to the pK_a's of arylcarboxylic acid and the heterocyclic base but without any consistent trend.

2 illus, 11 ref

013944   Khan M I;Gulati a;Reddy T;Koul R;Data D; Chauhan R K;Prasher V K (NO, Bhart Heavy Electricals Limited, New Delhi) : Innovative, cost effective solution for controlling the fault currents in a large network "a case study". Wat Energy int 2009, 66(1), 32-5.

The load-generation mismatch in the country has given an impetus to the accelerated growth of power generation by the power planners. Government of India has taken a big initiative by sanctioning development of a large number of Ultra Mega Power Projects with generation capacity of 4000 MW at pit heads or coastal sites. With the encouragement of the government many private players have come up in the field of generation of power and about 173385 MW generation addition by IPP is envisaged by year 2011-12. The accelerated growth of power generation is bringing new challenges for the power system operators. The high density growth of power generation as well as the interconnected operation of the power system is leading to high fault currents in the Indian network. The power equipment in the existing network is rated for a fault current of 40 kA at 400 kV and 220 kV levels. With the growing addition of power generation, there will be many substations in the country where the fault currents shall exceed the rated capability of the existing equipment. Various case studies have been performed using PSS/E and it was found that in 2012 scenario, a number of 400 kV buses as shown in the following sections will have higher fault levels exceeding 40 kA. Similar situation is likely to occur for 220 kV. It may not be economically feasible to replace the existing equipment and hence suitable measures should be adopted for limiting the fault currents. The paper discusses the 2012 scenario where the fault currents will increase by more than 40 kA as per Table 2. There are some ongoing projects in different countries for development of fault current limiting devices.

4 illus, 2 tables, 1 ref

013943   Kadkade D G (Jaiprakash Associates Ltd, , Sector 128, Noida-201 304, Email: dgkadkade@jalindia.co.in) : Design of drilling and blasting pattern for excavation of HRT in high temperature zone (Adit 4 upstream) at Karcham-Wangtoo hydroelectric project. J Rock Mech Tunnelling Technol 2010, 16(1), 1-10.

High temperatures (60°-98°C) were measured in tunnel of Karcham- Wangtoo hydroelectric project in Himachal Pradesh, India. A safe method of blasting the tunnel face is presented. The nonel detonators are recommended after cooling the blast holes below 80°C by throwing chilled water manually.

7 illus, 1 table, 1 ref

013942   Jenau Frank;Testin Viovanni (AREVA T&D Messwandier GmbH, Germany AREVA passoni & Villa S.P.A, Italy) : Modern instrument transformer technologies for HUV AC and HVDC networks. Wat Energy int 2009, 66(2), 31-42.

Presents Non-conventional Instrument Transformers (NCIT) being suitable for current and voltage metering as well as protection applications. The NCITs are providing a modem digital secondary interface. They are using the optical technology to realize a galvanic separation as well as their intrinsic advantages for reasons of electromagnetic compatibility by their dielectric insulation properties. With the standardization of the IEC61850 protocol a widely accepted and by most of the manufacturers supported secondary interface,is now available. Examples of some practical applications are used to present this modern solution.

20 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

013941   Goshtasbi K;Eslami M (Mining Engineering Dep, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, Email: mislami_mining@yahoo.com) : Investigation of dynamic response for blast hole wall in rock excavations. J Rock Mech Tunnelling Technol 2009, 15(2), 87-96.

When it comes to mining operation and civil engineering activities like tunnelling and dam constructing the importance of blasting cannot be underestimated. A nearly perfect estimate of explosion loading on rock mass is an essential prerequisite to initiating such activities. The ability of transmitting vibrations differs in different rock types due to their differing rock mass properties. For example, rigid competent rock types with high compressive strength and high density have a good transmitting ability. The present study focuses on different qualities of rock mass properties including good and average quality. Moreover, it is in effect a comparative study between numerical simulation and empirical equations. The results indicate that in empirical equations only compression wave of pressure are taken into account and the tensile waves are ignored. It is also demonstrated that the dynamic load on the borehole wall is more in the rock mass of good quality than in the average quality.

4 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

013940   Ghorpade V G;Sudarsana Rao H;Ravindra V (Civil Engineering Dep, JNTU College of Engineering, Anantapur-515 002) : Resistance of fly ash based high performance concrete to acidic environment. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2009, 8(2), 197-206.

Fly ash is one of the residues generated in combustion of coal. Fly ash is generally captured from the chimneys of power generation facilities. Fly ash includes substantial amounts of silica (SiO₂), both amorphous and crystalline, and lime (CaO). Fly ash is commonly used to supplement Portland cement in concrete production, where it can bring both technological and economic benefits. Increased awareness of environmental hazards, steep rising prices of building materials, non-availability of space to stock the fly ash and other such factors have generated interest among the researchers to work on the gainful utilization of fly ash as an alternate building material with potential for replacing cement partially in constructions. Fly ash utilization in concrete not only reduces the cost due to cement savings but also contribute to reduced carbon-dioxide emissions contributing to environmental protection. It is well established by now that the concrete structures exposed to acidic environments deteriorated much faster when compared to their counterparts in non-aggressive environments. High-Performance-Concrete (HPC) is a new generation concrete which has the potential to perform well in aggressive environments. This paper presents the details of an experimental investigation planned to utilize fly ash in production of HPC. Acid attack tests have been conducted to measure the durability of HPC. This investigation is undertaken to study and define a better HPC mix containing locally available fly ash which can sustain in chloride and sulphate environments. The investigation examines the progressive deterioration of concrete mixtures containing various combinations of fly ash based HPC mixes exposed to sulphate and chloride solutions.

8 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

013939   Ghazvinian A H;Rashidi M (Mining Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, Email: abdolhadi@yahoo.com) : Effect of ratio of hole diameter to rock bolt diameter on pullout capacity of fully grouted rock bolts. J Rock Mech Tunnelling Technol 2010, 16(1), 11-8.

Fully grouted rock bolts are the most common reinforcements in geomechanical projects such as tunnels, rock slopes, and foundations. There are many factors, which directly affect the load-bearing capacity of rock bolts. However, there is only limited information about the effect of ratio of hole diameter to rock bolt diameter (D_h/D_b) on the pullout capacity. To evaluate this effect, 56 laboratory pullout tests have been carried out by using 25, 28 and 32 mm diameter (AIII) rock bolts in the holes with different diameters (32, 40, 50, 63, and 90 mm) and 180 mm embedment length. The results show significant changes between load bearing capacity of rock bolt and the ratio (D_h/D_b). The increase of diameter of the hole beyond an optimal limit leads to decrease of the load-bearing capacity.

8 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

013938   Gajbhiye R;Dixit A;Gupta A M (NO, Bharat Heavy electricals Limited, Bhopal) : Renovation modernisation & uprating of hydro generatiors - BHEL approach. Wat Energy int 2009, 66(1), 21-5.

013937   Chowdhury R;Rao B N;Meher Prasad A (School of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, U K, Email: bnrao@iitm.ac.in) : Stochastic sensitivity analysis using HDMR and score function. Sadhana 2009, 34(6), 967-86.

Probabilistic sensitivities provide an important insight in reliability analysis and often crucial towards understanding the physical behaviour underlying failure and modifying the design to mitigate and manage risk. This article presents a new computational approach for calculating stochastic sensitivities of mechanical systems with respect to distribution parameters of random variables. The method involves high dimensional model representation and score functions associated with probability distribution of a random input. The proposed approach facilitates first ªand second-order approximation of stochastic sensitivity measures and statistical simulation. The formulation is general such that any simulation method can be used for the computation such as Monte Carlo, importance sampling, Latin hypercube, etc. Both the probabilistic response and its sensitivities can be estimated from a single probabilistic analysis, without requiring gradients of performance function. Numerical results indicate that the proposed method provides accurate and comªputationally efficient estimates of sensitivities of statistical moments or reliability of structural system.

3 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

013936   Choudhury D;Phani Kanth V S;Rami Reddy G (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, Email: dc@civil.iitb.acin) : Recent advances in analysis and design of pile foundations in liquefiable soils during earthquake: a review. Proc Natn Acad Sci India-Sect A 2009, 79(PtII), 141-52.

Liquefaction of saturated soil subjected to earthquake loading is one of the major factors affecting the behavior of pile foundations and subsequent building failure in seismically active areas. Predicting the behavior of the pile foundation in liquefying ground during an earthquake requires considerations of ground motions, free-field site response, super-structure response and soil-pile-super structure interaction. Evaluation of performance of pile requires the estimation of inertial forces imposed on the pile and transient or permanent deformation of the pile foundation. In this paper a detailed description about the recent advances in both analytical and experimental studies of pile foundations with the design guidelines for pile in liquefiable strata under earthquake condition is presented. Also, brief details have been provided on the pile failure mechanism, state-of-the-art type analysis and design techniques.

11 illus, 1 table, 42 ref

013935   Chaudhuri M;Wei T Y (Civil Engineering Dep, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750) : Decolourisation of reactive dyes by modified photo-fenton process under irradiation with sunlight. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2009, 8(2), 359-63.

In a laboratory study, decolourisation of four reactive dyes (Cibacron Yellow C5G, Remazol Blue RGP, Remazol Red RGP and Remazol Golden Yellow RGP) by modified photo-Fenton (UV-vislferrioxalate/H₂O₂) process under irradiation with sunlight was examined. Over 90% decolourisation occurred in 90-120 min for dye concentrations of 20, 50 and 100 mg/L, indicating the effectiveness of ferrioxalate complexes in decolourisation of even strongly coloured solutions. The study has demonstrated that modified photo-Fenton process is an effective process for decolourisation of reactive dyes. The process is useful for treatment of dye house waste in tropical and equatorial regions where sunlight is abundant.

8 illus, 13 ref

013934   Bhattacharya B;Lu Q;Zhong J (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Reliability of redundant ductile structures with uncertain system failure criteria. Sadhana 2009, 34(6), 903-21.

Current reliability based approaches to structural design are typically element based: they commonly include uncertainties in the structural resistance, applied loads and geometric parameters, and in some cases in the idealized structural model. Nevertheless, the true measure of safety is the structural systems reliability which must consider multiple failure paths, load sharing and load redistribution after member failures, and is beyond the domain of element reliability analysis. Identification of system failure is often subjective, and a crisp definition of system failure arises naturally only in a few idealized instances equally imporªtant. We analyse the multi-girder steel highway bridge as a k out of n active parallel system. System failure is defined as gross inelastic deformation of the bridge deck; the subjectivity in the failure criterion is accounted for by generalizing k as a random variable. Randomness in k arises from a non-unique relation between number of failed girders and maximum deflection and from randomness in the definition of the failure deflection. We show how uncertain failure criteria and structural systems analyses can be decoupled. Randomness in the transverse location of trucks is considered and elastic perfectly plastic material response is assumed. The role of the system factor modifying the element-reliability based design equation to achieve a target system reliability is also demonstrated.

3 illus, 5 tables, 45 ref

013933   Bhamare Y (NO, Head-Engineering Distribution Automation ABB Limited, Vadodara) : IEC 6185 baded distribution automation system. Wat Energy int 2009, 66(2), 47-55.

The Power Industry is in the midst of a transformation process - from being Energy suppliers to becoming Energy Service Companies. Everyday the Distribution Utilities face new challenges and have to improve productivity and reduce operating costs and maintenance costs whilst providing customers with a reliable power supply and a broad range of services. To achieve rapid success the effective use of Information Technology is essential. The demand-supply gap in power in India is growing more and more which may give rise to a power crisis. It is thus imperative that power utilities look at increasing efficiencies in distribution networks, which have among the highest transmission and distribution losses in the world at close to and upwards of 30 per cent. In addition, the social pricing for rural and other sectors puts an increasing pressure on utilities to improve productivity as also reduce operating and maintenance costs to remain financially viable. With the advances in telecom & IT, the new millennium has leapfrogged into a revolution in networking and communication technologies to offer automation as a solution to improve distribution efficiencies. Distribution Management System is a tool for enterprise-wide management of an electric utility system. In other words, an ERP for an electric utility that, properly applied, provides for efficient operations enhances operational outputs and translates into economic benefits.

8 illus, 3 ref

013932   Bali R;Kumawat P (Mathematics Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur-302 004) : Bianchi type IX tilted cosmological model for barotropic perfect fluid distribution with heat conduction in general relativity. Proc Natn Acad Sci India-Sect A 2009, 79(PtII), 215-20.

Bianchi type IX tilted cosmological model for barotropic perfect fluid distribution with heat conduction in general relativity is investigated. To get the deterministic model, we have also assumed the supplementary condition A = B" between metric potentials A and B, n being a constant. The physical and geometrical aspects of the model are also discussed.

25 ref

013931   Aydan O;Ohta Y;Genis M;Tokashiki N;Ohkubo K (Marine Civil Eng, Tokai University, Shizuoka, Japan, Email: omeraydan@hotmail.co.jp) : Response and earthquake induced damage of underground structures in rock mass. J Rock Mech Tunnelling Technol 2010, 16(1), 19-46.

Underground structures are generally known as earthquake-resistant structures as compared to surface structures. Nevertheless, the recent earthquakes showed that underground structures are also vulnerable to earthquakes. There may be several reasons for such damage such as high ground motions and permanent ground movements. This study attempts to describe various forms of damage to underground structures such as tunnels, caverns, natural caves and abandoned mines during major earthquakes. Results of various model tests on shaking table are also presented to show the effect of ground shaking on the response and collapse of underground structures in continuum and discontinuum. Furthermore, some empirical equations are proposed to assess the damage to underground structures, which may be useful for quick assessments of possible damage.

27 illus, 1 table, 38 ref

013930   Al-Obaydi M A;Nuri T M;Ali A N (Civil Engineering Dep, college of Engineering, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq, Email: dralobaydi@yahoo.com) : Strength characteristics of hollow specimens from sedimentary rocks. J Rock Mech Tunnelling Technol 2009, 15(2), 97-116.

Simulation of stress distribution around underground openings leads to safe design of excavations. In many engineering projects involving rock, the failure of rock is of fundamental importance and the aim of laboratory research in rock mechanics. The work described in this paper involves a series of experiments that were performed on hollow thick-walled cylinders of three. different types of rock namely: Gypsum, Limestone and Sandstone. Three hole sizes were made in the specimens of the rocks with ratio of hole diameter to specimen diameter of 0.188, 0.235 and 0.277 as well as zero (a solid one). Different loading conditions have been considered including uniaxial compression, triaxial compression as well as Brazilian and ring tests. The results indicated that both unconfined compressive and tensile strengths decrease with the increasing hole size. A critical hole size ratio, ratio of hole diameter to specimen diameter, beyond which there is no significant reduction in strength, has been defined clearly in uniaxial loading condition of about 0.2 to 0.25, but not for tension condition. Ratio of the unconfined compressive to tensile strengths of solid specimen is more than 6.0, while it becomes less than 3.0 in case of hollow specimen. Despite the fluctuation in shear strength parameters (c and ϕ) with the hole size, but in general, both parameters show decrease with the increasing hole size while they increase with the confining pressure. All the rocks have shown similar trends of stress-strain behavior. Finally, it can be concluded that the loading type has a pronounced effects on strength characteristics and stresses distribution around the excavation.

13 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref