012706   Thirugnanasambandam M;Parida B;William A J; Prasad N;Ramamurti V (Mechanical Engineering Dep, McGill Univ, Canada) : Design of transmission housing. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2009, 75(4), 137-43.

The purpose of this paper is to design and analyse a two stage speed reduction gearbox housing. There has been hardly any rigorous design procedure adopted for gearbox housing during the design of a gearbox. This has led to a large number of failures in such systems and hence the need for a definite design procedure has risen. The gear train and the shafts were designed in accordance with standard design data. The gear train is theoretically mounted in a cuboidal box termed as the housing. The torsional critical speed of the rotor system and the lateral critical speeds of the shafts were obtained using ANSYS. A finite element modelling of the gearbox housing was carried out in ANSYS and the same was analysed to obtain its natural frequency and stress distribution. All the ANSYS solutions were extensively evaluated with different theoretical methods such as the Raleigh's energy method and were found to be consistent. A comparison of the natural frequency of the housing, the torsional critical speed of rotor system and the lateral critical speeds of each of the shafts with the exciting frequency clearly showed the former were far above the exciting frequency hence qualifying the gear box housing. A few industrial practices were taken up as case studies to understand their implications on the safety of the gearbox. The degree to which the gearbox stability is forfeit due to the changes made in each of the three case studies is compared. The complete analysis concluded that the housing design plays a very significant role in the industrial scenario.

10 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

012705   Singh R K;Singh S N;Seshadri V (NO, Univ of Delaware, Newark, De-19711, USA) : Performance evaluation of orifice plate assemblies under non-standard conditions using CFD. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(6), 397-406.

The performance characteristics of small diameter orificemeters (diameter = 40 mm NB) for four diameter ratios with higher plate thicknesses are evaluated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) under the non-standard conditions using water as the working fluid. The plate thicknesses considered are larger than the maximum allowed thickness specified in standard, ISO- 5167. The study has shown the effect of plate thickness on the value of C_d to be only marginal up to twice the allowable plate thickness for all the diameter ratios studied. The value of the C_d marginally decreases with increase in the plate thickness for lower β values, whereas the value of C_d increases with increase in plate thicknesses for higher β values.

10 illus, 4 table, 20 ref

012704   Singh R K (JP Univ, Jagdam College, Chapra-841 301, Email: rks_jpujc@yahoo.co.in) : Corrosion protection of stainless steel in phosphate fertilizer industry. J Metall Mater Sci 2010, 52(2), 173-80.

Corrosion is one of the major problems in phosphate fertilizer industry. During processing of phosphate fertilizer strong cone, sulphuric acid is used which generates corrosive environment that affect metal and cost of production. In phosphate fertilizer industry, most of the equipments are made of stainless steel and when it comes in contact of corrosive environment several types of corrosion takes place like galvanic, pitting, crevice, stress, cracking, embitterment, blistering and soon. To check corrosion in this abetting environment organic inhibitors are used like N, N'-di-2-amino-diphenyIthiourea, N, N'-dinaphthyllthiourea and N, N'-di-2-amino-dinaphthyllthiourca. The anticorrosive behaviour of these inhibitors are studied at different concentrations and temperatures. The physical and chemical adsorption phenomena of inhibitors were studied with help of Arrhenious, Langmuir, Frundlich and Temkin equations. The corrosion rate was determined by gravimetric and potentiostatic polarization techniques. These inhibitors are aromatic inhibitors which are highly electronic rich compounds to work against corrosion in acidic medium. N, N'-di-2-amino-dinaphthyllthiourea show maximum inhibition efficiency 83% among N, N'-di-2-amino-diphenylthiourea and N, N'-dinaphthyllthiourea. These inhibitors are adhered to the metal surface by physical bonding indicating the result of thennodynamical parameters.

3 illus, 6 table, 21 ref

012703   Shin S W;Kang H;Ahn J M;Kim D W (Architectural Engineering Dep, Hanyang Univ, Korea) : Flexural capacity of singly reinforced beam with 150 MPa ultra high-strength concrete. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(6), 414-26.

Studied the 150 MPa ultra-high-strength concrete (UHSC). RC beam is reinforced by SD400 and SD500 bars to evaluate on range of maximum tensile steel ratio which have reasonable ductility capacities and flexural behaviors of UHSC through the flexural test. The reinforced ultra-high-strength-concrete beam subjected to flexural moment behaves more brittleness than the reinforced moderate strength concrete beam with equal reinforcement ratio Cp/Pb, Pb=balanced steel ratio). In this study, 10 singly reinforced rectangular beam specimens using 150 MPa concrete compressive strength are tested to evaluate on flexural behavior. The ductility capacity of UHSC flexural member without compression reinforcements significantly decrease. Displacement ductility index indicates about 1.3<126>2.56 on 150 MPa UHSC. To obtain the minimum ductility ratio with above 3.0 for double reinforced beam and above 2.0 for singly reinforced beam, limit strain shall be set so that the net tensile strain of outermost tensile steel may be above 0.006 in excess of 0.005 and the tensile steel ratio is required to be 0.55 ρ_b or less.

17 illus, 7 table, 17 ref

012702   Sharma S K;Shukla R;Shyam A (Energetics & Electromagnetics Div, Institute of Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382 428, Email: surendr@ipr.res.in) : 14 MEV neutron generator facilities for material research for fusion reactors. Prajna 2010, 18(1-4), 110-11.

Accelerator based neutron generator is designed for the generation of 14 MeV neutrons for carrying out the benchmark experiments for fusion blanket and shielding materials for demo fusion reactor. Deuterium ion beam current of 1mA is extracted from the Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source and accelerated to 300 keV and then impinging on 10 curie tritium target produces 10¹⁰, 14 MeV neutrons per second via D(T, n)He nuclear fusion reaction. The subsystem of the neutron generator is consists of ECR ion source and its power supply kept on the high voltage platform, 300 kV acceleration column and 300 kV/10 mA DC High voltage power supply for accelerating deuterium ion, beam line and vacuum system to maintain 10^-5 mbar inside the beam line and tritiated target. The Ion source is operating on the test bench and deuterium ion beam has been extracted from the ion source at 7.5 kV extraction potential. Another compact sealed pulsed 14 MeV neutron generator facility has been installed with the neutron flux of 10¹⁰ neutrons per second and repetition rate of 100 Hz. few experiments for explosive detection were carried out with pulsed neutrons.

3 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

012701   Sharma S K;Shukla R;Salzborn E;Shyam A (Energetics & Electromagnetics Div, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar-382 428, Email: surender@ipr.res.in) : Compact electron cyclotron resonance ion source based ion beam generation. Prajna 2010, 18(1-4), 112-14.

A compact 2.45 GHz Electron cyclotron resonance (E.C.R.) based ion source is set up for the production of single and multiple charged ion beams. The sub-system of E.C.R. ion source has microwave system its power supplies, plasma chamber, NdFeB permanent magnets and ion extraction assembly. The gas is ionized inside the cylindrical plasma chamber, which is surrounded by the permanent magnets system. The microwave system consists of 2.45 GHz, 300 watts c-w magnetron and its power supplies for plasma generation. The extraction assembly consists of a spherical extraction aperture and a puller electrode. The source has been operated with hydrogen, deuterium, helium and nitrogen gas. Mono-atomic and multiple charges ions have been extracted from the ion source by controlling the gas pressure and microwave power inside the plasma chamber. Vacuum of the order of 10^-5 to 10^-6 mbar is maintained inside the plasma chamber. The ions from the plasma chamber is extracted and focused on negatively biased faraday cup. The deuterium ion beam current has been measured by measuring the voltage across the series resistor and the deuterium ion beam current signal is recorded to see the beam uniformity and stability. Deuterium ion beam current of 1 milli-ampere has been extracted at 7,5 kV extraction voltage.

5 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

012700   Sasikumar R;Arunachalam R M (Mechanical Engg Dep, Centre for Nanometrials/Micromachining, Sono College of Technology, Salem-636 005, Email: sasikumar11@sa=onatech.ac.in) : Production of nanometerials through machining. J Metall Mater Sci 2010, 52(2), 141-7.

Nanocrystalline materials exhibit superior mechanical properties such as higher strength, hardness and ductility etc. Severe plastic deformation is the process to produce nanocrystalline materials. This research work focuses on the production of nano crystalline materials through machining and high energy ball milling route. Nanocrystalline materials were generated through oblique machining by the large strain plastic deformation imposed by the cutting tool during machining. Stainless Steel 316L (SS) bar of 50mm diameter and length 300mm was chosen for this study. Machining parameters such as speed, feed, depth of cut and rake angle were chosen for the investigation. Coated tungsten carbide cutting-tool was used for the study. Machined chips were collected and cleaned using ultrasonic machine for microstructure analysis. These chips were then mounted, polished and etched for microstructure evaluation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis of the chips revealed crystalline sizes in the range of 50- 60 nm. These chips were further processed using the high energy ball mill for preparing the components through powder metallurgy route. The machine nanocrystalline SS chips were milled with milling speed of 350 rpm, milling time of 20hrs and ball to powder ratio of 10:1 in inert atmosphere using stainless steel hardened bowl and balls. The milled powders were then characterized using TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope), SEM and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The crystalline sizes of the milled powders were determined by using Scherer formula. Results showed that the milled powders were in the range of 20 - 50 nm.

9 illus, 3 table, 7 ref

012699   Runyoro J (Mechanical and Engineering Dep, College of Engineering and Technology, Univ of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Email: owekish@udsm.ac.tz) : Effect of restrained hot spots and integrity of steel welded joints. J Metall Mater Sci 2010, 52(2), 129-40.

The need for quality control is paramount especially when new technologies are used with sourced labor as to minimize construction costs. The cost of quality control amount more than 10% of the total construction project cost and assures the client of getting a product of controlled quality. In structures joined by welding processes, a change in welding, transportation or operating procedure may lead to joint failure. In this article, welded joints failures has been documented and it has been observed that failure can occur due to the change in welding procedure in the case of the weld neck flanged pipe joints, or by fatigue failure initiated during transportation of equipment or by change of type of fuel in the case of the boiler.

14 illus, 3 table, 9 ref

012698   Runyoro J (Mechanical and Industrial Dep, College of Engineering and Technology, Univ of Dar es Salaam, Dares Salaam, Tanzania, Email: owekisha@udsm.ac.tz) : Effect of tightening torque on anchor bolts embedded in concrete. J Metall Mater Sci 2010, 52(1), 67-85.

The use of steel anchor bolts is common in concrete structures for holding down steel structures and equipment. The mechanical and chemical properties of concrete differ to that of steel necessitating them to be used with care. They anchor bolts suffer from corrosion formed in concrete, and their failure depends on concrete quality. Work was carried out to ascertain the suitability of anchor bolts for supporting the power generating plant after being in the structure, exposed to the weather for more than five years. Study was also carried out on anchor bolts which failed during installation. During the study, the mode and cause of failure was determined. The study shows that tightening of the bolts by the use of torque wrench imposes torsion stress on the bolts. It was found out that the tensile strength of concrete is low and is the function of compressive strength. A formula for calculating tensile strength based on the quality of concrete has been proposed and is proportional to the square root of compressive strength. A relationship between applied torque and elongation during tightening of the anchor bolts in concrete foundation follows a polynomial curve, and it has been observed that it is difficult to relate the applied torque with the tensile strength of the bolt. The profile of the pulled out concrete due to tightening of anchor bolt is in form of logarithmic curve before recessing at the surface. There exists a threshold of torque required before the bolt start elongating. Steel anchor bolt tightening torque in concrete foundation is almost half to that of steel to steel. In testing number of bolts, the R-squared value and constants of each plotted graph of a bolt test values may be used to quantify the quality of bolt/concrete connection.

19 illus, 4 table, 14 ref

012697   Rastogi R P;Singh N B;Shukla S K (Chemistry Dep, DDU Gorakhpur Univ, Gorakhpur-273 009, Email: rprastogi@yahoo.com) : Synthesis of NiO nano crystals through nitrate eutectic melt. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(6), 477-80.

Nanostructured materials are of considerable interest in both fundamental as well as applied research areas due to their unique physical and chemical properties and also promising applications in nanodevices. In recent years, variety of nanomaterials have been prepared by using different methods. Molten nitrates and particularly nitrate eutectic melts, because of low melting temperatures, are frequently used as nonaqueous solvents for studying a number of chemical reactions and preparation of materials. Nano size nickel oxide (about 15 nm) has been prepared by the reaction of nickel sulphate in NaNO₃ - KNO₃ eutectic melt. The specific reaction conditions for the preparation of nano size NiO have been specified using TG and DTA techniques. NiO produced has been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) techniques. Probable reaction mechanism for the reaction has also been proposed.

4 illus, 11 ref

012696   Raji K;Alfred Cecil Raj S (NO, Holy Cross College, Tiruchirapralli, Tamil Nadu) : Sintered properties of aluminium alloy for better nano tool products. J Metall Mater Sci 2010, 52(2), 169-72.

The most important property of aluminium is its low specific gravity (2.7), high electrical and thermal conductivities, high ductility and corrosion resistance in various media. Aluminium has a face centered cubic crystal lattice whose constant depends upon its degree of purity. Moreover the mechanical properties of pure aluminium are not very high though it posses good ductility. When aluminium is added with copper, nickel, iron, silicon the mechanical properties will be increased. The present investigation explains how the mechanical properties of Al-Cu composition are increased and the effect of sintering on the above composition dominating. One of the advantages, of P/M is, metals and alloys in any proportion can be mixed together to manufacture articles of any desired shapes,in this respect process is not governed by the phase rule^[1] which is applicable to alloys manufactured by melting.

3 table, 7 ref

012695   Rajesha S;Venkatesh G;Sharma A K;Pradeep Kumar (NO, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Rookee-247 667, Email: rajeshashivanna@gmail.com) : Performance study of a natural polymer based media for abrasive flow machining. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(6), 407-13.

Abrasive flow machining (AFM) is a non traditional finishing process used for finishing parts with predominantly irregular geometry. In AFM, material removal and surface finish takes place by flowing viscoelastic abrasive carrier across the surface to be machined. The media (carrier + abrasive) is the key element in the process because of its ability to precisely abrade the selected areas along its flow path. In this study, an attempt is made to develop a new carrier as an alternative to the existing commercially available rnedia. The newly developed carrier is characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Performance evaluation of the carrier is carried out by considering extrusion pressure, abrasive concentration, viscosity of media, and media flow rate as a process parameters and surface finish improvement and material removal as process responses. The ester based newly developed media is capable of withstanding a temperature to work up to 71°C without changing its characteristics. It is found that the developed carrier is flexible enough to be used in AFM process and performance study reveals that the new polymer based medium yields a good improvement in surface finish as well as material removal. Material removal does not get influenced significantly by the varying media flow rate, but surface finish increases with media flow rate above 796 Pa-s. An operational pressure of 20 bar and abrasive concentration of 50:50 (abrasives: carrier) is observed to be better parameter levels for the conditions attempted in the present study.

13 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

012694   Purushottam Reddy R;Raghavendra N R; Sathyagangadharudu S (Studies and Research in Earth Science Dep, Post Graduate Centre, Sandur-583 119, Email: raghavendra_nr@hotmail.com) : Banded iron formations of coppermountain belt near Torangal, Bellary District, Karnatka State (India). J Metall Mater Sci 2010, 52(2), 161-8.

The banded iron formation (BIF), corresponding mostly to oxide facies, exposed in north eastern parts of the Sandur greenstone belt has been studied with respect to their field, Petro graphic, Mineralogical and Petrochemical Aspects. It is concluded that these iron formations are essentially the results of chemical precipitation of iron and silica derived from continental weathering of basic rocks under anaerobic, quiest, below-wave base marine conditions. The banding is attributed to cyclic changes in climatic conditions.

3 illus, 2 table, 48 ref

012693   Perea C;Yepes V;Alcala J;Hospitaler A; Gonzelez-Vidosa F (ICITECH, Construction Engineering Dep, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain) : Parametric study of optimum road frame bridges by threshold acceptance. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(6), 427-37.

Examines the economic optimization of reinforced concrete road frame bridges by threshold acceptance. The formulation of the problem includes 50 discrete variables: three geometrical ones, three types of concrete and 44 reinforcement bars and bar lengths. Design loads are in accordance with the national codes for road bridges. An internal matrix method program computes the stress resultants and envelopes of the frame bridges. The evaluation module includes the ultimate limit state of fatigue plus other commonly specified limit states of service and ultimate flexure, shear and deflections. Solutions are evaluated following the Spanish code for structural concrete. This study reviews the main factors affecting the design of frame bridges. The study then presents a parametric study of commonly used road frame bridges from 8 to 16 m in horizontal span for different fills and earth covers conditions. The evolution of the total, concrete and steel cost is examined with regard to the key parameters, resulting in practical rules of thumb for optimum frames. Finally, it is shown that the steel-to-concrete cost has a fair influence on the characteristics of the optimum road frame bridges.

11 illus, 2 table, 38 ref

012692   Pandu R;Yadav K L;Amit Kumar;Ravinder Reddy P;Gupta A V S S K S (Dep of Mechanical Engineering, M J College of Engineering and Technology, Road No 3, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-500 032, Email: klyadav35@yahoo.com) : Effect of sintering temperature on stuctural and electrical properties of BiFeO₃ multiferroics. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(6), 481-5.

Polycrystalline samples of BiFeO₃ are synthesized at low temperature using sol-gel technique. From the XRD analysis it is seen that crystallite size increases and the strain in the crystallites decreases with increasing sintering temperature. As the crystallite size increases with increasing temperature the lattice parameter (a_R) decreases. SEM micrographs show that the samples are homogeneous. It is also confirmed from the SEM micrographs that the grain size increases with increasing sintering temperature. Analyzing the SEM micrographs it can be concluded that the particle size follows the Gaussian distribution. Ferroelectric to paraelectric transition temperature (T_c) is detected by DTA analysis, which shows that the Curie temperature of pure BiFeO₃ is 814°C which is very close to the ideal value (827°C) found by dielectric measurement.

7 illus, 20 ref

012691   Paetzke N;Shakhverdova I P;Levin A A;Reibold M;Kochmann W;Paufler P;Meyer D C (Institut Fur Strukturphysik, Fachrichtung Physik, Technische Universitat Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany) : Nanoindentation behaviour and micorstructure of several wootz-type steels. J Metall Mater Sci 2010, 52(1), 47-65.

In the investigation, samples of five qualities of ultra-high carbon crucible or wootz steel - two of them genuine Damascus blades from the 17th century -have been compared with respect to their response to nanoindentation. Values of nanohardness and elastic modulus derived that way were discussed in the light of microstructure and phase content. Cementite particles of different shape and distribution embedded in a pearlitic or divorced eutectoid matrix govern the mechanical behaviour. Testing of the nanoscratch resistance supports the idea of a grater-like effect of those wootz steel blades. Specimens of synthetic wootz and of original Damascus sabres showed the maximum response of these composite materials to elastic and plastic indentation.

13 illus, 2 table, 42 ref

012690   Oruc S (Civil Engineering Dep, Karadeniz Technical Univ, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey, Email: oruc@ktu.edu.tr) : Neural network model for temperature sensitivity of emulsified asphalt mixtures. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(6), 438-48.

This study intends to investigate temperature sensitivity of emulsified asphalt mixtures (cold-mix) and to establish a methodology that would provide an economic and rapid means for future experimental researches. Temperature sensitivity of the mixtures is investigated for 0°C, 5°C, 15°C, 25°C and 40°C. The samples are prepared for three residual asphalt contents (4.2%, 5.2% and 6.2%). Portland cement is substituted for mineral filler in different ratios from 1% to 6%. A neural network (NN) model is developed for predicting, with sufficient approximation, relationship between the factors affecting resilient modulus (inputs; temperature, cement and asphalt content) and the resilient modulus (output) of emulsified asphalt mixture. A backpropagation neural network of three layers is employed. First resilient modulus data is obtained by conducting laboratory resilient modulus tests on emulsified asphalt samples, and then the results are used to train the neural network. The effectiveness of different neural network configurations is investigated. Effect of parameters such as temperature, cement addition level and residual asphalt content that influence the resilient modulus is explored. The prediction capability of the NN model is also compared to the traditional regression approach. Results indicate that NN predicts the resilient modulus with high accuracy. It is also demonstrated that NN is an excellent method that can reduce time consumed and can be used as an important tool in evaluating the factors affecting resilient modulus of the mixtures for the design process.

8 illus, 10 table, 28 ref

012689   Neeraja R;Reddey K M M (Civil Engineering Dep, SKIT, Srikalahasti, AP-517 644, Email: neerajaskit@rediffmail.com) : Influence of fracture parameters on concrete based on size effect phenomenon. Ultra Scient phys Sci 2009, 21(1), 173-8.

Concrete is being extensively used in the construction industry. Though Concrete has many advantages, it is brittle and therefore, a cause of concern in structures. Fracture is a problem that society has faced ever since the application of engineering techniques to structures. Recent advances in material technology further added more complexity to the problem. The behaviour of concrete can be understood by studying its fracture properties including crack propagation, size effect, work of fracture, Fracture energy (G_F) etc. Concepts of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) have been used to study the size effects of concrete. In this study, size effect law is presented. The fracture energy was predicted using Size effect law and Reunion Internationale des Laboratories et Experts des Materiaux, Systemes de construction et ourvrages (RILEM) recommendations on three-point bend (TPB) specimen. Size effect on the Strength of concrete beam has been observed. The parameter characteristic length (L_ch) was obtained along with G_F.

1 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

012688   Kim J S;Lee J Y;Rajesh Kumar J;Yoon H S (Mineral Resources Research Div, Korea Institute of Geosicience & Mineral Resources (KIGAM), 92 Gwahang-no, Yuesong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Email: rajeshkumarphd@rediffmail.com) : Leaching methodologies for uranium. J Metall Mater Sci 2010, 52(1), 1-17.

The science and technology for the separation/recovery of uranium from its natural soirees into the form of high grade concentrates has been studied many years. Since three decades the uranium industry has undergone a remarkable series of transformations. The metal place a important peaceful role as a fuel for generation of electrical energy. Leaching procedures selected for dissolving the uranium from ore are dependent in part on physical characteristics of the ore. Acid leaching refers to the use of sulphuric acid as the lixiviant in all common practice. Nitric acid has strong oxidizing properties but is much more expensive than sulphuric acid. Hydrochloric acid is used for leaching process employing the salt roaster gases. Ferric chloride, sulphate and carbonate/bicarbonates have also been proposed as leachants many of the uranium leaching process. The present research review paper focusing on brief discussion on leaching methodologies such as acid, carbonate, heap and in-situ leaching process for uranium hydrometallurgical treatments from reported literature was presented.

1 table, 60 ref

012687   Jayabal S;Natarajan U (Mechanical Engineering Dep, A C College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi-630 004, Email: jayabalsubbaian@rediffmail.com) : Influence of cutting parameters on thrust force and torque in drilling of E-glass/polyster composites. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(6), 463-70.

Discusses the influence of cutting parameters in drilling of glass fiber reinforced composites. The experiments are conducted to study the effect of point angle, spindle speed and feed rale on thrust force and torque using HSS twist drills. This paper presents a mathematical model for correlating the interactions of drilling parameters and their effects on thrust force and torque. The optimum value of cutting parameters is also determined to get minimum value of thrust force and torque.

8 illus, 7 table, 9 ref

012686   Jain J;Soni S L;Sharma D (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, JLN Marg, Jaipur-302 017, Email: jitukr@gmail.com) : Determination of wear rate of steel in high pressure and tempreature zone for prediction of balance life of autofretagged tubes. J Metall Mater Sci 2010, 52(2), 181-7.

Wear of steel at high temperature is a complex phenomenon. Quantification of wear per event is an important aspect in assessing life of a component. Necessity of economics and light weighted components compels to study the system under common parameters and extrapolate the results. Temperatures/pressures inside a gun are impossible to be measured by direct methods. Mathematical modeling and comparison of results with end effect measurable parameters is only way to predict it's accuracy. There is no one such quantitative demonstration which can predict accurate wear rate. Gun wear is unique to gun system and no one theory fits into predictions of gun wear. Gun wear is unique phenomena wrt any particular gun system and needs to be studied independently. Numerous studies have been carried to study steel wear below 600°C. Wear studies at higher temperature i.e. above 600°C is not enough to describe correct wear phenomena.

6 illus, 27 ref

012685   Hatami M K;Barsoum Z (Dept. of Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering Teknikringen, Royal Institute of Technology, 8, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden) : Fatigue assessment of cruciform joints welded in different positions. J Metall Mater Sci 2010, 52(1), 87-102.

Welded structures are frequently used in today's metal industry. Since fatigue is still one major reason of failures, investigation in this field is of interest to engineers. In this study both numerical and experimental methods are employed to perform a fatigue evaluation concerning local weld geometry. The emphasis was on quantifying the weld toe radius as a feature in quantification of weld quality. Three different welding positions which have been led to different toe radii were analyzed. Each batch contained 12 specimens manufactured in cruciform joint and has been tested in non-load carrying status. Finally, the results of tests were compiled in Wohler (S-N) curve and compared to reference curves introduced by IIW (International Institute of Welding). Results of this study show that local weld geometry has remarkable influence on strength of welded structures. It can be concluded that specimens with larger toe radii had more fatigue strength - as it was expected from the theory.

16 illus, 3 table, 17 ref

012684   Goswami B;Ray A K (NO, National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology, Ranchi-3, Email: asokroy@nmlindia.org) : Emerging trends in joining processes of Al-Li-X alloys. J Metall Mater Sci 2010, 52(2), 109-28.

Diffusion bonding and super plastic deformation of 8090 alloy and its composites in laminated variety have attractive industrial application. The competing mechanisms behind acceptability of this process have centered the absence of key hole, undercuts or surface non uniformities. The other processes described have been laser beam welding (LBM), arc welding, electron beam melting and friction stir welding. The dimensions have optimized to reproduce composition or processing consequences to minimize free surface oxides and contaminations those inhibits diffusion bonding and lower shear strength of joints with respect to base metal. Transient melting/diffusing instances have stated to reproduce alloy and fabrication process design so as to remove porosities and surface non uniformities. Requirement of vacuum and expensive production have referred studies by laser beam welding (LBW) and electron beam welding (EBW) techniques. Utilization of high energy density in case of LBW in N₂ gas medium and combined fully penetrated EBW combined with super plastic forming have showed the encouraging results. Hot cracking susceptibility has studied to utilize advantages of light weight and high specific modulus alloys. Selection of filler, weld penetration, gas shielding and section thickness have been important criteria for prevention of hot cracking during GTAor solidification.

7 illus, 7 table, 20 ref

012683   Goswami B;Ray A K (NO, National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology, Ranchi-3, Email: asokroy@nmlindia.org) : Emerging trends in precipitation phenomenon of Al-Li-X alloys. J Metall Mater Sci 2010, 52(1), 19-45.

Developments in Al-Li alloys have stemmed from density reduction and Young's modulus increasing tendency of aluminum on addition of Li. To develop comparable association of different properties those are already available in conventional aerospace alloys have directed evaluation of Al-Li alloys from composition variation. Aims of such variation have been study about precipitation mechanism their impetus on aggregated state in the alloys. Advantages of dual contemporary precipitation behavior to control ductility by one and strength by other have derived some well-established alloys in aerospace market research. 5'-precipitate evolution evaluation have described about studies from microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), computer simulation of comparisons between 2D and 3D studies, about morphology and volume fraction. Effects of additional elements to the dilute Al-Li alloys have studied to follow the comparable characterization to conventional aluminum alloy systems for high strength application. The ranges of study have included experimental model alloys to commercially available alloys.

2 illus, 37 ref

012682   Ebrahimifar H;Zandrahimia M (Material Science and Engineering Dep, Shahid Bahonar Univ of Kerman, P.O. Box No. 76135-133, Kerman, Iran, Email: hadi20ebrahimifar@yahoo.com) : Coating of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel used in SOFCs in a co-base pack mixture. J Metall Mater Sci 2010, 52(2), 155-60.

Ferritic stainless steels are being considered as potential interconnect materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), in part because of their low cost relative to alternatives. These materials are, however, susceptible to degradation over time. In this study Co has been deposited on substrate AISI 430 Ferritic stainless steel by pack cementation process. In order to optimize the quality of the formed coating, The effective factors of pack cementation process was investigated by changing the factors, which are salt activator content in the pack powder (0.75-3%w.t.), deposition temperature (725-800°) and deposition time (1.5-3h). The as-coated samples were examined with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was revealed that each parameter affects the coating thickness, coating quality and integrity.

4 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

012681   Ebrahimifar H;Zandrahimi M (Material Science and Engineering Dep, Shahid Bahonar Univ of Kerman, P.O.Box No.76135-133, Kerman, Iran, Email: hadi20ebrahimifar@yahoo.com) : Effect of chromica scale thickness on ASR of solid oxide fuel cell interconnects at presence of Mn₃O₄ and MnFe₂O₄ spinels. J Metall Mater Sci 2010, 52(1), 103-7.

Unwanted reactions between metallic interconnect and other SOFC components decrease the efficiency of these energy converters. One approach to improve interconnect properties is to apply surface coating. In this study AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel was coated in a cobalt-base pack mixture by pack cementation. The formation of Mn₃O₄ and MnFe₂O₄ spinels during oxidation at 700°C improve oxidation resistance and electrical conductivity. The effect of oxide thickness on the area specific resistance (ASR) was investigated by applying isothermal oxidation. Results showed that the increase of isothermal oxidation time, increases the oxide thickness and this increase the ASR.

4 illus, 15 ref

012680   Dwivedi R K;Khare V K;Khurasia H B (Mechnaical Engineering Dep, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal-462 051, Email: nitb.ravi@gmail.com) : Enhancement of machine utilization considering multiple lot scheduling with FCFS dispatching rule. Asian J expl Sci 2011, 25(1), 87-91.

Productivity of a particular company or manufacturing industry depends on various factors like labor, machinery, raw materials, degree of computerization, automation, so on and so forth. Companies can increase their productivity in a variety of ways. The main technique and simple logic behind the increase in productivity of any manufacturing industry is the utilization of resources effectively, the resources need not to be only tangible ones it may be even plans and schedules. This paper deals with the multiple lots scheduling and its effects on machine utilization to minimize the total completion time of the lots allocated to shop floor.

5 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

012679   Brito J D;Robles R (Instituto Superior Tecnico (IST), Technical Univ of Lisbon, Av, Rovisco Pais, 104-001 Lisboa, Lisbon) : Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) methodology for estimating its long-term properties. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(6), 449-62.

In this paper, a methodology for prediction of long-term properties of recycled aggregate concrete is presented, based on an extensive literature review of international experimental campaigns on this type of environment-friendly concrete. The methodology presented is based on the previous determination of the main properties of the aggregates (density and water absorption), primary and recycled, coarse and fine, and alternatively the 7-day compressive strength of concrete made with those aggregates. The methodology is validated, based on a graphical analysis of the most important properties of hardened concrete (compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, splitting and flexural tensile strength, shrinkage, creep, water absorption, and carbonation and chloride penetration depth). It is concluded that the methodology can predict the long-term performance of recycled aggregate concrete as compared with an equivalent conventional concrete and that this prediction can be used to adapt structural design to this material.

9 illus, 2 table, 28 ref

012678   Bhavikatti A M;Kulkarni S;Lagashetty A (NO, Rural Engineering College Bhalki, Karnataka, Email: arvindhbavikatti@gmail.com) : Microwave firing for synthesis of nanosized magnesium ferrite. Ultra Scient phys Sci 2009, 21(1), 9-14.

Synthesis of nano sized spinal ferrite materials has become an important part of modern ceramic research. Microwave route for synthesis of ferrites at nano dimension is a technology for ceramic manufacturing, which integrates the synthetic technology for information storage materials. Number of synthetic methods is in the literature, out of these, microwave firing could be an interesting because of its simplicity, eco-friendly and less time consuming. This microwave firing is used for synthesis of magnesium ferrite materials. Nanosized MgFe₂2O₄ is synthesized by microwave route using urea as a fuel. Magnesium oxalates and iron oxalates were prepared by dissolving magnesium and iron salt in oxalic acid solution. These two oxalates with urea are irradiated with microwaves using urea as a fuel to get cubic MgFe₂O₄ nanoparticles. The structure of the prepared nano ferrite is studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. This study shows that the formation of crystalline cubic structure. Morphology of magnesium ferrite is viewed by Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) tool. This SEM image shows spherical particles with compact and globular arrangement. Infrared spectroscopic technique is used to know the bonding in the ferrite sample. Metal-Oxygen (Mg-O & Fe-O) and metal-metal (Mg-Fe) bonding is observed in the spectrum.

2 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

012677   Bedre M D;Basavaraja S;Deshpande R;Sawle B D; Lagashetty A K;Govindraj B;Venkataraman A (Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Gulbarga Univ, Gulbarga-585 106, Email: raman_chem2rediffmail.com) : Preparation and characterization of polyaniline-NiO nanocomposite via interfacial polymerization. J Metall Mater Sci 2010, 52(2), 149-54.

Polyaniline-NiO nanocomposites were prepared by employing interracial polymerization using ammonium persulphate as an oxidizing agent. The formations of regular nanocomposite materials were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT1R) spectroscopy and XRD techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were conducted to characterize the morphology. Thermo gravimetric (TG) analysis was carried out study the thermal stability of the resulting composites. Formation of conducting emeraldine salt form was concluded by electrical conductivity.

6 illus, 19 ref

012676   Agarwal A;Garg S;Rakesh P K;Singh I;Mishra B K (Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee-247 667, Email: pawankumarrakesh@gmail.com) : Tensile behavior of glass fiber reinforced plastics subjected to different environment conditions. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(6), 471-6.

Glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites are being used in a large number of diverse applications ranging from aerospace to sports equipment. The mechanical and environmental characterization of these materials is necessary to further enhance their application spectrum. GFRP composites are subjected to different working environments when put into service. The mechanical behavior of polymeric matrix composites in particular is affected by the environmental conditions. There is an imminent need to investigate the mechanical behavior of these materials when subjected to various types of environments for different exposure times. The objective of the present research endeavor is to characterize the tensile behavior of the GFRP composites when exposed to brine, acid and base solution, Ganga water, freezing conditions and kerosene oil for four different exposure times. The experimental results show that the tensile strength of GFRP plates is affected at different levels when subjected to selected environmental conditions for various exposure times.

6 illus, 5 table, 19 ref

011767   Zabidi N A;Kassim H A;Shrivastava K N (Physics Dep, Malaya Univ, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia) : Ab initio calculation of the electromic structure of Fe and Cr interlayers. Natn Acad Sci Lett 2010, 33(5-6), 161-9.

The band structure, diversity of structure and various band gaps have been calculated using ab initio density functional theory (DFT) for some interlayer structures consisting of Fe and Cr atoms, viz. (a) Fe-Cr, (b) Fe-Fe-Cr-Cr and (c) Fe-Fe-Cr-Cr-Fe-Fe-Cr-Cr. Calculations have been done for spin-polarized as well as unpolarized orbitals. The spins are shown to affect the band gaps and resistivity- considerably. As a test, we also obtained the band structure of Fe and Cr bulk unit cells. An effort is made to discuss the resistivity as a function of spin.

^ssc6 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

011766   Yogesh Kant;Bharath B D;Mallick J;Atzberger C;Kerle N (Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (NRSC), ISRO, Govt. of India, 4 Kalidas Road, Dehradun-248 001, Email: ykanty@yahoo.com) : Satellite - based analysis of the role of land use/land cover and vegetation density on surface temperature regime of Delhi, India. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2009, 17(2), 201-14.

The knowledge of the surface temperature is important to a range of issues and themes in earth sciences central to urban climatology, global environmental change and human-environment interactions. The study analyses land surface temperature (LST) estimation using temporal ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) datasets (day time and night time) over National Capital Territory Delhi using the surface emissivity information at pixel level. The spatial variations of LST over different land use/land cover (LU/LC) at day time and night time were analysed and relationship between the spatial distribution of LU/LC and vegetation density with LST was developed. Minimum noise fraction (MNF) was used for LU/LC classification which gave better accuracy than classification with original bands. The satellite derived emissivity values were found to be in good agreement with literature and field measured values. It was observed that fallow land, waste land/ bare soil, commercial/industrial and high dense built-up area have high surface temperature values during day time, compared to those over water bodies, agricultural cropland, and dense vegetation. During night time high surface temperature values are found over high dense built-up, water bodies, commercial industrial and low dense built-up than over fallow land, dense vegetation and agricultural cropland. It was found that there is a strong negative correlation between surface temperature and NDVI over dense vegetation, sparse vegetation and low dense built-up area while with fraction vegetation cover, it indicates a moderate negative correlation. The results suggest that the methodology is feasible to estimate NDVI, surface emissivity and surface temperature with reasonable accuracy over heterogeneous urban area. The analysis also indicates that the relationship between the spatial distribution of LU/LC and vegetation density is closely related to the development of urban heat islands (UHI).

6 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

011765   Wadje P R (DKTE, Society's Textile and Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji-416 115) : Textile-fibre to fabric processing. J Instn Engrs-Pt TE 2009, 90(Aug), 28-36.

An attempts to provide all basic information related to textile Industry - in the field of manufacturing', purchasing, promoting, selling and so on. The study may also useful for intermediate level employees engaged in different aspect of textile technology, consumers and home economists who need sound guidance in the selection and care of textile products. This article covers comprehensive outline of fibres and steps involved in conversion of fibre to variety of yarns, fabric manufacturing and wet processing of fabric for value addition.

13 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

011764   Vivekanandan N (Statistics Div, Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune-411 024, Email: anandaan@rediffmail.com) : Assessment of uncertainty in rainfall and streamflow analysis. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2009, 59(1-2), 19-23.

Assessment of uncertainty is one of the vital components in rainfall and stream/low analysis before arriving a design parameter for the efficient and successful operation of many water resources projects. The paper gives the details of a study involving the use of statistical methods in assessing the frequency of uncertainty in estimation of rainfall for Colaba, developing of rating curve for river Indravati at Jagdalpur and estimation of flood for river Narmada at Mortakka sites. Probability distributions like Extreme Value Type I and Log Pearson Type III are used in rainfall and flood analysis separately while assessing the uncertainty in estimation of extreme values at the respective sites. The paper presents the percentages of uncertainty in rainfall and flood analysis are well within the acceptable tolerance limits of 6% and 10% respectively.

5 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

011763   Viswanathan U K;Satheesh P M;Anantharaman S (Post Irradiation Examination Div, Barc, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumabi-400 085) : Measurement of fission gas release from phwr fuel pins. BARC Newsl 2009, 306(Jul), 2-7.

6 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

011762   Vinu R;Madras G (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: giridhamadras@gmail.com) : Environmental remediation by photocatalysis. J Indian Inst Sci 2010, 90(2), 189-230.

Photocatalysis refers to the oxidation and reduction reactions on semiconductor surfaces, mediated by the valence band holes and conduction band electrons, which are generated by the absorption of ultraviolet or visible light radiation. Photocatalysis is widely being practiced for the degradation and mineralization of hazardous organic compounds to CO₂ and H₂O, reduction of toxic metal ions to their non-toxic states, deactivation and destruction of water borne microorganisms, decomposition of air pollutants like volatile organic compounds, NO_x, CO and NH₃, degradation of waste plastics and green synthesis of industrially important chemicals. This review attempts to showcase the well established mechanism of photocatalysis, the use of photocatalysts for water and air pollution control, visible light responsive modified-Ti0₂ and non-TiO₂ based materials for environmental and energy applications, and the importance of developing reaction kinetics for a comprehensive understanding and design of the processes,

^iia19 illus, 9 tables, 261 ref

011761   Verma S;Muralidhar K (Laser Materials Development& Devices Div, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore-452 013) : Imaging transport phenomena and surface micromorphology in crystal growth using optical techniques. Natn Acad Sci Lett 2010, 33(5-6), 107-21.

Crystal growth from an aqueous-Solution is simultaneously influenced by several physico-chemical parameters. Among transport processes affecting crystal growth process, fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer are important. They are known to have a complex inter-relationship with the surface-level mechanisms that determine the growth rate of the habit faces and the quality of the crystal. Vigorous convection increases growth rates but deteriorates crystal quality by creating non-uniformities and possibly, inclusions. In the present work, optical techniques that rely on the change in refractive index with the material density are described for imaging the flow conditions prevalent around the crystal. An optical diagnostic for simultaneous imaging of transport processes and surface features is also presented. The aim is to understand the inter-dependence between convection and the crystal growth rate and forms the motivation behind developing the required diagnostic tools. The method of recovering the three dimensional distribution of solute concentration from two dimensional images is also discussed.

15 illus, 21 ref

011760   Velmurugan P;Ramesh P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Email: pvsrlme@gmail.com) : Evaluation of thermal performance of wire mesh solar air heater. Indian J Sci Technol 2011, 4(1), 12-4.

Solar energy is an economical alternative to the today's energy demand. Solar air heater is used for heating the air economically but produces low thermal efficiency. In this study, an attempt has been made to increase the thermal efficiency of solar air heater by using a wire mesh to enhance the heat transfer, thereby increasing the efficiency. The matrix solar air heater with a wire mesh produces higher thermal efficiency over the conventional flat plate solar air heater.

7 illus, 12 ref

011759   Varsheny R S (NO, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore) : New environmental balance after construction of water resource project. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2009, 59(1-2), 8-14.

In the present day context, socio-economic development is a must but its impact on environmental degradation should not be ignored. People look towards all development activity with apprehension, lest it may disturb the ecological balance. However, of all the development works, construction of water resources projects invariably always improves environment and creates a new ecological balance, which is conducive to better and healthier rehabilitation of people, increase in the density of forestation, improving in the number and species of flora, amliorating the living habitat of fauna and increasing the quantity and quality of fish. The new environment and the new ecological balance, in most cases of water resources projects, are more useful, more satisfying and more assuring and have improved the quality of life. These aspects have been discussed with case histories of different water resources projects in this country and abroad.

1 table, 9 ref

011758   Varma C V J (NO, Council of Power Utilities, New Delhi) : Planned development of electric power in India. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2009, 59(11-12), 159-66,69.

10 tables, ref

011757   Trein;Augusto C;Chimney Hiromichi S;Masaru M (NO, , , Email: ctrein@cristianotrein.com) : Semi-empirical evaluation of the unsteady pressure characteristics of bridge decks. J Wind Engng 2010, 7(2), 28-38.

Semi-empirical relationships to be used for the reproduction of the unsteady pressure characteristics of modified rectangular cylinders are investigated, as a step towards the proposition of a bridge deck design framework based on the manipulation of these characteristics. Even with different configurations of fairings and vertical plates of two different sizes installed at the leading edge and at the mid-chord line, the phase difference distribution of such a cross-section could be approximated by a sinusoidal equation, its amplitude distribution was found to follow a Weibull distribution and both showed themselves to be interrelated through the wave length developed along the surface of the body. The efficacy of the formulation could be con firmed through wind tunnel tests.

21 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

011756   Tiwari P S;Pande H;Pandey A K (Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (NRSA), PO Box-135, Dehradun-248 001, Email: poonam@iirs.gov.in) : Automatic urban road extraction using airborne laser scanning/altimetry and high resolution satellite data. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2009, 17(2), 223-31.

Automatic road extraction from remotely sensed images has been an active research in urban area during last few decades. But such study becomes difficult in urban environment due to mix of natural and man-made features. This research explores methodology for semiautomatic extraction of urban roads. An integrated approach of airborne laser scanning (ALS) altimetry and high-resolution data has been used to extract road and differentiate them from flyovers. Object oriented fuzzy rule based approach classifies roads from high resolution satellite images. Complete road network is extracted with the combination of ALS and high-resolution data. The results show that an integration of LiDAR data and IKONOS data gives better accuracy for automatic road extraction. The method was applied on urban area of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

6 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

011755   Tiedemann A;Haupt A (Renewable Academy AG (RENAC), Schonhauser Allee 10-11 10119, Berlin, Germany) : Wind industry weathers the storm. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2009, 59(11-12), 204-7.

2 illus, ref

011754   Taufikaakter S;Akter S T;Islam M Z;Islam M N (NO, Hasanpur S. N. Government College, Comilla, Email: najmul_geo@yahoo.com) : Investigation on maintenance problems of some flood embankments in and around Dhaka city. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2009, 59(3-4), 38-49.

12 illus, 12 tables, 14 ref

011753   Swarup R (NO, D.S. Institute of Technology & Management, Ghaziabad-201 007) : Seismoelectric-effect in georocks from Jagannathpur Singhbhum (E.I)-shear zone under magneto-MRF - transmission. Indian J Pwr River Valley Dev 2009, 59(7-8), 106-12.

The seismo-electric-effect in analogy with photo-electric-effect had been theoretically formulated with classical and quantum theory-correspondence. The MRF-sensitization of geo-matters had been experimentally used to prove the validity of proposed hypothesis.

6 illus, 21 ref

011752   Suresh G R;Sudha S;Gautham P;Sukanesh R (ECE (PG) Dep, Sona College of Technology, Selem-636 005) : Performance analysis of magnetic resonance image compression techniques in terms of reconstruction quality. J Instn Engrs-Pt CP 2009, 90(Nov), 9-13.

Digital images have become an important source of information in the modem world of communication systems. In their raw form, digital images require a tremendous amount of memory. Many research efforts have been devoted to the problem of image compression for the last two decades. Two different compression categories must be distinguished: lossless and lossy. Lossless compression is achieved if no distortion is introduced in the coded image. Applications like medical imaging and satellite photography require this type of compression. For applications, such as, video telephony or multimedia applications, some loss of information is usually tolerated in exchange for a high compression ratio. This work presents a comparative study on the compression schemes used for the coding of magnetic resonance (MR) images and analyzes their performance in terms of its reconstruction quality measured in terms of PSNR, dB.

3 illus, 1 tables, 19 ref

011751   Suganthy K B;Monie E C (NO, Thanthai Periyar Givernment Institute of Technology, Vellore-632 002) : Blind image deconvolution by the method of convex projections. J Instn Engrs-Pt CP 2009, 90(Nov), 26-9.

A projection operator onto a closed convex set in Hilbert space is a nonlinear contraction map that minimizes distance. In this paper, the properties of these operators are exploited in application to an iterative blind deconvolution algorithm for images using least mean squares technique. Their common conceptual basis is that every known property of an original image f is envisaged as lying in a well defined closed convex set. Thus, m such properties place f in the intersection ρ ₀=∩ ^mi = 1 ρ i of the corresponding closed convex sets ρ' ρ 2, ... ρ m, Given only the projection operators P_i onto the individual ρ i'Si = 1-m, the original image f is restored by recursive means. On a similar basis, the blurring function h can also be identified by recursive means.

3 illus, 5 ref

011750   Som J N (NO, , B-404, Krishan Kunj Apartment, Nasirpur, Pkt-6, Plot-19, New Delhi-110045, Email: jsdelhi_jred@yahoo.co.in) : Research and development in ultrasonic flow measurment. J pure appl Ultrasonics 2009, 31(3), 115-23.

Much of R & D in ultrasonic flow measurement started during 1970-80, though the application of ultrasonic method for flow measurement was known much earlier since 1919. Presently, the technologically advanced ultrasonic meters with multi-channel design and digital signal processing automatically sense the changes in temperature, density and viscosity concurrently with flow measurement and compensate for variations maintaining high accuracy. Both in-line and clamp-on types meters are used to measure liquid, gas, steam and multiphase flows in pipes or tubes having diameter from 0.5mm to 8000 mm using transit time or Doppler sensing technology. In fact, multi-path flow meters are API approved for Custody Transfer of Liquid Hydrocarbons. The global market for ultrasonic flow meter is reported to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 9.6% over the next five years. The present paper focuses on the current status of research and development in ultrasonic flow meter technology including its advantages, limitations, applications and standardization.

5 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

011749   Sivakumar K;Krishna Mohan N;Sivaraman B (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Annamalai Univ, Chidambaram-608 001, Email: vksivakumar_75@yahoo.co.in) : Performance analysis of elliptical heat pipe solar collector. Indian J Sci Technol 2011, 4(1), 4-7.

Elliptical heat pipe flat plat solar collector was designed, constructed and tested with a collector tilt angle of 11° to the horizontal. Experimental analysis of the effect of condenser length/evaporator length (L_c/L_e) ratio of the heat pipe, different cooling water mass flow rates and different inlet cooling water temperature were analysed. Five numbers of elliptical heat pipes with stainless steel wick has been fabricated and used as transport tubes in the collector. Copper tube has been used as container material with methanol as working fluid of the heat pipe. These heat pipes were fixed to the absorber plate of the solar collector and the performance of elliptical heat pipe solar collector has been studied and results were compared. It has been found from the experimental trials that the elliptical heat pipe solar collector having L_c/L_e ratio of 0.1764 achieved higher instantaneous efficiency.

10 illus, 1 tables, 9 ref