018012   Fletcher M (Huntingdon Fusion Techniques Ltd, , ) : Gas tungsten arc welding electrodes. Indian Weld J 2005, 38(3), 32-4.

1 table, 13 ref

018011   Devi M;Kanwar S S (NO, , , Email: mayachakradhar@yahoo.co.in) : Biomethanation of apple pomance, a waste produce of fruit processing industry of Himachal Pradesh. J rur Technol 2005, 2(2), 67-70.

Production of biogas from different concentrations of apple pomace (2.5 to 7.5%, w/w on dry weight basis) and poultry droppings (10 to 20% w/w on dry weight basis) along with cattle dung was studied in batch digesters at 35±1¹⁴⁴. Lower concentrations of apple pomace (2.5 to 7.5%, w/w) were found suitable for production of biogas whereas higher concentrations e.e. 10 and 20 per cent (w/w, dry weight basis) were not found suitable due to accumulation of excess of volatile fatty acids in these digesters. Supplementation of apple pomace with poultry droppings at the reate of 10 and 20 per cent (w/w, dry weight basis) helped in overcoming the problem of excess of acidity observed at higher concentrations and all functional parameters of these digesters were within the optimum limits for biomethanation.

5 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

018010   Das G S;Khanna A S (Corros Sci & Engng, Indian Inst to Technol Bombay, Mumbai-400 0765, Email: gsdnifft@yahoomail.com) : Role of corrosion product on the protectiveness of corrosion layers for microalloyed pipeline steel. J Metall Mater Sci 2005, 47(1), 39-44.

Corrosion behavior of API grade microalloyed pipeline steel was studied in CO₂ saturated distilled water using weight loss technique. The protectiveness of corrosion layers varies with temperature. The experimental results show that corrosion layers are composed of an insoluble corrosion product of iron carbonate (FeCO₃) which is partially protective (30-60°C), or highly protective (90-120°C) and very severe corrosive between (60-90°C). At the lower temperatures, the metal is patially protected but as the temperature increases, the protectiveness completely diminishes due to non-uniform and porous nature of the corrosion layer. Beyond 90°C, the formation of FeCO₃ film predominates on the steel surface, which is dense and more adherent and hence the metal surface is completely protected from further corrosion. The corrosion products formed were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis.

6 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

018009   Chandra A M (Civ Engng Dep, Indian Inst of Technol, Roorkee-247 667) : A general method of adjustment of a polygon with central station. Indian Surveyor 2005, 59(2), 34-41.

Adjusting a polygon with central station by least squares method is a cumbersome and tedious task. A general method presented in this paper is straight forward and can be used for a polygon having any number of sides. The matrix form of the normal equations for the polygon having n number of sides can be programmed for adjusting the polygon.

1 illus, 1 ref

018008   Bhattacharya A;Chakraborty A (Electron and Instrumentation Dep, Indian Sch of Mines, Dhanbad-826 004) : Modeling a RF switch by multiple diaphragms in rectangular waveguide. IETE J Res 2005, 51(6), 433-9.

Twin thick diaphragms cut in the same transverse plane of a rectangular waveguide is modeled as a two port microwave network. The interaction of the diaphragms among themselves is taken care of. The reflection and transmission characteristics of such a network are evaluated by the method of moments. The full wave analysis of single or twin diaphragms separated longigudinally by dielectric material is also presented for the first time in the literature and shown to behave as a RF switch. The theoretical finding is compared with experimental measurements. Means of shifting the switching frequency of the RF switch is also investigated.

10 illus, 10 ref

018007   Bhatnagar N;Meena C;Suresh Babu M (Dep of Mech Engng, Indian Inst of Technol, New Delhi-16, Email: narbhat@hotmail.com) : Potter's Wheel Development - A Necessity for rurul Growth. J rur Technol 2005, 2(2), 46-50.

Although pottery is an age-old craft and a rural tradition in India, it continues without any modern technical interventions in tiny segments withoutdated and inefficent technologies. This sector hasnot succeeded in responding to the newer demand of the market as well. Innovative technological inputs are required in improving the throwing wheel involving the technology of modern clay pottery with reduced energy and time consumption and increased speed of operations. Improvisation in design of potter's wheel is an important area to work upon considering 40 lakhs of rural potters still working on the age old traditional wheel for their livelihood. The existing modified traditional wheels developed for studio pottery are not meeting the requirements of rural potters to the extent required in bringing out consistent quality and higher productivity. An attempt is made to bring out the concept of improvements in potter's wheel (variable speed wheels) for carrying out work in different segments and conditions, which prevail - smaller and bigger sizes. The paper discusses in detail the status of pottery wheel technology and its evolution, new inventions of wheels, case studies regarding the design and development of Variable Speed Potter wheel carried out at Indian Institute of Technology (I.I.T), Delhi. The paper also brings out technology overview towards commercialization and associated business opportunities.

6 illus

018006   Basargekar S (NO, Thermax Ltd, Pune) : Wastewater incineration. J Indian Ass Envir Mgmt 2005, 32(1), 43-7.

5 illus, 3 tables

018005   Banerjee R (BOC India Ltd, , ) : The role of gases in welding and cutting processes. Indian Weld J 2005, 38(3), 13-22.

11 illus, 2 tables

018004   Bahuguna P P (Min Engng Dep, ISM, Dhanbad, Bihar) : Connection of mine plants to national grid system in India. Indian Surveyor 2005, 59(1), 42-58.

12 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

018003   Ashwin T R;George J M (Industrial Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engng Lab Dep of Mech Engng, T.K.M. Coll of Engng, Kollam-691005,Kerala, Email: drjmg2@gmail.com) : Performance analysis of vortex tube. J Energy Heat Mass Transfer 2005, 27(4), 265-77.

Vortex tube, commonly known as Ranque-Hilsch tube is a device with no moving parts in which compressed gas injected through tangential nozzles into a vortex chamber, results in separation of the inlet flow into two streams. The enthalpy and composition of the exit streams will be entirely different form the input stream. The main objective of this work is to conduct an external performance analysis without disturbing the internal vortex flow. Three main aspects of the vortex tube were examined in this work. Firstly, the basic performancecharacteristics of the tube at different inlet pressures were assessed. Secondly, the dependence of the outlet temperatures on the cold mass fraction at a constantinlet pressure was examined. The effect of the temprature variation of the tube wall with axial distance from the orifice plate was also studied. Results of this experimentation will provide useful information about the location of the stagnation point of the flow field at the axis of vortex tube. The results were compared with previous published works, which gives an idea about the effective use of Vortex tube for heating and cooling applications.

13 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

018002   Arputha Vijaya Selvi J;Radhakrishnan T K; Sundaram S (Dep of Chem Engng, Natn Inst of Technol, Thiruchirappali-620 015) : Model based tuning of processes with transportation lag. J Instrum Soc India 2006, 36(1), 66-72.

Four processes with transportation lag were experimentally studied and represented by First Order plus Dead Tiem (FOPDT) model. The models agreed with the experimental values with an error of less than 5 percent. Based on the model parameters, different controllers such as PI, Smith Predictor and IMC controllers are designed and and their characteristics based on rise time, settling time and overshoot are compared. Study concludes that IMC controller is the best for the process.

5 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

018001   Andrejak I;Modrak V;Ragan E (Fac of Manufacturing Technologies, , Slovakia) : Determination of deep weld penetration in pressure parts of boilers. Indian Weld J 2005, 38(3), 42-7.

Proposal of the determination method for deep weld penetration during repairs of the boilers pressure parts deals with a new concept of determination of the deep weld penetration. At the same time the previous state in this problem domain is analyzed. In the article the substances of the idea solution, as well as the theoretical models and results are introduced. Possible applications of proposed method can bring innovative approaches in boiler repair services.

4 illus, 5 ref

018000   Amudeswari A;Sehgal P K;Ramasami T (NO, Cent Leath Res Inst, Adyar, Chennai-600 020) : Dynamics of Technology Transfer for Rural leather Sector. J rur Technol 2005, 2(2), 51-4.

Indian by virtue of social and cultural practices faces a unique problem with respect to recovery and management of fallen animal carcasses. Since social and cultural practices, disfavour the displacement of cattle through slaughter, a significant displacement of cattle population is through natural mortality (National average of 8-9% in matured animals). This would mean that about 18-19 million fallen bovine animal carcasses are obtained on account of natural death. Collection and handling of these animal carcasses in decentralized production base of rural and smaller communities have posed considerable problem. Asurvey conducted by Central leather Research Instite (CLRI) in 1987, pointed out the loss of about Rs.600 crores national 9 and largely rural) income on account ofpoor utilization of fallen carcasses of animals. Right sizing of technologies torender the collection and recovery of animal byproducts from dead animals at a capacity of 3-4 animals/day was needed. Such technology sizing has been made to make the recovery of 4 animals/day bankable. Referencing of right sized technology to various social contexts prevalent in different reigons of India have been made under Leather Technology Mission (LMT). Based on a real life experience in 31 locations wehere the fallen carcass recovery units have been established. It is now possible to identify some optimized models for referencing of right sized technologies for the varying social contexts of india. An analytical basis for the selection of optimized models for propagation of technologies for fallen carcass recovery in india is presented in the paper.

1 illus

017999   Alphonsa J;Tiwari S K;Jhala G;Rayjada P A; Raole P M;Mukherji S (Facilitation Cent for Industrial Plasma Technologies, Inst for Plasma Res, B-15-17/P, Sector 25 GIDC, Electronics Estate, Gandhinagar-282 044, Email: alphonsai@yahoo.com) : Influence of alloying elements on the corrosion properties of steels during plasma nitriding process. J Metall Mater Sci 2005, 47(1), 31-8.

Plasma nitriding has potential as an industrial process to improve the wear, fatigue and corrosion resistance of steels. It is well known that the corrosion properties of stainless steel deteriorate when treated with temperatures aove 450°C. This is because the chromium-alloying element, which is responsible for protection against corrosion, gets converted to chromium nitrides at these temperatures. Whereas low alloy steels and high alloy steels exhibit better corrosion resistance. This is due to the presence of iron nitrides and few chromium nitride phases. In the study as attempt has been made to study the effect of alloying elements on the corrosion properties of EN 8 (AISI 1045), En 24 (AISI 4340). AISI H13 and AISI 304 steels during plasma nitriding. The effects of plasma nitriding on corrosion were investigated by performing potention-dynamic tests on untreated and treated steels. The phases responsible for the improvement in corrosion resistance were detected by X-ray diffractometer. It was found that low alloy steels performed better compared to the other steels because of the presence of Fe₄N, Fe₃N and other nitrides, which form a dense protective layer responsible for corrosion resistance.

5 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

017998   Alaknanda;Anand R S;Pradeep Kumar (Electl Engng Dep, Indian Inst of Technol, Roorkee) : Detection of flaws in weldment images using region growing segmentation technique. Indian Weld J 2005, 38(3), 39-41.

Paper presents an efficient detection method to highlight the flaws present in weld images. the obtained results further help in finding the size and location of the flaw. The method is applied on X-ray images having flaws generated during the welding process. Using region-growing method we merge the adjacent detected pixels on homogeneity criteria, to obtain the flaws. Region growing starts with seed(s). The seed value is determined with the help of histogram analysis. the peaks and valleys of histogram help in determining the seed value. The developed algorithm is explained and applied on the welding images and some preliminary results are shown which are encouraging.

2 illus, 17 ref

017997   Agarwal S K (Sci and Soc Div Dep of Sci and Technol, Ministry of Sci and Technol, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi-16, Email: sunilag@alpha.nic.in) : Rural Transformation through Decentralized Technologies: Empowerment and Participatory Systems Management Approach for Sustainable Livelihoods. J rur Technol 2005, 2(2), 55-66.

Paper aims to discuss innovative features and systems approach adopted in implementing time bound and technology based developmental projects under the Science and Society programme of Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi which have resulted in some technology models/packages for rural application and poverty reduction showing potential for replication in other areas. The paper highlights case studies directly from the field on practical experiences gained by science based voluntary organizaton/S&T field groups from rural India in developing/fine tuning/simplification/transfer of appropriate technologies for specific conditions with new as well as with more conventional approaches for rural development particularly in mountain areas focusing on deprived sections of the society. Case studies suggest that Participatory Technological Development (PTD) and dissemination is a necessary process that has to be set in motion to develop sustainable rural technology model for replication which will have an impact not only on the economic sphere, but also on the social, political, cultural, moral and environmental levels in rural production system. Experiences clearly indicate that the "people centered approach" for PTD by adopting "system design" starting with the people and with lateral contribution from science and technology institutions and close interface with voluntary organizations can led to better outreach of developmental projects in decentralized way to provide sustainable models for rural transformation and sustainable livelihoods.

19 ref

017996   Abdul Maleque K;Sattar M A (NO, American Int University-Bangladesh, House-53/B, 21, Kamal Ataturk Avenue, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh, Email: khmaleque@yahoo.com) : MHD convection flow due to a rotating disk with hall effect. J Energy Heat Mass Transfer 2005, 27(3), 211-28.

A steady three-dimensional MHD convective laminar incompressible boundary layer flow due to an infinite rotating disk in an axial uniform magnetic field is studied taking the effect of Hall current. It is assumed that the flow is laminar and the boundary layer thickness depends on the radial distance. Then, by introducig suitable similarity variable η, which is a function of z and r, the governing partial differential equations are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The similarity equations are then solved numerically by Nachtsheim-Swigert iteration technique. The results are then shown in the form of graphs and tables.

4 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

016931   Wadekar V V (HTFS Hyprotech, UK Ltd Pt of Aspen Technol Grp Gemini Bldg, Fermi Avenue Harwell Oxfordshire OX 11 OQR, UK) : Modelling and prediction of falling film evaporation -an industrial perspective. J Energy Heat Mass Transfer 2004, 26(1-4), 81-98.

Deals with various aspects of modelling falling film evaporation and identifies the current status and research needs in this interesting and industrially relevant area. The topics covered include prediction of falling film heat transfer coefficients over a wide range of viscosities and mass transfer effects when dealing with mixtures. Some areas of special irterest and further work are delineated.

8 illus, 20 ref

016930   Vyas A K;Vohra S;Gupta A B (Dep of Civ Engng, Malviya Natn Inst of Technol, Jaipur-302 017) : Development of cost functions of equipment for sewage treatment plants. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2005, 4(4), 487-90.

Cost of equipment in sewage treatment plants can not be ignored while estimating total capital cost. In addition to capital cost of equipment, the operational cost and maintenance cost need more attention. Different size of equipments like aerators, clarifiers, scrapers, etc. are used in activated sludge process of sewage treatment plants, depending on capacity of plants. Most of the times it is required to give preliminary cost estimates of equipment proposed in the plant. Costs of different sizes of equipment have been collected from various manufacturers all over the India Such data have been plotted with respect to size or capacity of equipment. Relationship obtained by best fit curve has been projected as cost functions for various equipments.

6 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

016929   Venkatesan C (Aerospace Engng Dep, Indian Inst of Technol, Kanpur-208 016, Email: cven@iitk.ac.in) : Helicopter dynamics and stability. Ann Indian Natn Acad Engng 2005, 2(Dec), 125-30.

Presents a brief description of the problems and issues related to the dynamics of helicopter rotor blades and coupled rotor/fuselage system. Developed a comprehensive analytical model for the analysis of the stability characteristics of coupled rotor/fuselage system. Sample results shows a comparison of analytical and experimental results on the ground resonance stability of a helicopter model are presented in addition, influence of unsteady aerodynamics on ground resonance stability has also brought out.

6 illus, 11 ref

016928   Vasiliev L L;Zhuravlyov A S;Shapovalov A (NO, Luikov Heat ana Mass Transfer Inst, P. Brovka 15, 220072 Minsk, Belarus) : Heat transfer efficiency in evaporators of loop thermosyphons and heat pipes. J Energy Heat Mass Transfer 2004, 26(1-4), 153-63.

Presents new results for confined and unconfined boiling and evaporation of R290 (propane) at low and moderate heat fluxes<60>100 kW/m². The experimental investigation of propane pool boiling and evaporation heat transfer on single horizontal tube (smooth and with porous coating) was carried out. Different capillary structures were applied (mini - fins, sprayed and sintered metal porous structures) on a heat loaded element of thermosyphon and heat pipe. Experiments were carried out at heat flux range from 10² to 10⁵ W/m². The level of working liquid was varied to study the heat transfer between heat dissipating element (tube) and liquid. A set of experiments was realized on two-phase heat transfer on tubes with porous layers obtained by spraying (stainless steel) or sintering of metal powder particles (copper). The porosity of sprayed stainless steel coatings was varied from 4 to 20 %, coating thickness 0.1 - 0.3 mm. The open type porosity of the copper sintered powder wick was 55%; the thickness of the coating was 0.1 - 0.8 mm. The data obtained on a flooded and partially flooded horizontal tube in the pool, and confined space with a sintered copper powder capillary-porous coating are presented.

8 illus, 11 ref

016927   Tadisetty S;Matsui K;Shimada H;Gupta R N (Natn Inst of rock Mechanics, , Kolar Gold Fields-563 117) : Differential analysis for effective warning of chock shields adverse behaviour. J Mines Metals Fuels 2005, 53(7&8), 128-31.

The adverse behaviour of strata and supports enhance the safety and productivity problems. Therefore, the warning of adverse behaviour is imperative for implementing precautionary measures to effective longwall operations. The authors successfully developed an innovative real time system with in-built warning facilities. The warning was reliable and prompt due to differential sensor signals. The innovative warning was successfully field tested in one of the Indian longwall mines. The details of innovative development and applications have been discussed.

9 illus, 5 ref

016926   Sriram S;Balasubramaniam R;Mungole M N; Bharagava S;Baligidad R G (Dep of Mater and Metall Engng, Indian Inst of Technol, Kanpur-208 016, Email: bala@iitk.ac.in ) : Effect of cerium addition on microstructures of carbon-alloyed iron aluminides. Bull Mater Sci 2005, 28(6), 547-54.

Effect of Ce addition on the microstructure of carbon-alloyed Fe₃Al-based intermetallic has been studied. Three different alloys of composition, Fe-18.5Al-3.6C, Fe-20.0Al-2.0C and Fe-19.2Al-3.3C-0.07Ce (in at%), were prepared by electroslag remelting process. Their microstructures were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopies. Stereological methods were utilized to understand the observed microstructures. All the alloys exhibited a typical two-phase microstructure consisting of Fe₃AlC carbides in an iron aluminide matrix. In the alloy without Ce addition, large bulky carbides were equally distributed throughout the matrix with many smaller precipitates interspersed in between. In the alloy with Ce addition, the carbide grain sizes were finer and uniformly distributed throughout the matrix. The effect of Ce addition on the carbide morphology has been explained based on the known effect of Ce in modifying carbide morphology in cast irons.

7 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

016925   Sivathanu Pillai A (NO, , New Delhi) : BRAHMOS supersonic cruise missile. Ann Indian Natn Acad Engng 2005, 2(Dec), 73-82.

BRAHMOS is a supersonic cruise missile capable of being launched from multiple platforms. The missile was developed as a joint venture between India and Russia. BRAHMOS uses a liquid ramjet engine. The missile has identical configuration for land, sea and sub-sea platforms.

12 illus, 1 table

016924   Singh R P (NO, Pwr Grid Corporation of India Ltd, Gurgaon, Haryana) : Power transmission & grid management in India. Ann Indian Natn Acad Engng 2005, 2(Dec), 117-23.

The Indian power sector has undergone phenomenal change - from localised generation & distribution to inter regional transfer of power through the National Grid . However, power demand has been consistently higher than the generation available, leading to energy shortage of 7% & peak power shortage of 11%. From time to time, several initiatives have been undertaken to address this issue. The Govt. of India has drawn an ambitious plan of addin 1,00,000 MW by the year 2012. Thus, installed capacity achieved in past fifty years will be almost doubled in the next 10 years. This calls for development of matching transmission, sub-transmission and distribution systems to ensure reliable and secure power supply at an affordable price. Energy resources being located in certain areas and demand diverse, setting up of transmission system, on account Right-Of-Way (ROW), social and environmental issues pose serious challenges. POWERGRID has thus taken many innovative initiatives including application of latest technologies to address these issues which are elaborated in the paper. Though the creation & expansion of the National Grid has it own advantages in the Indian context, however, it poses serious challenges in grid operation & management POWERGRID has also taken this challenge seriously & many innovative approaches have been applied to address it.

3 illus

016923   Sakpal A;Gharpure D C (Electronic Sci Dep, Univ of Pune, Pune-411 007) : Digital frequency meter (DFM) based data acquisition system for artificial nose. J Instrum Soc India 2005, 35(4), 374-9.

Presents a FPGA based Digital Frequency Meter as Data acquisition system, implemented on the Xilinx Family-XC4003E for Artificial Nose. The odor is input using a 3-element Sn02 sensor array. The sensor output voltage is converted to frequency with the help of voltage to frequency converter. This frequency is forwarded in a multiplexed way to the DFM for measurement. A RAM for logging the acquired data is also implemented. The major advantage of using this DFM based datya acquisition system is that there is no need of analog to digital converter or the related circuitry. The odor output of methanol and ethanol was measured. The collected data was used for training Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network for odor identification. The experiments showed promising results. Details the design of DFM as data acquisition system and the experiments carried out to test the system performance. The specification of the system along with preliminary results are also discussed.

7 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

016922   Reddy R R;Kubakaddi S K;Potdar S; Bandyopadhyay K;Sukanya R (Inst Tech Dep, R.V. Coll of Engng, Bangalore-560 059) : Vibration signal acquisition and analysis using lab view. J Instrum Soc India 2005, 35(4), 400-5.

Vibration is a physical phenomenon. Throughout the ages the concept of vibration has fascinated brilliant minds. Geniuses like Copernicus, Kepler, Newton, Rayleigh and a host of others have put in their minds into this problem. They studied this phenomenon with whatever simple scientific and mathematical tools that were available to them at that still faced with problems, for which either solutions did not exist or the existing solutions were inadeaqate. Problems related to vibration still continued to haunt them. Aims to bring physical insight to the modeling, analysis and control of vibration through an improved understanding of the fundamental principles of vibration. Virtual instrumentation (VI) concept has been chosen for vibration analysis, as VI offers the flexibility for measurement of vibrations generated from diverse sources, and adapts to meet diverse requirements. Lab VIEW (ver 6.1) along with NI Data acquisition hardware was used for developing this virtual instrument.

5 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

016921   Rathore S S;Bhandari S (Dep of Min Engng, M P Univ of Agric and Technol, Udaipur-313 001) : Extraction of marble blocks by controlled blasting techniques - a case study. J Mines Metals Fuels 2005, 53(7&8), 122-7.

Blasting needs of marble is entirely different than conventional methods of blasting. The principle objective of blasting is to develop cracks in the rock so as to dislodge it from the surrounding rock without causing damage to it or to the remaining rock. Drilling is generally carried out by jackhammer but now a days compressed air operated hydraulic machines are coming into use. Conventional drill and blast techniques have proven to be disadvantageous and have low recovery of blockable marble. Also micro cracks develop in the remaining rock. Hence introduction of controlled fracture growth technique has important role in develop of marble extraction techniques. For this purpose, a field study was carried out in white marble belt of Rajasamand district, and pink marble belt of Udaipur district, Rajasthan. Existing practices have been analysed and some new practices introduced to reduce the cost of extraction and also to improve recovery of blockable marble by controlling fracture growth in desired direction. Field study showed that in D-cord splitting method, spacing between holes ranges from 0.08m to 0.0.30 whereas result of experimental trial using notched hole technique showed that hole spacing can be extended from 0.33m to 0.72m. On comparison, it is clear that cracks in desired direction up to almost five times greater distance can be achieved by using prenotched blast hole technique as compared to D-cord splitting technique. By use of prenotched blast hole technique the extraction cost can be reduced up to half or one third. This shows that prenotched blast hole technique is beneficial to the marble stone mining.

4 illus, 5 tables, 8 ref

016920   Ramesh Babu B N;Nagabushan B S (NO, Alpha Coll of Engng, Doddabuggi PO, Bangalore-562 149, Email: bnrami@yahoo.com) : Extensible design patterns based object-oriented frameworks using scenario templates for testing embedded systems. J appl mathl Analysis Applic 2005, 1(2), 183-201.

Testing Embedded system is difficult and expensive due to issues such as interoperability, collaboration, synchronization, timing, and concurrency. Embedded systems often require rigorous testing due to the mission-critical nature of their applications. A tester often needs to spend significant time in developing lengthy testing code to ensure that the System Under Test is fully tested for mentioned custom built scale down model. Proposes an Extensible Design Patterns based Object-Oriented framework to test Embedded systems by using Scenario Modeling. However, few guidelines are available on to effectively test the software developed with design patterns. First discusses the issues in testing applications developed with design patterns using an object-oriented framework. Two kinds of design patterns are available, extensible and static patterns. Herein focus on testing applications using extensible design patterns. A technique, Message Framework Sequence Specifications (MfSS) for generating scenario templates that can be used to generate test cases to test applications developed during extensible design patterns with an Object-Oriented Framework has been presented. Finally the MfSS technique has been used to test a Mobile Phone System Framework as an example.

5 illus, 27 ref

016919   Ramakrishnan N (NO, Regional Res Lab, Bhopal, M.P.) : Finite element modelling for metal forming - a study of disc forging. Ann Indian Natn Acad Engng 2005, 2(Dec), 91-5.

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has emerged as a powerful numerical tool for analyses as well as design involging complex geometries or processes. Attempts to bring out its use in the area of Metal Forming, using an illustration from Ti alloy disc forging, with a special focus on integrating Materials Modelling with FEM. The discs are normally produced by forging to near net shape at high temperature followed by machining. The workability and the microstructural development during forging is sensitive to the processing temperature and strain-rate and the selection of the processing conditions is done using Dynamic Materials Modelling (DMM). In order to make use of it for a complex forging, a large deformation FEA is carried out. Primarily this aids in designing the die profile that renders streamlined flow during forging. Also, the computed distribution of strain and strain-rate in the deforming billet, integrated with the results of the DMM, aids in designing the forging scheme to achieve uniform microstructure in the final component.

4 illus, 19 ref

016918   Rajak K K;Sahay N;Ahmad I;Varma N K (CMRI, , Barwa Road, Dhanbad) : Assessment of sealed of area for reopening - an approach. Indian Min Engng J 2005, 44(10), 29-32.

Paper deals with a case study of successful control of a underground coal mine fire by dynamic balancing of pressure and prediction of safe time period for opening of the sealed panel.

5 illus, 9 ref

016917   Raghunandan B N (Aerospace Engng Dep, Indian Inst of Sci, Bangalore, Karnataka) : Atomisation problems in aerospace propulsion. Ann Indian Natn Acad Engng 2005, 2(Dec), 83-9.

Owing to wide applications, the subject of atomisation and sprays has become a distinct field of research in the last three decades. In the area of aerospace propulsion, high energy density needs, spatial constraints and intricate system architecture have given rise to many different designs of atomisers which have been successfully employed. However, the subject has remained empirical and many elemental processes of atomisation have remained unexplored. Highlights some recent and fascinating experimental results which are interest to both design and modeling. Examples are drawn from coaxial and impinging bipropellant rocket injectors, twin - fluid of airbreathing and cryogenic rockets and diagnostics of spray itself.

13 illus, 11 ref

016916   Prasad C D;Ramchandra Rao K;Kumar N;Ghosh A K (NO, Cent Min Res Inst, Dhanbad-826 001, Jharkhand) : Numerical simulation of bord and pillar workings of Churcha West mine, SECL to study the caving behaviour of its massive sandstone roof. J Mines Metals Fuels 2005, 53(7&8), 117-21.

Strata control is the major problem in mines where the immediate roof is massive and situation aggravates further if the composition of roof is sandstone and it is the major component of coal measure rocks within ten times of height of extraction and its content varies from 8% to 100% in caving zone. Extraction of coal under such hard roof is a difficult task due to the typical characteristics of sandstone. It continues to accumulate energy thereby inducing high stresses over workings and then ruptures all of a sudden with violence causing air blast and/or bumps. Spalling of coal pillars, air blast, collapse of faces and overriding of pillars are common phenomena associated with this type of roof. Such hazards cause heavy damage to supports, ventilation network and endanger the life of miners as well. Thus, it is necessary to study the caving behaviour of massive sandstone roof to design an efficient strata control mechanism that prevents accumulation of high stresses. Results of Numerical simulation conducted to study the caving behaviour and to predict the height of caving using FLAC 3D has been discussed.

10 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

016915   Patra A K;Mondal S K;Kumar A;Bose J M (Cent Min Res Inst, , Dhanbad-826 001) : Ambient air and stack monitoring at Lodna coke plant. J Mines Metals Fuels 2005, 53(7&8), 132-4.

7 illus, 6 ref

016914   Parvathi C S;Bhaskar P;Kulkarni A B (Instrumentation Technol Dep, Gulbarga Univ P.G. Cent, Yeragera Campus, Raichur-584 133) : Defuzzification methods of fuzzy logic controller for the speed control of DC motor. J Instrum Soc India 2005, 35(4), 364-73.

The systematic study of defuzzification methods of Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) for the speed control of DC motor (Faulhaber, Switzerland; Model 223U 0158) has been carried out. In the study for the FLC, Centre Of Gravity (COG), Center Of Maximum (COM), and Mean Of Maximum (MOM) methods are used as three different methods for defuzzification and IF-THEN rules are used for decision-making logic. Experimental setup includes LabVIEW, Signal Conditioning eXtension for Instrumentation (SCX) cards, Data Acquisition (DAQ) board, and Fuzzy logic toolkit, all from National Instruments (NI), USA. For a rated speed of 1000 rpm, speed control of DC motor is done by the three defuzzification methods separately. Corresponding graphs of speed verses time are obtained. COG method for defuzzification is the best choice for the real time speed control of the DC motor using FLC in the study.

6 illus, 23 ref

016913   Narang B S;Sushil Kumar;Kumar R;Narayan A (Electl Engng Dep, Bhilai Inst of Technol, Bhilai House, Durg-490 001, Email: nrgbs@sancharnet.in) : Control of voltage collapse in a model power system. Appl Sci Period 2005, 7(1), 23-9.

Problem of controlling voltage collapse in the presence of non-linear phenomena such as bifurcations and chaos, which are determined to be crucial factors in the inception of voltage collapse in power system models has been addressed. The bifurcation approach is employed to modify the bifurcations and to suppres chaos. The control law is shown to improve performance of the system for a greater range of parameter values.

6 illus, 13 ref

016912   Khandekar S;Groll M (NO, Institut fur Kernenergetik and Energiesysteme (IKE) Universitat Stuttg, Germany) : Pulsating heat pipes: attractive entrants in the family of Closed Passive Two-Phase Systems. J Energy Heat Mass Transfer 2004, 26(1-4), 99-115.

The electronics semi-conductor technology is changing the face of the world in an unprecedented manner. Thermal management of such systems is the elixir to transform dreams and imaginations of the designers into reality. Motivation and need for research in the development of novel cooling strategies for modern electronics is of paramount importance. Pulsating heat pipes are one such promising example; they are new entrants in the family of closed passive two-phase heat transfer systems. Highlights the thermo-hydrodynamic characteristics of these devices. State of the art indicates that at least three thermo-mechanical boundary conditions have to be met for the device to function properly as a 'pulsating' heat pipe. These include the internal tube diameter, the applied heat flux and the amount of the working fluid in the system. Additionally, the number of turns of the device, the orientation with respect to gravity and the thermo-physical properties of the working fluid also play a vital role in determining the thermal behavior. Apart from these thermo-mechanical boundary conditions, research also indicates that two-phase flow patterns inside the device have a decisive effect on the effective thermal conductivity of the system. It is concluded that with the progress in the development of these devices achieved so far, the future prospects seem quite promising.

10 illus, 34 ref

016911   Garimella S (Sustainable Thermal Systems Lab The George W. Woodruff Sch of Mech Eng, Georgia Inst of Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332) : Vapor-liquid interfaces and their implications on phase-change inside and outside microchannels. J Energy Heat Mass Transfer 2004, 26(1-4), 25-79.

29 illus, 92 ref

016910   Gain S;Banerjee S (Bengal Engng and Sci Univ, , Shibpur, Howrah) : Design of enthalpy based fire sensing device for spontaneous heating of coal. J Mines Metals Fuels 2005, 53(7&8), 135-40.

Like many other fields of science and technology, mining industry has also experienced the modern techniques of automation and mechanization. Several of these technologies are presently in an advance stage of development are under experimentation in mining operations and are likely to have competitive impacts. An attempt has been made to develop the temperature sensing device that can help the mine managers or supervisors to sense the existence of fire, if any, inside a pillar or coal bench based on enthalpy of the system.

16 illus, 16 ref

016909   Dutta B K (Reactor Saf Div, Bhabha Atom Res Cent, Mumbai) : Structural safety assessment. Ann Indian Natn Acad Engng 2005, 2(Dec), 43-9.

Comprehensive program has been pursued to develop advanced modeling tools for integrity assessment of nuclear structural components. These modeling procedures are used to guarantee the integrity of structural components of nuclear reactors under normal as well as postulated adverse loading scenarios. The analytical tools consist of three length scales. These are a) Constraint dependent advanced fracture mechanics from continuum level b) Micro-mechanical modelling at micron length scale and c) Atomistic modeling at nano-length scale. Describes the advanced modeling strategies developed for integrity assessment of nuclear structural components from all these length scales. Some of the original contributions made by the author to make analytical results in agreement with experimental results are also highlighted. The sample results show the usefulness of such an analytical program to obtain realistic integrity assessment.

8 illus, 7 ref

016908   Dhir K K;Abarajith H S;Warrier G;Son G (Dep of Mech and Aerospace Engng, Univ of Calif Los Angeles, USA, Email: vdhir@seas.ucla.edu) : Bubble dynamics and nucleate poof boiling heat transfer -numerical simulations and experimental validation. J Energy Heat Mass Transfer 2004, 26(1-4), 1-24.

Results from numerical simulation and experimental validation of the growth and departure of single and multiple merging bubbles and the associated heat transfer on a horizontal heated surface during pool nucleate boiling under low and earth normal gravity conditions have been reviewed . A finite difference scheme was used to solve the equations governing mass, momentum and energy in the vapor and liquid phases. The vapor-liquid interface is captured by a level set function while including the influence of phase change at the liquid-vapor interface. Water and PF5060 were used as test liquids. The effects of gravity levels, contact angle, liquid subcooling and wall superheat on the bubble diameter, interfacial structure, bubble merger time, departure time and local heat fluxes are reported. A scheme to calculate the wall heat flux for a large surface is also introduced.

3 illus, 3 tables, 65 ref

016907   Cui O;Chandra S;McCahan S (Dep of Mech and Industrial Engng, Univ of Toronto Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada) : Spray cooling hot surfaces with water containing dissolved salts. J Energy Heat Mass Transfer 2004, 26(1-4), 165-80.

Effect of adding one of three salts (NaCl, Na₂SO₄ or MgSO₄) to water droplets deposited individually or sprayed on a hot surface was studied experimentally. Photographs droplets as they evaporated, and recorded their evaporation time. The variation of surface temperature during spray quenching was recorded, and the surface heat flux calculated from these measurements. At surface temperatures that were too low to initiate nucleate boiling all three salts were found to reduce droplet evaporation rates because they lower the vapor pressure of water. In the nucleate boiling regime, low concentrations (<60>0.1 mol/l) of Na₂SO₄ and MgSO₄ enhanced heat transfer because they prevented coalescence of vapor bubbles and produced foaming in the droplet. Increasing the salt concentration further did not produce a corresponding increase in heat transfer. Dissolved NaCl had little effect on heat transfer.

8 illus, 20 ref

016906   Chattopadhyay A B (Mech Engng Dep, Indian Inst of Technol, Kharagpur) : Environment friendly cryogenic machining and grinding. Ann Indian Natn Acad Engng 2005, 2(Dec), 35-42.

High speed machining and grinding are inherently associated with generation of high cutting temperature which not only shortens the tool life but also impairs the surface integrity. Conventional cutting fluid applications are not that effective and causes severe health hazards and environmental pollution in and around the machine shops. Dry machining may be eco-friendly but suffer from several other factors. The technology of cryogenic cooling by suitable agent has enabled overcoming of the environmental problems and is also providing significant technological benefits in machining. Ample research has been done in this area and IIT Kharagpur has also contributed to it. Deals with studies on the techno-economic effects of cryogenic cooling on tool life, cutting forces and product quality in machining and grinding of several steels.

11 illus, 15 ref

016905   Chattaraj D;Setua D K (NO, Def Mater & Stores Res & Dev Establ (DMSRDE), G.T. Road, Kanpur-208 013) : Atomic force microscopy of thermoplastic elastomer. J Instrum Soc India 2005, 35(4), 380-91.

Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) of Molecular Imaging, USA has been used in Acoustic Alternating Contact (AAC) mode to obtain the images of topography, amplitude and phase simultaneously of the binary elastomeric blend of 30:70 Natural Rubber (NR) : High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). Also recorded the derivative of the topography and 3D solid or mesh images from the same. Two different components of the blends are detected through the phase imaging as well as their shape & size and surface roughness have been evaluated. It is also clearly visible from these images that the rubber particles are uniformly dispersed in a droplet - matrix morphology. Corrugated texture of the surface is due to the differences in stiffness between the components and occurrence of immiscibility.

4 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

016904   Bohra S A (NO, Nuclear Pwr Corporation of India Ltd, Vikram Sarabhai Bhavan, Anushakti Nagar, Trombay, Mumbai-400 094) : The Indian management services and experience in developing nuclear power generation capability. Ann Indian Natn Acad Engng 2005, 2(Dec), 27-34.

Nuclear power, in India, is recognised as an inevitable option for securing the stable supply of electricity. Presently 14 nuclear power plants with total capacity of 2770 MWe are in operation, 9 units (4460 MWe) are under construction and 4 units (3000 MWe) are at the planning stage, thus totaling to about 10,000 MWe by March 2012. In 2020, India is expected to operate a total of 20,000 MWe installed capacity. Paper has introduced the Indian nuclear energy management strategies and development program and future prospects. India has achieved a substantial level of nuclear power plant localisation through interaction with Indian industries. In addition to this, NPCL's approach includes plant standardisation, equipment, fuel and service localisation and codes and standards development. NPCIL would develop its own decision-making capability as it takes up the total project management responsibility including measures for reduction in gestation period, cost and further improvements of operating statistics in order to bring the Indian nuclear power program to an internation bench-mark. The current Indian nuclear program includes next generation power plant development and advanced fuel development. The PHWR, -FBR-LWR symbiosis is carefully considered to improve the nuclear power economy.

016903   Biswas G (Mech Engng Dep, Indian Inst of Technol, Kanpur-208 016) : Heat transfer and fluid mechanics related to turbulent flow. Ann Indian Natn Acad Engng 2005, 2(Dec), 19-25.

Various mathematical techniques related to solution of turbulent flows have been discussed. The techniques find application in the design of turbomachinery, automobile engines, reactors, and various heat exchangers.

3 illus, 20 ref

016902   Banerjee S;Badalassi V;Dwivedi V;Christophe J;Hall D (Dep of Chem Engng, Univ of Calif, Santa Barbara, CA 93106) : Computational approaches to the design of multiphase fluid formulations. J Energy Heat Mass Transfer 2004, 26(1-4), 117-52.

Multiphase flows play a central role in problems related to the environment and industry. Common, but significant, features of such problems are complex geometries and topography, transport processes across phase boundaries, and internal interfaces that merge, break, and deform. Requirements to predict fluid motion under such conditions provide significant challenges for computational fluid dynamics, particularly for direct simulation of flows involving internal interfaces. Focus on two models that capture the motion of internal interfaces implicitly and can resolve complex flows down to computational grid sizes. The methods are based on the phase-field approach, which are also applied in its general form to viscoelastic and phase separating polymeric systems-in the latter case using a self-consistent field theoretic approach. For processes occurring over very small length scales, e.g. nucleation and growth, such computations result in finite thickness interfaces and capture the necessary physics. For larger length-scale multiphase structures, the interface becomes a contact discontinuity, and the method smoothly transitions into a level-set-like formulation. However, in this second form the sharp interface is computationally difficult to handle. A variation of the ghost-fluid method in which sharp interfaces can be captured will be presented. Applications will be shown at the two extremes of scales, including early stages of nucleation growth and coarsening of multiphase structures, as well as macroscopic flows in which length-scales and velocities are large.

28 illus, 44 ref

016901   Bakshi R (NO, RRB Consultants and Engrs Pvt. Ltd, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi-110 025) : Development of wind power in India. Ann Indian Natn Acad Engng 2005, 2(Dec), 15-18.

Development of wind energy resource was initiated more than 20 years ago. The installed capacity in commercial wind energy projects have already exceeded 2800 MW. Recent installations use lighter and larger blades with better aerodynamic design. The size of the wind turbine units have increased from 55-90 KW to 225-2000 KW. The installed capacity of wind energy units may increase by 6000 MW in the next seven years. The Kyoto Protocol and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) will make energy products more financially viable.

016900   Agarwal N;Sadistap S S;Batra S;Kapur P (NO, AGRI-Electronics Grp Cent Electron Engng Res Inst, Pilani-333 031) : Microcontroller based novel technique for measurement of resistant change in sensor applications. J Instrum Soc India 2005, 35(4), 357-63.

Study describes a novel low-cost and highly accurate measurement technique for linear conversion of resistance deviation to frequency. The sensitivity and resolution of the circuit are made easily programmable. It incorporates the high performance 16 bit Microcontroller and relaxation oscillator circuit not only to achieve better resolution (<60>0.5Ω) and sensitivity, but also can be used for multipurpose resistance based sensor application, such as measurement of temperature (RTD), Load Cell, etc. Using the autocalibration method the problem of change in resistance due to thermal heating and errors of the interface are easily eliminated so that resistance change from 0.05Ω to 5kΩ can be accurately measured. The developed prototype was tested and calibrated to get the desired accuracy (<60>±0.5%) for measurement of temperature using RTD sensor.

5 illus, 5 ref

016001   Zhang H;Shen H;Liu B (Dep of Mech Engng, Tsinghua Univ, Beijing 100084, China, Email: shen@tsinghua.edu.cn) : Fluid flow and solidification in continuous thin slab casting-mold. Trans Indian Inst Meterol 2005, 58(4), 503-8.

A program Visual Cast has been developed to calculate the heat transfer, fluid flow and solidification in the continuous slab casting mold by using the SIMPLER algorithm. The Compact Strip Production (CSP) mold and nozzle structures were constructed for the numerical simulation by CAD solid molding. The flow patterns in a CSP mold and a thin plate mold were compared. The calculated turbulent fluid flow in the mold agrees with water modeling. The results of solid shell prediction show that the solid shell in the mold may be re-melted because of the hot jets from the nozzle, and the shell thickness is uneven because of the fluid flow.

5 illus, 11 ref