010981   Chakrabarty B K (NO, HUDCO, New Delhi-110 016) : Computer-aided building design by optimization - a software for integrated design. J Instn Engrs-Pt AR 2006, 87(Apr), 6-21.

Outlines the concept of optimization in building design and presents a least-cost and a most-benefit optimizing model for building design (housing), which are, nonlinear programming problems and difficult to solve manually. CAD primarily depends on system software supplied with hardware and appliction software-available commercially or to be developed in-house. Presents an application CAD software (an integrative-tool combining all three elements, i.e. cost, design optimization and drafting) which solves the above nonlinear programming problems and converts instantly the numerical solution into a graphic output with interactive inputs from the designers, who may obtain optimal solution in numeric/graphic form even if not skilled with such mathematical techniques. Application of the CAD software is illustrated with example problems. Optimization (choosing optimal values of system variables) is the last of the three-step rational decision-making process. Other two steps are knowledge/description of the system and finding a measure of system effectiveness, where professional knowledge of architects, engineers and planners would be of crucial importance. Hence, addition of `Computer Aided Planning and Design by Optimization' as a subject of study in the professional courses in above existing disciplines, rather than to develop optimization specialists unable to comprehend the systems to be optimized, is suggested.

8 illus, 24 ref

010980   Bhuvaneswari C M;Sureshkumar M S;Kakade S D; Gupta M (High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, , Pune-411 021) : Ethylene-propylene diene rubber as a futuristic elastomer for insulation of solid rocket motors. Def Sci J 2006, 56(3), 309-20.

Study carried out so far on the application of ethylene-propylene diene rubber (EPDM) in the field of insulation of case bonded solid rocket motors has been reviewed. The various studies by the authors (unpublished work) have also been reported. All these findings bring out the excellent potential of EPDM as insulator in view of its ageing resistance, low-temperature flexibility, low erosion rate, and low specific gravity.

^iia1 table, 81 ref

010979   Bhingarkar V;Haridwar Singh (High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, , Pune-411 021) : Influence of cellulosic binders on sensitivity and combustion behaviour of B-KNO₃ ignition system. Def Sci J 2006, 56(3), 345-51.

Boron-potassium nitrate (B-KNO₃)-based compositions have been used as an effective igniter system for solid rocket propellants. A systematic study was undertaken to generate exhaustive data on B-KNO₃ (25:65)-based ignition systems with cellulosic binders, viz., nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose and plasticised ethyl cellulose. In addition, detailed investigations were carried out with PEC as binder by varying its concentration from 2-10 per cent in the same system. The experimental compositions (B-KNO₃: binder) were evaluated by closed-vessel firing, thermal analysis, sensitivity, mechanical properties and calval determination. The binders significantly influenced the sensitivity and combustion behaviour of B-KNO₃ compositions. The composition with nitrocellulose as binder produced high flame temperature and cal-val as compared to ethyl cellulose and plasticised ethyl cellulose-based compositions. The data indicated that the calculated flame temperature for all compositions was in the range 2716 K to 2957 K. As the plasticised ethyl cellulose content increased from 2 per cent to 10 per cent, the maximum pressure increased with decrease in heat of combustion.

7 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

010978   Basu M;Senapati S;Banerjee K (NO, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, Email: manjusri_basu@yahoo.com) : Multi-item inventory model for deteriorating items under inflation and permissible delay in payments with exponential declining demand. Opsearch 2006, 43(1), 71-87.

Deals with the EOQ of multi-item inventory model under inflatin. The demand rate of each item decreases exponentially. Deterioration rate of each item is considered as constant. Delay in payments is permissible. For setting the account, the model is developed under different circumstances depending on whether the credit period A' is (a) less than the cycle times of all items (b) greater than the cycle times of all items (c) lies between every two consecutie cycle time of all items. A new algorithm is developed under these three scenarior to obtain the EOQ. Finally results are analyzed and demonstrated with an illustrative example.

2 tables, 36 ref

010977   Banerjee S B (NO, ISM, Dhanbad-826 004) : Minining coal from deep horizons - the technical, economical and environmental considerations. Indian Min Engng J 2006, 45(2-4), 18-24.

4 tables, 9 ref

010976   Banerjea S;Dutta B (Department of Mathmatics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, Email: sbanerjee@math.jdvu.ac.in ) : Solution of a singular integral equation and its application to water wave problems. J Indian Inst Sci 2006, 86(3), 265-78.

Solution of a singular integral equation with logarithmic kernel in two disjoint intervals (0, a)U(b, ∞), (a, b are finite) has been obtained by using function theoretic method. The two cases are considered when the unknown function satisfying the integral equation is unbounded or bounded at both nonzero finite end points of the interval. In the latter case, two solvability conditions are to be satisfied in order that the solution of the integral equation exists. Two solvability conditions to evaluate the amplitude of waves at infinity for the three well-known water wave problems. These are: (i) scattering of water waves by a vertical plate submerged in deep water, (ii) generation of waves due to a line source in front of a vertical plate submerged in deep water, and (iii) generation of waves due to rolling of a submerged vertical plate has been used.

3 illus, 10 ref

010975   Arulselvi S;Govindarajan U;Saminath V (Department of Instrumentationg, Annamalai University, Chidambaram-608 002, Email: arulsevi_2k3@yahoo.co.in) : Development of simple fuzzy logic controller (SFLC) for ZVS quasi-resonant converter: design, simulation and experimentaiton. J Indian Inst Sci 2006, 86(3), 215-33.

Design of simple but powerful fuzzy logic controller (SFLC) based on single input variable instead of the process state variables or error and its derivatives to represent n-dimensional rule table as in the case of conventional FLC (CFLC) has been presented. SFLC has only one-dimensional rule table, which in turn reduces memory requirement and computational complexity in coding. Also the tuning of scaling factors and the generation of fuzzy rules becomes easier. As a result, realizing fuzzy algorithm in a microcontroller or digital signal processor becomes simple. The application of SFLC is verified for voltage control of ZVS-QRC against load variations. The analysis, design and control characteristics of buck-boost ZVS-QRC has been presented. The control performance of SFLC is compared with CFLC through simulation and experimental studies using 40 MHz, 16bit, TMS320F2407A DSP Processor. Results show improved performance of SFLC.

24 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

010974   Anil Kumar;Devendra Kumar (Soil and Water Conservation Engineering Dep, College of Technology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technol, Pantnagar-263 145) : Direct runoff estimation based on geomorphologic characteristics of a hilly watershed. J Agrometeorol 2006, 8(2), 102-5.

Geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH), based on two-parameter gamma-type conceptual model was developed for,estimation of direct runoff from a hilly sub-watershed of Ramganga river catchment in Uttaranchal (India). The shape and scale parameters of the model were determined using the stream-order law ratios based on the geomorphologic characteristics of the watershed without using the past record of rainfall and runoff data. The performance evaluation of the model indicated that the predicted and observed direct runoffhydrographs for the storm events in the watershed had good correlation.

1 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

010973   Ahmad I;Sahay N;Varmal N K;Bhowmick B C (NO, Central Mining Research Institute, Dhanbad-826 001) : Safety chamber - a tool for safe refuge during emergency in mines. J Instn Engrs-Pt MN 2006, 87(Aug), 3-6.

Accident and disaster are inherent problems in coal mines. The causes of these are generally inundation, fire, explosion or sudden strata collapse. In addition to conventional measures adopted for prevention/control of accidents/disaster in mines, safety chamber may prove a useful tool to provide safe refuge to persons deployed below ground during occurrence of such mishaps. Different types of safety chambers/refuge bay used in coal mines have been reviewed. Essential design requirements of a safety chamber including design of its door have also been discussed.

4 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

010172   Yong D;Cheng S (NO, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai-200 030, China) : Evaluating the main battle tank using fuzzy number arithmetic operations. Def Sci J 2006, 56(2), 251-7.

Since the descriptions and judgements on weapon systems are usually linguistic and fuzzy, it is more realistic to evaluate weapon systems in the framework of fuzzy sets theory. A new method to evaluate the best main battle tank has been proposed. It can be seen that the proposed method is more efficient due to the fact that, by canonical representation of arithmetic operation on fuzzy numbers, simple arithmetic operations on crisp numbers are used, instead of complicated fuzzy numbers operations. In addition, the final scores of each alternative can be represented as crisp numbers. As a result, the order of alternatives can be determined without the procedure of ranking fuzzy numbers. Finally, a numerical example to evaluate the best main battle tanks is used to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method.

^ssc5 tables, 9 ref

010171   Yildirim S (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkiye, Email: sahiny@erciyes.edu.tr) : Four legged walking robot control using neural networks. J scient ind Res 2006, 65(11), 887-93.

Neural network (NN) control of planar four-legged walking robot has been presented. The control system consists of a neural controller, standard PD controller and walking robot. Proposed NN is employed as an inverse controller of the robot. In addition to feedforward connections from the input layer to the hidden layer and from the hidden layer to the output layer, there is also feedback connection from the output layer to the hidden layer and from the hidden layer to itself. The reason to use hybrid layer is that robot's dynamics consists of linear and non-linear parts. The results show good performance of the proposed neural and control schemes.

8 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

010170   Yadav H S (NO, , 404, Nyati Hermitage, Ramnagar, NDA RD, Bavdhan, Pune-411 021) : Initiation of detonation in explosives by impact of projectiles. Def Sci J 2006, 56(2), 169-77.

Study of initiation of detonation in explosives by the impact of projectiles has been presented. The shock wave produced by the impact of projectiles has been considered as the stimulus for initiation of detonation. Three types of projectiles, namely (i) flyer plate, (ii) flat-ended rod, and (iii) round-ended rod or a shaped charge jet, have been considered to impact and produce a shock wave in the explosives. Deriving relations for the parameters of impact-generated shock wave in the explosives and projectiles, and the sound velocity in the compressed explosives, it has been shown that the difference of kinetic energy of the flyer plate before and after the impact, which is equal to the total energy of the shock wave in the explosives, leads to critical energy criterion for shock initiation of explosives. In the study, the critical criterion has been used to derive the relations for initiation of explosives by a shaped charge jet, V_j²D = K₀, where V_j and D denote the velocity and diameter of the jet, and K₀ is a constant of the explosive.

4 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

010169   Wang X;Wang C;Jin S;Chen H (NO, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Tec, Qingdao, 266042, China, Email: dawazm@sohu.com) : Optimal operating conditions for reactor-separator-recycle system. J scient ind Res 2006, 65(11), 867-72.

Characteristic equation (CE) for the Reactor-Separaror-Recyclc (RSR) system is obtained using geometrical methods. Total yield is selected as the objective function of the complex reaction in two-dimensional concentration space. CE for RSR system can be separated into Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) and Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) based CEs. By combining CE curves of RSR system with the attainable region boundary curves, optimal operating conditions of RSR system for maximal total yield can be conveniently determined. Besides consecutive reaction, application of CE for RSR system can also be extended to other kinds of complex reaction processes.

8 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

010168   Venkata Ramaiah M S;Venkateshwar Rao R (Department of Project Planning, , SCCL) : Salvaging of a collapsed face-a case study of longwall panel No. 10A, GDK.10A incline. J Mines Metals Fuels 2006, 54(4-5), 114-24.

Salvaging is an important and critical activity of longwall mining. Since it is an unproductive activity, it has to be completed in minimum time with maximum safety. Withdrawl of powered roof supports contributes to major component of salvage period which requires skilled man power to be deployed under close supervision. Proper planning of salvagin activities in advance and adequate supporting of salvage face not only eliminates delay but also provides safety to the persons employed. face stop line is suitably selected in a stress free and safe zone with respect to periodical weighting and local geological disturbances to facilitate safe withdrawl of powered roof supports. Unlike to this, if supports have to be withdrawn from a face which cannot move forward due to sever strata control problems, it a very difficult and risky task which requires careful planning and patience. Explains salvage operations carried out in a longwall face under severe strata control problems.

010167   Veera Reddy B (GDK 10A Incline of RG.II Area, SCCL, , ) : Environmental management of a mechanised underground mine: GDK 10A incline. J Mines Metals Fuels 2006, 54(4-5), 75-80.

Presents a case study of GDK 10A incline, which includes the monitoring of pollution due to mining activity in and around the mine premises and also their controlling measures. Also presents environmental awarness programmes and social works taken up to make GDK 10 A incline an eco-friendly mine.

8 illus, 3 tables, 1 ref

010166   Tanveer S;Prasad R (Department of Chemical Engineering, H.B. Technological Institute, Kanpur-208 002) : Enhancement of viscosity index of mineral base oils. Indian J chem Technol 2006, 13(4), 398-403.

Multigrade engine oils of high viscosity index (VI) are required for modem internal-combustion engines. Such a high VI is difficult to achieve by the conventional processing of petroleum fractions. Therefore, VI improvers are added in the mineral base oils to achieve the desired VI. The enhancement of VI of mineral base oils (100 N, 150 N and 500 N) by the addition of VI improvers [polyisobutylene(PIB), polybutadiene rubber (PBR)] has been studied. VI of blended oils, made from the mineral base oils 100 N, 150 N and 500 N by the addition of FIB and PBR, is found to pass through maximum. It was observed that the occurrence of maximum depends on the mineral base oil used and the type and concentration of VI improver.

6 illus, 19 ref

010165   Srivastava S;Nataraj P S V;Balakrishnan S R (Gas Turbine Research Establishment, Defence R & D Organisation, , C.V. Raman Nagar, Bangalore-560 093, Email: suresh@ee.iitb.ac.in) : Synthesis of a robustly stabilizing compensator for an uncertain jet engine power plant. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2006, 58(2), 98-103.

Proposed a new algorithm based on interval analysis for design of a robust first order compensator for a jet engine. The proposed algorithm generates the entire set of stabilizing controller parameters. Demonstrated the algorithm on the acceleration control loop of a jet engine in the presence of parametric uncertainties.

5 illus, 10 ref

010164   Sivaprakash N;Shanmugam J;Natarajan P (Division of Avionics, Department of Electronics Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna University, Chennai, T.N) : Neural network based three axis satellite attitude control using only magnetic torquers. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2006, 58(2), 159-65.

Magnetic actuation utilizes the mechanic torque that is the result of interaction of the current in a coil with an external magnetic field. A main obstacle is however, that torques can only be produced perpendicular to the magnetic field. In addition, there is uncertainty in the Earth magnetic field models due to the complicated dynamic nature of the field. Also, the magnetic hardware and the spacecraft can interact, causing both to behave in undesirable ways. This actuation principle has been a topic of research since earliest satellites were launched. Earlier magnetic control has been applied for nutation damping for gravity gradient stabilized satellites, and for velocity decrease for satellites without appendages. The three axes of a micro-satellite can be stabilized by using an electromagnetic actuator, which is rigidly mounted on the structure of the satellite. The actuator consists of three mutually orthogonal air-cored coils on the skin of the satellite. The coils are excited so that the orbital frame magnetic field and body frame magnetic field coincides i.e. to make the Euler angles to zero. This can be done using a Neural Network controller trained by PD controller data and driven by the difference between the orbital and body frame magnetic fields.

^ssc9 illus, 11 ref

010163   Singh S N;Seshadri V;Singh R K;Mishra T (Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT Delhi, New Delhi-110 016, Email: sidhnathsingh@hotmail.com) : Flow characteristics of an annular gas turbine combustor model for reacting flows using CFD. J scient ind Res 2006, 65(11), 921-34.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach can reduce the expenses as well as time to provide an insight into the characteristics of flow and combustion process inside combustion chamber at design stage. Geometry of combustor simulated for present investigation is a 45° sector of an annular combustor. Primary, secondary and dilution holes are simulated on the inner and outer liner walls with swirler being placed at the center of the liner dome. Flow has been analyzed in the annulus region. The results are fed as input for the flow analysis in the liner. Uniform velocity distribution is obtained in the annulus passage around the liner. For the liner flow, it is observed that on moving axially from nozzle to outlet, velocity and temperature contours become more uniform and symmetric in circumferential plane. Mass fraction of CH₄ and O₂ decreases whereas concentration of CO₂, NO and H₂O increases in the axial direction (nozzle to outlet).

12 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

010162   Singh O M (Department of Chemistry, Manipur University, Canchipur-795 003, Email: ok_mukherjee@yahoo.com) : Metathesis catalysts: Historical perspective, recent developments and practical applicants. J scient ind Res 2006, 65(12), 957-65.

Metathesis, a recently developed synthetic chemical methodology, has widespread applications in industries in large scale production of organic compouns, pharmaceutical products and polymeric materials.

54 ref, 12 sch

010161   Sharma D N (The Singareni Collieries Co Ltd, , Kothagudem-507 101, Email: drdn_sharma@yahoo.co.in) : Geo-technical investigations in the first continuous miner area of the Singareni collieries Co. Ltd. J Mines Metals Fuels 2006, 54(4-5), 97-101.

To ascertain the roof strata behaviour geotechnical investigations comprising micro logging of core samples, underground mapping to trace the cleat pattern, discontinuties viz. joints, slips, fractures etc, geo-engineering properties of roof strata, rock quality disignation (RQD), rock mass rating (RMR) and caving index were taken up. The underground mapping has helped to infer most prominent joints, most prominent slips face cleat and butt cleat trends, the tension fractures due to logwall panels (goaf) in the underlying queen seam etc. Compressive strength of the roof strata ranges from 79 to 253 kg/cm². RDQ ranges from 38 to 100% classifying the strata as "poor" to "very good". RMR of the roof strata varies from 41 to 53 indicating the roof strata is "fair". Range of caving index of the roof strata is 133 to 3767 indicates "week roof" to "roof cavable with difficulty". Thus these studies have helped to a large extent to assess the roof strata behaviour.

010160   Sengupta R N;Kaur J;Jagdish Kumar (Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, , Sector 30, Chandigarh-160 030, Email: jaspreet_k123@rediffmail.com) : Design and development of microcontroller based human airway pressure measurement system with real time graphical display for anaesthesia ventilator. J scient ind Res 2006, 65(12), 986-91.

Microcontroller based hardware design and system software associated with the graphical visualization of the airway pressure data acquisition system has been designed and developed, and successfully incorporated in indigenous prototype of anaesthesia ventilator. An inexpensive airway pressure monitoring system based around 80C31 microcontroller with RAM, EPROM, AD574 ADC, peripheral interface devices and graphical LCD etc., is a module of the indigenously developed instrument. What has been envisaged here is to get a real time pressure waveform on LCD. Air pressure changes over a respiratory cycle. This makes anaesthetist to have a feeling of how air pressure in the tract changes with time. An accurate and sensitive piezoresistive type of air pressure sensor has been used outside the mouth and inside the piping.

6 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

010159   Selvaraj P;Radhakrishnan P (Aeronautical Development Agency, , Bangalore-560 017) : Algorithm for pocket milling using Zig-zag tool path. Def Sci J 2006, 56(2), 117-27.

Pocket-milling operations are widely used for scooping out materials during the machining of aircraft components. Tool-path planning algorithm for pocket-milling using zig-zag method has been presented. The algorithm consists of basically three modules, viz., generating tool-path elements using pocket geometry entities as input, finding out intersection points (edge points), and rearranging points in a zig-zag fashion. OPTPATH algorithm^1,2 is used for generating tool-path elements. These elements thus generated are used to find out the intersection points with all entities. The valid points are arranged in a zig-zag way, which are used for machining any pocket considered. This algorithm works satisfactorily for all the pocket boundaries having line-line, line-arc, and arc-arc geometry entities.

11 illus, 22 ref

010158   Schumacher K;Roy J;Sathaye J;Jung T Y;Lee H (NO, German Institute for Economic Research, Konigin-Luise Str 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Email: KS chumacher@diw.de) : Productivity trends and technological change in energy intensive industries in Brazil, India and South Korea. Int J Envir Dev 2006, 3(1), 15-34.

Analysis of productivity growth and input trends in energy intensive industries in Brazil, India and South Korea has been reported. Growth accounting and econometric methodologies have been applied. The growth accounting analysis informs about the contribution of input factors to growth of output. A common finding for all countries and sectors is that compared to improvements in factor productivity an increased use of input factors is the relatively greater driving force of the growth in output. The econometric analysis estimates factor price biases of technological change as well as substitution elasticities using a translog production model, with an explicit relationship defined for technological change. Estimates of own-price elasticities indicate that raising energy prices would be an effective carbon abatement policy for the three countries. At the same time, results regarding the biases of technological change, together with only moderate substitution possibilities, suggest that, as with previous findings on the U.S. economy, pricing policy could reduce productivity and output growth in some sectors.

11 tables, 54 ref

010157   Ravichandran C S;Subha Rani S;Sundarapandian V (NO, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore-641 022, Email: eniyanravi@yahoo.co.in) : Design of reduced order multi level feedback controller for an interconnected large scale discrete time linear system. Int J Syst Cybernetics Inf 2006, (NULL), 52-56.

Deals with the design of discrete time linear system using a simplified reduced order model. The reduced order model retains the physical meaning of the desired state variable and hence used to indicate which state contains a significant contribution. The linear feedback controller is derived by using the simplified Jury's stability criterion that takes into accounts the realities and constraints of an interconnected discrete time system. An example is given to illustrate the advantages of the proposed method and assesses the effectiveness of the controller. The simulation result demonstrates the stability and two level control strategy of discrete time linear system.

4 illus, 13 ref

010156   Qi Z;Kezhen W;Haiyan D (NO, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing-100 081, People's Republic of China) : Dynamical analysis of jettison piloting for air bomb with bomblets. Def Sci J 2006, 56(2), 295-303.

Main parachutes drawn down by a pilot parachute is the generally used method of the jettison of air bomb with bomblets and their interaction process is the basis and key for the bomb projection. A mechanical model loaded by the string of pilot parachute is theoretically established, and under different projection velocities, the design method of the length and strength for the string of the pilot parachute is suggested. The results show that for a certain 500 kg air bomb, if the projection velocity is 222 m/s and the strength of the string is 5000 N, the length of the string 3 m cannot meet the requirement.

2 tables, 5 ref

010155   Prashant P L;Ramesh K (Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, Email: kramesh@iitm.ac.in) : Genesis of various optical arrangements of circular polariscope in digital photoelasticity. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2006, 58(2), 117-32.

In the early developments for automation of photoelasticity several researchers have proposed phase shifting techniques (PST) with different optical arrangements. Several ways of calculating the isoclinic and isochromatic parameters were also reported. In many cases though the optical arrangements were different, the intensity equations remained the same. Although theoretically, each of the techniques provide the evaluation of isoclinics and isochromatics, when applied to experimental images only some of the techniques remain robust. This indicates that specific optical arrangements do play a very important role on the success of the phase shifting technique experimentally. One of the main sources of error is due to the mismatch of quarter wave plate. The role of quarter wave plates in influencing the selection of appropriate optical arrangement for PST is studied systematically. Different possibilities of obtaining the photoelastic parameters with least error are explored.

7 illus, 14 tables, 9 ref

010154   Prasanna Kumar R N;Lakshmi S;Shanmugam J (Department of Electronics Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai-600 044) : Design of fuzzy based attitude controller for spin stabilized micro-satellite. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2006, 58(2), 112-16.

Developed an intelligent fuzzy attitude control strategy for detumbling with initial spin-up phase and spin rate control for small, low earth orbit satellite using only magnetometer and torquer. A magnetic moment produced by coils placed on the satellite will produce a resultant torque by interaction with the geomagnetic field, which may be used for attitude control purposes. Nevertheless, this simple, low power consumption approach poses several interesting control difficulties as the geomagnetic field viewed by a satellite, changes along its orbit. Besides this time dependency, this problem's mathematical description is highly non-linear, and hence a new intuitive control strategy is needed to solve the attitude and control demands of such a satellite. Controllers are designed which, consists of Multi Input Single Output (MISO) fuzzy logic controllers. Also Single Input Single Output controllers are used to control the spin rate. This fuzzy control approach ensures the required performance in the presence of disturbance, uncertainty and various non-linearities and also describes the design of rule based fuzzy logic controller. This structure of the controller takes advantage of classical controllers while maintaining a significant degree of robustness, performance and portability. Furthermore, simulation studies are illustrated for such control scheme.

9 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

010153   Ponnambalam P;Ramakrishnan N;Rajesh P K; Prakasan K (NO, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004) : Rheological behaviour of ceramic Inks for direct ceramic Inkjet printing. Def Sci J 2006, 56(2), 279-88.

Studies were made on the preparation of ceramic inks with: (i) alumina powder in ethyl alcohol and (ii) zirconia powder in ethyl alcohol at different volume fractions of ceramic. Different amounts (0.75-3.00 vol %) of an organic dispersant (oleic acid) were added to ceramic ink containing 5 per cent of ceramic by volume in ethyl alcohol. The viscosities of the suspensions were determined with Brookefield viscometer (model: DV-E), which is suitable for measuring the viscosities of suspensions accurately. These inks were deposited on a substrate to see their spread. The sediment packing densities (φ_m) of the resulting suspensions were calculated using theoretical models which can be related to the density that can be achieved in the final product. The highest sediment packing density was arrived at low viscosity values of the ink and occurred when 1 per cent of dispersant by volume was used for 5 per cent alumina content. For 5 per cent zirconia content, 2 per cent of dispersant by volume gave a similar result. Experiments were also conducted to find the value of φ_m for different solid loadings (5-25 vol %) of ceramic with 1 per cent dispersant. It was observed that the sediment packing density and the apparent viscosities were increasing when solid loading concentrations were increased for both alumina and zirconia-based inks. The optimum value of φ)_m and viscosity have been determined from the study. The results of the preliminary study will be useful for further investigations on the rheological behaviour of ceramic inks for direct ceramic inkjet printing.

10 illus, 11 ref

010152   Paranjape A A;Ananthkrishnan N (Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai-400 076) : Combat aircraft agility metrics. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2006, 58(2), 143-54.

With changing combat environments, traditional measures of merit for fighter aircraft performance have largely proved insufficient to analyze combat capability. Combat experience has shown that the upper hand lies with an aircraft that has superior maneuverability across a large part of the flight regime. Agility metrics have come to provide a tool that would be capable of evaluating aircraft maneuverability over a wide range of conditions representative of combat, as well as provide aircraft designers the ability to design for superior maneuver-ability. Agility metrics have been shown to be sensitive to control laws and strategies, and aeroelastic phenomena, which means that they do not provide a parochial view of aircraft performance. Agility metrics have been suitably classified, and some illustrative cases have been studied. The effects of advanced controls, such as thrust vectoring, and optimal maneuvers on combat performance, as suggested by agility metrics, have been investigated. The use of agility metrics for design has been discussed with examples of some well-known fighter aircraft.

^iia8 illus, 6 tables, 34 ref

010151   Pal D K;Bhargava L S;Ravi B;Chandrasekhar U (NO, Naval College of Engineering, INS Shivaji, Lonavla-410 402) : Computer aided reverse engineering for rapid replacement of parts. Def Sci J 2006, 56(2), 225-38.

Indigenous product development using conventional means involves a relatively long lead time and cost, especially for replacing worn out and broken parts. Presents methodologies and technologies for computer-aided reverse engineering, illustrated Try a real-life case study of an aluminium alloy separator body of a hydraulic filter assembly for the special army vehicle. It involved reconstruction of part geometry using 3-D scanning, material identification using spectrometry, casting process optimisation using simulation software, and fabrication of prototype and tooling using rapid prototyping systems. It was found that the fabrication of wax patterns directly from reverse-engineered CAD data in a suitable rapid prototyping system (such as thermojet), followed by conventional investment casting, gives a reliable and economic route for rapid development of one-off intricate parts for the replacement purposed.

^ssc7 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

010150   Ozalp A A;Umur H (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Uludag University, 16059, Gorukle Bursa, Turkey, Email: aozalp@uludag.edu.tr) : Optimum surface profile design and performance evaluation of inclined slider bearings. Curr Sci 2006, 90(11), 1480-91.

Aim of the present optimization study is to propose an innovative surface profile design by implementing a wavy form on the upper surface, without varying the physical limits of the complete slider-bearing structure. Differential equations governing the fluid-film mass, Reynolds and energy equations, are solved simultaneously by the iterative transfer matrix approach, which also takes into account the streamwise decrease of lubricant viscosity. Computations indicated that friction coefficient values decrease with wave amplitude in pad inclination ranges of 0 3.77°, 3.3-4.17° and 3.9-4.22° for inlet exit pressure ratios of 1.01, 3.01 and 5.01 respectively. Wave number is determined to augment the complete pressure distribution inside the bearing and optimum wave number is evaluated as 25 for pressure management.

6 illus, 37 ref

010149   Nirmaladevi M;Ramkumar G;Arumugam S (Department of Electronics & Communication, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, TamilNadu, Email: nirmala_amrita@yahoo.co.in) : Pulse density neurohardware with on-chip perturbation learning. Int J Syst Cybernetics Inf 2006, (NULL), 43-51.

Artificial Neural Network (ANNs) are computational models of a fractional part of biological nervous system. Proper selection of learning algorithm is very important when considering hardware realization of Neural Networks (NN) suitable for wider applications. Gradient based learning algorithm involves complex computations and hence difficult to realize in hardware. On the other hand, perturbation algorithm modifies the weight values using simple arithmetic. On-chip realization is easy, due to the absence of error feedback mechanism. Moreover, all internal signals are represented in pulse-density format, as it is less prone to bit-wise errors. In this paper, perturbation algorithm based design of pulse density neurohardware is discussed. Design is implemented in two phases. In phase 1, the logical simulation is done. In phase 2, VLSI realization is performed using the results of the previous phase. The simulated and measured results of two-input AND & XOR logic functions, have verified the performance of the circuits.

14 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

010148   Nageswar Rao T;Vijaya Kumar B (GDK 10 A Incline of RG II Area, SCCL, , ) : Soil conservation at gouthamkhani opencast mine. J Mines Metals Fuels 2006, 54(4-5), 91, 93.

010147   Mukhopadhyay S;Chaudhry K K (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lingaya's Institute of Management and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Email: ersuparna@yahoo.com) : An experimental study on the upstream and downstream influences of rectangular cavities. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2006, 58(2), 155-8.

Experiments have been conducted on the separated and reattached flows of tunnel wall cavities along with relatively thick approaching boundary layers in incompressible flows. For very shallow cavities, approaching boundary layer thickness affects the base pressure whereas for-deep cavities, its effect is minimal. In-shallow cavities, the maximum pressure occurs slightly below the shoulder of downstream wall. In deep cavities the vortical flow will have sharp curvature of streamlines at the rear shoulder showing a higher static pressure.

^ssc4 illus, 10 ref

010146   Liu C Y;Liu C C;Tuan P C (NO, Lee-Ming Institute of Technology, Taipei, 243, Taiwan, People's Republic of China) : Algorithm of impact point prediction for intercepting reentry vehicles. Def Sci J 2006, 56(2), 129-46.

Intercepting reentry vehicles is difficult because these move nearly at hypersonic speeds that traditional interceptors cannot match. Counterparallel guidance law was developed for defending a high speed target that guides the interceptor to intercept the target at a 180ø aspect angle. When applying the counterparallel guidance law, it is best to predict the impact point before launch. Estimation and prediction of a reentry vehicle path are the first steps in establishing the impact point prediction algorithm. Model validation is a major challenge within the overall trajectory estimation problem. The adaptive Kalman filter, consising of an extended Kalman filter and a recursive input estimator, accurately estimates reentry vehicle trajectory by means of an input estimator which processes the model validation problem. The 'investigation presents an algorithm of impact point prediction for a reentry vehicle and an interceptor at an optimal intercept altitude based on the adaptive Kalman filter. Numerical simulation using a set of data, generated from a complicated model, verifies the accuracy of the proposed algorithm. The algorithm also performs exceptionally well using a set of flight test data. The presented algorithm is effective in solving the intercept problems.

17 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

010145   Khare K;Singh R P;Khare N (Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, , Manit, Bhopal, Email: kavita_khare1@yahoo.co.in) : Comparison of pipelined IEEE-754 standard floating point multiplier with unpipelined multiplier. J scient ind Res 2006, 65(11), 900-4.

IEEE-754 standard floating point multiplier that provides highly precise computations to achieve high throughput and low area on the IC have been improved by insertion of pipelining technique. Floating point multiplier-using pipelining has been simulated, analyzed and its superiority over traditional designs is discussed. To achieve pipelining, one must subdivide the input process into sequence subtasks, each of which can be executed by specialized hardware stage that operates concurrently with other stages in the pipeline without the need of extra computing units. Detailed synthesis and simulation report operated upon Xilinx ISE 5.2i and Modelsim software is given. Hardware design is implemented on Virtex FPGA chips.

5 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

010144   Khanduri G M;Panwar B S (NO, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110 016) : Silicon-germanium single-heterojunction bipolar transistor. Def Sci J 2006, 56(2), 289-94.

Cutoff frequency performance of an NPN SilSiGelSiGe single-heterojunction bipolar transistor (SiGe SHBT) at high collector current densities has been analysed using a 2-D MEDICI device simulator. A conventional NPN Si/SiGe/Si double-heterojunction bipolar transistor (SiGe DHBT) having uniform 20 atomic per cent of germanium in the base region has been investigated for comparison. The analysis shows the formation of a retarding potential barrier for minority carrier electrons at the base-collector heterojunction of the DHBT structure. Whereas, the base-collector homojunction of the SiGe SHBT structure, having a uniform 15 atomic per cent of germanium profile in its base and collector, inhibits the formation of such a retarding potential barrier, the SHBT structure with a base-collector homojunction shows an improved cutoff frequency at high collector current density in comparison with conventional SiGe DHBT, which makes it more promising for high speed, scaled down, field-specific applications.

^ssc3 illus, 9 ref

010143   Kar K K;Sharma S D;Behera S K;Prashant Kumar (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Nano Engineering Materi, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208 016, Email: kamalkk@iitk.ac.in) : Development of rubber pressure moulding technique using polybutadiene rubber to fabricate fibre reinforced plastic components based on glass fibre and epoxy resin. Curr Sci 2006, 90(11), 1493-9.

Rubber pressure moulding technique is developed to prepare fibre reinforced plastic components (FRP) using glass fibre and epoxy resin. The technique is based on the matching die set, where the die is made of hard metal like steel and the punch from flexible rubber-like materials. The use of flexible rubber punch helps to intensify and uniformly redistribute pressure (both operating pressure and developed hydrostatic pressure due to the flexible rubber punch) on the surface of the product. A split steel die and rubber punch were designed and fabricated to prepare the FRP components. The same split die was also used to cast the rubber punch. Polybutadiene rubber was used to prepare rubber punch in this investigation. Burn test, coin test, scanning electron microscopy and mechanical tests like interlaminar fracture Toughness, interlaminar shear test, tension test, etc. were carried out to know the fibre content, void content, presence of delamination, bonding between fibre and resin, microstructure and mechanical properties of the composite materials. These properties were also compared with FRP components made by the conventional technique to evaluate their performances in structural applications.

7 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

010142   Joshi A;Khot S M (Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, Email: ashokj@aero.iitb.ac.in) : Effectiveness of discrete piezo-patch locations in clamped-simply supported plates. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2006, 58(2), 133-42.

Investigates the problem of determining the control effectiveness of piezoelectric patches for controlling vibration in higher modes of clamped-simply supported plates. A modal analysis approach is used to identify high average strain (or curvature) locations, as desired patch locations and represented in the form of geometrical parameters. The 9-patch configuration is used and modal analysis of integrated structure is carried out, which clearly shows that the initial patch configuration yields belter effectiveness for square plates. In case of rectangular plates, the above strategy provides mixed results for the patch distribution effectiveness, for the modes considered here. Next, a concept of 'stretching' the patch distribution is applied for improving the effectiveness of the patch distribution and a Fig. of Merit (FOM), based on modal strains, is defined for quantifying the effectiveness. The results show that particular patch distribution geometry is suitable only for a specific group of modes. In view of this, a combined Fig. of Merit, based on the concept of modal weights, is also introduced, which has the potential to help in determining a suitable patch distribution through a formal optimization methodology. The control effectiveness comparison study of the initial and stretched patch configuration of plates also supports the quantification of control effectiveness of patch configuration through the FOM.

11 illus, 5 tables, 8 ref

010141   Gaitonde V N;Karnik S R;Achyutha B T; Siddeswarappa B (Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, B V B College of Engineering & Technology, Hubli-580 031, Email: gaitondevn@yahoo.co.in) : Taguchi approach with multiple performance characteristics for burr size minimization in drilling. J scient ind Res 2006, 65(12), 977-81.

Application of Taguchi optimization method for simultaneous minimization of burr height and burr thickness influenced by cutting conditions and drill geometry. The approach of Taguchi design for multi-objective optimization problem is based on the introduction of a new concept of fitness function for each trial of orthogonal array. The fitness function is derived through mapping the objective functions of the drill optimization problem. Optimal values of cutting speed, feed, point angle and lip clearance angle are determined for a selected drill diam to minimize burr height and burr thickness during drilling of AISI 316L stainless steel workpieces. The effectiveness of proposed method is demonstrated through simulation results and experimental verifications.

2 illus, 6 tables, 24 ref

010140   Das S;Raut V D;Gawande N M;Khopade R S; Narasimhan V L (High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, , Sutarwadi, Pune-411 021, Email: info@hemrl.org) : Studies on yield improvement of high melting explosive HMX. Indian J chem Technol 2006, 13(4), 404-10.

In India, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazocine commonly known as HMX (High Melting Exlosive), is manufactured by the modified Bachmann combination method using continuous nitolysis of hexamine in a cascade of four stirred tank reactors. In this laboratory, the technology was established more than three decades ago with an overall yield of about 40%. However, as the reported yield of HMX is around 55%, it was considered essential to systematically study the Bacemann reaction system to improve the yield. As such a detailed study on quanities/ratios of raw materials and process conditions was carried out to imporve the yield. Optimized ratios of raw materials, use of nitric acid having strnfth <62>99%, proper control of temperature and optimal nitration and residence time gave and yield of 60-65%.

10 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

010139   Das S;Narasimhan V L (NO, High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Pune-411 021) : Empirical method for the prediction of heat of formation of organic high energy molecules. Def Sci J 2006, 56(2), 159-68.

Empirical method based on additive procedures is proposed for estimating the heats of formation of aliphatic, aromatic, and ring molecules containing nitro and other energetic groups at standard state. The method uses only molecular structural information. Calculation of heat of formation has been carried out in three stages, first the heat of formation for gaseous state is calculated, followed by incorporation of heat of vapourisation/sublimation, and finally, corrections are done for interactions. Some interaction terms, based on hydrogen bonding strength for various compounds and experimental heat of formation of isomeric compounds, are also proposed. The results are in good agreement with the experimentally determined values. The method provides quick and sufficiently accurate values of heat of formation of organic high energy molecules.

1 table, 20 ref

010138   Behera R;Chakraborty D (Computational Combustion Dynamics Division, Directorate of Computation, , Kanchanbagh Post, Hyderabad-500 058, Email: debasis_ccd@drdl.ernet.in) : Numerical simulation of combustion in kerosene fueled ramp cavity based scramjet combustor. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2006, 58(2), 104-11.

The flow field of a ramp cavity based scramjet combustor with kerosene fuel is explored numerically using commercial CFD software. Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are solved along with K- ε turbulence model and fast rate chemical kinetics. Liquid kerosene is considered as disperse phase fluid and is modeled through Lagrangian tracking method. Simulation captures all essential features of the flow field. Good agreement between computational and experimental values forms the basis of further analysis. The flow phenomena in the combustor are presented through the distribution of important thermochemical parameters at different cross sections. Normal shock is seen to occur in the combustor and significant upstream interaction was observed due to heat release. The computed combustion efficiency is near unity as the fuel equivalence ratio is small.

12 illus, 20 ref

010137   Azadeh M A;Keramati A;Mohammadfam I; Jamshidnedjad B (Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Email: ali@azadeh.com) : Enhancing the availability and reliability of power plants through macroergonomics approach. J scient ind Res 2006, 65(11), 873-8.

Integrated macroergonomics model for operation and maintenance of power plants has been described. Statistical tests on questionnaire survey data shows the importance of total human factors on job pressure. An integrated approach based on interview methods, questionnaires, information flow analysis and anthropometric and environmental assessment is discussed. The integrated approach provides detailed knowledge about ergonomics, management and safety conditions of power plants. Highlight of the study is the employment of a total system approach based on integration of the traditional human factors engineering and macroergonomics considerations. The approach of the study is applied to an advanced thermal power plant.

1 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

010136   Arun M;Tulapurkara E G;Sundararajan T (NO, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036) : Computation of flow through an annular diffuser and volute exhaust. Def Sci J 2006, 56(2), 147-58.

Turbulent flow in a diffuser with swirl occurs in many commonly used fluid mechanical devices,eg, diffusers located downstream of a gas turbine, and in certain types of combustion chambers. Diffusers are widely used for converting kinetic energy to pressure, and a reliable prediction method of such flows with the required flow conditions would lead to the design of fluid machinery with improved efficiency. As a first step, turbulent swirling flow through a 12ø included angle conical diffuser for a swirl parameter, m = 0.18 was numerically investigated using various turbulence models like standard k-<101>, RNG-based k-<101>, shear-stress transport (SST) k-<119>, and Reynolds stress model (RSM). Though the comparison between the experimental and the predicted mean velocity profile by RSM is superior to that by RNG k-<101> and SST models, the latter two models give closer comparison with the experimental pressure distribution. Subsequently, computation of flow inside a complex duct involving axisymmetric annular diffuser, transition from rectangular to circular cross section, and exit pipe have been carried out using RNG k-<101> and SST k-<119> models. The comparison of computed and experimental results indicates that the SST k-<119> model gives predictions with reasonable accuracy.

17 illus, 9 ref

010135   Abdul Kalam A P J (Rashtrapathi Bhavan, , New Delhi) : Dynamics of Indo-US space co-operation. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2006, 58(2), 93-7.

7 illus

008926   Yadav J P;Singh O (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur) : Thermodynamic evaluation of influence of different coolants on the performance of simple gas/steam combined cycle power plants. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2006, 87(April), 28-32.

Thermodynamic analysis of simple gas/steam combined cycle power plants is carried out for predicting performance of combined cycle while employing different types of coolants for gas turbine stage cooling. Gas turbine stages are considered to be of film and convection cooled type and different coolants such as air, steam and combination of air and steam have been employed in the cycle. Requirement of air coolant is met by bleeding it from compressor and steam coolant is bled from heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). Influence of different types of coolants upon the performance of topping cycle, bottoming cycle and combined cycle and HRSG have been presented and analysed.

5 illus, 4 ref

008925   Titare L S;Arya L D;Bhongade S (Department of Electrical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Jabalpur, M.P) : Voltage security evaluation using eigen sensitivities and compensation injections. J Instn Engrs-Pt EL 2006, 87(Sept), 78-82.

A Technique for identifying line outages, which may be vulnerable from voltage stability viewpoint has been described. This has been achieved in two stages. Expressions for sensitivity of minimum eigenvalue of load flow Jacobian with respect to real and reactive power injections at buses have been derived. Compensation injections have been calculated for simulation of line outage. Thus, change in minimum eigenvalue has been calculated. Then severe line outages have been ranked. Further, continuation power flow has been employed to identify line outages, which gives inadequate voltage stability margin using the severity order from ranking list. The algorithm has been implemented on a standard 25-bus test system.

2 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

008924   Titare L S;Arya L D (Department of Electrical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Jabalpur-452 003) : Particle swarm optimisation for improvement of voltage stability by reactive power reserve management. J Instn Engrs-Pt EL 2006, 87(Sept), 3-7.

A new approach for scheduling of reactive power control variables for voltage stability enhancement using panicle swarm optimization (PSO) has been presented. The cost junction selected is the maximization of reactive reserves of the system. To get desired stability margin a Schur's inequality based proximity indicator has been selected whose threshold value along with reactive power reserve maximization assure desired static voltage stability margin. PSO has been selected because not only it gives global optimal solution but also its mechanization is very simple and computationally efficient. Reactive generation participation factors have been used to decide weights for reactive power reserve for each of generating bus. The developed algorithm has been implemented on a 25-bus, 35-line standard test system.

3 tables, 13 ref