003570   Mehta R C (Division of Aerodynamics, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, ISRO Post, , Thiruvananthapuram-695 022) : Numerical computation of heat transfer on reentry capsules at mach 5. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2006, 58(3), 197-205.

The heat transfer over various reentry axisymmetric configurations is studied numerically by solving time-dependent compressible laminar Navier-Stokes equations. The governing fluid flow equations are disrectized in spatial coordinates employing a finite volume approach, which reduces the equations to semi-discretized ordinary differential equations. Temporal integration is performed using multi-stage Runge-Kutta lime stepping scheme. A local time step is used to achieve steady state solution. The numerical simulation is carried out on a mono-block structured grid. The numerical computation is carried out for freestream Mach number of 5.0. The numerical scheme captures well all the essential flow field features such as bow shock wave, sonic line, expansion fan on the corner, recompression shock wave and recirculating flow in the base region. Comparisons of the flow field, surface pressure, skin friction coefficient and wall heat flux results are made between different configurations of the reentry capsules such as ARD (ESA's Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator), CARINA, Apollo, Muses-C (Mu Science Engineering Satellite), OREX (Orbital Reentry Experiments) and Beagle-2. The effects of geometrical parameters of the different reentry capsules on surface pressure, skin friction coefficients and heat flux and forebody aerodynamic drag are analyzed. Base pressure is independent of the forebody shape of the reentry capsules. The effects of module geometry on the flow field are numerically analyzed which may be useful for optimization of the reentry capsule.

9 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

003569   Malik S;Jain B (Department of Chemistry, Sadhu Vaswani College, Bhopal-462 030) : Quantitative risk assessment in hazardous waste management. Appl Sci Period 2005, 7(3), 156-61.

There are two ways a waste material is found to be Hazardous (1) by its presence on the EPA -developed lists, or (2) by evidence that it exhibits ignitable, corrosive, reactive or toxic characteristics, Hazard implies a probability of adverse effects in a particular situation. Risk is a measure of the probability. An attempt has been made to bring more rigor to the risk estimation process in the last two decades. Today this process is called quantitative risk assessment. The results of a risk assessment are used to make policy decisions which is called risk management.

11 ref

003568   Luna Pabello V M;Pandiyan T;Dominguez A E (Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), 04510 Mexico D.F, Email: pandiyan@servidor.unam.mx) : Kinetic model for wastewater treatment: spectroscopic determination of pollutants. Res J Chem Envir 2006, 10(1), 67-74.

Agro-industry wastewater was degraded by biodegradability method and the results predict that the wastewater is easily biodegradable. Furthermore, at different substrates concentrations, the wastewater undergoes two kinetic phases; for example, the oxygen consumption for the oxidation of carbon source compounds is proportional to first phase degradation rate (k₁ = 3.9 X 10^-3 mg/L.h); however; the oxygen consumption and the second phase degradation rate (k₂ = 0.8 X 10^-3 mg/L.h) are disagreed; thus, a kinetic model is proposed to explain the biodegradation process of the waste and compared with Monod and Alexander-diagrams. Furthermore, the low degradation rate of second phase is explained by isolating the non-degradable compounds such as 4'-methoxy-5-hydroxy-7-acetil flavonone, 2,4-diclorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, and 4-chloroethyl-1,3-benzenedithiol, which were determined spectroscopically.

7 illus, 3 tables, 53 ref

003567   Lakshmi S;Painkili V;Jaya Ramachandran;Vimala B (Department of Chemistry, Sri Sarada College for Women, Salem-636 016) : Inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in acid media by seed powder extract of Brassica-juncea-Cruciferae. Bull Electrochem 2006, 22(1), 11-15.

Inhibitive action of seed powder extract of Brassica-Juncea-Cruciferae (mustard seed) on the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid solutions has been investigated by weight loss method. The studies show that the mustard seed powder is a better inhibitor in sulphuric acid medium than in hydrochloric acid medium. The inhibitor efficiency is found to decrease with increase in inhibitor concentration and decrease with rise in temperature. The kinetic parameters (Corrosion current density, Arrhenius frequency factor A, Energy of activation E_a), the adsorption parameters (fractional surface coverage θ, adsorption equilibrium constant K) and thermodynamic parameters (free energy of adsorption, ΔG_ads) have been evaluated.

4 illus, 5 tables, 6 ref

003566   Lakshmanan N;Muthumani K;Gopalakrishnan N; Sathishkumar K;Sreekala R (Structural Engineering Research Centre, CSIR Campus, Taramani, Chennai-600 113) : Selective case studies of solution to vibration problems in power plant structures. J Struct Engng 2006, 33(1), 31-43.

Power plant structures encounter problems during construction, certification and operation. Structural Engineering Research Centre (SERC) at Chennai has handled many problems associated with power plant structures. Case studies relating to crusher supporting structures, conveyor galleries, turbo-generator pedestals and bowl mill foundations has been discribed. Advanced analytical modeling together with the data measured at site has led to innovative solutions that have been successful. It is felt that health assessment and safety audit would become important in the near future as many of the infrastructural facilities created are ageing and a developing country like India can ill afford to destroy and rebuild all of them. Structural maintenance, repair and rehabilitation, life expectancy and life extension are topics that would have greater impact in the near future. It is necessary that infrastructure and expertise arc created to take up the challenge posed by ageing structures.

21 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

003565   Kaushik S P;Sharma D (NO, Dr.K.N. Modi Institute of Engg. & Technology, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, U.P) : Use of Gaussion distribution for biorhythmic analysis to prevent aviation accidents. Biosci Res Bull 2005, 21(2), 139-47.

Describes a new methodology for reduction in aircraft accident based on Biorhythmie approach. The methodology has been developed using Gaussian distribution technique. The study on reducing accident in air force through application of Biorhythm has been made. The normal distributed data of US air force were tested and analyzed using preference ability of pilot and peak demand of the performance using Gaussian distribution methodology (Saket and Arya, 2001). Using new developed mathematical methodology, validation of aircraft accident with Biorhythm Theory has been explained considering peak demand of performance and different standard deviation of the performance ability. A new curve named "Incident - Duration Curve" has been introduced from analysis Biorhythmic approach of the aircraft accident in air force. It was now necessary to analyze Incident - Duration Curve using new reliability approach called Simpson's l/3rd rule considering various possible steps of accident in aircraft based on Biorhythmic approach. The area under normal distribution curve in this paper represents successful performance ability zone of the Pilot. The accident zone is that area of operation during which the performance demand exceeds the performance ability of aircraft pilot. The operation within the zone of normal distribution curve is successful due to goodness and fitness of the aircraft pilot. Vvarious flow charts have been designed and analyzed related to Biorhythmic approach of the aircraft accident. More over, the probabilities of accidents and hence the reduction technique of the aircraft accidents has been discussed using Standard Data available and graphs of the results.

3 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

003564   Jain S (National Institute of Construction Management and Research, , Pune, M.S) : Power of trenchless technology in modern era. NICMAR J Constr Mgmt 2006, 21(1), 8-17.

In the modern era due to urbanization our need of telecommunication, power, water, sewage and transport are much higher than olden days. Thus to adopt, traditional methods to do "dig-lay-cover" or "open trench" techniques in congested areas in city one would have to remove trees, and even some structures which come in the way. Also there is traffic congestion while work is in progress causing inconvenience to public. It could also harm the environment due to pollution of air and dust. Hence a new form of technology to solve these problems and will do the work with the least pollution to the environment, this is trench less technology.

8 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

003563   Harmain G A (Mechanical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar-190 006, Email: gharmain@yahoo.co) : Investigation on single overload fatigue crack growth retardation, Part-1 (Plasticity zone interactions). J Metall Mater Sci 2005, 47(3), 129-40.

Modeling of life prediction in fatigue is complicated by a host of variables which includes loading history. The research focuses on life prediction of components subjected to variable magnitude single overloads, in a cyclic loading situation. The paper introduces the plasticity range interaction, and crack closure effect for variable magnitude single overload problems. A simple model is presented which captures characteristic features following overloads which include overload plasticity zone, spikedip in fatigue crack growth rate and retardation in fatigue growth. The study presents numerical procedure for calculation of number of delay cycles and life of components subject to single overloads. Thorough calibrations have been performed to establish the fidelity of the program with experimental data obtained from various sources. Comparisons of numerical predictions with experimental data show good agreement for fatigue crack growth calculations.

3 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

003562   Ghosh P K;Saxena A K;Devakumaran K (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee-247 667) : Weldability of controlled rolled micro alloyed thick HSLA steelplates for fabrication of penstock liners. Indian Weld J 2005, 38(1), 56-65.

Weldability of a controlled rolled HSLA steel plates having thicknes sof 18, 25 and 34 mm has been studied by multipass SAW process with SMAW root pass. The mechanical and metallurgical properties of the all weld deposit and axial weld joint have been studied. In 34 mm thick plate the weld metal microstructure has been found comparatively finer with more reheat refinement than 18 mm and 25 mm thick plates, with improved properties. The weld joints are generally found to fracture from the region away from fusion line showing the strength of the weld higher than the base material. However, the presence of certain amount of inclusions may have lowered the mechanical properties of weld deposits up to certain extent. Reheat refining has been found to improve the toughness of weld metal. The toughness of HAZ mostly found comparable to that of the base metal as such the weldability of controlled rolled HSLA steel has been qualified for welding fabrication of penstock liner.

10 illus, 7 tables, 5 ref

003561   Dhage S;Gupta V K;Seshu P;Mujumdar P M;Seth B (NO, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, Email: seshu@iitb.ac.in) : Characterzation of the role of adhesive bonding on piezoelectric actuation of beams. J Aerospace Sci Technol 2006, 58(3), 225-33.

Piezoelectric actuators are one of the smart/intelligent materials which can be used as "Induced Straw Actuators for structural members like beams, plates and shells. These piezoelectric actuators (PZT) can be bonded or embedded in the structure. The adhesive bonding between the piezoceramics and the substrate could significantly affect the strain transfer from the actuator to the substrate. Work is an effort in experimental characterization of piezoelectric actuation of beams. A cantilever beam with surface bonded piezoelectric actuators is considered. In order to observe the effect of adhesive, properties, three different adhesives viz. cyano-acrylate, epoxy resin and a structural film adhesive are used. Experiments are performed on these specimens with piezo patches in series as well as in parallel configurations, over complete cycles of the applied field. The experimental findings are compared with an existing two-dimensional Finite Element model. It is observed that cyano-acrylate bonding is the closest to the perfect bonding case. It is also observed that piezoelectric actuation exhibits significant hysterisis.

21 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

003560   Deshmukh M K;Deshmukh S S (Birla Institute of Technology and Science, , Pilani, Rajasthan, Email: ssd@bits-pilani.ac.in) : Micro level integrated renewable energy system planning in India. Energy Fuel Users J 2006, 56(1), 15-34.

Development of integrated renewable energy system (IRES) for one of the rural regions in India has been describeed. The model used for energy resource allocation in IRES is described briefly. Using this model, optimum allocation of energy resources, taking into account present energy requirement is demonstrated. The critical parameters for optimum allocation of energy resources are energy, demand, cost, efficiency, potential, reliability, emission, social acceptance, and employment factor. The existing values of these parameters define constraints for optimum allocation problem, which can be solved by the model. The results of allocation give optimized values of critical parameters for development of IRES appropriate for the region.

16 tables, 17 ref

003559   Deshmukh M K;Deshmukh S S (Birla Institute of Technology and Science, , Pilani, Rajasthan) : Optimum size of wind, photovoltaic, and hybrid wind/PV power generation system for region in Rajasthan. Energy Fuel Users J 2006, 56(1), 1-6.

Presents the results of investigations on Application of wind, Photovoltaic (PV), and hybrid wind/PV power generating systems for utilization as standalone systems in the state of Rajasthan in India. A simple numerical algorithm has been used to determine the optimum generation capacity and storage needed for a standalone wind, PV, and hybrid wind/PV system for a typical residential colony in Jaipur, capital of the state. The optimum size of generation and storage units is determined by minimizing annual cost to the customer. In addition, an economic analysis has been performed for above three scenarios and is used to justify the use of renewable energy.

5 illus, 2 tables, 3 ref

003558   Deb A;Sarma D;Banerjee M K (NO, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur-831 014) : Significance of logarithmic averaging of soil resistivity data for underground pipelines using impressed current cathodic protection system. J Metall Mater Sci 2005, 47(3), 169-76.

Soil resistivity is conventionally measured by the Wenner four - pin method by pipeline services for determining the corrosivity of the soil along the Right Of Way (ROW). Determining absolute soil resistivity is practically impossible due to the continuous changing nature of the soil. So, the average soil resistivity is actually found out. A comparative analysis between two methods of averaging viz. general and logarithmic, in determining average soil reistivity has been done. The relationship between soil resistivity and soil corrosivity has been used in determining the rate of corrosion suffered by an underground coal tar enamel coated pipeline, with impressed current cathodic protection system.

1 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

003557   De Silva C W (Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4) : Control systems methodology for vibration suppression in machinery and structures. J Struct Engng 2006, 33(1), 1-12.

Recent developments in the use of control systems approaches in the vibration suppression in machinery, robotic manipulators, and mechanical structures has been presented. Both frequency domain and time domain applications are presented using background theory and representative examples. Furthermore, the use of fuzzy decision making in the improvement of the performance of a conventional active vibration controller is presented in sufficient detail. Specific techniques considered are the mechanical-impedance-based transmissibility approach, the linear quadratic regulator (LQR), the linear quadratic Gaussisan (LQG) control, modal control, and fuzzy-logic-based tuning of a conventional controller. Several practical examples are used to illustrate the application of the presented techniques. They include the suppression of the vibrations transmitted from a heavy machine tool, active vibration control of a wood cutting saw, and vibration control of a robotic manipulator with joint flexibility.

17 illus, 7 tables, 11 ref

003556   Cheng Y F (Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calary, Alberta, T2N 1NA, Canada, Email: fcheng@ucalgary.ca) : Thermodynamic modeling of the interactions of stress and anodic dissolution during carbon steel stress corrosion cracking in high temperature water. Bull Electrochem 2006, 22(1), 31-4.

Thermodynamic model was developed to illustrate the interactions of stress and anodic dissolution at crack tip during carbon steel stress corrosion cracking in high temperature water in the absence and presence of oxygen by comprehensively considering the electrochemical reactions occurring inside and outside the cracks. By analyzing the change of the free-energy due to the presence of stress in the steel, it is demonstrated that a synergism of stress and anodic dissolution promotes the cracking of carbon steel. Furthermore, the presence of oxygen in the solution accelerates the crack growth by enhancing the galvanic effect between the crack wall and the crack tip. An exact expression of the stress factor is essential for the quantitative prediction of the crack growth rate.

8 ref

003555   Chandrakaran S;Vijayan P;Ganesan N (Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Calicut) : Simplified procedure for design of machine foundations subjected to rocking vibrations. J Struct Engng 2006, 33(1), 81-90.

Machine foundations need to be designed to satisfy the essential requirements for their safe operation under both the static and dynamic loads. Extensive research works have been carried out by many investigators to understand the problems associated with vibration of machine foundations or, in general, that of foundations subjected to dynamic loads. Among the various theories available to predict the behaviour of machine foundations, the clastic half-space theory is more rational and realistic, and hence commonly used. The design of such foundations involves too many parameters like dimensions and mass or inertia of the footing, type and intensity of the excitation, type of the pressure distribution beneath the footing, soil parameters, displacement parameters and frequency parameters, etc. The problem of vibration of foundations in the rocking mode using a simplified procedure based on the elastic half-space theory. Typical characteristic curves capable of simplifying the design of circular surface footings excited by purely rocking moments are presented. Since such curves show the interrelationship among the various design parameters involved, they are used to bring out the effects of these parameters on the dynamic response of the foundation. The charts presented would be useful for the practising engineers to reduce the number of trials in the design process, and arrive quickly at an optimum design.

12 illus, 21 ref

003554   Boominathan A;Alagusundaramoorthy P; Sundaravadivelu R (Dept of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras) : Rehabilitation and retrofitting for vibration of the supporting structure of dehydrating centrifuge machine. J Struct Engng 2006, 33(1), 57-62.

Investigations were carried out on the stability of the supporting structure of a dehydrating centrifuge machine due to vibration, along with the retrofitting and rehabilitation techniques. Five columns out of which three columns are of 0.5 m x 0.5 m size support the machine. Due to the non-availability of space, the other two columns are constructed asymmetrically at an angle of 45° between them forming an irregular pentagon shape. After installation of the machine, the columns are found to have excessive vibrations and subsequently cracks are formed in all columns and beam column junctions. A detailed investigation was carried out to identify the cause for the excess-vibrations of columns and cracking of concrete. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity tests have been carried out to assess the quality of the concrete. The dynamic analysis of the framed foundation has been carried out using the software STAAD Pro to establish modal frequencies and shapes and also to obtain the torsional moment and displacements in the columns and beams due to vibration. The estimated natural frequencies of third (torsional) and fourth (combined torsional and bending) modes are nearer to the operating frequency that leads to the higher torsional moment in the columns. The columns are provided with inadequate torsional reinforcement and cracks are observed. The dynamic analysis was carried out for the supporting structure along with the foundation with different remedial measures and it has been decided to rehabilitate and retrofit the columns using micro concreting and steel tie beam at intermediate level to reduce the torsional moment and also for the safe operation of the machine. The vibration measurement carried out on the deck slab as well as in the columns at various stages of operation of machine before and after the rehabilitation and retrofitting of columns with tie beams showed that the adopted technique drastically reduced the vibration level in the framed foundation.

11 illus, 4 tables, 5 ref

003553   Bhatia K G (NO, , C-2/155, West Enclave, Pitampura, New Delhi-110034) : Machine foundation design-a state of the art. J Struct Engng 2006, 33(1), 69-80.

Observations from extensive tests conducted on machine foundation models and prototypes as well as failure investigations studies carried out, for last about three decades, on machine foundations for various industrial projects viz. Power plants, petrochemicals, refineries, etc. strongly suggest the need for improvement in the machine foundation design procedures. Variation in measured response vis-a-vis computed response (design response) suggests the need for better understanding to dynamic forces generated as well as dynamic soil data. More often than not, machine data as well as soil data are treated as black box and used in the design as it is (as supplied by the manufacturer) without their proper understanding. Deeper understanding to the dynamic behaviour of machine foundation; knowledge of excitation forces, its associated frequencies and load transfer mechanism from the machine to the foundation has been presented. Briefly describes and discusses all issues related to machine foundation design. Emphasizes more comprehensive evaluation of site soil data, better understanding of machine data and improvement in the design methodology.

10 illus, 17 ref

003552   Bansal V K;Pal M (Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana) : Geographic information systems for construction industry. NICMAR J Constr Mgmt 2006, 21(2), 1-12.

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based tool and being used extensively to solve various engineering problems involving the use of spatial data. In spite of the growing popularity, its complete potential to the construction industry has not been realized. GIS technology provides capabilities to solve problems involving the database management, data integration, visualization and analysis of large volumes of spatial and attributes data. Creation and management of data, integration of information, visualization, E-commerce and cost estimation are some of the major benefits of using GIS in construction industry to which most of the construction management softwares are lacking. A detailed review of the up-to-date work on the applications of GIS technology in construction industry has been presented. A methodology to manage the spatial and the non-spatial information of the construction projects in GIS environment is also discussed.

^iia5 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

003551   Banerjee S;Gopal J;Muraleedharan P;Tyagi A K; Baldev Raj (Materials Science Div, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102, Email: sangambanerjee@hotmail.com) : Physics and chemistry of photocatalytic titanium dioxide: visualization of bactericidal activity using atomic force microscopy. Curr Sci 2006, 90(10), 1378-83.

When titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is exposed to near-ultraviolet light, it exhibits strong bactericidal activity. Anatase phase of TiO₂ film was prepared by anodizing pure titanium coupons (substrate). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique was used to image the transformation of titanium surface to TiO₂ surface on anodization. Wide distribution of TiO₂ particles ranging from submicron to nanometre sizes, fully covering the substrate forming a thin film on anodizing was observed. With the formation of a thin film of TiO₂ strong bactericidal activity was observed. Bactericidal activity was attributed to the well-known photocatalytic property of the semiconductor TiO₂. Some arguments for reasoning out why certain semiconducting metal oxides exhibit photocatalytic properties and some do not. Some of the important elementary teactum steps considering adsorbed oxygen and water molecule as necessary molecules for the photooxidation process have beenpresented. Other reactions involved in producing reactive oxygen species and hydroxyl radical are presented to understand the process involved in photocatalytic biocidal activity. Finally, presented visualization of photocatalytic bactericidal acti-tity of TiO₂ using AFM has been present.

5 illus, 34 ref

003550   Atalkar P S;Baraskar Y B;Holey P P;Deopujari J Y;Mandavgane S A (NO, Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering & Technology, Near CRPF, Shivangaon, Nagpur-440 019, Email: mandavgane@rediffmail.com) : Preparation and testing of herbal adamantine glue as described in Brhatsamhita. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2006, 5(2), 259-62.

Brhatsamhita of Varaha-Mihira (5-6th century AD) describes the materials and methods of cementing material in chapter Vajralepa. This chapter describes three different ways of adamantine glue preparations using either metal alloys or animal matters using herbal components. Although detailed information about the procedure and composition of adamantine glue from metal alloys or animal matters is given, no such detailed information is available regarding preparation of herbal adamantine glue. An attempt has been made to get the optimum composition and efficient procedure for preparation of hemal glue. The methodology suggested is found to give maximum bond strength of 97 KPa. The adamantine glue is ecofriendly and hygienic. Provide useful insight into the chemistry of green cement There were ample uses of glue in the temple architecture of that period, the remains of which bear testimony to the strength of these cements.

1 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

003549   Annie Peter J;Lakshmanan N;Devadas Monoharan P, (Structural Engineering Research Centre, , Taramani, Chennai-600 113) : Full scale evaluation of the dynamic behaviour of self compacting concrete under-reamed piles. J Struct Engng 2006, 33(1), 91-9.

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) freely flows through structural elements having complicated sections, around congested steel reinforcement and accessories while maintaining homogeneity. Since consolidation and durability are assured in such concretes, an appropriate application of SCC is in the construction of deep underground structural elements, where it is not only difficult to vibrate fresh concrete, but also to inspect the condition of hardened concrete. A series of six double under-reamed piles, three made of conventionally vibrated cement concrete (CVCC) and three of SCC, having similar strengths, were cast to evaluate the pile behaviour under monotonic and dynamic loadings. Compares the dynamic characteristics, such as, natural frequency, resonant amplitude, normalized displacement and damping ratio of SCC and CVCC piles which are important for the design of structures subjected to dynamic loads including machine foundations. A mechanical exciter which produced frequency dependant force and associated instrumentation were used for applying dynamic loads. Accelerometers, conditioning equipment and other related instrumentation completed the experimental set up. The results of the investigations show that the dynamic responses of SCC and CVCC piles are nearly the same in both horizontal and vertical directions. Simplified mathematical models to evaluate the natural frequencies and amplitude of the piles under vertical and horizontal excitations using impedance functions for the plain strain case proposed by Novak have been validated by comparison with the experimental results. The damping factor was also worked out using a similar model. On completion of the static and dynamic tests, the under - reamed piles were exhumed using appropriate machinery. The formation of the pile shaft and bulbs were observed to be better in SCC piles, and also the homogeneity of concrete was found to be excellent. Hence, SCC is strongly recommended for use in under-reamed piles as uniformity of concrete both in the shaft and bulbs are assured, which would enhance the life expectancy of the piles.

16 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

003548   Amodekar V P;Shadaksharaiah P M;Suresh P (NO, , ) : New approach for fabrication of penstocks steel liners for new water conductor system Khopoli by modifying joint design. Indian Weld J 2005, 38(1), 37-43.

High tensile quenched and tempered steel, ASTM A517 Gr F or Sumiten 780S, is used for fabrication of penstocks of hydroelectric power plants. In the workshops, submerged arc welding process is used for longitudinal as well as for circumferential joints. When plate thickness is 12-22 mm, usual practice to have single V/double V edge preparation with suitable root face of about 2 mm with SMAW root backing. Such joint reparation takes longer for completing welding. Hence, joint design was modified having single V from one side and having root face of about 6 mm with zero gap between the plates without SMAW backing. Such modification of the weld design would improve productivity substantially with saving of weld metal. Describes successfully implementation of modification of joint design and saving achieved in terms of man-hours and cost of the deposited weld metals.

3 illus, 6 tables

002579   Vargas J V C;Ordonez J C;Bejan A (Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica, Universidade Fedl do Parana C.P. 19011 Curitiba Parana 81531-990, Brazil, Email: vargas@demec.ufpr.br ) : Optimization of internal and external structure of a pem fuel cell. Metals Mater Process 2005, 17(3-4), 319-42.

Introduces a model and a structured procedure to optimize the internal structure (relative sizes, spacings) and external shape (aspect ratios) of a unit PEM fuel cell so that net power is maximized. The optimization of flow geometry is conducted for the smallest (elemental) level of a fuel cell stack, i.e., the unit PEM fuel cell, which is modeled as a unidirectional flow system. The polarization curve, total and net power, and efficiency are obtained as functions of temperature, pressure, geometry and operating parameters. The optimization is subjected to fixed total volume. There are two levels of optimization: (i) the internal structure, which basically accounts for the relative thicknesses of two reaction and diffusion layers and the membrane space, and (ii) the external shape, which accounts for the external aspect ratios of a square section plate that contains all unit PEM fuel cell components. The available volume is distributed optimally through the system so that the net power is maximized. Temperature and pressure gradients play important roles, especially as the fuel and oxidant flow paths increase. Numerical results show that the optimized internal structure is "robust" with respect to changes in external shape. The optimized internal structure and external shape are a result of an optimal balance between electrical power output and pumping power required to supply fuel and oxidant to the fuel cell through the gas channels. Directions for future improvements at the PEM fuel cell stack level in flow architecture (constructal design) are discussed.

5 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

002578   Rai D C;Murty C V R (Dep of Civ Engng, Indian Inst of Technol Kanpur, Kanpur-208 016, Email: dcrai@iitk.ac.in) : Engineering lessons not learnt from 2002 Diglipur earthquake -a review after 2004 Sumatra earthquake. Curr Sci 2005, 89(10), 1681-9.

Moderate earthquake in 2002 damaged newly built masonry and RC buildings and structures in North Andaman Island; these damages were, disproportionate to the intensity of shaking in the area (VII on MSK scale). But the public and professionals ignored the lessons learnt and continued to design and construct without accounting for earthquake effects. And, the 2004 Sumatra earthquake caused a similar intensity of shaking in the same region: buildings and structures that were affected in the 2002 event were once again damaged, and in many cases more severely, rendering them unusable and irreparable. This article identifies factors that led to this repeat occurrence of structural damages and suggests that urgent remedial measures are required to prevent such unsatisfactory structural performance in future earthquakes.

7 illus, 6 ref

002577   Pan B (NO, Bharat Coking Coal Limited, Dhanbad) : High concentration fly ash slurry stowing - an environment friendly approach to underground mine stowing. MGMI Trans 2004, 101(1-2), 30-8.

India underground coal mining has been going on since more than two centuries. In the past, many of the upper seams have been developed and the areas free from surface constrains have been depillared with caving. However, due to presence of surface constraints and due to safety reasons, depillaring has to be done in conjunction with void filling to avoid surface subsidence/displacement of the strata. Normally sand filling stowing is being done to fill-up the voids. This process is slow and is associated with other practical difficulties. Sand is available in limited quantity. Moreover, fly ash is becoming a menace so far as disposal of fly ash and environment are concerned. An alternative which is comparatively a new technology, and involves stowing with fly ash concentrate. An attempt has been made to bring about the use of this new technology taking advantage of the characteristic of fly ash, i.e. formation of concentrate paste of fly ash with 30-35% water. This fly ash slurry material will be pumped to underground through pipes by a high capacity positive displacement type diaphragm pump. The possible advantages include high of stowing, utilization of fly ash, elimination of environmental pollution due to fly ash, conservation of sand, low water consumption and maximization of output from underground mines with greater attention on stability of strata.

3 illus, 2 tables

002576   Modi O P;Prasad B K;Jha A K;Yegneswaran A H (Regional Res Lab (CSIR), , Bhopal-462 026) : Influence of chromium addition on the mechanical and abrasive wear property of hadfield steel. MGMI Trans 2004, 101(1-2), 89-98.

An effort has been made to understand the influence of chromium addition on the low-stress abrasive wear behaviour of a Hadfield steel at various loads and rotational speeds. Mechanical properties of the steels were also evaluated and correlated with the wear response of the samples. The observations indicated that the addition of chromium to Hadfield steel increases hardness whereas a reverse effect is produced on ductility. In general, the wear rate decreased progressively with the number of test intervals (sliding distance) until a steady state wear rate was attained. Further, the wear rate of the specimens increased with speed. The steel alloyed with 2.2% Cr exhibited significantly higher wear resistance (inverse of wear rates) than the one without the element irrespective of test conditions. The observed superior wear response of the samples in the presence of chromium is explained in terms of the resulting finer grain size, higher initial hardness, lower sticking fault energy, improved work hardening effect, strain rate sensitivity etc. The results clearly reveal that the Hadfield manganese steel alloyed with 2.2% Cr could be a better choice than the plain Hadfield steel for applications where material encounters abrasive wear conditions.

5 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

002575   Misra A K;Mishra A;Shukla S ((Department of Geol, Univ of Lucknow, Lucknow)) : Wastewater treatment in developing countries. J Ecophysiol occup Hlth 2005, 5(1-2), 55-9.

Today in almost all spheres of human activity more water is drawn than what is actually needed. Due to carelessness much of it is wasted and allowed to flow out in an impure state. At many places enough clean water is no longer available. Thus to overcome with the increasing demands for water in the future requires the wastewater treatment and its reuse because it is finite and its availability is limited due to population pressure and increasing pollution. Low-cost wastewater treatment technology will continue to be viable and economical option in the recovery, recycle and reuse of water. Today urban demand may have to be satisfied by either abstraction from low flowing river, which are likely to contain significant proportions of sewage effluent and industrial wastewater or from subsurface sources. The wastewater treatment technologies more suitable for developing countries, which are cost effective, have low operation and maintenance requirements, are discussed. Some of the complication for the low and middle-income countries. Aerobic versus anaerobic treatment, and water quality criteria, suitable for developing countries.

1 table, 6 ref

002574   Majumder A K;Barnwal J P;Singh D N (Regional Res Lab, , Bhopal, M.P) : Kelsey jig : a new technique for fine coal beneficiation. MGMI Trans 2004, 101(1-2), 60-71.

Laboratory studies on a Kelsey jig has been carried out to study its potential use in fine coal beneficiation. They key operating parameters in a Kelsey jig have been identified based on the understanding of its operating principle. Empirical models have been developed to predict the performance of the Kelsey jig while treating ten different Indian coal mines at a given operating condition. Empirical models developed have also been validated with some random experimental data generated within the range of the parameters studied.

8 illus, 6 tables, 5 ref

002573   Maiti J;Dasgupta S;Paul P S (Dep of Industrial Engng and Mgmt and Reliability Engng Cent, IIT, Kharagpur-721 302) : Behavioural safety analysis of the mine workers a case study. MGMI Trans 2004, 101(1-2), 49-59.

It is seldom a practice in mines to look into workers perception regarding the situational characteristics of the mines they worked for. Further, the study of behavioral characteristics and their interrelationships to work injury also gets little importance in mine safety studies. But injury research in other industries showed that industrial accidents/injuries are a result of combined malfunctioning of the victim's personal and situational characteristics. The personal and situational factors are identified, quantified through questionnaire survey and analyzed with simple statistical tools. The case study results showed that negative personalities like depression, risk taking, negative affectivity, job boredom, dissatisfaction, are prevalent amongst miners in a substantial percentage. These tendencies have to be reduced or eliminated for increasing the safety awareness and effective. Unless they are focused, no safety programs will achieve its desired results. The case study results also revealed that emphasis should be given on behavioral factors on mine accidents. Four psychological variables namely risk taking, negative affectivity, job-dissatisfaction and job-involvement significantly differ between AG and NAG workers. AG workers are more risk taking, more negatively personified, less satisfied with their jobs and less job-involved compared to NAG workers. Moreover, AG workers feel more stressed with the physical hazards of the mines and are not satisfied with the management commitment to safety. Behaviour based safety programs are needed to be launched at the mine sites which should consist of employees training regarding safe and at-risk behaviours, feedback to employees regarding the frequency and percentage of safe versus at-risk behaviours and incentive to encourage the observation and feedback process.

1 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

002572   Harmain G A (Dep of Mechanical Engng, Natn Inst of Technol, Srinagar, Kashmir-190 006, Email: gharma.in@yahoo.ca) : Single overload fatigue crack growth retardation, part-2 (Crack closure decomposition). J Metall Mater Sci 2005, 47(4), 189-97.

Numerical investigation was carried out to demonstrate the validity of a new concept for evaluating the crack closure values due to plasticity effect, following single overloads (SOL). The crack closure (or opening) stress was decomposed into two components, one that results under constant amplitude loads (CAL), and the other that is due to application of single overload. The model based on plasticity induced crack closure was developed and a computer code was framed for prediction of fatigue growth and crack closure stress. The fidelity of the program was tested by comparison of the results with the experimental data obtained from recent literature. Results from numerical method agreed well with the data. The numerical scheme presented is robust and can be used with confidence for design and analysis.

3 illus, 14 ref

002571   Ghose M K (Cent of Min Envir, ISM, Dhanbad-826 004) : Socioeconomic aspects of small-scale mines in India. MGMI Trans 2004, 101(1-2), 110-19.

Small-scale mining is quite prevalent in India. A maximum production capacity of 50,000t/y has been accepted in India as criterion for a small-scale mine. Such mines constitute about 90% of total number of mines. 42% of the total non-fuel minerals and metals, 5% of the fuel minerals. Some 3000 small-scale mines account for a work force of about 0.5 million people. It provides a wealth of socio-economic benefit to the rural inhabitants. Yet this sector is a neglected sector in Indian economy and still considered as an unorganized sector. The contribution of small-scale mines to employment and national mineral production, practices and Indian policy on small-scale mining has been examined. It identifies drawbacks in the existing government policy and discusses a possible role for the government to upgrade this sector. It also discusses the need for technical upgrading and provision of economic and social infrastructure.

15 ref

002570   Gautam N N;Singh A K;Singh S K (UNDP/GEF-GOI CBM Project, CMRI, Dhanbad) : Prospects of coalbed methane exploitation in the state of Jharkhand. MGMI Trans 2004, 101(1-2), 39-48.

3 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

002569   Deshpande M D;Srinidhi B G (NO, M.S. Ramaiah Sch of Advd Stud, Bangalore-560 054, Email: deshpande@msrsas.org) : Mixed convection in a lid - driven cavity: appearance of bifurcation, periodicity and hysteresis. Curr Sci 2005, 89(10), 1720-8.

Mixed convection in a rectangular parallelepiped has been studied by solving the Navier-Stokes and the energy-equations. The convective motion may show a time periodic behaviour for certain combinations of the parameters, even though the boundary conditions are steady. Further, certain features of dynamical systems like bifurcation, hysteresis and period doubling are also seen.

16 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

002568   Deb A;Sarma D;Banerjee M K (NO, Natn Inst of Technol, Jamshedpur-831 014) : Current attenuation test (Cat) survey for impressed current cathodic protection service for underground crude oil pipelines. J Metall Mater Sci 2005, 47(4), 207-14.

A convenient method for the study of underground crude oil pipeline coating of coal tar enamel (CTE) has been studied . The method includes the use of Radiodetcction® Pipeline Current Mapper (PCM). The analyses of the findings of Current Attenuation Test (CAT) have been discussed.

2 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

002567   Bhattamishra A K;De P K;Mandhyan A;Das S K (NO, Natn Metall Lab, Jamshedpur-831 007) : Localised corrosion of 2124SiCp composite. J Metall Mater Sci 2005, 47(4), 215-22.

Influence of alternate immersion in Sodium chloride solution, exposure to salt spray, EXCO test (ASTM-G34), Electrochemical test and marine exposure on 2124 aluminium alloy composite plates reinforced with 10 vol.%SiC particulate and the 2124 base alloy, were studied, and also the localised corrosion like pitting and expoliation behaviours has been reported.

^ssc12 illus, 7 tables, 10 ref

001613   Vivekanandan M;Suresh Kumar P;Anand B;Devatha M (NO, Sch of Engng and Technol Bharathidasan Univ, Tiruchirappalli-622 024) : Basic aspects of nanotechnology and its applications for human welfare. J theor expl Biol 2004, 1(1), 49-55.

Nanotechnology is a novel and most important technology to benefit mankind. Nanotechnology means building useful things at nanoscale. The unique properties of nanometers are miniaturization, hardness and heat resistance of a metal and less permeability of a polymer coupled with new electrical and biological properties. At the global level, US has given topmost priority in diversified areas of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology confers innumerable welfare measures on humanity like advancement in medicine, nanoparticle coated AZT as in AIDS therapy, treating tumour (hypothermia) at precise points, storage of hydrogen fuel and drug delivery material. Even fungi and actinomycetes are known to biosynthesize metal nanoparticles of their own. Carbonnanotube can precisely measure CO₂ concentration which would help in monitoring green house gases. Respiroctes are known to aid in O₂ supply through artificial RBC. Nanotechnology can also help in the delivery of drugs at targeted sites and can also help in environmental management and sanitation. DNA based molecular nanotechnology is a new arrival in molecular medicine. Mechanical nano-devices are also available to disable unwanted bacteria and viruses. Nanorobots can also trace down cancer cells and destroy them. Nanorobots have several advantages over the immune system in that they are not attacked by natural pathogens. Dangers might arise if nanotechnology is used for destructive goals, therefore, global security must be ensured in the use of nanotechnology.

1 illus, 10 ref

001612   Suresh Kumar;Chourasia B K;Mullick S C (Cent for Energy Stud, Indian Inst of Technol Delhi, New Delh-110 016, Email: subhash_cmullick@yahoo.com ) : Wind heat tranfer coefficient in flat plate solar collectors. SESI Jl 2005, 15(2), 29-36.

Measurement of heat losses in flat plate solar collectors is important for thermal performance evaluation of these collectors under different operating conditions. In the Thermal Device Testing Laboratory (TDTL), IIT Delhi measure is heat loss is by conducting indoor and outdoor experiments. The major part of overall heat loss factor is top heat loss factor, which, in the case of solar collector, is a function of wind heat transfer coefficient. The practice in TDTL is to use measured wind heat transfer coefficient so that results on upward heat flow can be properly interpreted. Two exposed blackened plates of different sizes have been employed for the measurement of wind heat loss coefficient. Outdoor experiments have been performed on two test plates under similar wind conditions to obtain values of wind heat transfer coefficient. An attempt has also been made to find a correlation between wind heat transfer coefficient and wind speed by using experimental data of unglazed plate.

5 illus, 15 ref

001611   Sharma S C;Singh M P;Singh S R (Dep of Math, Coll of Basic Sci & Humanities G.B. Pant Univ of Agric & Technol, Pantnagar-263 145) : Modelling of some physical properties of pant-4 variety of rice (Oryza sativa L.) for yield optimization. Pantnagar J Res 2005, 3(1), 93-7.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) a major crop is a staple food for millions of the people and is grown in considerable area of arable lands. In India, total annual rice production is estimated to be only around 76 million tonnes during the year 2002-03, a 17 million tonnes less than the record rice production of 93 million tonnes during the year 2001-02. Various studies on the optimization of yield have revealed the eppence of mechanization of agricultural practices in which the design of any implements/seed sowing machinery, physical properties of grain/seed are to be estimated. To establish relationships between different physical properties such as length, width, thickness, sprout length, bulk density, angle of repose and moisture content with respect to incubation period/sprout length are considered. Experiments were carried out on Pant-4 variety of rice. Newton Raphson's Forward and Backward difference techniques were used for modelling of the problem.

5 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

001610   Sharan G;Mania N (NO, Cummins Foundation-HMA Lab for Envir Technol in Arid Area Indian Inst, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad-380 015, Email: gsharan@iimahd.ernet.in) : Construction details and operational experience of Sol Cafe: a solar cooking facility. SESI Jl 2005, 15(2), 37-41.

A solar cafeteria, Sol Cafe, was installed in a 100-children residential school at Kothara in Kutch district of Gujarat. The area is characterised by high solar irradiance during most part of the year except during rainy season. With widespread shortage of fuel wood, Sol Cafe, installed in June 2003, has been in regular use. The experience gained in the use of Sol Cafe during its first year of operation has been presented.

1 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

001609   Paul P (Giani Zail Singh Coll of Engng & Technol, , Bhathinda) : Spunlace (hydroentanglement). Man Made Text India 2006, 49(3), 102-9.

7 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

001608   Mullick S C;Khan S Y;Chourasia B K (NO, Cent for Energy Stud Indian Inst of Technol Delhi, New Delhi-110 016) : Semi-log plot to determine second figure of merit of box-type solar cookers. SESI Jl 2005, 15(2), 43-8.

Two figures of merit were proposed to quantify thermal performance of box solar cookers and to characterise the cookers-Studies have resulted in the Indian Standards (IS13429: 1992 and 2000) on solar cookers. The second figure of merit F₂ takes care of the product of heat exchange efficiency factor F, optical efficiencyη₀ and the heat capacity ratio C_R. F₂ is obtained from the water heating test using the experimental data on water temperature T_w and the climatic variables:insolation I^bar and ambient temperature T_a^bar. It takes into account the climatic variables through a dimensional group consisting of[(T_w -T_a^bar)/I^bar]. It was shown that F₂ can be obtained by using an equation involving natural logarithm of a function with this dimensional group. The article investigates whether F₂ may be found by analysing the experimental observations with the appropriate function on a semi-log plot. Linear regression of the experimental data on the semi-log plot is found to be excellent. Also, the values of F₂ obtained from the slope of linear regression are close to the values obtained by the equation for F₂ given in the Indian Standards. Moreover, the semi-log plot can be used to obtain the time for boiling water τ₁₂.

1 illus, 4 ref

001607   Mahanta P;Saha U K;Dewan A;Kalita P; Buragohain B (Dep of Mechanical Engng, Indian Inst of Technol Guwahati, Guwahati-781 039, Email: pinak@iitg.ernet.in) : Biogas digester: A discussion on factors affecting biogas production and field investigation of a novel duplex digester. SESI Jl 2005, 15(2), 1-12.

Utilisation of biogas has gained importance in recent years, mainly due to the availability of cheap raw materials and environmental compatibility. Further, with an increase in the cost of petroleum products, biogas can be an effective alternative source of energy for cooking, lighting, food processing, irrigation and several other requirements. In essence, a biogas digester involves anaerobic fermentation in which different groups of bacteria act upon complex organic materials in the absence of air to produce biogas. Thus, it is essential to evaluate the effects of various parameters that influence the performance of a digester, and it is one objective of this article. Results available in published literature and those from experiments (laboratory- and field-level) performed at IIT Guwahati are presented to illustrate the effects of various parameters on the performance of the existing models of biogas digester. The field investigation of a novel duplex digester have also been presented and discussed. The novel duplex digester is shown to have enhanced biogas production mainly due to agitation of its contents and, therefore, is promising for practical applications.

7 illus, 38 ref

001606   Gupta C L;Jauhar S (NO, Appl Sci Grp Sri Aurobindo Int Cent of Educ, Pondicherry-605 002, Email: solagni@auroville.org.in) : Application engineering data for solar energy utilisation: solar tables for water heating at Pondicherry. SESI Jl 2005, 15(2), 13-20.

In spite of large-scale applications of solar energy in India during the last 25 years, there is hardly any application engineering data available. Instead, there are rules of thumb, spoken or latent (501/m² day for water heating for all collectors at all places for a fixed tilt), or sophisticated computing programs like TRNSYS, which are used by consultants only for larger projects. Collector test curves (BIS standards) are used for mean monthly conditions and radiation statistics are rarely taken into account. This article fills this gap with a case study for solar water heating at Pondicherry. The method is general and can be used anywhere for any application. A figure of merit is calculated as MJ/yr m² per Rupee of capital cost of installation to help select the system for maximum useful heat collected per unit variable costs. The essence of the method is a single design equation, which converts BIS test data design curve for generating application data with a design accuracy of 10%. Minimal computational effort in the form of a Microsoft ® (MS) Office Excel program is involved and tables can be generated for a single application in less than few minutes with data input requiring less than an hour.

4 tables, 18 ref

001605   Goyal S K (Dep of Agric Engng and Fd Technol, S.V.B. Patel Univ of Agric and Technol, Modipuram, Meerut-250 110) : A study on electrical energy consumption of rice milling machines. Pantnagar J Res 2005, 3(2), 79-81.

Highest total energy consumption (electrical, thermal and manual) for production of one tonne milled rice was found in parboiled rice mill (923.92 kWh), followed by raw rice mill (36.92 kWh) and huller mill (15.62 kWh), whereas the mini rice mill consumed minimum (14.42 kWh) energy. The recovery of polished rice in raw rice mill was found 65 per cent, parboiled rice mill 68 per cent, mini rice mill 68 per cent and huller mill 59 per cent. The milling of paddy in parboiled rice mill is most profitable as it gives Rs. 2216 per tonne of paddy followed by milling of raw rice mill (Rs. 1380 per tonne), mini rice mill (Rs. 1194 per tonne) and huller mill (Rs. 1098 per tonne), respectively.

1 illus, 4 tables, 3 ref

000597   Venkatesh B (NO, , ) : Interbasin water transfer-a review of international experience. J appl Hydrol 2005, 18(4), 30-9.

Reviews the experience gained elsewhere, where the inter basin water transfer projects are in operation. Such an attempt gives a chance to understand the operating systems and their deficiencies. These experiences can be used as broad guidelines for evaluating the proposed interbasin project in India.

^iia4 ref

000596   Tshering S (Dep of Energy, Ministry of Trade & Ind, Thimpu, Bhutan) : Hydro power potential and its development in Bhutan. Wat Energy int 2005, 62(1), 69-73.

2 illus, 2 tables

000595   Singh K K;Ojha C S P (Dep of Civ Engng, N.I.T. Kurukshetra, Haryana) : Improvement in irrigation efficiency using on-farm reservoir and its efficient operation. Wat Energy int 2005, 62(1), 61-8.

During irrigation of the crops a huge quantity of water is wasted due to poor efficiencies of irrigation systems. This wastage can be minimized by adapting suitably storing excess water of irrigation in on-farm reservoir (OFR) and later using this water in a specific way. Study deals with improvement in water irrigation efficiency of four irrigation waterings crop with the use and efficient operation of on-farm reservoir. The study suggests that the use of stored water of OFR invariably increases water irrigation efficiency. However, a particular operation procedure of OFR yields maximum water irrigation efficiency.

3 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

000594   Patel D;Sharma A;Shroff K;Nath K (Chem Engng Dep, G.H. Patel Coll of Engng and Technol, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Treatability of dairy wastewater in an anaerobic down flow fixed film reactor. Indian J envir Prot 2006, 26(1), 54-60.

Present experimental study aims at the processing of dairy effluent in an anaerobic down-flow fixed film reactor under different operational variance. The principle of attached biological growth is employed here in. Cow dung slurry has been used to develop the slime layer in a glass column reactor with randomized plastic packing. These systems maintain substantial quantities of anaerobic bacteria as films or pellets, which rapidly convert organic waste to gas. Maximum COD removal efficiency of 96.25% was achieved with HRT of 5 day and hydraulic flow rate of 0.010 m^-3d^-1. Performance of the reactor system with respect to biogas indicates that methane yield increases with increase in substrate loading rates, giving the maximum specific methane yield of 1.19 m³(kg COD)^-1.

6 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

000593   Pandey A D;Kumar Venkatesh;Kulkarni M D (EQ. Engg. Departmetn, Indian Inst of Technol, Roorkee) : Comparative study on analysis of barrage raft by Hetenyi's method and FEM. Wat Energy int 2005, 62(1), 40-7.

A comparison of methods of analysis for raft foundation of a barrage especially involving two methods, ivz., Hetenyi's beams on elastic foundation method and Finite Element Method (FEM) has been attempted. In the analysis of barrage raft, moments at different discrete points along the raft of barrage have been calculated by Hetenyi's method and FEM, and their comparison has been made for typical representative cases only considering flow and no flow conditions incorporating earthquake loads as pseudo-static loads. Significant differences have been observed in the moments as obtained by the two methods. The end of the barrage raft where pier is located, the Hetenyi's method gives positive moments while FEM has yielded negative moments. It has also been observed from the results that Hetenyi's method of analysis may not be always on conservative side in comparison to FEM. The comparative analyses indicate that the IS 11130-1984 recommendation regarding Hetenyi's method (Beams on elastic foundation) merits further investigation.

10 illus, 1 table, 13 ref