008485   Kumar B D;Swami B L P (Civil Engineering Dep, JNTUH, College of Engineering, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500 085, Email: deankumar@yahoo.com) : Wind effects on water towers-influence of various dynamic parameters. Indian J Sci Technol 2010, 3(8), 911-5.

Wind flows relative to the surface of ground and produces loads on the structures standing on the ground. The effect of the wind on the structures is of prime importance. Most of the designers consider the static effect of wind on the structure. But for tall structures the wind interacts with the structure dynamically. The Indian standard code IS 875 (Part-3) 1987 deals with the wind effects on the structures. Water towers are critical structures from the point of the wind effect. Towers of height 16 m, 20 m, 24 m and 28 m are considered in the present analysis. Fundamental frequency is computed by the method given in Indian standard IS 1893-1984. In the computation of fundamental frequency two conditions a) Tank empty and b) Tank full with water are considered. It is found from the study that static pressures are less compared to those given by the gust effectiveness factor method (GEFM). Dynamic interaction between the fluctuating wind component and the structure are considered in GEFM and equivalent static wind pressures are evolved. GEFM is more rational and realistic and recommended for wind load design of water towers.

4 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

008484   Kannan T;Yoganandh J (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 006) : Development of mathematical models to predict clad bead geometry deposited by GMAW in stainless steel cladding. Indian Weld J 2009, 42(1), 47-51.

Weld Cladding is a process of depositing a thick layer of corrosion resistance material over carbon steel plate. The main problem faced in stainless steel cladding is the selection of optimum process parameters for achieving the required clad bead geometry. This paper highlights an experimental study carried out to develop mathematical models to predict clad bead geometry in Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process used in austenitic stainless steel cladding of low carbon structural steel plates. The experiments were conducted based on four-factor five level central composite rotatable design with full replications technique. The mathematical models was developed using multiple regression method.

5 tables, 14 ref

008483   Kannan G K;Gaikewad L V;Nirmala L;Kumar N S (Defence Bio-Engineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL), DRDO, C V Raman Nagar, Bangalore-560 093, Email: kannan_cees@hotmail.com) : Thermal ageing studies of bromo-butyl rubber used in NBC personal protective equipment. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(11), 841-9.

This study evaluates degradation and stability of bromo-butyl rubber (BBR) used in NBC personal protective equipment. Elongation increased by 10% when BBR was exposed to -65°C as well as 100°C. Tensile strength decreased by 50% when exposed to -65°C and also at 55°C, and decreased to around 63% when exposed to 80° and 100°C. Morphological appearance at 80°C aged sample was intact and comparable with unaged samples. BBR exposed to 120°C developed minor cracks (<60>0.01 μm). Life prediction was 89 and 25 years for exposed usage temperature of 40° and 50°C respectively. Since survival of personnel who don these equipments is involved the shelf life for equipments made of this particular formulation shall be safely considered at 50% of predicted life for respective temperatures.

12 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

008482   Jassium E I (Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sicence, Momorial Newfoundland Univ, St. Hohn's, N1, Canada) : Modification of particle deposition model in turbulent pipe flow. Int J Envir Dev 2009, 6(2), 63-81.

Progress to the correlation of particle deposition velocity in turbulent pipe flow is presented. The developed model accounts for the Brownian diffusivity and inertia effects and is extended to cover the influence of the flow velocity by including Reynolds number in the correlation. The experimental data and previous proposed models are used in comparison of predicting particle deposition rate. It is shown that the new model of particle deposition velocity is in good agreement with the experimental data and numerical simulations. Further the aerodynamics has significant influence on the deposition rate and should be concerned when the process of particle migration and deposition is addressed. The deposition efficiency, the measurement tool of particle deposition rate in this work, is used as a comparison tool to present the importance of the modification. The results of the comparison prove that the modified model matches well with the experimental and numerical data available from various literatures. Other factors addressed in this work are summarized as follow: particle to fluid density ratio, pipe diameter and the surface roughness. The results showed that increase in density ratio makes the deposition rate of submicron particles to increase too whereas no significant effects is noticed for large particles. With the decrease in the carrier pipe size, the deposition rate increases as the particle grows up in the inertial region and as the particle shrinks in the Brownian region. Finally, the deposition rate of particles is found to substantially increase with increase in surface roughness.

11 illus, 31 ref

008481   Henon B K (Arc Machines, Inc, , Pacoima, California, USA) : Orbital welding of titanium pipe for U.S. navy ships. Indian Weld J 2009, 42(4), 59-61.

4 illus

008480   Gupta R;Goswami D;Chaurasia S P (Chemical Engineering Dep, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur-302 017) : Ultrafiltration-a reliable pretreatment process for reverse osmosis desalination. Indian J envir Prot 2010, 30(4), 307-11.

Since its theoretical inception in 1950s, reverse osmosis has come a long way and proved to be a mainstay in the field of desalination of brackish and sea water. The success of the process lies in its economics vis-a-vis other desalination processes, thermal desalination, in particular. Water cost in membrane process is a function of mainly the energy cost, the cost of the membranes and the cost of the dosing chemicals. The cost of the membranes and the chemicals, contributing about 40-45% of the water cost. It is imperative, hence, that, an increase in the life of the membranes and decreasing the chemical consumption would positively contribute to reduce the water cost further and make the process competitive even more. Stringent guidelines of turbidity and SDI of the feed water to membrane modules, set forth by the manufacturers are difficult at times to be obtained through the conventional pretreatment methods of clarification and filtration from raw surface feed water-sea water, for example forcing a considerable shut-down time of the plant and hence an increase in water cost. With a spectrum of membrane processes now available commercially in the market, it is possible to employ a membrane based pretreatment process, such as ultrafiltration working on the principle of size exclusion, as a precursor to the RO process. The paper discusses this ideology and describes an installation of UF-RO plant at Desalination Division, B.A.R.C., Mumbai.

1 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

008479   Guha A;Mukherjee A (NO, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani-741 235, Email: drasit_guha@yahoo.co.in) : Calculation of structural forces and jump limit between two fullerene surfaces in various liquids. Int J chem Sci 2010, 8(1), 157-75.

Structural forces and jump limit between two fullerene surfaces in various liquids have been calculated using Lifshitz theory. Hamaker constant of 15 liquids and jump limits of 5 liquids are reported here.

15 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

008478   Gopala Raju S S S V;Rani K D;Chowdary V; Balaji K V G D (Civil Engg. Dep, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM Univ, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh-530 045, Email: gopalaraju@gitam.edu) : Utilization f building waste in road construction. Indian J Sci Technol 2010, 3(8), 894-6.

Roads are major consumers of aggregate and the influence of aggregate cost is more in total construction cost of the roads. In order to reduce the cost of construction of roads, the possibility of using building waste as aggregate in sub-base and base course has been studied. Experimental studies were carried out to determine the engineering properties of the recycled aggregate and compared with conventional aggregate. It has been observed that the building debris can be effectively used as road material as it is satisfying the MoRTH (ministry of road transport & highways) requirements. Brick aggregate was found to be relatively soft compared with other recycled aggregate which may be used as sub-base course.

7 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

008477   Gerbec D (NO, , Hanover, Pa, Email: dgerbec@esab.com) : Minimizing defects in submerged arc welding. Indian Weld J 2009, 42(4), 57-8.

Submerged arc welding (SAW) can be a highly productive tool for fabricators, but as with most welding technologies, defects can occur. This Ieads to rework and a reduction in overall productivity.

3 illus

008476   Era T;Ueyama T;Brooks M (NO, , , Email: mbrooks@daihen-usa.com) : Welding steel sheet with a modified short modified short circuiting process. Indian Weld J 2009, 42(1), 61-6.

This method provides a stable arc that can be obtained without increasing the number of short circuits in a unit time to achieve spatter-free welds.

12 illus, 6 ref

008475   Chazvinian A H;Goshtasbi K;Chasempour N (Tabriat Modares Univ, Mining Engineering Dep, Iran, Email: abdolhadi@yahoo.com) : Designing and optimizing support system - case study tabriz of metro single tunnel. J Rock Mech Tunnelling Technol 2009, 15(1), 1-16.

The designers need engineering judgment to select the optimum option among the alternatives. The optimum choice can be selected by the expert engineers taking into account their judgment and immediate insight. Nowadays, decision-making methods can help engineers to support their decision in the scientific way. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a decision making method and is a branch of multi attribute decision-making (MADM) methods utilizing structured pair-wise comparisons. This paper presents an application of the AHP method to the selection of the optimum support design for the Tabriz Urban Railway(TUR) tunnel line no 2, which has been planned for transporting passengers from vali-Asr Square to Gharamalek State in Tabriz, Iran. The methodology considers five main objectives, namely: displacements in the roof and bottom of the tunnel, the factor of Safety (FOS), the economic and possibility factor for the selection of support design. The displacements and stress values were obtained by using the finite difference program, FLAG^3D as the numerical studies have been widely used by the engineers examining the response of any opening in underground, in advance. After carrying out numerical models for different support design, the AHP method was incorporated to evaluate these support designs according to the pre-determined criteria. The result of this study shows that the AHP application is a good tool to effectively evaluate the support system alternatives for underground cavities.

9 illus, 9 tables, 18 ref

008474   Chattopadyaya S;Sehgal P;Sharma V;Ghosh A (ME & MME Dep, Indian School of Mines University, Dhanbad) : Critical linguistic assessment of the process parameters on the relative ranks of the yield parameters for Nd: YAG laser drilling. Indian Weld J 2009, 42(4), 21-5.

Advances in manufacturing technology and the quest for smaller part geometry, have played the role of a curtain raiser for the new frontiers of machining process of metals. In this specific domain of precision manufacturing, the traditional machining methods have limited capabilities to meet higher accuracy, better surface finish and greater productivity related requirements from the customer. Micro machining is a ready solution towards the miniaturization of components and devices. The main problems during micro machining methods are to make a low heat affected zone and the controllability of other parameters to meet ever demanding process capability related requirements. High energy beam machining identifies a category of processes, each of which is capable of transferring a beam of such high energy intensity into metal cutting or drilling forces. It should be used to melt and vaporize a narrow zone of metals. This ability is useful for precision drilling, welding and cutting. Low power pulse Nd:YAG laser machining is now being used for these purpose often with the high level of precision in an economically viable manner. Thin strip cutting of metals through laser beam is one of the main applications in this area. This paper is focused on the cutting and drilling of the mild steel workpiece with lower thickness values and an attempt has been made to study the different process parameters in linguistic terms, which will affect relative ranks of the quality of the precision cutting and micro drilling of the metal specimen.

2 illus, 4 tables, 3 ref

008473   Breuer H;Snoby R J;Mishra S;Biswal D (Allmineral GmbH & Co.,, , K.G. Germany) : Dry coal jigging - a suitable alternative for Indian power coals. J Mines Metals Fuels 2009, 57(12), 425-8.

6 illus, 5 tables, 2 ref

008472   Bhattacharyya S;Bhattacharjee C (Chemical Engineering Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata-700 032) : India, the sleeping giant country for bioethanol production from agricultural residues. Indian J envir Prot 2010, 30(4), 300-6.

Agricultural based country India have gigantic prospect in bioethanol production from agricultural residues, such as rice straw, wheat straw, bagasse from sugarcane, corn stover, sorghum straw and barley straw. These crop residues are mainly wasted and incinerate in the field, which produce huge pollution load in the environment. The available amount of agricultural residue for bioethanol production in India is about 307.2 Tg. There are approximately 86.5 GL bioethanol that can be produced from these wasted crop residue in India. Rice straw is produced in India is about 202.4 Tg, which may be largest amount feedstock and can produce 56.6 GL bioethanol. The second highest potential feedstock is sugarcane bagasse, can produce 13.13GL bioethanol. Bioethanol is a non conventional energy resource, that is used as a partial replacement of gasoline and it is also eco-friendly alternative to the gasoline additive methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE).

^iia5 tables, 18 ref

008471   Bhatt R;Macwan J E M;Bhatt D (Civil Engineering Dep, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Ichhanath, Surat, Gujarat, Email: b.rajiv@ced.svnit.ac.in) : Green building assessment tool in India: a comparative study. Int J Envir Dev 2009, 6(2), 83-91.

As a leading developing country in the Asian sub-continent, India has to play a major role in, the sustainable development. Green building movement is the part of it, which is important contribution by the construction industry to save the environment for the next generation. For Green building certification, India has two rating systems: LEED IND1A-NC (Leadership in Energy & Environment Design-New Construction) and GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment). Green building assessment is still new concept in India, and hence awareness is required to he generated for selection of the appropriate tool for green building certification. This paper attempts to compare the two assessment tools on important en vironmental aspects like: site selection, water efficiency and energy efficiency. The outcome can be useful for the constructors in selection of the tool for seeking green building certification in the Indian context. Researchers are planning to propose a modified green building assessment tool which can accommodate positive aspects of both environmental assessment tools in the Indian context.

3 illus, 6 tables, 2 ref

008470   Bahaaideen F B;Zaid M R;Ahmad Z A (NO, Sains Malaysia Univ, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia) : Electroless Ni-P-C_g(graphite)-SiC composite coating and its application onto piston rings of a small two stroke utility engine. J scient ind Res 2010, 69(11), 830-4.

This study presents electroless Ni-P-C_g (graphite)-SiC composite coating deposition onto piston rings of a small two stroke utility engine at 90°C under C (10 g/l) and SiC (8 g/l) concentration at agitation speeds of 160 rpm. Coating showed compact embedding of C_g and SiC particles in Ni matrix, uniformly and largely distributed in coating by mechanical stirring. Heat-treatment of coating increased microhardness due to crystallization of a hard Ni₃P phase after heat treatment. An average surface roughness of a standard piston ring has improved from 1.095 μm to 0.900 μm, with a lower friction coefficient of coated (0.18) as compared to uncoated (0.23) surface.

7 illus, 17 ref

008469   Aruna M (Mining Engg Dep, NITK, Surathkal-575 025, Email: mangalpady@yahoo.com) : Comparison of limit equilibrium method of slope stability analysis with finite element modelling. J Mines Metals Fuels 2009, 57(12), 45-60.

Stability analysis of slopes susceptible to different types of failures can be performed with different techniques. The selection of an appropriate technique is, therefore, very important in a process of slope stability evaluation. In this paper; slopes of a large surface iron ore mine was analyzed by limit equilibrium method and by finite element modelling. GALENA software was used for analysis by limit equilibrium method and A NSYS for finite element modelling (FEM). Factor of safety (FOS) was calculated by both the methods and they are compared for their applicability. Based on the results obtained by the analysis, conclusions were drawn Oil the application of these methods. It was found that FEM analysis gives factor of safety value which is found to be lesser than the values determined by limit equilibrium method. This is because it considers more parameters and performs a detailed analysis of stress and strain conditions in the strata under consideration.

9 illus, 5 tables, 17 ref

008468   Araya V;Sharma A;Arora N (NO, Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited, Haridwar) : Enhancement in mechanical properties of tailored welded blanks due to pulsed tig welding. Indian Weld J 2009, 42(4), 38-40,41-5.

The present paper reports experimental results on enhancement in mechanical properties of tailored welded blanks due to Pulsed TIG welding. Experimental evaluation of various mechanical properties has been made under the influence of varying peak current, pulse frequency and pulse width. The resulting welds have been checked for ultimate tensile strength, % elongation, hardness, toughness and fatigue life. The mechanical properties of Pulsed TIG welded tailored blanks have further been compared with that produced by conventional TIG welding. It has been observed that the Pulsed TIG welding can successfully be employed to improve the mechanical properties of tailored welded blanks. The results of experiments have been analyzed and related discussion has been presented.

5 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

008467   Ahaneku I E (Agricultural & Bioresources Engg. Dep, Federal Technology Univ, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria, Email: drahaneku@yahoo.com) : Performance evalution of portable sprinkler irrigation system in Ilorin, Nigeria. Indian J Sci Technol 2010, 3(8), 852-7.

The global climate change and its attendant effect on scarce water resources have further reduced the amount of water available for agriculture. Under this circumstance, the use of pressurized irrigation systems can be an option of enhancing the efficiency of water consumption. This study was therefore conducted to evaluate the performance of a new portable sprinkler system purchased by the lower Niger river basin development authority, llorin, Nigeria. Catch can test were carried out to determine the performance of irrigation applied with the portable sprinkler irrigation systems under field conditions. The tests were carried out using ASABE (2009) standard procedures. The coefficient of uniformity (CD) was used to compute the uniformity of sprinkler water application on the field; while the delivery performance ratio (DPR) was used to quantify the efficiency of the management inputs of the sprinkler system. Results of the field evaluation indicated that the average CU and DPR of the system were 86% and 87%, respectively, indicating satisfactory performance of the sprinkler system. Emanating from the study were a set of performance guidelines and recommendations for the design and management of sprinkler irrigation systems necessary for the achievement of optimum performance.

3 tables, 20 ref

007407   Yingjun X;Zhen G;Bo J;Jinrong L (The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Zhejiang Univ, Hangzhou 310027, P R China, Email: syj@zju.edu.cn) : Frequency response enhancement of variable valve system by employing peak and hold method. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(4), 275-81.

A control method based on peak and hold technique is applied to variable valve system to prompt its response rate. The proposed method is characterized by a significantly higher response rate compared with the standard control method. Different from the standard control method, which provides the coil with a constant voltage proportional to the target lift, the control system based on PH method provides the coil with higher voltage during the rising stage of the valve to prompt its response rate. The mathematical model of the system is derived to establish the transfer function of the system. The optimal duration of peak voltage is obtained by simulink models. The experimental results indicate that much higher frequency response can be guaranteed by employing PH method. The maximal frequency that the system can achieve is 51 Hz, which is greatly enhanced from 25 Hz by employing the standard control method.

11 illus, 12 ref

007406   Yadav S D (Automobile Engineering Dep, Regional Institute of Technology, Sakharale, Sangli-415 414) : Design and development of micro controller based decelerometer. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2009, 90(18), 17-23.

From the safety point of view, brake system is very essential for vehicle. When the vehicle is traveling on roads, brakes should be in proper conditions. Brakes can be tested by measuring the brake efficiency. Higher the brake efficiency; safer is the vehicle from accidents. In auto garages, general practice adopted for checking the brakes is - run the vehicle on the road, apply the brakes and by judgment and on experiences the decision is taken for brake repairs. But the decision taken is not technically sound, which may sometimes results in major accidents. Hence, from safety point of view, there is a need for an instrument which can provide correct and reliable brake testing of the vehicle that will lead to take correct decision. In this connection, an attempt is made to de velop a micro-controller based decelerometer, which is nothing but an experimental facility or apparatus, for measuring the brake efficiency of a vehicle. The action of applying the brake sets up effective force at the road surface, which acts in the direction opposite to the motion of the vehicle and slows down or decelerate the vehicle. This deceleration is normally compared to the standard value¹ Since the meter gives a direct reading of braking efficiency for all classes of vehicle, it can easily be calculated the theoretical stopping distance and time to stop by using different analytical equations without making intermediate calculations. But to obtain the desired accuracy in the results, an instrument has been made by designing and developing a pendulum alongwith a micro-controller unit, which results a display of 20 scanned readings within 2 μS.

10 illus, 6 tables, 11 ref

007405   Wijaya T K;Gunawan;Hermawan A T (Computer Secience Dep, Sekolah Tinggi Teknik Surabaya, Surabaya-602 84, Indonesia, Email: tritritri@stts.edu) : Beyond lego mindstorms: analytical and experimental minds. Int J appl Res Inf Technol Comput 2010, 1(1), 141-50.

Lego Mindstorms is a robotic tool which perfectly safe to use in the educational environment. Even children and teenager can touch and program it without a fear about the electricity. Because of this, we develop the use of Lego Mindstorms robotic tool to arouse analytical and experimental minds of the students. In this paper we presented the important of thinking and finding ideas and then implementing it to solve the problem given. In fact, there are many things for students to do. Students have to test and change their not-worked solution many times before they find the worked solution and reach the goal. These are what required in constructivist learning and constructionist educational philosophy which is very important and absolutely have a big and positive impact in motivating students to learn and explore the world surrounds them.

9 illus, 14 ref

007404   Vijayan N;Nagarajan R (Chemistry Dep, Raja College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu) : Polymer nanotechnology : the next phase of organic chemistry. J Instn Engrs-Pt CH 2009, 90(Sep), 28-31.

Nanoparticles nave been prepared from various types of large organic molecules as well as from polymers formed from organic sub units. In the present work, some of the polymer nano structures have been described. Diacetylene polymers have the capability of forming perfect crystals in the solid state having a molecular weight of 10⁶ Da. The structure of 130 nm rectangular micro crystal of polymer 4-BCMU and the compound DCHD which forms nanocrystals as well as nanofibres of about 7 μm long with diameters of -60 nm which find its applications in non linear optics have been discussed. The potential applications of conductive polymers like polyacetylene, which is a good conductor of electricity, and block co polymers have also been discussed in this work.

6 illus, 1 table, 1 ref

007403   Venkata Ramana G;Padya B;Naresh Kumar R; Prabhakar K V P;Jain P K (Center for Carbon Materials, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New, Hyderabad-500 005, Email: pkjain@arci.res.in) : Mechanical properties on multi-walled carbon nanotubes reinforced polymer nanocomposites. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(5), 331-7.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs ) are considered to be one of the novel reinforcement for developing advanced nanocomposites due to their outstanding thermo-mechanical properties. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs ) are developed by arc discharge method. To enhance the dispersion of CNTs in polymer matrix, CNTs are modified with chemical treatment and processed by ultrasonication process. Surface characterization of CNTs is examined by XPS technique to confirm the different functional groups attached to the surface. Epoxy based polymer composites are developed by dispersing of pristine and surface modified CNTs as reinforcement in different concentrations varying from 0.2 to 1.0 wt% and found that with 1 wt% gives the best result. Detailed rheological studies are carried out to know the dispersion of CNTs in matrix. FESEM studies are carried out to observe the morphology of reinforcing materials as well as its dispersion in the polymer matrix and the effect of reinforcement on fractography is also investigated. The thermal stability of the composites is measured using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and observed that composites made with surface modified CNT showed higher thermal stability as compared with pure epoxy and pristine CNTs. Enhancement in flexural properties is observed with surface modified CNTs.

7 illus, 19 ref

007402   Vahini M;Jagadeesh V S;Prakash D S (Civil Engineering Dep, SJM Institute of Technology, Chitradurga-577 502) : Some studies on non-conventional structural element hybrid frames. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2009, 90(Aug), 52-4.

Hybrid structures are those, which are a combination of two different types of structural elements, may be in material or in layout and structural behaviour, acting as a single structural element. Literature review has revealed that no research has been done on the concept of hybrid frame construction. The present paper reports the role played by hybrid structures in reducing the depth of beam for long span structures. Results of the study indicate that the depth of the beam can be reduced to 50% with a hybrid of conventional portal frame and gable frame.

6 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

007401   Tripathi K S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Institute of Technology, Baranas Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005) : To investigate simplest intermittent motion mechanism. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2009, 90(18), 49-54.

Intermittent motion mechanisms or indexing mechanisms provide unidirectional output motion with intermittent dwells. These may be discontinuous contact type (engagement - disengagement type) or continuous contact type. The continuous contact devices do not have, at least in principle, the dynamic problems of engagement and disengagement of elastic machine parts, hence, they are preferred. The most common method to use a disc cam and roller to act as a fully rotating input link, driving a reciprocating or oscillating roller follower. In the present context the requirement is full rotational motion for both the input and output links. In addition dwells are required in the output motion. In this paper, a mechanism consisting of a single roller crank and a single cam is investigated fundamentally for the requirements of rotational and dwell conditions of an indexing mechanism. The dwell requirement excludes the use of roller-crank as the output and the fully-rotating roller-crank imposes reciprocating contact on the cam, ie, it demands a partial cam. Roller-crank must be longer than the fixed link when cam is required to rotate fully.

7 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

007400   Tripathi K;Agrawal M D (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Shri G S Institute of Technology and Science, Indore-452 003) : Control architecture of mechatronic system for automated manual clutch. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2009, 90(18), 9-16.

Optimum engagement of automotive clutch not only effects driving comfort, but also the life of vehicle's bodyline and fuel economy. Operation of an automotive clutch in a vehicle with manual transmission calls for high-level skills. Such skills can be imparted to a driver only through adequate training and experience. Based upon the skills and experience acquired, and acclimatization with the vehicle, the driver is able to exercise adequate control over the clutch release operation during the engagement phase so as to achieve a ierk-free and smooth gear-shift operation or vehicle launch, without killing the engine. However, even for a skilled driver, it is difficult to achieve consistently good engagement quality. Therefore, the automation of the clutch in a vehicle with conventional transmission, is gaining increasing interest among the automotive manufacturers. The control architecture of such automated manual clutch is presented in this work, integrating system's dynamic and control logic elements.

16 illus, 12 ref

007399   Tande S N;Krishnaswamy K T;Shinde D N (Applied Mechanics Dep, Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli, Vishrambag, Sangli-416 415) : Optimal seismic response of adjacent coupled buildings with dampers. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2009, 90(Nov), 19-24.

The dynamic response of building structures to earthquakes is very important to civil engineers. The structural components may get damaged when exposed to earthquake excited vibrations. Also the structural pounding is an additional problem that may take place when closely spaced buildings experience earthquake excitation. This phenomenon occurs when the structures oscillate out of phase due to their different dynamic parameters and the separation is not sufficient. Many energy dissipation devices are presently being used to reduce both structural vibration and probability of pounding. The aim of this paper is to investigate the optimal seismic response of two adjacent structures through the use of passive energy dissipation devices, in order to minimize the pounding effect. In this work viscoelastic dampers have been considered as the devices of choice to mitigate the risk of structural pounding. For the best overall system response, efforts have been made to attain the optimal distribution of the viscoelastic dampers in the adjacent structures. The required number of dampers of known capacity and their optimal placement locations in adjacent buildings are calculated to achieve the maximum reduction in a desired response.

9 illus, 11 ref

007398   Tande D N (Applied Mechanics Dep, Walchand College of Engineering, Vishrambag, Sangli-416 415) : Limit Analysis of reinforced concrete slab using higher order finite strip method. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2009, 90(May), 22-7.

Presents extension of higher order finite strip technique, to study the load deflection behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs and to estimate the collapse load of slab. The von-Mises yield criterion is used to develop yield pattern for reinforced concrete slabs. The proposed method predicts yield line pattern for reinforced concrete slabs, which is in reasonably good agreement with available experimental and analytical results. The plastic hinges formed, follows the yield line pattern. The difference in collapse load can be attributed to difference in yield criteria adopted. Yield line method uses square yield criteria while von-Mises criteria have been used in this work.

5 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

007397   Suganthi N;Srinivasan K (Chemistry Dep, SSM College of Engineering, Komarapalayam-638 183, Email: suganthi_saravanan@yahoo.co.in) : Phosphorylated tamarind nut carbon for the removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solutions. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(5), 382-8.

Activated carbon prepared from phosphoric acid treatment of Tamarind nuts (seeds) is investigated for the removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solutions. Carbon granules of 300 to 800 μm particle size are chosen for all studies. The characteristics of the phosphorylated tamarind nut carbon (PTNC) are evaluated for porosity, surface area, iodine number, phenol number, moisture content and decolorizing power. PTNC is subjected to the adsorption of cadmium ions from aqueous solution. The effects of pH, contact time, metal ion concentration and carbon dosage are studied to evaluate the potential applicability of carbon produced as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment. The adsorption data are modeled by using Langmuir and Freundlich classical adsorptions isotherms. Kinetic studies fitted best with pseudo-second order model. Desorption studies indicated that ion-exchange mechanism is operating. Column studies are conducted in 2.5 cm diameter columns. Under optimum conditions of flow rate and bed height, breakthrough capacities are found out. The mechanism of adsorption for cadmium on PTNC is found to follow ion exchange process predominantly and supported by FTIR. The cadmium removal and the surface modification are also confirmed by SEM studies.

8 illus, 7 tables, 14 ref

007396   Subramanyam M V;Prasad K S (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, R G M College of Engineering and Technology, Nandyal-518 501) : Developing of a dynamic topology for QOS in an adhoc wireless networks. J Instn Engrs-Pt CP 2009, 90(May), 9-14.

Wireless technology has advanced tremendously over the past decade, introducing a wide array of devices with networking abilities. Adhoc networks are dynamically created and maintained by a group of wireless enabled devices without the assistance of pre-existing infrastructure like base station (BS) for communication purposes. The intrinsic attributes of adhoc networks, such as, dynamic network topology, constraint battery power and quality, limited battery power, and large number of heterogeneous nodes, make network management significantly more challenging than stationary and connected networks. In this work, it has been proposed a dynamic topology management scheme, in which the issue of performance enhancement of wireless networks in terms of power consumption of a node as well as the system, node density in the backbone routing, delay and node life time have been considered'. Minimizing power consumption is an important challenge in mobile networks. Wireless network interface is often a device's single largest consumer of power. To fulfill the above requirements, a topology management scheme has been designed, which allows as many nodes of the adhoc network as possible to be in the power sleep mode, and most of the time they should be path between any source and destination to route the packets with minimal delay. In the proposed topology management scheme, MARI (mobile agents with routing intelligence) nodes were selected in such a way that, the MARI nodes have maximum power level among their one-hop neighbours and all non-MARI nodes were with in the transmission range of MARI nodes. These MARI nodes have the routing intelligence, ie, they make all decisions relating to routing. The gateway nodes having sufficient power level were selected so that they can forward packets between MARI nodes. Gateway nodes did not have routing intelligence. These MARI and gateway nodes stayed continuously awake to route the packets of other member nodes.

5 illus, 12 ref

007395   Somashekar R K;Ravikumar P;Mohan Kumar C N; Prakash K L;Nagaraja B C (Environmental Science Dep, Bangalore Univ, Bangalore-560 056, Email: rksmadhu@gmail.com) : Burnt area mapping of bandipur national park, India using IRS 1C/1D LISS III data. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2009, 37(1), 37-50.

The Bandipur National Park situated in the Western Ghats of Kamataka State, is one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world. During recent years, this park has witnessed repeated fires, affecting considerable areas under vegetation. The temporal satellite data from 1997 to 2006 have been analyzed to map the burnt areas using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. The vegetation cover is moist deciduous, dry deciduous, scrub forests and teak plantation. Information on extent of the burnt areas and the type of vegetation affected were derived forest range-wise. The fire prone regions have been identified by integrating vegetation type/density, road and settlement network and past history of forest fire occurrence, by assigning subjective weightage according to their fire-inducing capability or their sensitivity to fire. Comparison between each temporal dataset in terms of the extent of burnt area was also carrie'd out to interpret fire incidence pattern. Three categories of fire risk regions such as Low, Moderate and High fire intensity zones were identified and it was found that almost 40% of the study area falls under low risk zone. An evaluation of the existing fire management systems and the implication of fire prevention programmes has been discussed, besides an assessment of causal factors for fire incidence in the park.

4 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

007394   Sirkar A;Sahu S J (Chemical Engineering Dep, Haldia Institute of Technology, PO : HIT, Haldia, West Bengal-721 657) : Prospects of manufacturing oil from coal. J Instn Engrs-Pt CH 2009, 90(Sep), 24-7.

Rapid increase of price of crude in international market coupled with fluctuations in the price and its supply dwindling due to limited reserve calls for coal liquefaction to supply liquid fuel. However, none of the technologies in this area has been commercialized yet. Only coal liquefaction plant existing is the-one in South Africa (Sasol) which is based on Fischer Tropsch process of indirect liquefaction. Direct liquefaction technologies developed in USA in 70's and 80's are now economically viable in view of high price of crude. Yield of oil by Fischer Tropsch process is only 1.5bbl per ton of coal whereas the direct liquefaction technologies produce oil anywhere from 2.5 bbl/t to 4.5 bbl/t of coal, and the corresponding price of oil (maximum) ranges from $30/bbl to $18/bbl of oil which is lower than crude oil price. Countries who have abundant reserve of coal may find it economical to produce oil now, using technologies developed in USA in a selective manner only, because of coal variety that has either high ash or high sulfur.Conventional technologies and improved version of existing technologies have been presented with emphasis on improved version of solid phase (dry) hydrogenation technology which holds lot of promise for successful implementation of coal liquefaction to supply liquid fuel. Novel designs of reactor for dry hydrogenation have been conceptualized which consist of different preheater designs. Yield of oil by dry hydrogenation is higher than liquid phase hydrogenation and it does not require any external catalyst thus, making it the cheapest technology also, because residence time in the reactor is only 20 s to 30 s compared to liquid phase hydrogenation in which residence time is kept anywhere from 20 min to 2 h. A block flow diagram of coal refinery based on dry hydrogenation has also been presented.

5 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

007393   Sinha S;Dutta S;Ganguly S (Materiaql Science Dep, Bengal Engineering and Science Univ, Shibpur, Howrah-711 103) : Prediction of suspended particulate matter concentration at a surface mine using artificial neural network modelling approach. J Mines Metals Fuels 2009, 57(1-2), 28-32.

Dust propagation at a surface mine is a complex phenomenon. Prediction of suspended particulate matter (SPM), using the existing models, may be difficult. The paper aims to develop a prediction model using artificial neural network modelling approach. Our knowledgebase about SPM propagation and dispersion, at a surface mine, is limited. In this paper, it is demonstrated that through learning process of artificial neural network, and, sensitivity analysis it is possible to elucidate knowledge about SPM concentration at a surface mine.

8 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

007392   Sinha R K;Dulera I V (Reactor Design and Development Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: dulera@barc.gov.in) : Carbon based materials-applications in high temperature nuclear reactors. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(5), 321-6.

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is currently developing concepts of high temperature nuclear reactors capable of supplying process heat at temperatures around 1000°C. These reactors would provide energy to facilitate production of hydrogen by a suitable high efficiency water splitting process. Currently a compact high temperature reactor is being developed as a technology demonstrator for associated technologies. Design and development has been also initiated for a 600 MWth Innovative High Temperature Reactor. Carbon based materials have important applications in these reactors. Nuclear fuel retaining elements in the form of fuel compacts and fuel pebbles, as well as neutron moderators and reflectors use carbon based materials. These materials are required to survive under extreme environmental conditions such as neutron irradiation, high temperatures around 1000°C and corrosive environment of liquid metal/salt based coolant. R & D issues involve design methodology for carbon-based components, compatibility with other materials and coolant, creep, and degradation under reactor conditions. Induced dimensional changes, irradiation creep, and degradation of thermal and mechanical properties are important factors to be considered in the design of these components. The paper highlights design of these high temperature reactors in general and their carbon based material related requirements in particular.

4 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

007391   Sinha P K;Mullick A N;Halder B;Majumdar B (NO, Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology and Management, Durgapur-713 212) : Flow investigation through an annular diffuser in subsonic flow regime. J Instn Engrs-Pt AS 2009, 90(Nov), 24-9.

Annular diffusers are an integral component of the gas turbine engines of high-speed aircraft. These facilitate effective operation of the combustor by reducing the total pressure loss. The performance characteristics of these diffusers depend on their geometry and the inlet conditions. In the present investigation, the distribution of radial velocity, transverse velocity, mean velocity, static pressure and total pressure are experimentally studied on an annular curved diff user of 30° angle of turn with an area ratio of 1.44 and centreline length was chosen as three times of inlet diameter. The measurements of radial velocity, transverse velocity, mean velocity, static pressure and total pressure distribution, were taken at Reynolds number of 1.9 x 10⁵ based on inlet diameter and average inlet velocity 38 m/s. The mean velocity and Y and Z components of mean velocities were measured with the help of pre-calibrated five-hole pressure probe. Results show that the mean velocity distribution is symmetrical and uniform at the inlet section and there after high velocity cores are accumulated at the hub wall. This may be due to formation of vortices between these zones. The transverse velocity distribution shows the development of secondary motion in the form of contra-rotating vortices. At the plane between outward casing wall and top inward casing wall and hub wall certain rolls of contra-rotating vortices are observed. The mass average static pressure recovery within the curved diffuser is continuous from Section A to Section C. Performance parameter like coefficient of mass average static pressure recovery and coefficient of mass average total pressure loss are found to be 23% and 17%, respectively.

5 illus, 15 ref

007390   Singh R N;Atkins A S;Mamurekli M;Mamurekli D (Nottingham Centre of Geo-Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Nottingham Univ, Univ Park Nottingham NG7 2 RD NSW, Australia) : Environmental impact of coal utilisation in the UK and measures to mitigate greenhouse effects. J Mines Metals Fuels 2009, 57(9), 235-41.

Coal was the principal source of primary energy in the UK from the era of the industrial revolution to the late 1970s. Competition from indigenously produced oil and natural gas, and cheaper imported steam coal resulted in the decline in coal production in the UK. Consequently, some deep mines became uneconomical for a variety of reasons, such as long underground haul distances, geological difficulties, exhaustion of lease reserves and company's failure to invest capital in new coal producing units. This paper presents the environmental impacts of coal mining, processing and electricity generation together with the application of clean coal technologies to mitigate the greenhouse effects on the environment. The paper concludes that indigenous coal still makes an important contribution to electricity generation by reducing the adverse effects on the balance of payment and provides continuity of supply of energy in the UK.

9 illus, 17 ref

007389   Singh J;Sharma R R (Civil Engineering Dep, GNDE College, Ludhiana-141 004) : Optimal beam design using complex method. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2009, 90(May), 33-5.

Presents an optimal design method for minimum cost design of reinforced concrete beams. A parameter called cost-ratio (a) that takes into account the prevailing cost of concrete and steel at the place of location gives practical importance to the study. The design optimization problem was solved using complex iterative method, which being a gradient free and direct search method, was found suitable for computer programming. Various beams were considered and designed using this method with encouraging results. Application of the method is illustrated with example.

4 illus, 1 tables, 11 ref

007388   Singh J P;Singh D;Litoria P K (Soil & Water Engg Dep, Agricultural Engg College, PAU, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: litoria_pk@rediffmail.com) : Selection of suitable sites for water harvesting structures in Soankhad watershed, Punjab using remote sensing and geographical information System (RS & GIS) approach-a case study. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2009, 37(1), 21-35.

A case study has been conducted to identify suitable sites for water harvesting structures in Soankhad watershed, Punjab using information technologies such as Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (RS-GIS). The IRS-1C, P6 satellite imagery of the Soankhad watershed was used. The various Thematic maps such as land use map, hydrological soil group map, slope map and DEM map were prepared for selecting suitable site for construction of water harvesting structures. The suitable sites were not found for nala bunding and farm ponds due to steep slope, less soil thickness and high runoff velocity. Fourteen check dams and six percolation tanks were proposed for the construction as per Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD) guidelines. The water balance study of the Soankhad watershed was also computed with monthly mean temperature and rainfall data using TM model. The average runoff for the wet season (July-September) 1996 was computed to be about 1543.82 mm and the total runoff volume from the Soankhad watershed was estimated to be about 143.52 Mm³.

9 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

007387   Singh A K;Singh R;Mandal P K;Rakesh Kumar; Singh A K;Sahendra Ram (Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, (CIMFR formerly CMRI), Dhanbad, Jharkhand-826 001) : Rock mechanics challenges of depillaring at deep cover. J Mines Metals Fuels 2009, 57(9), 298-306.

Underground coal mining at deeper cover encounters difficult underground environment due to increase in gas content and rise in temperature. Transition of a mining practice from shallow to high depth cover encounters a big change in the rock mass characteristics and the stress condition becomes more complex. At higher depth of cover, the excavation starts encountering stress control regime rather than structural control behaviour of the rock mass. Mechanisation and automation of underground mining activities is a solution to improve the performance of deeper mines but the approach should match with the rock mass and stress conditions of the site. Since inception, CIMFR (formerly, CMRI) is continuously working to understand behaviour of the rock mass through laboratory testing, field investigations and study on simulated models. Obtained experiences during these investigations are observed to be of strategic importance during application of a modern technology to improve practical mining conditions. This paper reviews rock mechanics aspects of different mechanized pillar extraction approaches during mining of a deep seated coal seam and, also attempts to present an appraisal of some of the recent technical developments to overcome the challenges of a deep underground coal mining.

1 illus, 2 table, 22 ref

007386   Singh A K (NO, Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd., Ranchi) : Coal exploration- expanded requirement in India. J Mines Metals Fuels 2009, 57(1-2), 3-7,27.

Presently coal accounts for over 50% of India's commercial energy consumption and about 78% of domestic coal consumption is dedicated to power generation. The report of the Expert Committee on 'Integrated Energy Policy' estimates that by 2031-32 power generation capacity of India would have to increase to 7,78,095 MW and annual coal requirement would be around 2040 Mt, if no measures are taken to reduce the requirement. Coal shall, thus, remain India's most important energy source till 2031-32 and possibly beyond. This puts onerous responsibility on coal sector to meet country's requirement. With the current production of around 460.50 Mt per annum, the four and half fold increase in the requirement by 2031-32 will need enhancement in domestic production in matching proportion. The total coal inventory of India as on 1st April 2008, as estimated by GSI, stands at 264.53 billion tonnes including 'proved' resources of nearly 101.83 billion tonnes and about 162.70 billion tonnes of 'indicated' and 'inferred' categories. This indicates that about 61.5% of total resources remain to be explored in detail for converting them to 'proved' category for project planning and mining. In view of the increased requirement of coal to the tune of 4.5 times of the present production, there is an urgent need to 'prove' such resources through detail exploration. The present capacity of the existing exploration agencies and the associated services with respect to all the elements of coal exploration, namely drilling, geological, geophysical, geochemical and other services is limited to the current requirement only. The capacities, therefore, need to be expanded to meet the demand for desired level of production. Outsourcing of exploration services to both national and international agencies is considered to be a necessity to meet the increased requirement of exploration of coal. The present paper broadly deals with the status of established coal resources vis-a-vis the demand, exploration practices presently followed in the countiy, the need to adopt state of the art technologies which may not only result in enhanced pace of exploration but also result in higher level of confidence of the 'proved' resources and also the need to expand capacities to meet the requirement of project planning for desired level of coal production.

5 illus, 6 tables

007385   Sharma R L (Civil Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur-177 005) : Performance charateristics of hydraulic ram pump. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2009, 90(May), 36-9.

Providing an adequate domestic water supply for scattered rural populations is a major problem in many developing countries. Maintenance and fuel costs to operate the conventional pumping systems are becoming prohibitive. As an alternative, the hydraulic ram pump (hydram) is a relatively simple and durable water lifting device that is powered by falling water. It uses renewable energy and has few moving parts which can be easily maintained by the beneficiaries. This makes it high reliable having long operational life with minimum maintenance. In this paper, the effects of the main parameters, ie, supply and delivery heads and numbers of beats under which the pump operate have been investigated on the performance of the pump.

8 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

007384   Sharma A;Tiwari K N;Bhadoria P B S (Agricultural & Food Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: arbind_78@rediffmail.com) : Measuring the accuracy of contour interpolated digital elevation model. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2009, 37(1), 139-46.

Digital elevation models (DEM) are becoming increasingly important as tools in hydro-logical research and water resources management. Since error and uncertainty are inherently associated with spatial data, a complete evaluation of a DEM is of utmost importance before it is put into subsequent analysis. The present paper offers an innovative approach for quality assessment of contour interpolated OEMs of different resolutions. Five most frequently cited interpolation methods viz., TIN with linear interpolation, Inverse Distance Weighing, Thin Plate Spline, Ordinary Kriging and TOPOGRID were selected for gridding of contours at five different resolutions i.e., 30m, 45m, 60m, 75m and 90m. In order to compare the quality of interpolated DEMs, a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of inter-polated DEMs for their vertical, horizontal and shape accuracy were carried out. It was found that different interpolation methods produced DEMs with different levels of artifacts. The analyses of vertical accuracy suggested that the variations were not pronounced in nature. However, the quantitative comparisons for horizontal and shape accuracy showed that there was a high level of disparity with significant differences among the interpolated DEMs.

2 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

007383   Sezer G I;Copuroglu O;Ramyar K (Civil Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Ege Univ, 35100 Izmir, Turkey, Email: gozde.inan@ege.edu.tr) : Microstructure of 2 and 28-day cured portland limestone cement pastes. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(4), 289-94.

In this study, microstructures of limestone cement pastes cured for 2 and 28 days are investigated. For this purpose, limestone and clinker are separately ground in a ball-mill until obtained a given constant 32 μm sieve residue. The gypsum is kept constant as 5% by weight of cement. Cement pastes with 0.5 water/binder ratios and 0, 6, 35% limestone/clinker ratios are prepared. After 2 and 28 days standard curing, ESEM investigations are carried out on these specimens. It is found that hydration products are accumulated around limestone particles. In 2 days, compared to the control specimen, pore percentages of cements containing 6% limestone are decreased whereas pore percentages of cement pastes containing 35% limestone are increased. The difference between porosities of the control paste and limestone cement paste is decreased at 28 days.

13 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

007382   Sekar T;Ramaswamy S N (Civil Engineering Dep, Kalasalingam Univ, Krishnankoil-626 190) : Explosion resistant buildings for fireworks and match works industries-issues and challenges ahead. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2009, 90(May), 40-2.

This paper emphasizes the importance of framing necessary guidelines for the construction of explosion resistant structures for fireworks and match works industrial buildings. Various chemicals used in these industries and its effects on buildings due to explosion accidents are presented. The existing provisions as per Indian Explosives Act 1884, IS: 4991 and IS: 6922 for blast resistant structures due to explosion are critically reviewed. The issues and challenges ahead in the design and construction of explosion resistant structures for fireworks and match works industrial buildings are highlighted. Also, the urgent need for framing the guidelines for the construction of explosion resistant structures for fireworks and match works industrial buildings is stressed.

2 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

007381   Schunnesson H;Mozaffari S (NO, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden) : Production control and optimization in open pit mining unsing a drill monitoring system and an image analysis system-a case study from aitik copper mine in Sweden. J Mines Metals Fuels 2009, 57(9), 244-51.

Optimization of the mining process can have a significant impact on the production of the mine. Monitoring systems are important tools to generate information for different decision makers in the mine. In opencast mining, blasting plays the main role in rock fragmentation and the productivity of the mine. Therefore, data and information for optimizing blasting and fragmentation are essential. Drill monitoring and image analysis are two systems that are available today for the mining industry. This case study demonstrates the power of integration of these two systems for production control, providing information required for the optimization of blasting. The data in this study is extracted from the Aquila drill management system and the Split-online image analysis system, which are installed in Aitik mine, the largest open pit copper mine of Europe, located in the north of Sweden.

10 illus, 2 table, 11 ref

007380   Sathyanarayan Sridhar R;Elangovan K;Suresh P K (Civil Engineering Dep, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore-641 014, Email: sridharsathyanarayan@hotmail.com) : Long term shoreline oscillation and changes of Cauvery delta coastline inferred from satellite imageries. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2009, 37(1), 79-88.

Coastal zone is highly volatile ecosystem which is always in adjustments. Loss of shore line will cause severe impact on human life and as well as their properties. Remote sensing is a reliable technique to study the historical shoreline changes. Therefore in this paper long term shoreline oscillations of Cauvery delta shorelines at Poompuhar, Tharangambadi and Nagapattinam were studied using satellite imageries and the same was physically observed at the above three locations with the help of reference pillars and compared mutually. It was observed that the shoreline at Poompuhar is under accretion at the rate of 1.79m/ year and other shoreline stretches at Tharangambadi and Nagapattinam were under erosion at 0.4888m/ year and 0.4985m/ year respectively. It was also observed that the remote sensing study qualitatively matches with the physical observation for all the three coastal stretches of the study area.

6 illus, 2 tables, 3 ref

007379   Sathiyamoorthy D;Govardhana Rao V;Rao P T; Mollick P K (Powder Metallurgy Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085) : Development of pyrolytic carbon coated zirconia pebbles in a high temperature spouted bed. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(5), 349-52.

Pyrocarbon coating is deposited on spherical zirconia particles (size 480 μm, density 6300 kg/m³). The coating is carried out at 1350 ±1°C in a spouted bed reactor (height 0.3 m, dia 0.06 m) using acetylene and argon gas mixture. The PyC coating is uniformly deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on the surface of the pebbles where the precursor (acetylene) undergoes chemical bond dissociation. The spouted bed reactor is characterized for its stable solid circulation which is responsible to enhance heat and mass transfer. Therefore, it is expected that the properties of the coated layer should be affected by critical parameters of the bed during its high temperature operations. It was found that both the thickness and density of PyC coated layer change with static height of the bed as well as with the spouting gas velocity. With the increase in spouting gas velocity the coating thickness decreased whereas, the density of the coated material increased. On the other hand it is found that up to a critical static bed height the coating rate increased beyond which it started decreasing and the coating density remains almost unchanged up to that critical static bed height and marginally decreased beyond this height. This paper discusses the issues that affect spouted bed performance with respect to its stability during PyC coating by CVD.

6 illus, 6 ref

007378   Sarma S;Giridharlal S;Udupa S;Parameswaran K; Malik N K;Bharadwaj K M;Prashant Shankarnarayan A R;Jagadesh Babu B S (NO, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore-560 017) : DSP based on-board system for structural dynamic studies and experiments in geostationary satellites. J Spacecraft Technol 2010, 20(2), 47-53.

A high performance DSP based on-board system used for the experimental study of structural dynamics of Indian satellites has been developed. This paper presents a brief description of the technologies used and developed during the design of this new DSP based system to be flown for the first time in a geostationary satellite. The system is developed using a model driven development methodology that has been quite popular in recent years for large complex embedded systems. Simulation and experimental results are presented to show the usefulness and applicability of the proposed system.

5 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

007377   Sarkar D (Construction and Project Management, CEPT Univ, Ahmedabad-380 009) : EWMA and CUSUM control charts of online strength monitoring of ready mixed concrete. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2009, 90(Aug), 19-23.

Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) and cumulative sum (CUSUM) control charts are online quality monitoring tools which can be effectively applied to the monitoring strength of ready mixed concrete (RMC). Results of 28-days cube compressive strength test, collected from a commercial batching plant in Ahmedabad, have been analyzed and relevant EWMA and CUSUM control charts have been developed. These control charts can be used as daily/weekly monitoring tool, which can improve the efficiency of the production process. Though both the charts are sensitive to small process shifts, CUSUM technique along with V-mask appears to be a better tool for quality monitoring RMC.

5 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref