007326   Katebi H (Civil Engineering Dep, Tabriz Univ, Tabriz, Iran-51666 16471) : Lime stabilisation of calcareous soil. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2009, 90(May), 3-6.

Describes the stabilisation of a calcareous soil with lime to be used as a road base or sub-base material in the study area. The material was collected from Vali-Asr suburb of Tabriz, East Azarbaijan Province of Iran. Considering the specifications of the study area, the strength of the stabilised material is accepted as the main evaluation criteria. The strength is investigated by CBR and UCS test results. The soil stabilised with 6% lime can be utilised as a sub-base material as its soaked CBR value of 35% and UCS of 450 kPa complies with the evaluation criteria (CBR - 32%, UCS = 430 kPa) for the sub-base layer.

6 illus, 6 tables, 13 ref

007325   Kassin A;Kuang Z;Sharif A;Tee T W;Min H S; Nagalingam S (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Putra Malaysia Univ, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: anuar@fsas.upm.edu.my) : Preparation and studies of chemically deposited Cu₄SnS₄ thin films in the presence of complexing agent Na₂EDTA. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(4), 295-8.

The Cu₄SnS₄ thin films are deposited onto indium tin oxide glass substrate by chemical bath deposition method. The disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid is used as a complexing agent during deposition process. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the deposited films have been studied using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and UV-Vis spectrophotometer, respectively. The presence of Na₂EDTA promotes the deposition of better quality films. The XRD analysis shows that these films have a high crystallinity with orthorhombic structure. The AFM images indicated that these films are uniform, compact with larger grains. The absorption spectra confirmed that the thicker film has higher absorption properties. The band gap of 1.6 eV with direct transition is observed.

5 illus, 24 ref

007324   Kapoor I P S;Kapoor M;Gurdip Singh;Frohlich R (Chemistry Dep, DDU Gorakphpur Univ, Gorakhpur-273 009, Email: gsingh4us@yahoo.com) : Synthesis, characterization and thermal decomposition of di-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium) sulphate. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(4), 305-10.

Di-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium) sulphate [2,4,6-TMAS] was synthesized by reaction of 2,4,6-trimethylaniline with concentrated sulphuric acid at room temperature. The crystal structure of this salt was determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in orthorhombic space group Pna2₁ a = 7.7115(1) Angstrum, b = 30.3746 (6) Angstrum, c = 16.9251 (3) Angstrum, α = β = γ [°] = 90°, V=3964.43 (12)A and Z=8. The structure contains 2,4,6-trimethylanilinium ions that share vertices through intermolecular H- bonds with sulphate ions and a water molecule. Notably thermal and microwave heatings of di-(2,4,6-TMA)S have afforded 3-amino-2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulphonic acid (3-A-2,4,6-TMBSA) with release of a molecule of amine and water. It has been suggested that the proton transfer from anilinium to SO₄^-2 ion is a primary and rate controlling step. Further di-(2,4,6-TMA)S and 3-A-2,4,6-TMBSA were characterized by infrared, mass spectrometry, elemental and thermogravimetric- differential scanning calorimetric (TG-DSC) analyses. The mean value for the energy of activation (83.0 kJ mol^-1) for the conversion of di-(2,4,6-TMA)S to 3-A-2,4,6-TMBSA has been determined from isothermal thermogravimetry data.

2 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

007323   Kanni Raj A (Mechanical Engineering Dep, The Indian Engineering College, Raja Nagar, Vadakangulam-627 116, Email: akanniraj@gmail.com) : Calculation of lankford coefficient from orientation distribution function and modelling of forming limit diagram using Marcniak-Kuczynski hypothesis of geometric instability. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(4), 256-64.

Complex stampings are developed with the aid of data obtained from laboratory tensile test and average plastic strain ratio that enables the press formability of sheet metals to be reliably predicted. Formability is best assessed by Hecker's method of punch stretching and drawing the forming limit diagrams. Analytically, the forming limit diagrams are modeled by geometric instability analyses based on Marciniak & Kuczynski with a high degree of accuracy. Also, texture analysis is used to get average plastic anisotropic ratio input parameter to the above model. In the present research, texture is determined by measuring four incomplete pole figures of the planes {110}, {200}, {112} and {103} using Schulze back reflection technique. This analysis provided orientation distribution function which is in turn used to calculate average plastic anisotropic ratio. The data from texture and others experiments, such as tensile test, roughness measurement and density measurement are used in the analytical model to get forming limit diagrams. The theoretical forming limit diagrams obtained show significant departure from the experimentally evaluated ones only in plain strain condition.

5 illus, 4 tables, 32 ref

007322   Kadam K N;Meghre A S (Applied Mechanics Dep, Government College of Engineering, Amravati-444 604) : Geometric non-linear analysis of general thin plates. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2009, 90(Aug), 24-31.

Geometric non-linear analysis of arbitrarily shaped thin plates is presented using FEM-cum-FDEM approach. An eight-noded curved quadrilateral element based on von Karman's strain expressions was developed. This element was an extension of a recently developed eight-noded FEM-cum-FDEM thin plate bending element for linear analysis. Four nodes were at corners and remaining four nodes lay outside element domain in ξ direction. Full plate was mapped in 2x 2ξ, η parent region and the discretisation of plate into elements was obtained by lines of constant ε and η mapped on actual plate region. Essential details to calculate element tangent stiffness matrix of 24 x 24 size are given. An incremental equation with Newton-Raphson technique coupled with load stages was employed. Results of solved examples show good agreement with the available results.

6 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

007321   Jalaifar H;Behaadini M (Mining & Petroleum Engineering Dep, Environmental and Energy Research Center, Shahid Bahonar Univ of Kerma, Iran) : Optimum rock bolt support system selection by using AHP-Entropy-TOPSIS method. J Mines Metals Fuels 2009, 57(9), 258-66.

Rock bolt system for supporting underground and surface excavations is now the most frequent method. This paper presents an application of the AHP-Entropy-TOPSIS method for selection of the optimum rock bolt support system design. For this purpose 8 types of rock bolt which are most practical and common for supporting excavations was selected and based on comprehensive study of these rock bolts, 28 parameters which are effective for choosing the best kind of rock bolt was presented. By using AHP and Entropy methods weights of each attribute was calculated. These weights were used as entering parameter for decision making by TOPSIS method. The result of this study shows that such MADM application can assist the engineers to effectively evaluate the rock bolt support system alternatives for excavations and resin tension is an optimum rock bolt type in comparison with the others.

4 illus, 5 table, 15 ref

007320   Indulal C R;Vaidyan A V;Sanjeev Kumar G; Raveendran R (Physics Dep, S N College, Kollam-691 001, Email: cr_indulal@yahoo.com) : Characterization, dielectric and optical studies of nano-cerium phospho iodate synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(4), 299-304.

Nanoparticles of cerium phospho iodate belong to the class of tetravalent metal acid (TMA) salt are synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method. The particle size obtained from X-ray diffraction spectrum is found to be in the range of 30 nm. Surface morphology is studied from SEM images. The chemical composition of the sample has been verified using Ef)AX. The optical studies are carried out using FTIR and UV techniques. The stretching and bending frequencies of the sample are studied using the FTIR spectrum. The optical direct band gap of the material calculated using the Tauc's relation is found to be 3.4 eV. The dielectric behaviour of the samples is studied at various temperatures and frequencies and ac electrical conductivity is also calculated. It is found that dielectric constant decreases with increase in frequency.

7 illus, 22 ref

007319   Hossain S M;Das M (Chemical Engineering Dep, Mohamed Sathak Engineering College, Kalakarai-623 806) : Biodesulphurization of natural gas in a three-phase fluidized-bed bioreactor using Thiobacillus dentrificans. J Instn Engrs-Pt CH 2009, 90(Sep), 5-9.

Natural gas from well head contain a number of undesirable components including hydrogen sulphide (H₂S), which can be removed by biodesulphurization process using batch anaerobic three-phase fluidized bed bioreactor with bacteria T dentrificans. Maximum H₂S removal efficiency (90.89% w/w) was obtained at optimum operating parameters: H₂S concentration (0.55/μmole/l), loading rate (6.05/mole/min), time (12h), pH (7), temperature (45°C), and feed and culture flow rate (11 l/min). Methane (CH₄) gas of natural gas acts as a sole carbon source to bacteria and maximum bacterial growth was observed as 9.93 x 10⁸ numbers of cells/ml.

9 illus, 22 ref

007318   Hemant Kumar;Pankaj Kumar;Chaudhary N; Bhardwaj R;Sharma G D;Venkatesu P;Suresh Chand (Centre for Organic Electronics, National Physical Laboratory (CSIR), Dr K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110 012, Email: pankaj@mail.nplindia.ernet.in) : Temperature effect on the performance of phthalocyanine based photovoltaic devices. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(5), 358-62.

The effect of temperature on performance of phthalocyanine based photovoltaic devices has been investigated. Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and metal free phthalocyanine (H₂Pc) are used as donor whereas fullerene (C₆₀) is used as an acceptor. Prior to these investigations, the thicknesses of the active layers are optimized to get the optimum performance. The optimised device has an efficiency of <126>1.4% for ZnPc and <126>0.5% for H₂Pc at room temperature. Investigations on the optimized device show that temperature has significant effect on the photovoltaic performance. Short circuit current density (J_sc) and fill factor (FF) decrease whereas open circuit voltage (V_oc) increases with reduction in temperature. The reduction in J has been attributed to the temperature dependent electronic properties of the active organic layers while the increment in the V_oc has been attributed to the reduction in band bending and increment in built in voltage (V) on lowering of temperature. In overall the efficiency first increases and then decreases with reduction in temperature.

5 illus, 18 ref

007317   Hema M;Srinivasan K (Chemistry Dep, College of Engineering, Anna Univ, Coimbatore, Salem-636 011, Email: hemamano_06@yahoo.co.in) : Uptake of toxic metals from wastewater by activated carbon from agro industrial by-product. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(5), 373-81.

Activated carbon prepared from neem oilcake, by pyrolysis accompanied with microwave oven activation is evaluated for the adsorption of Cd(II) and Ni(II) from wastewater. Parameters such as pH, agitation time, metal ion concentration and adsorbent dose are studied. The percent removal increased with pH from 2.0 to 7.0. The adsorption data fit well with Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. The adsorption capacity (qe) calculated from Langmuir isotherm are 54.95 mg Ni(II)/g and 23.70 mg Cd(II)/g at an optimal pH of 7.0 at 30°C for the particle size 0.120-0.075 mm. Adsorption of Cd(II) and Ni(II) by activated carbon from neem oilcake follows pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Desorption studies with dilute hydrochloric acid indicate that quantitative recovery of cadmium and nickel ions are possible. The mechanism of adsorption seems to follow ion exchange process. As neem oilcake is discarded as waste from oil processing industries, the carbon could be exploited for metal ions recovery from wastewater.

7 illus, 9 tables, 35 ref

007316   Gupta R D;Alam J (Civil Engineering Dep, Zakir Hussain College of Engineering & Technology, Aligarh Muslim Uni, Aligarh-202 002) : Use of flyash in the construction of low height dams: an experimental study. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2009, 90(Nov), 41-6.

In the alluvial stage of a river, very often the civil engineers have to construct works like dikes, guide bunds, detention dams, earthen dams and debris dams etc. Generally, in order to keep the cost of construction low, the locally available soil is used in the construction of these structures, which results in the loss of topsoil and otherwise cultivable land. In the present study, an effort has been made to utilize flyash on mass scale for such constructions, specially when they are in the near vicinity of thermal power plants or where the transportation cost is within reasonable limit. In India at present flyash production is about 106 Mt per year and about one acre of land is required for the disposal of flyash generated from 1 MW of power generation for its design period. Flyash from Dadri thermal power station was collected and tested for its seepage resistivity, at 15% cement the flyash-cement mixture gives a permeability value of 1.29 e-5 cm/s, which is in the initial range of clay. The variation in permeability with percentage of cement was tested using flyash from other sources, namely, Badarpur thermal power station, New Delhi and Harduaganj thermal power station, UP¹. It has been found that at 15% cement the value of permeability in all the three cases was almost the same¹. A model study of a dam with core material (flyash + 15% cement) and shell material (flyash + 5% cement) was also carried out. The experimental results suggested that a flyash + 15% cement could be useful as a good core material with negligible/insignificant seepage.

5 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

007315   Goyal M;Bhagat M (University Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: meenakshi_chem@yahoo.co.in) : Dynamic adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon beds. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(5), 367-72.

The dynamic adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions using a granulated activated carbon and an activated carbon cloth has been studied using fixed bed adsorption column. The breakthrough curves at different hydraulic loading rates (HLR), bed depth and feed concentration (Cσ) have been examined. The breakthrough time at any given concentration of the effluent decreases with increasing hydraulic loading rate and feed concentration but increases with increasing bed depth. The adsorption capacity of the carbon bed increases with increasing HLR and attains a maximum value at HLR of 1.22 m³/h/m². The adsorption zone parameters and column design parameters have been determined using BDST, Yoon-Nelson and Wolborska models. The experimental values obtained from column experiments agree fairly with the theoretical values obtained using different equations. The design parameters obtained from one column experiment have been used to design adsorption column for any other flow rate and feed concentration.

4 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

007314   Gowrishankara C K;Mallikarjuna G M;Raghava Reddy O V (Spacecraft Checkout Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore-17) : Two quadrants battery simulator, a new approach. J Spacecraft Technol 2010, 20(2), 31-5.

Battery simulator is a two quadrants DC regulated power supply unit. It is designed to simulate the V/I characteristics of chemical batteries used to store electrical energy from photovoltaic power generation system. The photovoltaic power generation system could be for terrestrial use or for space use, such as in spacecrafts. To evaluate power systems and associated logics of this kind, battery simulators are extensively used. These units should have capability of sinking and sourcing to simulate charge and discharge characteristics of battery at programmable voltage levels. Various methods of realizing such simulators are discussed in this paper and a novel concept of realizing two quadrants Battery simulator with the off-the shelf DC Power source is brought out with experimental results.

13 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

007313   Gowrishankara C K;Gladys Priyadarshini R; Sujatha V C;Raghava Reddy O V (Spacecraft Checkout Group, PCD-SCG, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore-17) : Programmable simulator to test RISAT-battery charging logics. J Spacecraft Technol 2010, 20(2), 23-9.

Spacecraft power system plays an important role in converting solar energy into electrical power required for the spacecraft to meet the design goals. The integrated spacecraft testing must ensure that all the functions of power subsystem and its interfaces with all other spacecraft systems are performing satisfactorily. On ground, spacecraft should undergo various phases of testing including environmental tests. The use of onboard battery is restricted to certain tests, since it will have impact on the life of the battery and also it is difficult to maintain the temperature of the battery within the specified limits. Battery charge simulator is an electronic load/sink unit working in programmable constant voltage mode. It is designed to simulate the charge current varied with different terminal voltages of the battery. Such battery charge simulators are required to sink the current to simulate charge V/I characteristics of battery during testing. In this paper the concept of realizing battery charge simulator/solid state electronic load is brought out with experimental results. Unit is designed to operate in remote sense mode and with the capability to compensate 5V drop/line. This unit will be used for evaluating power system of R1SAT-1 (Radar Imaging satellite-1).

5 illus, 1 tables, 5 ref

007312   Gopal Krishan;Kushwaha S P S;Velmurugan A (NO, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (NSRC), 4, Kalidas Road, Dehradun-248 001, Email: gopal@iirs.gov.in) : Land degradation mapping in the upper catchment of river Tons. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2009, 37(1), 119-28.

A study on land degradation in the upper catchment of river Tons, a tributary of Yamuna river, in Uttarkashi district of the Uttarakhand state, was carried out using on-screen visual interpretation of IRS LISS-III + PAN merged data. The study area, which is largely mountainous, includes Govind Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park. Vegetation cover, slope and erosion status were used as criteria for the delineation of four major land degradation categories viz., undegraded, moderately degraded, degraded and severely degraded. More than 50 per cent of the study area is reported to be covered with snow and grassland. The moderate to severely degraded area worked out to be 42.4 per cent of the total area. The 32.8 per cent of area was found to be moderately degraded, followed by degraded (6.63%) and severely degraded (2.88%) areas. The depletion of vegetation cover on mountainous terrain and subsequent cultivation without proper protection measures is the reason for severe soil erosion and land degradation. In view of the existing land degradation situation, the catchment requires immediate treatment on priority for the sustenance of agriculture and wild life. It is expected that these measures will reduce the silt load in the river Tons and eventually, in river Yamuna.

5 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

007311   Goel N;Singh Y;Gupta V K (Earthquake Engineering Dep, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667) : Design aids for performance based desing of masonry infills in frame buildings. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2009, 90(May), 7-13.

Framed buildings in India are provided with unreinforced masonry infills to provide privacy and insulation from heat and noise. Although, these infills are known to get damaged during earthquakes, resulting in injury and economic losses, these are generally treated as non-structural elements and are ignored in the design of buildings. IS codes also do not provide adequate guidelines for seismic safety of infills. This paper reviews the provisions of various national codes for seismic design of infills, and presents design aids in terms of safe height to thickness ratios in different seismic zones for the desired performance levels. Different techniques to improve the seismic safety of infills have also been presented with construction details. These aids can be conveniently used by the designers.

11 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

007310   Goel A (Civil Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Deemed Univ, NIT. Kurukshetra-136 119) : Estimation of scour downstream of spillways using artificial neural networks. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2009, 90(Aug), 14-8.

The problem of prediction of scour downstream of spillways has been mainly of an experimental nature. The traditional empirical scour prediction equations offer some guidance on the magnitude of scour parameters for a limited range. The literature review indicates that a regression mathematical model for predicting scour under all circumstances is not readily available using different flow, material and fluid parameters. The prediction of scour hole parameters like maximum depth, width and length downstream of a spillway, with empirical equations, linear regression and multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks (ANNs) has been attempted in this paper. The performance of different schemes was assessed using two error measure criteria, namely, correlation coefficient and root mean square error (RMSE). The results obtained by ANN regression are compared with conventional empirical equations. The study shows that MLP based feed forward back propagation ANN has emerged as the most satisfactory approach on the present data set as compared to the linear regression model and the empirical equations.

6 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

007309   Ghose A K (NO, , FNAE, Email: ghose.ajoy@gmail.com) : Mining technology-mapping the new future. J Mines Metals Fuels 2009, 57(9), 252-53,257.

3 ref

007308   Ganguly U P (NO, , Flat No B-17/257, Kandriya Vihar, VIP Road, Kolkata-700 052) : Applicability of particulate fluidization in the washing of coal. J Instn Engrs-Pt CH 2009, 90(Sep), 32-6.

The applicability of the technique of liquid solid fluidization, in the washing of high-ash coal, has been investigated. It has been shown that a satisfactory degree of washing, is possible for coal (40.41% ash) supplied by Durgapur Project Limited (DPL) as reflected through the terms of beneficiation efficiency, cumulative yield and cumulative percentage ash content of the washed product. Three correlations have been formulated to determine these items as a function of the system parameters.

8 illus, 8 ref

007307   Endo M (Electrical and Electronic Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, , Email: endi@endomoribu.shinshu-u.ac.jp) : Carbon nanotubes: state-of-the-art technology and safety for success. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(5), 317-20.

Carbon nanotubes, consisting of rolled graphene layer built from sp² units, have attracted intense attention from scientists and engineers having different scientific backgrounds and their unusual physical and chemical properties make them promising in the fabrication of nanocomposites, nano-electronic devices and sensors. The current status and prospect of carbon nanotubes are described with a special emphasis on the safety issue of carbon nanotubes. Though many challenges need to be solved, extensive and intensive efforts in both academy and industry will clear out those problems soon and finally enable carbon nanotubes to play a key innovative material of 21st century in numerous industrial processes.

3 illus, 12 ref

007306   Didamony H E;Rahman A A;Nassar R;Saraya M (Faculty of Science, Zagazig Univ, Zagazig, Egypt, Email: ade11697@yahoo.com) : Effect of basalt on the burnability of raw meal of portland cement clinker. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(4), 282-8.

This study presents the effect of basalt as a flux and mineralizer on the formation of Portland cement clinker fired at different temperatures. Five mixtures are prepared by addition of different amounts of basalt such as 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mass% to the kiln feed prepared for the ordinary Portland cement clinker manufacture. Each mixture from the above mixes is molded in one inch cylindrical bar under 300 kg/cm² and fired in muffle furnace at different firing temperatures such as 1200°C, 1300°C and 1350°C for 2 h as soaking time. The fired clinker is quenched in the air to prevent the dissociation of the formed clinker. The degree of clinkerization is studied by the determination of insoluble residue, free lime contents and the identification of mineralogical phases such as C₃S, p-C₂S, C₃A and C₄AF by XRD analysis. The potential phase composition of clinker is also calculated by the modified Bogue formulae. The hydration characteristics are investigated by the determination of free lime, combined water contents, total porosity, bulk density and compressive strength for all clinkers fired at different temperatures. In addition, IR spectra of hydrated cement pastes of some selected samples are studied.

11 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

007305   Dey K;Ghose A K (Mining Engineering Dep, Indian School of Mines Univ, Dhanbad-826 004, Email: kausdey@yahoo.co.uk) : Selecting a suface miner-an algorithm. J Mines Metals Fuels 2009, 57(9), 282-86.

Surface miners made their debut in Indian surface mining industry in 1996. Presently, around 105 surface miners are working in Indian coal and limestone mines. Among these, the major share is held by Wirtgen make SM2JOO and SM 2200. However, the surface miners are being deployed largely on trial and error basis and the investors are interested in field experimental runs. Till date, the selection of surface minor is mostly carried out based on the experience and liking of the investor. In this context, it is logical to establish a suitable algorithm to arrive at "GO -NO GO" situation for selecting an appropriate surface, miner. In this present paper, such an algorithm is presented.

5 illus, 4 table, 28 ref

007304   Dewan A;Alluru L;Maurya S (Applied Machanics Dep, Indian Institue of Technology, New Delhi-110 016) : Computational investigation of turbulent round jet in a significant co-flow. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2009, 90(18), 3-8.

In the paper, turbulent round jet in a significant co-flowing ambient has numerically been studied using two widely used turbulence models, namely, the standard k-ε model and Reynolds-stress transport (RST) model. The performance of the two models has been analyzed by means of a detailed comparison between the predictions and the experimental observations reported in the literature. The comparisons show that the mean flow quantities predicted by both models agree well with the experimental observations. However, some deviations are observed in the predicted turbulent quantities such as Reynolds shear stress and turbulence intensities. The deviation between the predictions by the RST model and experimental data is large compared to that by the k-ε model. Thus it can be concluded that overall the standard k-e model is superior to RST model for this flow configuration.

5 illus, 16 ref

007303   Dehghani M;Zoej M J V;Saatchi S;Biggs J; Parsons B;Wright T (Faculty of Geomatics and Geodesy, K.N. Toosi Technology (KNTU) Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: dehghani_rsgsi@yahoo.com) : Radar interferometry time series analysis of mashhad subsidence. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2009, 37(1), 147-56.

A large agricultural area located in 20 km north of the city of Mashhad in the north-east of Iran is subject to land subsidence. The subsidence rate was achieved in a couple of sparse points by precise leveling between 1995 and 2005, and continuous GPS measurements obtained from 2005 to 2006. In order to study the temporal behavior of the deformation in high spatial resolution, the small baseline subset (SBAS) algorithm was used to generate the interferometric SAR time series analysis. Time series analysis was performed using 19 interferograms calculated from 12 ENVISAT ASAR data spanning between 2003 and 2006. The time series results exhibited that the area is subsiding continuously without a significant seasonal effect. Mean LOS deformation velocity map obtained from time series analysis demonstrated a considerable subsidence rate up to 24 (cm/yr). In order to evaluate the time series analysis results, continuous GPS measurements as a geodetic approach were applied. The comparisons showed a great agreement between interferometry results and geodetic technique. Moreover, the information of various piezometric wells distributed in the area corresponding to 1995 to 2005 showed a significant decline in water table up to 20 meters. The correlation between the piezometric information and the surface deformation at well's locations showed that the subsidence occurrence in Mashhad is due to the excess groundwater withdrawal.

6 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

007302   Das R;Dutta S;Bhattacharjee C (Chemical Engineering Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata-700 032) : Separation of whey protein and recovery of lactose from whey by ultrafiltration. J Instn Engrs-Pt CH 2009, 90(Sep), 37-42.

The treatment of agro-industrial waste water to meet all the recent environmental regulations is very crucial problem during treatment of waste stream coming from cheese or similar milk derived products industries, due to large volume of discharge, accompanied by very high pollution load. This work deals with the treatment of the dairy effluent with the objective to recover valuable products from it using ultrafiltration process. In this study, a cross flow membrane module with 5kDa polyethersulfone (PES) membrane was used to treat whey with the emphasis to separate whey protein from lactose. Results have shown 95.5% recovery of lactose and 90.9% separation of protein from simulated whey solution. Severe membrane fouling (21%) was observed for whey solution, but 85% to 90% recovery of initial water flux was observed by following the proposed cleaning protocol. Thus, the cross flow module with PES membrane has the potential to be used in lactose recovery from whey.

5 illus, 11 ref

007301   Das A;Das N C (Civil Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur-713 209) : Chance constrained bi-objective optimal desing of portal frames. J Instn Engrs-Pt CI 2009, 90(Nov), 47-56.

The development of chance constrained optimization model for design of portal frames is presented in this paper. The developed model assumes that the ranges of variations of the input and output parameters are specified, all variables/parameters are independent random variables and follow normal distribution. To ensure that the solutions of the developed model obey a desired structural behaviour, the slope deflection model of structural analysis in probabilistic form is used in the model. The chance constraints ensure that the probability of realizing the constraints in a random environment is greater than or equal to a specified probability. The optimization model simultaneously seeks to minimize the chances of failure and the total weight of the portal frame. The bi-objective model is demonstrated for optimal design of portal frames with built-up l-section. The performance evaluation establishes the potential of the developed model for future use.

9 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

007300   Christy M;Jisha M R;Kim A R;Nahm K S;Yoo D J; Suh E K (School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National Univ, Chonju-561 756, Republic of Korea, Email: eksuh@chonbuk.ac.kr) : Pyrolytic carbon derived from sorona as anode materials for Li ion batteries. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(5), 343-8.

Carbonaceous materials are derived by the pyrolysis of sorona at 900°C. The structure and morphology of the materials are analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the porogen free carbon show flake-like disordered materials. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential temperature analysis (DTA) of samples show the weight loss at around 100°C and 400°C attributed to loss of superficial moisture and destructive distillation of sorona. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of the pyrolytic carbon indicate the presence of small domains of coherent and parallel stacking of the graphene sheets. N₂ adsorption analysis reveals an average Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area 3.59 m²/g for non-porogen sorona carbon. The prepared porogen sorona carbon is used as the anode materials for Li ion battery and electrochemical behavior is investigated. Charge-discharge test and cycling studies give good capacitive properties. The use of pyrolytic carbon derived from sorona as anode materials for lithium batteries is novel, inexpensive and simple.

7 illus, 32 ref

007299   Choukekar K D;Nandi T K;George P P;Suresh M S (Cryogenic Engineering Centre, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721 302) : Hydrostatic journal bearings for cryogenic rocket engine turbopumps : a review on the developments. J Instn Engrs-Pt AS 2009, 90(Nov), 3-8.

Cryogenically cooled hydrostatic bearings, when used for supporting turbopump rotor of a cryogenic rocket engine, offer several advantages over the conventional ball bearing system. These include increased rotational speed, reduced pump impeller and turbine wheel size, and improved efficiency of the pumps and turbine. Several attempts have been made world-wide for developing this type of bearing system. This paper consolidates these efforts. The advantages and problems of using cryogenic propellants as the bearing coolant, basic design approaches, experimental requirements and other related issues are also discussed.

4 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

007298   Chattoraj D K (Food Technology & Biochemical Engineering Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata-700 032, Email: dkchattoraj@hotmail.com) : Electrophoresis, surface charge and surface activity coefficient of ionic adsorbates at interfaces. J Indian Chem Soc 2009, 86(10), 1009-17.

Historical development of measurements of electrophoretic mobilities of solid particles and proteins using moving boundary techniques have been discussed in brief. Results on micro-electrophoretic methods of mobility measurements of solid particles adsorbed with proteins and other biopolymers have also been elaborated and features of electrophoretic separation of biomolecules using various types of zone electrophoresis techniques have been mentioned. The corrections required in connecting electrophoretic mobilities with electrokinetic or zetapotential using Smoluchowski relation discussed by Henry, Booth, Ghosh and others have been mentioned. The pictures included in the electrical double layers proposed by Helmholtz, Gouy-Chapman and Stern have been discussed. From the adsorption experiments of surfactants at oil-water interfaces, the charge densities (a) and diffuse double layer potentials (ψ_δ) at a given concentration have been evaluated. The data are observed to fit the Stern layer model with counter-ion binding at the charged surface. ψ_δ is found to be significantly higher than zetapotential. From the boundary tension measurement, the surface tension lowering or surface pressure II for soluble monobasic and dibasic acids have been calculated at different values of area A per adsorbed molecule. The electrical pressure II_e obtained for these acids in the monolayer does not fit the Gouy model of double layer but using Stern model, the extents of counter-ion binding in the monolayer can be calculated. Using the Langmuir surface balance experiments, II-A curves for insoluble monolayers of different behenate salts have been obtained. At pH 12.0, values of II_e depends upon extents of counter-ion binding, hydration and other factors. A new concept of surface activity coefficient based on Raoult's law, and Hennry's law have been introduced to explain deviation of II from their ideal values.

8 illus, 56 ref

007297   Chandar T S;Talole S E (Air Force Wing, Defence Institute of Advanced Technoogy, Girinagar, Pune-411 025) : Design of missile roll autopilot using uncertainty and disturbance estimation. J Instn Engrs-Pt AS 2009, 90(Nov), 15-8.

Design of roll autopilots for missiles requiring roll position stabilisation is an important task. Classical designs with conservative stability margins may result into poor performance. Designs based on modern control approaches, on the other hand, require exact model and may need knowledge of some characteristics of the disturbances acting on the system. Control design based on the Uncertainty and Disturbance Estimation (UDE) offers some remedies to these issues. In this paper, a roll autopilot is designed based on the UDE approach, wherein, the effect of disturbances acting on the system is estimated in real time and control efforts are generated to compensate for the same. Closed loop stability of the system under the UDE controller is established. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.

3 illus, 5 ref

007296   Chand P;Rajulu K G;Reddy Y K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Designing experiment to study jet pumping of slurry. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2009, 90(18), 24-31.

The theoretical analysis of slurry handling systems which bring out the effects like interference between elements, particle fluid interactions, field effect leading to particle diffusion coefficient etc., can be accurately quantified by carefully designed experimental set-ups as outlined in this paper. The experimental investigation includes setting-up of a test rig consists of pump, motor, valves and fluid lines, number of precautions to be followed before the actual experiment occurs, preparation of samples and a comprehensive test procedure that leads to the results and subsequent conclusion.

6 illus, 6 tables, 29 ref

007295   Chakraborty K;Joshi P K;Sarma K K (North Eastern Space Applications Centre (NESAC), DOS, Govt. of India, Umiam, Meghalaya-793 103) : Land use/land cover dynamics in Umngot watershed of Meghalaya using geospatial tools. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2009, 37(1), 99-106.

Meghalaya is a landlocked state where the progress of industrialization is very slow. Majority of the population (rural) depends on agriculture. Agriculture in the state is carried on in primitive ways with Jhumming prevailing in many parts. This practice is considered destructive as vast forest areas are cleared and burnt. Such areas are used for cultivation and left out. After a gap of few years (2- 3 years as of now and 15-20 years in past) the area is revisited for cultivation without allowing to rejuvenate. The present work provides a status and trend of Land use land cover dynamics in parts (at watershed level) of Meghalaya. The geospatial tools have been used to assess (a) the changes in land use land cover since 1970s to 2005; (β) patch dynamics for understanding the degree of fragmentation; (c) changes along the terrain topography. Umngot watershed of Meghalaya is taken as experimental area, which is a representative of mid-altitudinal watershed particularly in the Jaintia hills district of Meghalaya.

3 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

007294   Bordia S K (Mining Engng Dep, PNG University of Technology, Lae, P N G Now a Consultant in Australia, Email: laepng@yahoo.com) : Latest developments in Australian miinng. J Mines Metals Fuels 2009, 57(9), 254-57.

6 ref

007293   Anurag Kumar;Bhattacharya J (Mining Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Fault tree analysis of supply chain management of coal transport at GACL, Chandrapur. J Mines Metals Fuels 2009, 57(9), 275-81.

10 illus, 2 table

007292   Anil Kumar;Mandeep Kaur;Rajeev Kumar;Sengupta P R;Raman V;Bhatia G (Engineering Materials Div, Carbon Technology Unit, National Physical Laboratory (CSIR), Dr K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110 012, Email: gbhatia@mail.nplindia.ernet.in) : Effect of incroporating nano silicon on the properties of green coke based monolithic carbon. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2010, 17(5), 353-7.

Carbon monolith and carbon-nano silicon carbide composites are developed at a heat treatment temperature of 1400°C in inert atmosphere using coal tar pitch derived green coke as such and green coke mixed with 5, 10 and 15% of nano silicon carbide powder respectively. The nano silicon carbide used is derived by the reaction between silicon and carbon black at temperature of 1400°C. The density, flexural strength and scleroscopic hardness of the carbon-nano silicon carbide composites are found to be higher as compared to the carbon monolith. The bending strength and scleroscopic hardness increased up to 29.2% and 22.2% respectively.

2 illus, 20 ref

007291   Almeida A L F S D;Mauricio M H P;Almeida J R M D (Civil Engineering Dep, COPPE/Universidade do de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, Bl. C - Cidade, P.O. Box 68506, 21941-972, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Email: dalmeida@puc-rio.br) : Mechanical, thermal and microstructural analyses of Dendrocalamus giganteus. J Bamboo Rattan 2009, 8(1-2), 31-42.

The flexural mechanical behaviour of Dendmcalamus giganteus strips machined from three different regions along the culms' height was analyzed as a function of the aging time in distilled water. For the as-machined strips, the flexural properties did not vary with the culms' height. For the aged specimens the modulus of rupture decreased in relationship to the values of the unaged specimens and also decreased from the bottom to the top of the culms. The flexural modulus also decreased when unaged and aged specimens are compared, but did not vary within the same immersion time with the specimens' position along the culms. Optical microscopy and digital image processing techniques were employed to evaluate the variations of the microstructure along the culms. A mosaic technique was used to analyze the entire cross section enabling quantitative measurements of a large number of fibers. The results showed that main structural parameter, such as the number of fibers per area, was statistically identical along the culms. The shape of the fibers was, however, dependent on the position, with more elongated fibers positioned at the top of the culms. The thermal behaviour of D. giganteus was also determined by thermogravimetric analysis. An activation energy of 166 kJ/mol was obtained for the thermal degradation process, which occurred on a single stage, and begins at 280.1°C.

8 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

007290   Ahmad I;Nabiullah M;Prasad R S (NO, Central Institue of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, Jharkhand) : Role of oxygen functional groups and fuel ratio in self heating of coal. J Mines Metals Fuels 2009, 57(1-2), 23-7.

A number of methods are in practice at different places throughout the world to determine susceptibility of coal towards spontaneous heating. Among these, crossing point temperature (CPT) method is very simple and gives a good idea of the propensity of coal towards heating. Liability index calculated using CPT is also useful for studying the propensity of coal towards spontaneous heating. However, determination of CPT in lab requires extra precaution for repeatable results. To overcome the difficulties, attempts were made to study the relationship between peripheral oxygen groups or the functional oxygen groups in coals and their correlation with proneness to auto-oxidation using liability index (LI). Also the correlation between liability index and crossing point temperature have been presented.

5 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

006243   Youssef A M;Hassan A M;Elhaddad A A A (Applied Geology Dep, Saudi Geological Survey, Jeddah, P.O. 215 14, Email: amyoussef70@yahoo.com) : Mapping of prerift-synrift sedimentary units using enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM +): Sidri-Feiran area, southwestern Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2009, 37(3), 377-93.

Different outcropping sedimentary rock units, ranging in age from Paleozoic to Miocene, can provide significant information to understand the development of tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Sidri - Feiran area, southwestern Sinai Peninsula. The aim of this research is to test the ability of Landsat ETM+ imagery for differentiating and mapping these units with the help of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and field investigations. For this purpose, true and false colour composite images, image enhancement techniques (Principle Component Analysis and Minimum Noise Fraction), and 3D perspective views were applied to the data and the geological-photo interpretations were carried out.

8 illus, 36 ref

006242   Vivekanandan N (Statistics Div, Central Water and Power Research Station, PO : Khadakwasla Research Station, Pune-411 024) : Maximization of net return with optimal cropping pattern using linear and goal programming approaches. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2009, 90(Dec), 31-6.

Efficient management of the agricultural resources is becoming the key issue to feed the increasing population from the limited resources. In this context, irrigation planning has gained much significance due to fast growing population and increasing demand for the existing population of the command area. For the purpose, studies on optimization of cropping pattern with available land and water is essentially to be carried out under a set of limitations to maximize the crop production to satisfy the requirements for the existing population and to achieve the maximum net return for the project. This study presents that linear and goal programming (LP and GP) approaches which were adopted for optimization of cropping pattern with available land and water for maximization of net return for upper Indravati irrigation project. The factors like net return, total cropping intensity and average water utilised by cropping patterns of LP and GP were considered for the selection of best cropping pattern for maximization of crop production and net return. This study shows that the grppping pattern of GP was found to be the best and gave maximum net return for this project understudy.

2 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

006241   Velmurugan A;Carlos G G (NO, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun-248 001) : Soil resource assessment and mapping using remote sensing and GIS. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2009, 37(3), 511-25.

In this study digital image processing for physiographic analysis and soil resource mapping of Solani watershed was carried out using satellite remote sensing data and GIS. Digital image processing of satellite data facilitated in accurately delineating and identifying various soil mapping units. The physiography of the study area is mainly influenced by denudational and colluvial processes in the upper part and by sedimentation processes in the lower part. Topography of the land and nature of parent material along with the time factor seemed to have played a vital role in the genesis of soils. Majority of the mapping units are Typic Haplustepts with Entisols and Inceptisols being the major soil orders. The soils of the Siwalik hills experiences severe erosion, which prevents the maturation of soil profile. The present study demonstrated that satellite remote sensing and GIS is a valuable tool for physiographic analysis and soil resource mapping.

6 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

006240   Tyagi N K;Vyas A (CSE/IT Dep, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon-123 506, Email: narendratuagi_21@yahoo.com ) : Artificial inteligent network attack detecction system (AIN-ADS). Dronacharya Res J 2009, 1(1), 40-6.

Artificial Intelligence as over powered the till now known network based attack with the growth of computer networking, web services. Attack detection systems (ADS) are widely used now a days, in order to monitor attempts to break system security. An efficient ADS helps timely detection of security threats and initiation of appropriate countermeasures. So many categories of ADS are found in various application areas. Research is going on in this field of critical importance for ensuring error free continuous service. Intelligent Attack detection Systems that use emerging technologies like fuzzy logic, Intelligent Agents, Artificial Neural Networks and Grid Computing have been proposed recently by researchers. Authors present an Artificial Intelligent Network Attack Detection System (AIN-ADS) through this paper. The usefulness of the system has been tested on the benchmark database available from UCI Knowledge Discovery in Databases Archive (KDD 2005). The results which we got are quite encouraging, showing that the technique is successful for the detection of security threats and attacks.

5 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

006239   Torii S;Yang W J;Umeda S (Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Kumamoto Univ, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto-860 8555, Japan, Email: torii@mech.kumamoto-u.ac.jp) : Flow characteristics behind single diamond-shaped cylinders in free stream. Int J Dyn Fluid 2008, 4(2), 83-92.

Two-dimensional flows over a single diamond-shaped cylinder in the free stream are experimentally and theoretically investigated. Consideration is given to the effects of the Reynolds number, Re, and the upstream angle of the diamond shape, 6, on flow phenomena. The study discloses that (i) the generation of von Karman vortex streets behind the diamond-shaped cylinder is intensified with an increase in the Reynolds number, (ii) the flow pattern in the wake region of the diamond-shaped island is affected by 6, and (iii) the relationship among the Strouhal number, St, Re and 0is determined and compared with the existing θSt-Re relationship for flow over a circular cylinder.

9 illus, 9 ref

006238   Tiwari R;Sharma A;Pandey M (NO, School of Planning and Architecture, Sports Complex, MANIT Campus, Bhopal-462 051) : Bamboo and built environment : sustainability issues. J Instn Engrs-Pt AR 2009, 90(Oct), 23-5.

In the recent trend, bamboo is being recognised as a well known building material, which is safe, rigid, environment-friendly and specified as one of the best alternatives to the conventional building material. Moreover bamboo, which is a viable replacement and able to compensate the demand for a alternative structural material by its short growthcycle compared to stainless steel bamboo possesing higher tensile strength, which is an essential material for earthquake architecture with the gradual technological improvements. Bamboo is now extensively used for different structural system as a cheaper building material. The paper is concluded with a logical recommendation to replace bamboo with wood as a userfriendly convenient building material.

2 illus, ref

006237   Tiwari A K;Nayak G N;Pandey P C (National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Head Land Sada, Vasco da Gama, Goa-403 804) : Wastewater fate at Maitri in Antarctica. J Instn Engrs-Pt EN 2009, 90(Sep), 49-54.

At 'Maitri' drinking water source is Priyadarshini Lake which is situated at 200 m away from the station. Water consumption leads to wastewater generation and to treat the waste water two rotating biological contactors (RBC), B1 and 83 of different capacity were installed. The maximum treatment capacity of 83 RBC is 5 kl/d and B1:RBC is having capacity of 1 kl/d. At the sampling point temperature, pH was measured and within 15 min of sampling it was brought to the laboratory at Maitri to analyse basic parameters, ie, BOD, COD, conductivity, TSS, Cl, NH₃-N, DO, total alkalinity and turbidity. The treatment efficacy of B1:RBC was observed only 66.7% in terms of BOD and 68,9% of COD. But, due to lower pH, the ammonia nitrogen of effluent was less than the influent because the ammonia producing bacteria were not working effectively at lovserpH. Tertiary treatment at lab scale of B1 RBC shows that BOD and COD are further removed by 40.3% and 21.9%, respectively. The treatment efficacy ofB3:RBC was observed only 29.8% in terms of BOD and 41.4% of COD. The BOD and COD were further removed by 22.2% and 30%, respectively in tertiary treatment of 63 RBC at lab scale experiment. The tertiary treatment was found to be very effective even when the treatment system was not tuned fully, however, if tuned and tertiary treatment system was applied further the efficacy improvisation would have been expected upto 95%-98%.

2 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

006236   Thanki S M;Raman R;Suryavanshi A (NO, , MANET Hostel, Gate No 140, Loni Kalbhor, Pune-412 201) : Current situation of shipbuilding and challenges. J Instn Engrs-Pt MA 2009, 90(Jul), 9-12.

The study focused on the shipbuilding industry, its various technological and financial implications in India as well as in other Asian and Europian countries. The paper shows global shipbuilding scenario, current technological trends in shipbuilding technology and the shipbuilding in India, the comparative study between private and public sector shipyards and the latest technological development occured in Indian shipyards. The study also reveals future challenges in the shipbuilding industry worldwide, the competitive advantages of Asia and Europe, technological upgradation, ship management and so on. The study is concluded with forcasting of market leadership for the next ten years in case of vessel construction.

4 illus

006235   Tembhurkar A R;Dongre S R (Civil Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technolgoy, Nagpur-440 011) : Comparative studies on fluoride removal using natural adsorbents viz. Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Ficus religiosa (Pipal). J Instn Engrs-Pt EN 2009, 90(Sep), 18-23.

Batch adsorption studies were undertaken on natural adsorbents (viz Azadirachta Indica and Ficus Religiosa) developed from locally available tree leaves to assess their suitability to remediate fluoride-contaminated water. The effect of controlling parameters of adsorption viz. pH, dose of adsorbent, contact time, rate of stirring and initial sorbate concentration on fluoride removal efficiency was studied and optimum values for maximum uptake were found out. The fluoride removal efficiency in both the adsorbents studied was around 85%. The optimum sorbent doses were found to be 6.0 g/l for pipal, and 8.0 g/l for neem, equilibrium was achieved in 1.5 to 2 h. and enhanced adsorption was obtained at pH 2. Based on the studies, it was found that the adsorption of fluoride on these natural adsorbents follows Langmuir isotherm. Biosorbent and Ficus Religiosa were found to have more fluoride adsorption capacity than Azadirachta Indica.

9 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

006234   Syam Sundar L;Sharma V K (J.N.T.U Engineering College, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500 085, Email: sslingala@rediffmail.com) : Numerical analysis of heat transfer and friction factor in a circular tube with Al₂O₃ nanofluid. Int J Dyn Fluid 2008, 4(2), 121-9.

Turbulent fully developed flow heat transfer coefficient and friction factor of A1₂O₃ nanoparticles are dispersed in water and ethylene glycol in circular tube is discussed in this paper. In order to validate the heat transfer coefficient and friction factor of nanofluid in circular tube commercially available CFD software FLUENT 6.0 is used. To achieve the fully developed flow condition, the aspect ratio (L/D) of the test section is equal to 94. The thermo-physical properties of the Al₂O₃ nanofluid are estimated by using the equations available in literature. Thermo-physical properties of the nanofluid are considered for heat transfer coefficient and friction factor by assuming nanofluid is a single-phase fluid. Constant Wall Heat Flux (CWHF) boundary condition is incorporated for heat transfer analysis and adiabatic boundary condition is incorporated for friction factor analysis. The analysis is conducted in the volume concentration range from 0.1% to 4%. A maximum of 2.25 times heat transfer enhancement and 1.42 times of friction is obtained by using nanofluid as working medium.

5 illus, 18 ref

006233   Suryawanshi S L;Pendke M S (NO, Aditya College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Beed-431 122) : Development of land use/land cover and slope map using remote sensing and geographic information system techniques. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2009, 90(Dec), 24-7.

The research study was undertaken to generate land use/land cover and slope map for Malegaon watershed ofNasik district. The satellite data oflRS-1B (LISS-II) of November 11, 1993, January 30, 1994 and May 8, 1994 of the study area were used for generating the maps. The supervised classification was carried out for the satellite data of November 1993, January 1994 and May 1994 to prepare the land use/land cover map. The land use/land cover map indicates that 35.07% was kharif cultivated land and 4.32% was the double crop land. The digitized contour information was used for preparation of slope map. The contours of 20 m were digitized from topographic map on 1:50000 scale. By using, ARC command TOPOGRID DEM (Digital Elevation Model) in grid was generated. 50% of land was having slope less than 5%, which should undergo cultivation. Whereas, for the topography having slope of about 45%, conservation practices were necessary for cultivation purpose and on the remaining piece of land different plantations should be taken.

2 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

006232   Sukanesh R;Harikumar R;Shanmugam A;Jothi M (ECE Dep, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai) : FPGA synthesis of heterogeneous and SIRM Fuzzy system for classification of diabetic epilepsy risk levels. J Instn Engrs-Pt ID 2009, 90(Nov), 20-5.

The objective of this paper is to design, simulate and synthesis a simple, suitable and reliable VLSI fuzzy processor for classification of diabetic epilepsy risk levels. The performance of three different fuzzy techniques are analyzed and compared. While designing the fuzzy processor, the cerebral blood flow (CBF), EEG signal features and aggregation operators are taken as parameters. The classification of risk level is based on clinical data and observation. Three different fuzzy techniques with minimum rules, such as, a two input heterogeneous fuzzy technique, single input rule models (SIRM) are analyzed. The parallel architecture is incorporated in this design with independent functional units. These functional units process the data simultaneously by which the processing speed is enhanced. The SIRM fuzzy system with bell input - bell output, and bell input- triangle output are simulated and synthesized for various values of cerebral blood flow using VHDL The simulated and synthesized field programmable gated array (FPGA) fuzzy processor closely follows the MATLAB version.

5 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

006231   Subbarao R;Senthil Vadivel V U;Subbarao P M V (School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT Univ, Vellore) : Performance analysis of hybrid solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbie power generating system. J Instn Engrs-Pt ID 2009, 90(Nov), 26-30.

Electrochemical oxidation of H₂, CO, CH₄ and higher hydrocarbons in fuel cells produces both power and heat. By utilizing the thermal energy from the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) in a heat engine, a hybrid cycle with high performance can be achieved. In the operation of any fuel cell stack, some unburned fuel must remain in the products leaving the cell in order to maintain significantly generated voltage throughout the cell. The unutilized fuel rejected from the cell can be fully oxidized in the combustion chamber which improves the cycle performance. Objective of this work is to simulate a combined solid oxide fuel cell and gas turbine system thermodynamically and explore various options in achieving highly efficient and environment friendly power generating system. Stack effluent and its temperature are calculated by solving simultaneous equations corresponding to the equilibrium constants of individual reactions. It is considered that the temperature of the product leaving the stack is equal to the stack temperature. Fractional effluent from the fuel cell stack is evaluated by reverse substitution method. A simple regenerative Brayton cycle along with combustion chamber at the downstream of the fuel cell stack is considered for this study. Here the fuel is considered as methane, which is reformed internally inside the cell stack. Parametric study is made to identify the key development needs and improve the operating conditions. Hybridization of SOFC-GT recovers approximately 25% of the topping cycle's capacity. Fuel-to-electricity conversion efficiency goal of the plant is greater than 60% based on lower heating value (LHV) of the fuel. The output is presented in the form of detailed study of various parameters and the characteristics of individual components of the cycle.

8 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref