006180   Koli R B;Khurd V G;Kulkarni A B (Physics Dep, Seismology-Centre, Shivaji Univ, Kolhapur-416 004) : Rehabilitation work for earthquake disasters in last decade for housing (Study of Bhuj and Killari). J Instn Engrs-Pt AR 2009, 90(Oct), 30-3.

Provision of shelters (temporary and permanent) for disaster affected people is the top priority after any disaster. Preparedness before and after disaster is also very important. The major earthquake disasters in India in last decade are Bhuj (2001) and Killari (1993). This paper includes the study of housing rehabilitation work done by Government and NGO's in disaster affected areas. The planning and designing of mass housing in any affected area should consider the various aspects like life style of people, income group, climate, services, amenities, future growth of population etc. The rehabilitation work at Killari shows many shortfalls because of some social and technical aspects. The rehabilitation work at Bhuj is comparatively better, because of consideration of the materials, techniques, the social aspects and the involvement of affected people from beginning. In conclusion, the rehabilitation programme requires the detailed study of life style, climate, employment avenues, technical assistance for maintenance and expansion for its successful results.

2 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

006179   Kale M P;Ravan S A;Roy P S;Singh S (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, NSG IT Park, Aundh, Pune-411 005, Email: maishpkale@hotmail.com) : Patterns of carbon sequestration in forests of western ghats and study of applicability of remote sensing in generating carbon credits through afforesttation/reforestation. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2009, 37(3), 457-71.

Satellite remote sensing is a proven tool for mapping landuse patterns and estimating vegetation biomass/carbon. Present study aims at estimating the potential of forests of Radhanagari WLS (Western Ghats, India) to sequester the atmospheric carbon-di-oxide, using ground based observations coupled with satellite remote sensing. The study area was stratified for dominant forest types based on the structure and composition of vegetation and elevation variations. Permanent sample plots were laid down in these homogeneous vegetation strata (HVS) to make different observations during time 1 and time 2. Carbon sequestration by plantations was also studied and compared with natural forests. Species and area-specific biomass equations were used for estimating carbon pool and sequestration. Among natural forests 'mixed moist deciduous' forests exhibited highest sequestration rate (8%), whereas, plantation as obvious had a comparatively higher sequestration rate than natural forests (20.27%). Total carbon sequestration by forests of the Radhanagari WLS between 2004 and 2006 is 78742.09 tons. Eligible land for reforestation activity under clean development mechanism (CDM) of Kyoto Protocol was identified using satellite remote sensing using 1989 and 2005 datasets and it was observed that the potential land that can be used for reforestation activity is 10080 ha.

4 illus, 7 tables, 26 ref

006178   Jyotsna;Pandey S;Singh D P (Bio-medical Engineering Dep, Dronachrya College of Engineering, Gurgaon-123 506, Email: jyotsna.dev00@gmail.com) : "Stem cell" future of cancer therapy. Dronacharya Res J 2010, 2(1), 148-55.

For over 30 years, stem cells have been used in the replenishment of blood and immune systems damaged by the cancer cells or during treatment of cancer by chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Apart from their use in the immuno-reconstitution, the stem cells have been reported to contribute in the tissue regeneration and as delivery vehicles in the cancer treatments. The recent concept of 'cancer stem cells' has directed scientific communities towards a different wide new area of research field and possible potential future treatment modalities for the cancer. Aim of this review is primarily focus on the recent developments in the use of the stem cells in the cancer treatments, then to discuss the cancer stem cells, now considered as backbone in the development of the cancer; and their role in carcinogenesis and their implications in the development of possible new cancer treatment options in fu ture.

5 illus, 17 ref

006177   Ingle R B;Sathaye V B (NO, Tolani Maritime Institute, Induri, Pune-410 507) : Design and analysis of small container vessel for Indian port. J Instn Engrs-Pt MA 2009, 90(Jul), 13-8.

Deals with the current scenario of small ports in and around India with respect to available drafts and accordingly, design of small container vessel (feeder) for maximum carrying capacity has been carried out. The analysis of designed vessel has been carried out for study of effect of service speed on frictional resistance as well as power requirements. The effect of service speed on fuel consumption per day has also been carried out. The study of stresses in blades due to torque, thrust and centrifugal forces has been predicted at the blade sections are tabulated and presented.

5 illus, 7 tables, 6 ref

006176   Gupta S;Gupta B (Computer Science Engineering & Information Technology Dep, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon-123 506, Email: sachin.gupta@dronacharya.info) : Bio inspired algorithms: a survey for wireless sensor networks. Dronacharya Res J 2009, 1(1), 111-17.

"That man's best works should be such bungling imitations of Nature's infinite perfection, matters not much; but that he should make himself an imitation, this is the fact which Nature moans over, and deprecates beseechingly. Be spontaneous, be truthful, be free, and thus be individuals! is the song she sings through warbling birds, and whispering pines, and roaring waves, and screeching winds." Lvdia M. Child. The nature's perfection has fascinated man ever since the mind started thinking, and much has been written as a tribute to the nature; Bio inspired algorithms are the scientist's way of paying tribute to the perfectionist ways of nature. Our day-to-day dealing with the nature springs many surprises, in the form of solutions to the most discrete problems. The observation of the collective behaviours of the nature species (e.g., insects) provide a natural model for distributed problem solving, without external guidance or central control. The key is to investigate how the collective complexity comes out of individual simplicity. For individuals, the cognitive systems are not powerful to acquire global knowledge. A global complex structure emerges from a set of simple individual rules accomplished according to limited local information. The global complex structures are typically flexible to adapt to a new environment and robust to resist individual failure. Wireless sensor networks consisting of small nodes with sensing, computation, and wireless communications capabilities, can be seen as an analogy to the distributed working of nature species. A multidisciplinary research area such as wireless sensor networks, where close collaboration between users, application domain experts, hardware designers, and software developers is needed to implement efficient systems. The flexibility, fault tolerance, high sensing fidelity, low cost, and rapid deployment characteristics of sensor networks create many new and exciting application areas in pervasive computing. A critical issue in this kind of networks is to maximize performance and lifetime by embedding smart and adaptive algorithms. This paper attempts to consider the application of Bio-inspired algorithms, aiming to provide specific applications in WSN.

33 ref

006175   Gupta N;Saproo D;Yadav R (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon-123 506, Email: neha2207@yahoo.co.in) : Crystallization kinetics of new sealant material for SOFC. Dronacharya Res J 2010, 2(1), 123-9.

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a very efficient and is in demand as futuristic energy source. The planar design of SOFC requires sealant at the edges of the cell to prevent fuel leakage (H2, CH4) and air mixing at its working temperature. The glass and glass ceramics are most suitable and compatible sealing materials for planar design of SOFC due to their chemical and thermal inertness. At working temperature they become viscous and seal the edges properly without reacting with the other components of the cell materials. These glasses must have proper compatibility with other components as well as maintains its stability at the working temperature of the cell. In the present study the synthesis and structural analysis of 45SiO2 4A12O3 40MgO 5B2O3 6Y2O3 glass were done. The glasses were made by taking appropriate proportion of each oxide constituents. These were mixed properly in mortal pestle in acetone medium for two hours to ensure homogeneity. These mixed constituents were taken in alumina crucible and melted at 1550 C in a molybdenum silicide resistant heating furnace. The glasses were splat quenched after melting. Some pieces of sample were given heat treatment at 1000 C for 1hr, 9hr and 100 hrs to see structural transformation. The sample was observed under optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The crystal structure was analysed by X-ray diffraction technique. The present paper describe in detail about structural analysis of this glass.

5 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

006174   Gupta M;Yadav M (Bio-Medical Engineering Dep, Dronachrya Engineering College, Gurgaon-123 506, Email: madhurimagupta@yahoo.com) : Effect of load distribution on heart rate using a modified backpack in children. Dronacharya Res J 2010, 2(2), 80-4.

Backpack or school bag weight carried by children has raised concerns in worldwide countries over recent decades. School going children face a major problem because of the heavy weight they carry to school everyday as it leads to many problems such as a bent posture and decreased work efficiency. The prescribed weight to be carried by children has been determined to be 10-15% of their body weight; however literature shows that the majority of them carrying up to 30% of their body weight. A strong correlation was found between habitual heavy backpack carriage and spinal symptoms such as fatigue, muscle soreness, back pain, numbness, rounding of the shoulders, shoulder pain and even spinal deformity. From the reviewed literature, information regarding the contents of the backpack itself to see how it could result in better load distribution is still lacking. In this study, contents of the backpack were readjusted to observe the changes in load distribution pattern of the backpack and the consequent changes in posture and stability of school children. Design changes were introduced in a standard school backpack to see how it would facilitate load distribution over the upper torso such that the load is not concentrated on the trunk alone.

3 illus, 16 ref

006173   Gorji M;Nourollahi M;Jafari B;Javadi G (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Noshirvani Institute of Technology, Mazandaran Univ, Babol, Iran, P.O. Box-484, Email: gorji@nit.ac.ir) : The effect of fluctuation flow on the EPPLER 435 and S8035 airfoils. Int J Dyn Fluid 2008, 4(2), 159-74.

The presented work is calculating the effect of fluctuation flow around EPPLER E435 which is a high-lift, low Reynolds airfoil and S8035 which is symmetry, low Reynolds airfoil. An incompressible code is developed, employing a collocated grid arrangement. The central difference scheme, three level scheme and the standard κ-ε turbulent model is used for the momentum equations, unsteady term and turbulence modeling respectively. Detailed comparisons between the effect of fluctuation flow around EPPLER E435 and S8035 airfoils are presented for the angle of attack of zero. The results show that the EPPLER E435 airfoil can produce more lift but a recalculating zone appears near the trailing edge when flow fluctuate, consequently the fluctuation of its lift coefficient is more than S8035 airfoil. The story is that the S8035 airfoil resists to stall phenomena because of its symmetry profile.

7 illus, 22 ref

006172   Gorje Bandpy M;Soleimani S;Jafari B (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Mazandara Univ, P.O. Box 484, Babol, Iran, Email: zzajad@yahoo.com) : Numerical analysis of fluid flow in a duct around perpendicular cylinder with triangle cross section obstacle. Int J Dyn Fluid 2008, 4(2), 93-107.

The numerical analysis of fluid flow in a duct around a perpendicular cylinder with triangle cross-section obstacle is presented. The analysis is developed for simulating two-dimensional flow around a cylindrical body, using the Navier-Stokes and energy equations. The fluid flow is assumed to be incompressible steady and laminar with constant thermophysical properties. The conservation form of the equation is employed, in generalized orthogonal curvilinear coordinate, using the covariant component of the velocities. The boundary-fitted coordinate system was used to generate an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system by numerically solving Poisson equation with orthogonally condition. The governing equations are solved numerically by using a control volume on the staggered grid based on finite difference formulation. The results reveals that a triangle obstacle improve the heat transfer in comparison with heat exchangers without obstacle and besides the upstream location of flow separation and the downstream reattachment lengths are found to depend only on the triangle's angle of attack.

13 illus, 16 ref

006171   Ghani F;Naushad Beg M;Masroor Alam M (Civil Engineering Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh-202 002) : Stabilization/solidification of hazardous toxic waste using brick kiln dust. J Instn Engrs-Pt EN 2009, 90(Sep), 33-7.

An attempt has been made for the stabilization/solidification of toxic nickel electroplating waste (accumulated in Bath's filter) by using ordinary portland cement (OPC) and brick kiln dust (BKD) with various cement/waste + BKD, different water/waste + binder ratios. Since the BKD possesses pozzolanic oroperties, therefore it has been used as additive/stabilizer with OPC for reducing cost of stabilization/solidification process, enhancement of compressive strength and utilization of waste. As per IS code specifications ninety cubes were casted for different cement + waste + BKD ratios i.e. 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 having different water/waste + binder ratio, ie, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 with varying curing cycles. The compressive strength test conducted with the Avery's compression testing machine and leachates were obtained byASTM extraction method. The results show that the combined formulation of OPC and BKD to stabilize/solidify nickel-electroplating sludge is an effective technique to make concentration of dehydrated nickel waste environmental friendly, while compressive strength and leaching tests suggest that the resultant material can be used as secondary construction material.

3 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

006170   George K V;Verma P;Devotta S (NO, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur-440 020) : Comparison of wind data using an estimate of horizontal dilution potential and wind impact area diagram. J Instn Engrs-Pt EN 2009, 90(Sep), 12-7.

In this work, an estimate/index of mixing of air pollutant in horizontal plane was derived from wind data and was named horizontal dilution potential. Larger mixing was indicated by large variation in wind velocity resulting in lower level of pollutant concentration and vice-versa. This estimate of dilution potential can be used to compare the wind pattern in space and time. The application of the above estimate was demonstrated by comparing the dilution potential for November and April for Vadodara region. In India, rain is brought by monsoon winds and therefore the wind velocity during rainy season is high. The end of rainy season is characterized by very low wind velocity and is called post-monsoon period by environmental meteorologists. November is a post monsoon month and is not a favorable period for dilution of pollutants. On the contrary, April is the summer month characterized by very high wind velocity. Estimate of dilution potential for November and April was carried out and found that the dilution potential for November and April was 4.72 km² and 14.71 km², respectively. A low value during post-monsoon and high value during April confirmed the hypothesis of considering the index as a measure of dilution potential. Graphical representation of wind impact area diagram is also presented along with wind rose diagram for comparison of two wind patterns.

5 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

006169   Gaba A;Dua H S (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon-123 506, Email: aadityagaba@gmail.com) : Swarm intelligence revolutionizing natural to artificial systems. Dronacharya Res J 2010, 2(1), 141-7.

"Swarm Intelligence" is the term used to denote Artificial Intelligence systems where collective behavior of simple agents causes coherent solutions or patterns to emerge. This has applications in swarm robotics. A population of unsophisticated agents interacting with their environments and each other makes up a swarm intelligence system. Because there is no set of global instructions on how these units act, the collective interactions of all the agents within the system often leads into some sort of collective behavior or intelligence. This type of artificial intelligence is used to explore distributed problem solving without having a centralized control structure. This is seen to be a better alternative to centralized, rigid and preprogrammed control.

7 illus, 5 ref

006168   Elangovan M (NO, Indian Register of Shipping, Powai, Mumbai-400 072) : Numerical seakeeping analysis using rankine panel method. J Instn Engrs-Pt MA 2009, 90(Jul), 32-8.

This research is based on the potential theory, which is solved by Rankine panel method where boundary value problem is formulated deriving the suitable boundary condition for the entire fluid domain. To include the effect of steady flow, double body flow approximation is considered, which is better than the uniform flow. Effort is made keeping the density of panel on the free surface very high near the hull surface and it is reduced towards outward. This can capture the higher accuracy of sources and derivatives. In the present study, Series 60 (c_b = 0.6) has been taken for the analysis and the hydrodynamic forces, exciting forces and ship motions are calculated for the Fronde number 0.2. Numerical results have been discussed and compared with strip theory results and experimental data. It is confirmed that Rankine panel method provides better results than strip method.

8 illus, 15 ref

006167   Ebrahimian V;Ganji D D;Esmaeipour M (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Babol Technology Univ, P.O. Box 484, Babol, Iran, Email: mirgang@nit.ac.ir) : Variational iteration method to investigate the initial stage of fuel spray penetration. Int J Dyn Fluid 2008, 4(2), 109-19.

The amount of penetration and evaporation of spray in combustion chamber has a basic role in engine efficiency. In recent years, numerical methods have been widely used to investigate spray penetration and evaporation in combustion chambers. While analytical methods cannot be applied to these problems, semi-analytical methods have the ability of solving nonlinear spray problems. In this survey, Variational Iteration Method (VIM) has been used to obtain the amount of penetration in the initial stage of fuel spray penetration. In this work, the simplest model for spray, without break up, has been investigated. The results show that this method can easily be applied to solve nonlinear equations of fuel spray.

3 illus, 29 ref

006166   Durga Rao K H V;Singh A K;Roy P S (Space Dep, National Remote Sensing Centre, Balanagar, Hyderabad-500 625, Email: durgarao_khv@nrsc.gov.in) : Morphology and suspended sediment of Bhopal upper lake using spatial simulation technique remote sensing data. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2009, 37(3), 433-41.

The scope of this research was to study lake morphology using spatial simulation technique, to develop revised elevation-capacity curve, to develop elevation-water spread area curve, to study the relation between suspended sediment and remote sensing satellite data, and to estimate suspended sediment load in the lake using a Geographic Information System coupled with ground truth. The study area was the Bhopal Upper Lake, which has been classified as one of the major wetlands in India by the Ministry of Water Resources, India. A precise digital elevation model was created using 0.5 meter interval contour information collected from bathometric surveys. Water-spread areas at different water levels were simulated spatially in a Geographic Information System (G1S) through the neighbourhood connectivity operator. Revised elevation-capacity curve and elevation-area curve of the lake were prepared using the simulated results. Simulated water spread area at full tank level (FTL) was compared with the actual water spread area delineated using remote sensing data. Water samples at different locations of the lake were collected and located using the Global Positioning System (GPS) instrument. These samples were analysed in the laboratory for suspended sediment concentration. Different image processing techniques were applied to LANDSAT 5 TM satellite digital data (except thermal band). Correlation between radiance values of band 2 and suspended sediments was established and a positive linear equation was found to fit the data best. Spatial distribution of suspended sediment load was estimated using the developed regression equation and band 2 radiance image of the complete lake. Total suspended sediment load and loss of capacity at full tank level were computed.

5 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

006165   Duhan M;Sumit Kumar (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Science & Technology Univ, Murthal-131 039, Email: duhan_Manoj@rediffmail.com) : Reliability analysis of two unit hot stand by PLC system installed at steel plant with corrective/preventive maintenances with one inspection & repaired by either regular repairman or at service station. Dronacharya Res J 2010, 2(1), 14-19.

Examination of a two unit hot stand by plc system is brought out in the present paper for corrective/preventive maintainers and two types of repair. Hypothetical industrial case is being taken here. In case operative unit fails it is firstly inspected and repaired by plant engineer itself, if possible, otherwise unit is being sent to authorized service station. Whereas hot stand by is repaired at the plant by regular engineer only. Various measures related to system reliability are obtained. Graphical study is also brought out.

3 illus, 7 ref

006164   Dubey A K;Ratan R;Dubey R B;Arora V (Instrumentation and Control Engineering Dep, Apeejay College of Engineering, Sohna, Gurgaon-122 103) : Intelligent real time heart beat monitoring system. J Instn Engrs-Pt ID 2009, 90(May), 23-7.

Heartbeat monitor is an economically priced instrument with latest technology. Using an advanced micro controller based circuit and probe design it provides an easy way to measure and monitor the heartbeat rate. The instrument uses infrared sensors, which can easily be clipped to finger ends or ear lobes to detect the heartbeat by finger plethysmography technology. A bar graph is provided to adjust the position of sensors at the best signal location. The unit is lightweight, easy to handle, extremely durable.

7 illus, 6 ref

006163   Dua H S (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon-123 506, Email: tdua2000@yahoo.com) : Wi-max technology for broadband wireless communication. Dronacharya Res J 2009, 1(1), 131-4.

'World wide Interoperability for microwave access' (Wi-Max) is a wifeless solution for providing last mile connectivity. Wimax can be used in fixed as well as portable version. WiMax is able to provide wireless broadband connectivity to areas beyond the reach of traditional broadband with built in quality of service (QoS). Wi- Max technology can be used by private networks, education networks and Govt agencies for public safety and rescue operations in times of need. Wi-Max can play a key role in improving the broadband penetration especially in rural areas and providing e- governance and e- education in rural markets.

1 table, 7 ref

006162   Dhanda H;Parveen Kumar;Pradeep Kumar;Vinay Kumar (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Dronacharya Engineering College, Gurgaon-123 506, Email: hiteshdhanda@gmail.com) : Automatic automotive air refilling system (AAARS). Dronacharya Res J 2010, 2(2), 95-100.

Automatic Automotive Air Refilling System is designed to cater to safety requirements during driving of automobiles when its wheel gets deflected owning to puncture of tube. In Today's life delay of fraction of seconds may lead to serious accident causing damage to vehicle and injury/death to passengers. If we are going to any unknown place on family tour than puncture in tire gives unpleasant taste to our journey that we never want. Sometimes we drive and feel automobile is under load conditions but we have not loaded/over loaded our automotive. Authors presume that there may be some defects in engine but actually engine is not faulty. Our automobile is under load conditions because the pressure of air in tires are less than required due to which engine seems to be not properly working. Automatic Automotive Air Refilling System design is aimed at not only to fill the air in the punctured tires automatically but also maintain the pressure of air in the running automotive. It also avoids damages in tires. This system ensure that air pressure in the punctured tires will be maintained in such a way that punctured particle is sealed (locked) in between tire and tube i.e. layers of tire, tube and punctured particle are coupled due to internal force in the tube.

1 illus, 10 ref

006161   Datta D;Banerjee P K;Datta S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata-700 107) : Seasonal variation of water quality index of a stagnan surface water body. J Instn Engrs-Pt EN 2009, 90(Sep), 27-32.

The water quality index is a single number that expresses the quality of water by integrating the waterquality variables. Its purpose is to provide a simple and concise method for expressing the water quality for different usage. The present work deals with the monitoring of variation of seasonal water quality index of some strategically selected surface water bodies. The index improves the comprehension of general water quality issues, communicates water quality status and illustrates the need for and the effectiveness of protective practices. It is found that in all cases the change in WQI value follow a similar trend throughout the year. During the monsoon season its value improves considerably whereas in winter season, the index value drops drastically. It was observed that among the different methods of calculating waterquality index, the multiplicative method is more sensitive to the changes in the individual water quality parameters.

2 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

006160   Das S;Singh C S;Chugh G (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon-123 506, Email: seema_d12@rediffmail.com) : Future scope of global networking of electric power. Dronacharya Res J 2010, 2(1), 168-72.

One day there will be a global electricity network that links all countries of the world. It will take decades to complete but the first step has already been taken and the principle is deemed workable. A key benefit will be a reduction in the number of power stations that are needed globally. During night time, for example, any given country's generators can be kept running efficiently by supplying the extra needs of other countries during their working hours further round the globe. It will also help balance the different types of power generation indigenous to different countries. Nuclear power stations can take several days to switch on or off, so they are best at providing continuous base-load electricity. A hydropower generator can be started in minutes, making it ideal for meeting surges. For example, Switzerland imports baseload electricity from French nuclear power plants, but exports power from its Alpine dams in short bursts to meet France's peak needs. Any one country does not have to cater for all contingencies because it can use resources from elsewhere. A global network will enable easier access to major sources of energy that are uneconomical to reach just now. The Himalayan kingdom of Nepal, for example, is a remote region with a large hydroelectric potential. The capacity of the national system is about 300MW, according to its Water and Energy Commission, but it could generate more than 40GW of hydroelectricity in its steep valleys. Such a grid will increase security of supply, reduce the need for new power plants and cut back on the primary electricity reserve requirements within each country. This includes the use of spinning reserve where a station is semi-powered so it can take over very quickly if another station fails or if demand rises sharply.

1 illus, 10 ref

006159   Das S (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon-123 506, Email: seema_d12@rediffmail.com) : Remote electronics lab in real time with use of lab view software. Dronacharya Res J 2009, 1(1), 107-10.

The ongoing integration of telecommunications with the learning and collaboration process has enabled many of the engineering projects to take advantage of the remote access to laboratories that it allows. However, most of the remote laboratories today are simulated or else real, but with fixed configuration. The present paper establishes a connection scheme for real, remote laboratories based in data acquisition system, their publication for remote access, and the ability to reconfigure, in real time, the components conforming the experiments by using DAQ accessories interconnected by the server. The paper discusses the several advanced solutions for performing laboratory experiments over the internet. These include the use of commercial software Lab VIEW 6i, and solutions based on the functionalities of modern web browsers. The former is relatively easily implemented by means of the powerful graphical programming environment with which so called virtual instruments are created. The browser based solutions are flexible, and enable the server to respond in several different formats, giving the client great flexibility in strong, processing and presenting the data received, and to handle security and queuing issues.

2 illus, 9 ref

006158   Chopra Y P;Khanna R;Rathi M (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon-123 506, Email: yashpal_chopra@yahoo.co.in) : Emerging applications: bluetooth technology. Dronacharya Res J 2010, 2(1), 161-7.

Bluetooth technology is a low cost, low power and short range wireless radio communication technology for adhoc wireless communication of voice & data -anywhere in the world. It has made a phenomenon growth during the last 10 years. During 2008 more than 4 billion Bluetooth enabled products were marketed. Bluetooth Version 3.0 + HS has been launched in July 2009.It has enhanced the data speed to 24 Mbps. A new face book tool named 'City-Ware" has been invented. It uses Bluetooth unique ID to build networks. Bluetooth is also being tried to make mobile payments. A number of Bluetooth enabled devices are under development for adoption by automotive industry which will enhance the quality of in car voice communication system. In very near future users will be able to have their choice of music from devices such as MP3 players to the car entertainment system. Security concerns have been taken care of by adoption of encryption techniques. The future of Bluetooth lies in enhancing the security, data transfer speed & avoidance of interference.

6 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

006157   Chivate B A (NO, Maharashtra Water Resources Development Centre, Aurangabad) : Benchmarking of irrigation projects in Maharashtra, India-a case study. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2009, 90(Dec), 10-19.

Benchmarking of irrigation projects is a powerful management tool adopted in irrigation sector for the first time in Maharashtra state. If this system is adopted to all irrigation projects in India, definitely investment in this sector will give good results. For the purpose of this case study, the major irrigation projects from Amravati region of the Maharashtra State have been selected and only six important indicators were studied in detail. Out of five defined plan groups in the state, in Amravati region only deficit and normal plan groups exist. By selecting three major projects from deficit plan group and two major projects from normal plan group benchmarking indicator values forindicatornumberlto VI were studied. From the study it reveals that annual irrigation water supply per unit irrigation area (cum/ha) for all projects, except Arunawati project, improved during the last three years. Though the potential created and utilization depends on a number of points, not a single project has reached the state norm due to various reasons. Output per unit irrigated area has improved for all projects except Nalganga project as compared to the last year performance and the state norm but for Wan and Arunawati project it was still less than the state norms. Operation and maintenance cost per unit area were very high and above the state norm for all projects.

8 illus, 2 ref

006156   Chahar V K;Tiwari G S (Farm Machinery and Power Engineering Dep, College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur, Rajasthan-313 001) : Wear characteristics of reversible cultivator shovels treated with different surface hardening processes. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 2009, 90(Dec), 42-5.

Cultivator shovels do not have, in general the desired quality of material and hardness resulting in high degree of wear. To overcome the wear problems, surface modification has emerged as important process. Effect of three surface modification techniques i. e. surface hardening, thermal spraying and electro deposition on wear characteristics of reversible cultivator shovels have been studied. Experiments were conducted in an indoor circular soil bin of 1010 mm effective width under controlled conditions. Abrasive sand with average moisture content of 10% to 15% was used for the wear tests. The shovels were operated at a speed of 1 m/s and depth of 100 mm. The wear tests were conducted for 100 h. The weight loss in each shovels due to wear was recorded at an interval of 20 h. Maximum wear loss of 10.85 g was observed in the shovels hardened with chrome plating. Shovels hardened with surface powder coating of EWAC1002 ET powder resulted in minimum wear as compared to other processes. The maximum decrease in thickness was observed at the tip of the shovel.

5 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

006155   Bhatt R;Macwan J E M (Civil Engineering Dep, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat-395 007) : Green buildings : global research progress and avenues in India. J Instn Engrs-Pt AR 2009, 90(Oct), 26-9.

Green buildings are the non-conventional buildings which provide enormous advantages like energy saving, water saving, increased indoor environment quality(IEQ), occupant satisfaction, better health and less environmental degradation. As green building movement is catching up at global level, it unfolds yet another wide arena for the researchers to explore and bring some new findings to add more fuel to the ongoing movement of green building constructions. This paper aims at collectively bringing the green building researches in one platform. It outlines the researches done at global level in various sub-heads of green building and gives probable avenues for the research work in the Indian context. It also discusses about the proposed research to be carried out by the authors in the Indian context.

23 ref

006154   Bhatia P K;Mittal H K;Singla K (Computer Science Dep, Curu Jambheshwar Science & Technology Univ, Hisar, Haryana, Email: pk_bhatia2002@yahoo.com) : Handling imprecision in software engineering measuremnts using fuzzy logic. Dronacharya Res J 2010, 2(1), 51-7.

The measurement of software is recognized as a fundamental topic in software engineering research and practice. Before initiating any project prior estimation about the time, cost and manpower involved in the project must be made to ensure the success of the project. Software effort and quality estimation has become an increasingly important field due to increasingly pervasive role of software in today's world. It is noted that traditional estimation approaches can have serious difficulties when used on software engineering data that is usually scarce, incomplete, and imprecisely collected. As the uncertainties are best handled by using fuzzy logic, the emphasis is on quantitative estimation of various software attributes using fuzzy technique. As a rule of thumb we can say if some decision making or human communication involve during development process we can use the concept of fuzzy logic to improve software development processes and products.

22 ref

006153   Bhardwaj R K;Malik S C (Applied Sciences & Humanities Dep, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon-123 506, Email: rkb_mstates@rediffmail.com) : Mathematical analysis of a three unit redundant system under post failure inspection. Dronacharya Res J 2009, 1(1), 31-9.

Two probabilistic models for a three unit redundant system are considered to compare some reliability characteristics, carried out by using semi-Markov and regenerative processes. There are three identical units in each model and the system is considered in up-state if two units are functioning. A single repair facility is available which plays the dual role of inspection and repair. In model I, the server attends the system immediately and repairs the unit without inspection while in model II, he takes some time to arrive at the system and inspection of the unit is done after failure (called post failure inspection) to see the feasibility of its repair. If repair of unit is not feasible it is replaced by new one in order to increase the reliability of the system. The failure time of the unit is distributed exponentially while the distribution of inspection and repair times are taken as arbitrary. The profit function of each model is also estimated. The numerical results for MTSF and profit are obtained for a particular case to depict their behavior graphically.

2 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

006152   Bhadada R (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, JNV Univ, Jodhpur-342 010, Email: rajesh_bhadada@rediffmail.com) : Optical digital disks: properties and processing for their mass production. Asian J chem envir Res 2010, 3(3), 40-6.

Optical discs for data storage are fundamentally digital media providing far greater capacity, better quality, low cost and robustness. They can be categorized into recordable or prerecorded media. The reading and writing of data over them is done by LASER beams of different wavelengths. Data are serially stored in spiral tracks involving the distance between tracks of the order of one micron. Recording of data is done in the form of pits and lands having dimensional order of tens to hundred nm to store digital zeros and ones. The read and write beam spots are of the order lesser than half micron dia. Fabrication of such small dimensions precise and repeatedly for mass production makes production process of these discs quite challenging. This paper presents precise details of various sophisticated processes for the mass manufacture of optical disks.

3 illus, 8 ref

006151   Basu S;Sharma P K;Dutt S (NO, Bernhard Schulte Shipmanagement (I) Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai-400 076) : Modern outlook to condition based maintenance on board merchant ship. J Instn Engrs-Pt MA 2009, 90(Jul), 19-31.

In today's modern dynamic business environment, maintenance is commonly overlooked as a profit centre. In fact, it is purely viewed as cost. It is not unusual for reactive and unplanned maintenance to absorb as much as 80% of the maintenance efforts. The spiraling consequences for the business are increasing costs, continually stretched maintenance resources and reduced operational capacity. Today's trend is towards condition monitoring, predictive maintenance, reliability improvement, maintenance planning, plant assessment and root cause analysis. Condition monitoring soft wares and broad range of condition monitoring technologies enable early fault detection and ability to address the factors that causes faults to develop in the first place. With the information to eliminate breakdowns, increased production capacities, extended plant capabilities and the lifetime of productive machineries, condition based maintainance (CBM) helps organizations to target their maintenance more effectively.

13 illus

006150   Babu M C;Saravanane R;Sivacoumar R (Civil Engineering Dep, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry-605 014) : Anaerobic co-digestion and increased solid destruction for organic fraction of municipal solid waste with cattle slurry. J Instn Engrs-Pt EN 2009, 90(Sep), 3-7.

Municipal solid waste and industrial solid waste are considered to be a large quantity of organic fraction, which contributed to different levels of pollution to the environment. In the present study, it was proposed to be investigated by determining characteristics of vegetable wastes and sewage sludge to treat the effluent using anaerobic co-digestion technique the evaluate to effect of treated effluent. The objective of the present study was to find out the optimum ratio of municipal sewage sludge to vegetable waste for start-up of reactor.

4 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

006149   Arora R (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon-123 506, Email: rajesharora1219@rediffmil.com) : Finite time theromodynamic and thermo-economic optimization studies in thermal systems. Dronacharya Res J 2009, 1(1), 94-9.

The finite-time and finite size are considered to be the major constraints in the optimization of the real systems. In classical thermodynamic analysis, these constraints are not considered because of the inherent assumption of reversibility. Finite Time Thermodynamic provide a fundamental starting point for the optimization of real systems. The optimization studies of refrigerator and heat pump systems that consider various objective functions based on Finite Time Thermodynamic and merino-economics are reviewed here.

3 illus, 8 ref

006148   Amninder Kaur (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Durgaon-123 506, Email: amninder.kaur@gmail.com) : Review on zigbee: short range wireless communication technique. Dronacharya Res J 2009, 1(1), 142-7.

Presents a review on ZigBee Technology. As the ZigBee enabled products are being introduced into the market, this paper explores whether the ZigBee products can sustain the competition or not. The paper compares the ZigBee technology on the basis of various characteristics like data rate, transmission range, operating frequency and power consumption with other wireless technologies. Considering the above mentioned characteristics the future scope and utilization efficiency of Zigbee is discussed.

5 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

006147   Alagu Raja R A;Anand V;Maithani S;Senthil Kumar A;Abhai Kumar V (Remote Sensing & GIS Lab, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai-625 015, Email: alaguraja@tce.edu) : Wavelet frame-based feature extraction technique for improving classifiction accuracy. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2009, 37(3), 423-31.

Classification of textures in remotely-sensed data has received considerable attention during the past decades. One difficulty of texture analysis in the past was lack of adequate tools to characterize different scales of textures effectively. Recent space-frequency analytical tools like the wavelet transform can effectively characterize the coupling of different scales in texture and helps to overcome the difficulty. This paper presents a wavelet-based texture classification technique that was applied to a Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) image of Madurai City, Tamil Nadu, India The feature extraction stage of the technique uses Lemarie-Battle orthogonal wavelets to derive a texture feature vector and this vector is input to a fuzzy-c means classifier, an unsupervised classification procedure. Four indices (user's accuracy, producer's accuracy, overall accuracy and Kappa co-efficient) are used to assess the accuracy of the classified data. The experiment results show that the performance of the presented technique is superior to the classical techniques.

5 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

006146   Agarwal R;Gupta R;Garg J K (University School Invironment Management, GSS Indraprastha Univ, Delhi-110 403) : Hierarchical model for estimating methane emission form wetlands using MODIS data and ARIMA modeling. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2009, 37(3), 473-81.

A three-step hierarchical Semi Automated Empirical Methane Emission Model (SEMEM) has been used to estimate methane emission from wetlands and waterlogged areas in India using Moderate Resolution Imagine Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) sensor data onboard Terra satellite. Wetland Surface Temperature (WST), methane emission fluxes and wetland extent have been incorporated as parameters in order to model the methane emission. Analysis of monthly MODIS data covering the whole of India from November 2004 to April 2006 was carried out and monthly methane emissions have been estimated. Interpolation techniques were adopted to fill the data gaps due to cloudy conditions during the monsoon period. AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model has been fitted to estimate the emitted methane for the months of May 2006 to August 2006 using SPSS software.

3 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

005171   Ziolkowska J;Simon L (Agricultural & Resource Economics Dep, California at Baekeley Univ, USA, Email: ziolkowska@berkeley.edu) : Environmental benefits, challenges and valuation of biofuels policy. J Biofuel 2010, 1(1), 57-66.

Biofuels policies affect several sectors, including transport, energy, national and international markets, agriculture, and the environment. While the market and price implications of biofuels policies have been widely studied, there has been relatively little research on the evaluation of their environmental effects and footprint. These issues are important both now and in the future, both for policy makers and scientists, as they have direct implications for socio-economic conditions, and for other sectors (e.g. agriculture). This paper contributes to filling this gap. Its aim is to extend scientific discussion about the current and future environmental challenges for biofuels policy making and to make a start at addressing some of these challenges. We base our analysis on the experience from the US and the European Union, which represent the biggest ethanol and biodiesel producer countries (country associations), respectively. We examine the environmental costs and benefits of current biofuels policies in these regions and discuss, from both scientific and political perspectives, certain key short- and long-term challenges and uncertainties relating to the environment. We then provide an overview of the primary methodologies for valuation that are currently being used by environmental economists to address problems such as these, and offer a preliminary evaluation of whether these methods are likely to be helpful in supporting political decision making processes in biofuels policies.

2 illus, 34 ref

005170   Wang J;He S;Li Z;Jing S;Zhang M;Jiang Z (College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering Univ, Harbin, 150001 P.R. China, Email: junwnang@hrbeu.edu.cn ) : Synthesis of chrysalis-like CuO nanocrystals and their catalytic activity in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. J chem Sci 2009, 121(6), 1077-81.

Chrysalis-like morphologies of CuO have been synthesized in large-quantity via a simple chemical deposition method without the use of any complex instruments and reagents. CuO nanocrystals showed a different morphology at three different temperatures, 25, 60 and 100°C. The particle size, morphology and crystal structure of the samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectra. The catalytic effect of CuO nanoparticles on the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) was investigated by STA 409 PC thermal analyzer at a heating rate of 10°C min^-1 from 35 to 500°C. Compared with the thermal decomposition of pure AP, the addition of CuO nanoparticles decreased the decomposition temperature of AP by about 85°C.

6 illus, 21 ref

005169   Upadhyay G;Ray S S;Panigrahy S (Agro-ecology and Management Div, AFEG/RESA, Space Applications Center, ISRO, Ahmedabad-380 015, Email: ssray@sac.isro.gov.in) : Derivation of crop phenological parameters using multi-date SPOT-VGT-NDVI data: a case study for Punjab. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2008, 36(1), 37-50.

Crop phenological parameters, such as the start and end time of the crop growth, the total length of the growing season, time of peak vegetation and rate of greening and senescence are important for planning crop management and crop diversification/intensification. Multi-temporal remote sensing data provides opportunity to characterize the crop phenology at regional level. This study was conducted during the kharif season of the year 2001-02 for Punjab. The ten-day Normalised Differ-ence Vegetation Index (NDVI) composite products, with 1 km spatial resolution, available from the Vegetation sensor onboard SPOT4 were used for the study. Twenty-one temporal datasets from May 1, 2001 to November 21, 2001 were used. Logical modelling approach was followed to compute the minimum and maximum NDVI, the amplitude of NDVI, the threshold NDVI during sowing and harvest, the crop duration, integrated NDVI and skewness of profile. The analysis showed that before July beginning, in the whole of Punjab, sowing/planting was over. It was found that the crop emergence in the eastern part of the state started earlier than the western region. The maximum NDVI, which represented peak vegetative stage, was above 0.7 and occurred mostly during August. The duration of crops ranged between 90-140 days, with majority between 110-120 days. Total integrated NDVI in Punjab was generally above 60. Using principal component analysis and divergence analysis seven best metrics were selected for crop discrimination.

8 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

005168   Tiwari P S;Pande H (Photogrammetry and remote sensing Div, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (NRSA) P Box - 135, Dehradun-248 001) : Use of laser range and height texture cues for building identification. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2008, 36(3), 227-34.

Airborne LiDAR has found application in an increasing number of mapping and Geo-data acquisition tasks. Apart from terrain information generation, applications such as automatic detection and modeling of objects like buildings or vegetation for the generation of 3-D city models have been explored. Besides the height itself, height texture defined by local variations of the height is a significant parameter for object recognition. The paper explores the potential of the analysis of height texture as a cue for the automatic detection of objects in LiDAR datasets. A number of texture measures were computed. Based on their definition and computation these measures were used as bands in a classification algorithm, and objects like buildings, single trees, and roads could be recognized.

8 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

005167   Subbaraj P;Rengaraj R;Salivahanan S (NO, Kalasalingam Univ, Srivilliputhur-626 190) : Self adaptive real-coded genetic algorithm for dispatch of cogeneration systems. J Instn Engrs-Pt EL 2009, 90(Dec), 43-8.

Presents the self-adaptive real-coded genetic algorithm (SARGA) using simulated binary crossover (SBX) operator for the combined heat and power dispatch (CHPD) problem for cogeneration systems. The algorithm is implemented for CHPD problem along with binary tournament selection and polynomial mutation. The non-linearity arises in CHPD problem due to non-separable nature of power and heat loads of cogeneration units. The traditional method solves the economic dispatch problem in combined heat and power units (CHP) based on the separability of the objective function and recent method reported by Henwood, et al¹ solves the problem in two layers interpreting heat and power feasibility region. In this paper, the performance of the proposed approach SARGA is demonstrated with system containing the units of one conventional unit, two cogeneration units, and one heat alone unit. The effectiveness of the SARGA is compared with evolutionary programming (EP) and conventional technique. The results show that SARGA is efficient in solving CHPD problem with non-smooth cost functions.

5 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

005166   Sivanandam S N;Deepa S N (Computer Sicence and Engineering Dep, PSG College of Technolgy, Coimbatore-641 004) : Linear time invariant discrete multi-variable system model reduction using particle swarm optimization. J Instn Engrs-Pt EL 2009, 90(Dec), 22-9.

In this paper, a particle swarm optimization approach for obtaining a lower order approximant of a given absolutely stable higher order linear time invariant discrete multi-variable system has been dealt. A linear transformation z - p + 1 is used to analyze the problem in p-domain. A simple auxiliary scheme has been suggested for obtaining the transfer function of the initial lower order model by maintaining the transient gain ratio and steady state gain ratio of the original higher order system in p-domain. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to obtain a better lower order approximant for the individual single input single output (SISO) system that reflects the characteristics of the corresponding higher order system that constitute the given multi-input multi-output (MlMO) system in p-domain. The integral square error is used as an objective function for selecting the best lower order model. Applying reverse transformation p = z-1 the final transfer function matrix of the lower order Ml MO model in z-domain is declared. A numerical example illustrates the proposed methodology.

4 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

005165   Singla A;Naveen Kumar;Sharma P B (Biodiesel Research Group, Delhi Technological Univ, Delhi, Email: anshul.singla@me.dce.edu) : Biodiesel production from microalgae-a sustainable fuel. J Biofuel 2010, 1(1), 37-45.

With the ever increasing demand for diesel and environmental squalor caused by burning of diesel fuel, research for the development of a sustainable alternative fuel is being carried around all over the world. Biodiesel has become an attractive alternative to diesel fuel in last many years. However, availability of feedstock for biodiesel production has always been a matter of concern. Micro-Algae are considered a very good feedstock for biodiesel production due to their very high yield and their no competition with food crops. Oil productivity of many micro-aluae greatly exceeds the oil productivity of the best oil producing crops. This research paper examines the potential suitability of biodiesel made from micro-algae of Indian origin. The trial conducted on diesel engine with algae biodiesel shows that the results are comparable to diesel fuel.

7 illus,3 tables, 33 ref

005164   Singh B;Kasal G K (Electrical Engineering Dep, Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016) : Solid state controller for micro hydro based stand alone power generation. J Instn Engrs-Pt EL 2009, 90(Sep), 52-9.

Presents an investigation on a voltage and frequency controller for an isolated asynchronous generator (IAG) driven by uncontrolled pico hydro turbine and feeding three -phase four-wire loads. The proposed controller consists of three single-phase insulated gate bipolar junction transistor (IGBT) based voltage source converters (VSCs), which are connected to each phase of IAG through three single phase transformers and a battery is used as an energy storage device at the dc link of VSCs. The proposed battery based controller is used for harmonic elimination, load balancing, load levelling and neutral current compensation along with voltage and frequency regulation. The proposed three -phase four-wire controller topology is having advantage to select an optimum voltage level of the battery and it allows independent current control of its each phase. The proposed generating system with its controller is modelled and simulated in MATLAB along-with simulink and power system blockset (PSB) toolboxes to demonstrate the capability of the controller.

8 illus, ref

005163   Shalima Devi G M;Anil Kumar K S (NO, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (ICAR), Hebbal, Bangalore-560 024, Email: anilsoils@yahoo.co.in) : Remote sensing and GIS application for land quality assessment for coffee growing areas of Karnataka. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2008, 36(1), 89-97.

An assessment of land quality was carried out for coffee-growing areas of Karnataka using I satellite image, toposheets and soil studies. The investigation focused on monitoring soil processes that control the land quality using satellite data in order to identify the land qualities that are ideal for coffee-growing; to identify the status of land qualities of coffee-growing areas using satellite imageries, toposheets and soil resource maps and to characterise land quality using soil studies in selected areas. The land quality was characterised using climatic data, terrain analysis and soil attributes. From the study it was observed that coffee growing lands of Gabbugal and Kelagur have best land qualities and coffee-growing areas of Balur and Nellikkad have moderate land qualities. Satellite image and aerial photographs were successfully used for monitoring the land quality and its changes in these areas. For optimum utilization of available natural resources on a sustainable basis, timely and reliable information on soils regarding their nature, extent and spatial distribution along with their potential and limitations is very important. The efficiency and accuracy of data are improved when remote sensing data products such as aerial photographs and satellite image are used.

1 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

005162   Saxena R K;Anand P;Yadav S;Jahan F (Microbiology Dep, Delhi South Campus Univ, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi-110 021, Email: fksmicro@yahoo.co.in) : Greener solution for darker side of biodiesel: utilization of crude glycerol in 1,3-propanediol production. J Biofuel 2010, 1(1), 83-91.

In contrast to the debate on nuclear power and genetically altered food, the public doesn 't yet view the manufacturing strategies of biodiesel as a noteworthy hazard. For every 100 gallons of biodiesel produced, 5-10 gallons of the less glamorous crude glycerol are left behind with a sparking debate about the best uses of this waste. This impure form of glycerol must either be disposed off or sold off to market for a minimal amount due to the free fatty acids, water, methanol, and salt content. At present, most of it is simply incinerated. Well that doesn't make biodiesel a clean alternative energy anymore. The utilization of a crude glycerol to produce value-added products provides areas of opportunity where it would be possible to capitalize on the surplus of waste glycerol. In this context, glycerol which promises to be a good substrate for microbial production of 1,3-propanediol, changes the perception of glycerol as being an industrial waste. The present work necessitates to evaluate the possibility of capitalizing on the surplus glycerol by converting it into 1,3-propanediol. In this respect, more then 200 bacterial strains were screened out, to identify their ability to convert glycerol to 1,3-propanediol anaerobically. One of the potent strain which produces 1,3-propanediol was identified as Citrobacter freundii. Various raw and pretreated glycerol types were obtained from biodiesel production processes, used as a substrate to produce 1,3-propanediol in batch fermentation. Production and growth inhibition of C. freundii using different grades of glycerol were evaluated. In order to optimize the production, parametric optimization was carried out to fetch out the best parametric combination. Further, the process was scaled up to 30 L fermentor in which the final yield of 1,3-propanediol reached to maximum of 28.0g/l under anaerobic condition.

3 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

005161   Satyaramesh P V;Radhakrishna C (Power System Div, A P Transmission Corporation India, Andhra Pradesh) : Real time power system operation with frequency linked tariff mechanism : some issues while implementing for intra-state grids in developing countries. J Instn Engrs-Pt EL 2009, 90(Dec), 36-42.

This paper mainly focuses on the peculiar techno-economical practical issues related to integrated operations of power systems existing in developing countries, which have undergone various phases of development. Earlier the electrical power sector was operated as a single entity, ie, vertically integrated structure. At present, the power utility has been restructured as separate entities of generation, transmission and distribution. The new tariff mechanism (frequency linked tariff) known as availability based tariff (ABT) has been implemented in regional grids so as to impose the grid discipline and to regulate the wide fluctuations prevailing in the frequency. Development of such a typical power system can be divided into three phases, namely, Pre-ABT, ABT and Post-ABT conditions. An attempt is also made in this paper to synthesize the complex issues and variety of critical situations handled by the operators of state load despatch centres and of generating stations and of distribution companies of state due the to introduction of new tariff mechanism to the inner layers of the state sectors. The power system operator cannot judge the implications of the operations on real time basis under ABT mechanism with various practical constraints prevailing in the existing state grids in micro level. It becomes difficult for the operator to analyze the effect on both dynamics and economics of the entire power systems. Some of these problems are proposed to be addressed in this paper.

5 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

005160   Sarojini E;Jayanthi S (Civil Engineering Dep, Sriramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore-641 022) : Anaerobic digestion of biodegradable infectious medical waste. J Ecotoxic envir Monit 2009, 19(4), 349-54.

Anaerobic digestion of Biodegradable Medical Waste (BMW) was investigated and lime was,used for pre-treatment. The batch reactor.was run with 75% of pre-treated BMW collected from one of the hospitals in Coimbaiore and 25% of seeding sludge, operated over a period of 120 days at ambient temperature of 27°C to 40°C. The path of degradation of the wastes was continuously monitored by observing various parameters such as uK. biogas production, COD, VS, total solids, alkalinity at different stages of digestion. The pathogens present in infectious medical wastes were destroyed effectively by lime treatment. The bacterial count before lime stabilization was 30 x 10³ CFU/mL whereas the count after lime stabilisation was.2 x 10₃ CFU/ml The maximum COD, TS, VS reduction was 81,7,72.3 and 75%,. respectively and btogan yield varied from 100 ml/day to 720 ml/day.

3 illus, 3 tabes, 10 ref

005159   Sarangi R K;Singh S;Dwidevi R M;Matondkar S G P (Marine & Earth Sciences Group, Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad-380 015, Email: sarangi@sac.isro.gov.in) : Hyperspectral radiometric observation of the northeast Arabians sea during april 2006. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2008, 36(1), 13-25.

Parameters were retrieved from the hyperspectral radiometer like upwelling and downwelling radiance (Lu and Ed) upwelling and downwelling attenuation (K-Lu and K-Ed) for 9 stations in the northeast Arabian Sea between 16-26 April 2006. Data was analyzed for 5 offshore and 4 coastal stations of the cruise SS-244, on board FORV "Sagar Sampada" between latitude 9-22°N and longitude 68-74° E. The peak for all parameters was observed to be different respectively for depths 1, 5, 10, 20, 30,40, 50 meters in coastal and offshore stations. Each peak in the respective wavelength is due to a particular composition; phytoplankton pigments have spectral peaks at 443, 490, 555, 670 nm, suspended matter, sediments have peaks at 630 and 670 nm. Detailed analysis with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) data and comparison with the water composition of our hyper-spectral radiometer results show that the marine cyanophyte, Trichodesmium bloom produces high pigment concentrations of chlorophyll-a, zeaxanthin, β-carotene and pheophytin and their absorptions are interpreted at wavelengths 443, 490, 515 and 536 nanometers, respectively. A dip around 515 nm was seen in the Ed and Lu profiles in our study.

6 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

005158   Reddy R P;Godiganur S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Reva Institute of Technology and Management, Yalahanka, Bangalore, Email: principal@revainstitution.org) : Performance and emission characteristics of a DI compression ignition engine operated on marine fish-oil biodiesel. J Biofuel 2010, 1(1), 67-73.

The high viscosity of vegetable oils leads to problem in pumping and spray characteristics. Biodiesel is recognized as a dean alternative fuel or as a fuel additive to reduce pollutant emissions from combustion equipment. Because cultivated land is too limited to grow seed- oil plants sufficient to produce both food and biodiesel, non-land-based oleaginous materials have been considered important sources for the production of the latter. In this study, fish-oil biodiesel blends are used as fuel. Marine fish oil was extracted from the discarded parts of mixed marine fish and refined. The refined marine fish oil was then transesterified with methyl alcohol to produce biodiesel, which was used thereafter as engine fuel to investigate its engine performance and emission characteristics. This paper presents the results of investigations carried out on a single-cylinder, four stroke, direct-injection, CI engine operated with methyl ester of fish-oil. The volumetric blending ratios of biodiesel with conventional diesel fuel were set at 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100. Engine performance (brake specific fuel consumption, brake specific energy consumption, thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature) and emissions (CO, HC and NO ) were measured. The maximum thermal efficiency for B20 (32.28%) was higher than that of diesel at rated load. The experimental results show that the engine performance are close to the values obtained from diesel fuel and the amount of exhaust emissions are lower than those of diesel fuel.

8 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

005157   Rao P V K;Bhoomaiah A;Singh B P;Naidu P A (NO, VNR VJIET, Hyderabad) : Diagnosis of fault in transformer winding by wavelet technique. J Instn Engrs-Pt EL 2009, 90(Sep), 16-9.

Insulation failure within transformer winding is considered to be one of the most important causes of failure of the power transformer. Comparison of neutral currents is an important criterion for detection of fault in the oower transformer winding during impulse test. Any difference in wave shape of the recorded current and voltage signal shows the failure of transformer. In order to carry out the wave shape analysis faults are created in discs of the HV windings of a 61 MVA, 11.5/230 kV generator transformer at different locations. Neutral currents are recorded by applying low voltage impulse. Contribution of noise in each signal is calculated by Daubechies wavelet and the de-noised signal is analyzed using Shannon wavelet. The proposed method can be used for isolating the contribution due to any noise frequency in the waveform and identification of fault in the winding of a transformer.

7 illus, 10 ref