011668   Ashoor M;Asgari A;Khorshidi A;Rezaei A (Nuclear Imaging Systems Dep, Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran, Email: abkhorshidi@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of compton attenuation and photoelectric absorption coefficients by convolution of scattering and primary functions and counts ratio on energy spectra. Indian J Nucl Med 2015, 30(3), 239-47.

Estimation of Compton attenuation and the photoelectric absorption coefficients were explored at various depths. A new method was proposed for estimating the depth based on the convolution of two exponential functions, namely convolution of scattering and primary functions (CSPF), which the convolved result will conform to the photopeak region of energy spectrum with the variable energy-window widths (EWWs) and a theory on the scattering cross-section. The triple energy-windows (TEW) and extended triple energy-windows scatter correction (ETEW) methods were used to estimate the scattered and primary photons according to the energy spectra at various depths due to a better performance than the other methods in nuclear medicine. For this purpose, the energy spectra were employed, and a distinct phantom along with a technetium-99 m source was simulated by Monte Carlo method. The simulated results indicate that the EWW, used to calculate the scattered and primary counts in terms of the integral operators on the functions, was proportional to the depth as an exponential function. The depth will be calculated by the combination of either TEW or ETEW and proposed method resulting in the distinct energy-window. The EWWs for primary photons were in good agreement with those of scattered photons at the same as depths. The average errors between these windows for both methods TEW, and ETEW were 7.25% and 6.03% at different depths, respectively. The EWW value for functions of scattered and primary photons was reduced by increasing the depth in the CSPF method. This coefficient may be an index for the scattering cross-section.

13 illus, 3 tables, 49 ref

011667   Asghar H M N U U Khan;Shi S;Jiang D;Tan Y (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Univ of Technology, Dalian-116023, PR Chian, Email: tanyi@dlut.edu.cn) : Evalution on electrical resistivity of silicon materials after electron beam melting. Bull Mater Sci 2015, 38(5), 1429-33.

This research deals with the study of electron beam melting (EBM) methodology utilized in melting silicon material and subsequently discusses on the effect of oxygen level on electrical resistivity change after EBM process. The oxygen content was reduced from 6.177 to less than 0.0517 ppmw when refining time exceeded 10 min with removal efficiency of more than 99.08%. The average value of electrical resistivity of silicon before EBM processing was recorded to be 2.25 Ω cm but with the increase in melting time that was applied through EBM, the electrical resistivity was recorded to go high in the range of 4-13 Ω cm for different regions. The electrical resistivity values were greater in the top and the bottom regions, whereas lowest in the central region at all conditions of melting time. It is the result of the evaporation of oxygen during melting process and the segregation of metal impurities during solidification.

4 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

011666   Ahamed J U;Katano S;Uehara Y (Applied Physics Dep, Electronics and Commucation Engineering, Chittagong Univ, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh, Email: ahamed.jamal@cu.ac.bd) : STM induced light emission from vacuum evaporated gold film. Bull Mater Sci 2015, 38(5), 1271-6.

A vacuum evaporation system has been used to evaporate gold film on glass substrate in order to probe the scanning tunneling microscope-light emission (STM-LE) from the evaporated film. The surface morphology of the evaporated Au film has been checked by atomic force microscope (AFM). In order to estimate the appropriate thickness of the Au film, which is essential for the enhancement of STM-LE in the prism-coupled geometry, a theoretical calculation has been performed. Our theoretical simulation revealed that the light emission from the prism-coupled STM junction is strongly enhanced when the Au film has a thickness of 40 nm. AFM observation also showed that the morphology of the gold films strongly depends on the cleanliness of glass substrates and the deposition temperature. Relatively smooth surface was observed when a 40-nm-thick Au film was evaporated at room temperature on the preannealed glass substrate. Finally, the evaporated films were deposited on the flat bottom of a hemispherical glass prism, and STM-LE from the tip-sample gap into the vacuum (tip-side emission) and into the prism (prism-side emission) were measured. It was found from the experimental results that the prism-side emission is much stronger than the tip-side emission by virtue of the enhancement of the prism-coupled geometry.

6 illus, 21 ref

011665   Adomnitei C;Tascu S;Luca D;Dobromir M;Girtan M;Mardare D (NO, Alexandru Loan Cuza Univ, Faculty of Physics, 11 carol I Blvd, 700 506 Iasi, Romania, Email: dianam@uaic.ro) : Nb doped Tio₂ thin films as photocatalytic materials. Bull Mater Sci 2015, 38(5), 1259-62.

Amorphous undoped and Nb-doped films were obtained by the spin coating method. The films have a compact structure, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, and are very thin, with thickness values under 100 nm. The photocatalytic activity of the films was evaluated by observing the decomposition of an oleic acid solution under UV irradiation, and by studying the change in the optical transmittance of an aqueous solution containing methylene blue, in the presence of the UV-irradiated films. More than 30 h, depending on doping, are needed to recover their initial contact angles before applying oleic acid. The increase of the optical transmittance of the methylene blue solution confirms the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue on the Nb-doped TiO₂ films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies, performed to detect the presence of the carbon on the irradiated surface of the films, drive to the conclusion that at the surface of the films, even for contact angles close to 0°, the presence of carbon still can be detected, which demonstrates that hydrophilicity is ruled by a different mechanism than photocatalysis.

5 illus, 20 ref

011664   Adio S A;Sharifpur M;Meyer J P (Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering Dep, Pretoria Univ, Private Box. 0002 Pretoria, South Africa, Email: mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za) : Factors affecting the PH and electrical conductivity of MgO-ethylene glycolnanofluids. Bull Mater Sci 2015, 38(5), 1345-57.

The pH and electrical conductivity are important properties of nanofluids that have not been widely studied, especially with regard to temperature and ultrasonication energy. To study the factors that affect the pH and electrical conductivity of magnesium oxide-ethylene glycol (MgO-EG) nanofluid, the effects of temperature, volume fraction, particle size and ultrasonication energy were investigated. Two different sizes of MgO were dispersed in EG base fluid up to the volume fraction of 3%, and the pH and electrical conductivity were monitored between the temperatures of 20 and 70°C. Characterization by transmission electron microscopy and size analyses revealed the morphology and sizes of the nanoparticle samples. The pH values dropped consistently with the increase of temperature, while electrical conductivity value increased with the increase of temperature. The experimental result showed that the increase in the MgO volume fraction increased both the pH and electrical conductivity values of the MgO-EG nanofluid. There was no recognizable influence of ultrasonication energy density on the pH and electrical conductivity of the nanofluid; therefore, it was concluded that temperature, volume fraction and particle size are the predominant factors affecting both the pH and electrical conductivity of MgO-EG nanofluid within the present experimental conditions.

13 illus, 2 table, 67 ref

010628   Zahra N;Siddiqi A H (Electronics and Communication Dep, Sharda Univ, Greater Noida, Email: noore.zahra@sharda.ac.in) : Interaction of vector-valued wavelet and vector field tomography. Indian J ind appl Math 2015, 6(2), 120-38.

Computerised tomography is the process of determination of scalar quantities from inte-gral information along lines. By now it is a vast interdisciplinary field having significant applications in medical and earth sciences. The work of Hounsfield and Cormak in this area fetched a Noble prize in 1979. The concept of vector field tomography was introduced by Norton in 1988 that deals with the determination of vector fields from integral information. In a series of papers the role of wavelet analysis has been examined. In this article interaction of vector field tomography and vector-valued wavelets is studied.

42 ref

010627   Yaliwal V S;Adaganti S Y;Banapurmath N R; Tewari P G (Mechanical Engineering Dep, S D M College of Engineering, Dharwad, Karnataka, Email: vsyaliwal12000@rediffmail.com) : Renewable and sustainable fuel production from woody biomass. Indian J chem Technol 2015, 22(1-2), 61-6.

Bioethanol has been produced from woody biomass (Neem wood saw dust) and the work has been extended to check the feasibility of Honge oil methyl ester (HOME)-bioethanol blends. Based on the experimental results, 11.8 g/L glucose is obtained with H₂SO₄ acid hydrolysis at 120°C reaction temperature, 2% H₂SO₄ concentration and 120 min reaction time for pretreated biomass. The results for batch fermentation show that pH 4.5, temperature 30°C and incubation period of 72 h are found to be favourable for producing maximum bioethanol. Based on the results obtained on HOME-Bioethanol blends, bioethanol from woody biomass has been found to be feasible to use in blend form.

8 illus, 2 table, 27 ref

010626   Vaghasiya M M;Imtiyaz M;Kumar J L G;Denis D M (NO, Anand Agricultural Univ, Gandhinagar-382 026, Email: lordvingirish@gmail.com) : Estimation and validation of runoff and sediment yield model for Nani Chikali Watershed. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2015, 35(1), 1-6.

The hydraulic studies were carried out on Nani Chikali watershed which is situated in Narmada district about 23 kilometers from Rajpipla. It is located between 22° 4' 28.47" to 22° 7' 24.47" N Latitude and 74° 33' 11" to 74° 51' 41.59" E Longitude. The weekly runoff and sediment yield models are used for estimation of runoff and sediment yield in the study. The linear model was applied to measure the runoff and sediment yield. The parameters of model were calculated by multiple regression method using SPSS statistics software. The performance of model was evaluated by performing the quantitative tests which indicates that average absolute prediction error ranged from 2.08% to 4.16% and 2.16% to 3.96% for runoff and sediment yield models respectively. The coefficient of efficiency ranged from 81.88% to 87.25% and 81.68% to 90.80% for runoff and sediment yield models respectively. The overall results clearly indicate that the runoff and sediment yield models used for Nani Chikali watershed can be use for predicting runoff and sediment yield for similar watershed.

2 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

010625   Tafheem Z;Khusru S (Civil Engineering Dep, , Dhaka 1208, Bangladesh, Email: zasiah_tafheem@yahoo.com) : Structural behavior of steel building with concentric and eccentric bracing: a comparative study. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 6(2), 140-7.

Many existing steel buildings need to be retrofitted to overcome the deficiencies to resist the lateral loading. In the present study, a six storied steel building has been modeled and then analyzed due to lateral earthquake and wind loading, dead and live load. The performance of the same steel building has been investigated for different types of bracing system such as concentric (crossed X) bracing and eccentric (V-type) bracing using HSS sections. The performance of the building has been evaluated in terms of lateral storey displacement, storey drift as well as axial force and bending moment in columns at different storey level. The effectiveness of various types of steel bracing on the structure has also been investigated. More importantly, the reduction in lateral displacement has been found out for different types of bracing system in comparison to building with no bracing. From the present study, it has been found that the concentric (X) bracing reduces more lateral displacement and thus significantly contributes to greater structural stiffness to the structure.

13 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

010624   Suresh Kuamr E;Uma Maheswari R;Sudha M;Sheela S;Saranya K (Civil Engineering Dep, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering, College, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, Email: sureshakcivil@gmail.com) : Flexural strength evaluation of prestressed concrete beams with partial replacement of coarse aggregate by ceramic wastes. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 6(2), 148-59.

Present study deals with the improved performance on compressive and Flexural strength of Prestressed concrete beam with the effect of ceramic wastes by partial replacement of coarse aggregates, Experimental work was carried out to investigate the effect of ceramic wastes by partially replacing aggregate and using same quantity of water. In this program cube samples of size 150mm x150mm x 150mm for different percentage of ceramic wastes with partial replacement of aggregates were casted and tested. The concrete mixes had 5%, 10% of ceramic wastes replacing coarse aggregate partially, so as to determine the best proportion, which would give maximum compressive strength.It reveals that with 5% ceramic wastes each partial replacement of coarse aggregate were found to be most favorable combinations for casting of prestressed concrete flexural members. There are two beam specimens of the same dimensions were casted and tested for their flexural strength. The dimensions of each beam were 125mm x 250mm x 3200mm. The beams were tested on universal testing machine (UTM) to verify their flexural strength after curing with two point load and. The results were compared with the beam of varying flexural strength.

8 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

010623   Subedha V;Mohanaprakash T A;Venkataraman; Brindhadevi S (NO, Panimalar Institute of Technology, Chennai) : Decision support system through conceptual reference framework for reusable and functional verification environment. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2015, 4(2), 190-200.

Software reuse is viewed as a means for achieving rapid system development, saving resources and time, and keeping up technologically in an increasingly advancing global environment. It is also proved to be an efficient way to help improving software development quality and productivity. It is always a challenge for the reuser to find out a quality component for reuse. To best utilize software reuse, we created a framework as a DSS , to enable reuse within a system. This research work focuses and proposes framework for component reusability in context level by describing all elements required for effective reuse. The fundamental motivation of this framework is to reduce the effort spent by the reuser to qualify the component candidates for reuse. The basic premise assumed by this approach is that reusable components have certain quality attributes like functional usefulness, extraction time, and reuse frequency. This approach is feasible for building reliable software systems using the reusable components. Finally, the complete cycle of phases can enable the reuser to determine which components have high reuse potential with regards to specific functional requirements, minimum extraction time and measures of reusability metric. This framework also provides diversity in the execution environment leading to a higher level of reliability of the system. Two issues that affect the reusability in an environment are accessibility and environmental difference and we have not provided proper solutions to these issues. Another difficulty that arises in attempting this framework is that some of the benefits of choosing the right component may not be evident in the short term. Furthermore, to make the framework useful in practice, there are needs for integrating our technology with supporting tools. There are scopes for further research in this direction.

8 illus, 5 tables, 26 ref

010622   Soltanzadeh G;Soltanzadeh H;Osman M H (NO, Faculty of Civil engineering University Technology, Malaysia) : Seismic response of steel frame designed for wind load. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2015, 4(2), 233-9.

Moment resistance steel frame are considered to response well to seismic loads provided that they are designed and detailed for earthquake. In low seismic area, normally such as detailing's for seismic action are not imposed to the steel structures. This study, investigate seismic behavior of moment resistance steel frame designed only for wind and gravity loads. Seismic performance structure which is a seven story 3 bays frame was evaluated through pushover analysis. Two different lateraled load patterns were employed to obtain the performance point of the frame. It was observed that for PGAs lower than 0.221g the studied structure can comply with the requirements of life safety level.

3 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

010621   Senthilkumar G;Manikandan H;Shanmugasundaram S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Panimalar Institute of Technology, Chennai-600 123) : Analysis of piping layout under static load in petrochemical industries. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2015, 4(2), 240-9.

Piping layout used in petrochemical industries taken for the stress analysis. After studying the critical lines in the layout, the line which is connecting the main distillation unit and air fin cooler is taken for the analysis. Design of piping layout is interrelated with piping layout and pipe support design and normally associated with analysis of stresses in a piping system. The functional failure of pipe may cause accidents, shutdowns and lot of damage to refineries and human beings due to leakage of fluids. Even under critical conditions like earthquake, heavy fluctuations in wind force the pipe should not fail and the stresses developed should be within allowable limit. Hence there is a need to carryout stress analysis of the pipe. In this work using FEA approach hydro, sustain, expansion, occasional load such as wind load analyses were carried out. These analyses shall be in accordance with the ASME B 31.3.In this analysis pipe under load is analyzed independently in x, y and z directions and corresponding displacements, stresses and moments are calculated. The safety of the pipe is verified with respect to ASME B 31.3. Based on the results obtained in the analyses suitable supporting system is designed. The results were evaluated using strength of materials theory.

5 illus, 9 tables, 9 ref

010620   Satish Reddy K;Vaish H (ECE Dep, Vardhaman College of Engineering, Telangana) : Effect of 2D-EBG structure on monopole Antenna radiation and analysis of its characteristics. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2015, 4(2), 227-32.

Authors present a two dimensional electromagnetic (2D-EBG) square shaped mushroom structure placed between two monopole antennas. Two artificial properties of this 2D-EBG structure such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated here. The radiation characteristics of a monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG structure is tested by considering two cases. In the first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region where as in the second case monopole antenna is made to operate outside the band rejection range. First case is showing an enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In the second case, the effect is null and 2D-EBG acts like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results for both the cases are presented.

6 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

010619   Roy P K;Ankita Konar;Banerjee G;Paul S; Mazumdar A;Chkraborty R (School of Watr Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kalkata-700 032, Email: pk1roy@yahoo.co.in) : Development and hydraulic analysis of a proposed drinking water distribution network using watergems and GIS. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 371-9.

Safe and potable drinking water is a prerequisite for sustainable living. After achieving much success in distributing drinking water in cities and towns in India, rural areas have become a major concern by the state governments. In the present paper a sustainable, innovative, environmental friendly and cost effective water supply system for arsenic-affected water-stressed regions in Murshidabad District, West Bengal in India as proposed is analyzed using WaterGEMS software to study its dynamic behaviour in an Extended Period Simulation tool. The water supply network model was established using a GIS map obtained from the QuantumGIS software. The objective of this paper is to design safe drinking water networks through gravity cum pumping and hydraulic analysis of pipe networks using the WaterGEMS software for virtual-time realization of pressure head and average daily flows through the house connections and stand-posts. Hydraulic simulation has been carried out for a continuous supply of 24 hours daily to achieve the desired results with suggestive conclusions for practical implementations.

10 illus, 8 ref

010618   Ramulu M;Gurharikar M (NO, Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Regional Centre, Seminary Hills, Nagpur-440 006, Email: more.ramulu@cimfr.res.in) : Strength based criteria for the effect of blast induced ground vibrations on green concrete. SGAT Bull 2015, 16(1), 22-8.

Some experiments were carried out during base slab concrete works of a Metro construction works in India to find out the vibration criteria for freshly poured concrete of age 0 to 4 hours. From the temperature history graphs it was found that the temperature of concrete starts increasing after 2 hours, which is the indication of curing process. At the experimental site the structural concrete was exposed to a blast induced vibration with peak particle velocity (PPV) level of 46mm/s, which was still less than the threshold limit suggested by Oriard (1980). The vibration level was exposed at 3 hour 15 minutes from concreting. The vibration exposure took place twice with a gap of 5 minute. There was another site with same structural concrete kept without any exposure of vibrations. After 15 days of curing, samples of both the sites were tested for strength. Very interestingly the strength of vibration free concrete sample measured was 40.2 MPa and that of vibration exposed samples was 31.5 MPa. This indicates the vibration exposure resulted in strength reduction of 22%, which is very substantial one.Similar experiments were conducted on samples of 3 hours age and with exposure of PPV 48.5 mm/s and observed 23.5% reduction in strength. This indicates that no chance of exposure of vibrations should be taken for the freshly poured concrete of age 2 to 4 hour, although the existing global vibration criteria is liberal for concrete up to 4 hour age. Therefore, the paper recommends that the green concrete up to 4 hour age is also vulnerable for vibrations above 40 mm/s and stresses for need of more research and experiments in this direction.

3 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

010617   Pournik M;Tripathi D;El-Monier I (NO, , ) : Productivity of hydraulically fractured calcite rich shale reservoirs enhanced by acid. J Petrol Engng Technol 2016, 6(1), 54-68.

Current low oil prices have highlighted the need for enhancement to current production from shale formations. Prolonging the production life and increasing productivity of the fracture network in the shale plays can be a way to improve the economics. Many shale wells, drilled and completed based on current completion strategies, show sharp decline after initial flash production. One of the reasons behind this can be attributed to closure of partially propped secondary fractures, proppant-less tertiary, and natural fractures. These fractures, which do not have multiple layers of proppant collapse under increasing effective closure stress as the reservoir depletes. The healing of these fractures limits the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) to mainly the primary fractures. To keep fractures conductive under higher closure stress with reservoir pressure depletion, injection of reactive fluid after proppant fracturing is postulated. The etching pattern developed using reactive fluids can enhance fracture conductivity of secondary, tertiary and natural fracture systems. To establish the effectiveness of proposed method, experimental work was conducted using 2 and 15% HCl on calcite rich Eagle Ford shale samples. To scale up the results to reservoir level, CGM IMEX model with simulated SRV surrounding a horizontal lateral was used. The fracture conductivities obtained during the experimental work were assumed in the model to predict the improvement in ultimate recovery. 2% HCl treatment showed significant improvement in productivity when compared with non-treated samples or samples treated with 15% HCl. The fracture conductivity improved three times in propped (primary) fracture and six times in fracture without proppant (tertiary) post acid treatment with 2% HCl, however partially propped (secondary) fracture showed decrease in fracture conductivity. Proppant embedment and high stress concentration expected in case of partial proppant monolayer are probably main reasons of the drop in conductivity. In spite of loss in fracture conductivity for these partially propped fractures, simulations showed 3% improvement in recovery factor after stimulation with 2% HCl. Obviously, there will be proppant embedment in the main fracture, but it was less significant than the ones observed in the secondary fractures. The experimental and simulation work both indicate that application of low strength acid in conjunction with proppant fracturing may further increase effectiveness of slick water fracturing in tapping hydrocarbons from unconventional plays. Combining low strength acid along with slick water fracturing not only has potential to improve the initial production rate and extent of reservoir which can be drained through a single well bore; but also has capability to prolong the reservoir productivity.

010616   Ojha B K (NO, , Energy infratech Pvt. Ltd) : Self compcting concrete at Teesta-III. Wat Energy int 2015, 57(11), 43-8.

The backfill concrete behind steel liner in 650 m deep pressure shaft at Teesta-III was quite challenging as provision of stiffeners hardly left a gap of 300 mm from the excavated rock surface. In view of time constraint the concreting activity was planned by pumping concrete from bottom so as to continue steel liner erection independently. The ease of placement and better flow ability/filling ability of self-compacting concrete (SCC) without vibration prompted the decision of using SCC as backfill concrete though it is little costlier than conventional concrete. The fly ash was used in concrete mix to have better durability and shrinkage characteristics and to avoid thermal problems. Extensive laboratory trials were done to optimize the cement and fly ash content for the SCC mix and achieve the required properties for the hardened concrete and cost competitive at the same time. The SCC was done successfully and its placement and performance was monitored through testing of flow ability characteristics and testing of cubes. This paper summarizes the various mix design and its field performance at pressure shaft of Teesta-III project. This study could provide better understanding and utilization of SCC in upcoming projects in a more economical way.

5 illus, 5 tables, 7 ref

010615   Naveenkumar R;Sharun V;Dhanasakkaravarthi B; Paul Theophilus Rajakumar I (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Panimalar Institute of Technology, Chennai-600 025) : Comparative study on jute and kenaf fiber composite material. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2015, 4(2), 250-8.

Composite materials are replacing the conventional materials, owing to its better properties like high tensile strength, high strength to weight ratio and low thermal expansion. The advancement of new materials are on the anvil and are growing day by day. Natural fiber composites such as kenaf and jute polymer composites became more attractive due to their high specific strength, lightweight and biodegradability. Kenaf and jute Reinforced Polymers are finding increased applications. In this study, kenaf-jute reinforced epoxy composites are developed and their mechanical properties like flexural strength, impact strength and tensile strength are calculated. The interfacial properties like internal cracks and internal structure of the fractured surfaces are determined by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results shows that the kenaf and jute polymer composites can be used as an alternate material for synthetic fiber reinforced polymer composites.

7 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

010614   Mishra S S;Phadtare K;Solapure M (Civil Engineering Dep, AIKTC School of Engineering and Technology, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, Email: dr.sushreemishra80@gmail.com) : Rainfall analysis and forecasting in Mumbai metropolitan region using artificial neural networks (ANN). Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 6(2), 129-39.

Irregular rainfall pattern and high surface runoff are the main reasons of water logging and subsequent flood conditions in the Mumbai metro Politian region. Also, the urban heat island effect leads to increased rainfall, both in amounts and intensity in the city. Therefore, research on rainfall patterns and their variations as well as prediction of rainfall for short term as well as long term periods is necessary in Mumbai region. In the present study, an attempt has been made to perform statistical analysis of rainfall for various duration and return periods, and analysis of rainfall trend and intensity pattern for Mumbai region. The records of the observed annual maximum daily rainfall were analyzed statistically for different rainfall return periods (2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 70 years) during the period 1994 to 2013 for Santacruz rain gauge station using Gumbel's extreme value distribution model. The forecasted rainfall values obtained from Gumbel's model is then validated using Artificial Neural Network model. It was observed from the study that the model architecture 4-2-1 performed best with a (R^{2) value of 0.99 and mean absolute error of 0.04 for rainfall forecasting in Mumbai metropolitan region.}

8 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

010613   Mishra P;Panda G K (Odisha Space Applications Centre, Government of Odisha, , Odisha) : Geospatial technology based catchment treatment planning-case study of sandul irrigation project catchment. SGAT Bull 2015, 16(1), 59-66.

Geospatial technology, basically remote sensing & GIS, has become an essential tool for the geoscientists and engineers in catchment area treatment planning. The present paper highlights the effectiveness of the technology in generation of CATP for proposed Sandul Irrigation Project in Odisha. Integration of various geospatial layers on natural resources and infrastructures has resulted in site selection of different engineering structures and land development action items in the proposed catchment. The plan thus generated is sustainable, site specific and scientific.

3 tables, 5 ref

010612   Manjunath M;Prakash K B (Civil Engineering Dep, Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli-416 415, Email: manjunathm162@gmail.com) : Effect of replacement of natural aggregates by recycled aggregates derived from field demolished concrete on the workability and strength characteristics of concrete. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 6(2), 119-28.

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the effect of replacing natural coarse aggregate by recycled aggregate obtained by processing field demolished concrete on the properties of recycled aggregate concrete. The natural coarse aggregate (NA) in concrete was replaced by recycled coarse aggregate (RA) at different percentages. Workability tests and strength tests such as compressive test, tensile test, flexural test and impact test are conducted to study the effect of replacing NA by RA. Test results show that for different percentage replacements of natural coarse aggregates by recycled aggregates there is a reduction in strength of concrete with the increase in the percentage of replacement. For replacement of natural aggregates by recycled aggregates up to 20%, the reduction in strength was marginal.

4 illus, 6 tables, 12 ref

010611   Manjeet Kaur;Bhardwaj R (School of Basic and Applied Sciences Dep, Non Linear Dynamics Research Lab, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha Univ, Dwarka, New Delhi, Email: rashmib22@gmail.com) : Non-integrability for motion of natural and artificial satellite in an elliptic orbit under the influence of aerodynamic torque. Indian J ind appl Math 2015, 6(2), 153-63.

This article deals with the non-linear oscillation of a satellite in an elliptic orbit around the Earth under the influence of aerodynamic and gravitational torque. It is assumed that the orbital plane coincides with the equatorial plane of the Earth. Using Euler's dynamical equation of motion, the equation of motion, Hamiltonian function and Melnikov's integral for the problem is derived. Taking aerodynamic torque of the order of eccentricity, it is observed that Hamiltonian function is dependent on aerodynamic torque. Using Melnikov's method it is observed that equations of motion are non-integrable. The non-integrability is observed graphically and numerically in Earth-Moon system and Earth-Resources at-1 system. It is concluded that for Earth-satellite system (Earth-Moon and Earth-Resourcesat-1) the Melnikov's function has simple zeros with the change in mass parameter and aerodynamic torque parameter, thus the non-linear system for equation of motion is non-integrable.

7 illus, 6 tables, 19 ref

010610   Maamoun Al-Jedaih;Ammary B Y (Water and WEnvironmental Engineering Dep, Balqa Applied University, Huson College, Huson-21510, Jordan, Email: bammary@yahoo.com) : Use of natural zeolites in landfill liners. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 231-5.

Natural zeolites use in waste landfill liners is reviewed. Their use in landfill liners is mainly based on their cation exchange capacity and that they produce a liner that is less susceptible for cracking than clay liners. The mixture of zeolite and bentonite clay is suitable as landfill liner due to their geotechnical properties that include lower compressibility, lower swelling potential, higher shear strength, high sorption capacity, and chemical and mechanical stability. The liquid limit and plasticity index of this mixture are comparable to those of clay.

^iia41 ref

010609   Farhan M K;Nandi S;Jadhav P B (NO, , ) : Modelling of beam pumping system using simulation with case study. J Petrol Engng Technol 2016, 6(1), 9-24.

Study deals with analyzing the performance of beam pumping system or sucker rod pump (SRP) through automation and counter balancing. In order to operate the pump in an efficient manner, the performance of SRP is also analyzed in the conditions of under balanced, normally balanced and even for precisely balanced wells. The main focus of the work is to troubleshoot by systematic analysis of dynamometer card, correct interpretation and quick remedial and even does counterbalancing of the well in order to bring the performance of the sucker rod pump in a better manner. A set of data is collected and processed simultaneously by working with SRP wells in the field, which can facilitate optimum production of hydrocarbon and in doing so increases reservoir life, ultimate recovery performance and also reduces operating expenditure. When applied to wells on sucker rod pumping system, it may mean a real time monitoring, management by exception, desktop control, performance analysis of sucker rod pump systems and the system design itself. Each and every component is dynamic in nature, real time monitoring, analysis and remedial action becomes utmost important. This includes surveillance through supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system and optimization solutions viz., CS beam and PROSPER. Various parameters namely mass balance, stroke length, strokes per minute (SPM), rod string, pump size etc; are the key factors for optimum running of SRP. The proper selections of these parameters are considered in this study from detailed calculations followed by `in-house' simulations. The proper understanding of dynamometer card is essential as it depends on the key factors mentioned earlier. The common problems that SRP faces are rod stuck up, rod part, gas interference, etc. All these problems have their respective signature on dynamometer cards. However, any problem encountered in the pump (downhole condition) can be detected by the change in shape of dynamometer card. This helps to take quick remedial action before the problem struck the pump.

010608   Desai P;Patel V K (India Development Centre, ABB Global Industries and Services Limited, Vadodara) : RTD/mA as remote IO modules. Wat Energy int 2015, 57(11), 28-32.

Most of the substation and distribution automation products have fixed number of analog input/outputs (IO). Situation arises where additional analog lOs are needed to provide various control and status information to the product. Remote analog JO is an IEC 61850 enabled IO unit which works as an IO extension. This paper describes the applications of RTD/mA input and mA output module for the product Remote IO. Major advantage is that the parent product Remote IO works on the principle of Ethernet Based IEC 61850 on GOOSE. Due to modular approach, required number of RTD/analog lOs can be met by scaling up or down the modules.

8 illus, 1 ref

010607   Dashora I;Singal S K;Srivastav D K (Hydrology Dep, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Istitute of Technology, Roorkee) : Streamflow prediction for estimation of hydropower potential. Wat Energy int 2015, 57(11), 54-60.

Stream flow prediction is required for the planning and operation of water resources projects. The data generation phenomenon is strongly recommended when the stream flow data is either inadequate or unavailable. The long term data generation facilitates flood mitigation and water resource project planning. Stream flow time-series is a non-linear phenomenon, so stochastic models; Seasonal-ARIMA and X-12-ARIMA are mostly used prediction approach nowadays. The present study is focused on the monthly streamflow prediction for Manot Site in Upper Narmada River basin. Best Seasonal-ARIMA and X-12-ARIMA models are selected on the basis of A1C (Akaike's information Criteria), B1C (Bayesian information Criteria) and residual correlogram (ACF and PACF) analysis. Performance of different parameters for Seasonal-ARIMA and X-12-ARIMA are compared by statistical performance criteria. The study reveals that X-12-ARMA (1,0,2) (0,1,1) has better prediction accuracy as compared to seasonal ARIMA (0,0,4)(0,1,0).

9 illus, 2 table, 18 ref

010606   Dash M C (Sambalpur University, , Sambalpur) : Seven billion dreams: one planet, consume with care. SGAT Bull 2015, 16(1), 41-3.

One in eight people in the world every night goes to bed hungry. The situation happens also in Odisha. Ensuring that enough healthy, nutritious food is available for people everywhere is one of the most critical challenges we face. It involves increasing productivity, ensuring nutritional quality of food, safety from health point of view etc. From advancing the nutritional content of crops, to helping farmers and growers around the world increase their yields, finding better ways to ensure food safety, avoiding wastage of food and excess consumption, we have to work every day to get more good food and avoid excess consumption and waste. We have to accelerate significant research and development for ensuring that the world's growing population has enough food. In India, 263 million tonnes of cereals and pulses were produced in 2014-214 kg per capita -586.30 grams per day. (1230 million people in India). Food availability and distribution is another point. For sustainable consumption, productivity has to be increased using green technology (present productivity -0.86 tonnes/ha of pulses, ~2-3 tonnes of cereals/ha -this can be increased 3-4 times taking the example of western countries of Europe and North America).

3 ref

010605   Damko S T;Bongfa B;Abdul M;Atabor P A (Faderal Capital Development Agency, , Abuja Nigeria) : Experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of used-bolts reused in Nigeria. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2015, 4(2), 265-78.

In this research, the mechanical properties of used-bolts, reused in Nigeria were investigated using Monsanto Tensometer and visual hardness testing machine to ascertain their reliability in service, during the second usage as popularly heralded by most of the dealers and highly recommended by the technicians. The key parameters tested were the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and the Brinnell Hardness Number (BHN). Ten samples each of the three used-bolt size categories (M8, M10, and M12) were tested for three key mechanical properties in accordance with the standard code (BS EN ISO 898-1) for mechanical properties of fasteners produced from carbon and alloy steel, under ambient temperature of 29.8oC.The results showed that, the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and the BHN of these used-bolts not only fail to confirm with the standard code (BS EN ISO 898-1), but also vary randomly. Statistical analysis revealed significant high variations of these properties in the respective categories. These declared their unreliability. Hence Used-Bolts are not suitable for engineering applications due to these deviation from standards, and wide and random variation in their mechanical properties.

13 illus, 6 tables, 15 ref

010604   Banerjee S (Manav Energy Private Limited, Mumbai, Maharashtra) : Earthing solution for hard soil with restricted space. Wat Energy int 2015, 57(10), 29-31.

2 illus

010603   Bajetha M;Karki J (NO, Renewable Energy Engineering and Management, BHEL, Power Sector Northern Region, Noida) : Hybrid model for solar hydro mix-a new approach. Wat Energy int 2015, 57(11), 33-5.

1 illus

010602   Ashwani Kumar;Singh N (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Lovely Professional University, ) : Tribology effect of worn out surface of Aluminium alloy using detonation gun spray coating process. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2015, 4(2), 161-74.

Surface wear is the major problem seen in various tools and parts of various industries for example: lappet hook used in textile industry, rings used in automobiles engines, bearings, etc. A comprehensive comparative study has been done using Aluminium alloy of grade AA 6063 as a substrate material and coating material i.e. Stellite 6 and Chromium carbide nickel chrome. In this study the cylindrical pins of three different samples of material Aluminium alloy AA 6063 has been prepared one sample is without coating and the other two pins coated with Stellite 6 and Chromium carbide nickel chrome (Cr₃C₂.NiCr). Coating is done by using Detonation gun spray coating process. After coating wear testing is done using Pin on Disk machine and using X-Ray diffraction machine .Finally, Stellite 6 was found to be best coating material compared to chromium carbide nickel chrome which can be used depending upon the loading conditions examples in Lappet hook, or Rings, turbine blades etc.

10 illus, 9 tables, 9 ref

010601   Adil Dar M;Asim Q (P.G. Research Scholar, Structural Engineering, Kurukshetra University, Haryana) : Investigation on the behaviour of concrete using chemical additives. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2015, 4(2), 175-89.

Infrastructure development across the world created demand for construction materials. Concrete is the premier civil engineering construction material. Concrete manufacturing involve consumption of ingredients like cement, aggregates, water and admixture(s). The problems of concreting in cold weather arises from the action of frost on fresh concrete. When wet concrete freezes, the water in the concrete transforms into ice and thus increases the overall volume of concrete. Since there is now no water available for hydration of cement, setting and hardening of concrete are delayed. This damages the concrete to such an extent that it is unfit for use. An accelerating additive is used to accelerate the rate of hydration (setting) and strength development of concrete at an early age. This paper investigates the behaviour of concrete using accelerating additive. Experimental program is set up to compare 3 day , 7 days and 28 day compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength of commixtured concrete with plain concrete. This paper also focuses on the assessment of the role of accelerating additive in helping the rate of gain of early strength and the harmful effects of the accelerator on concrete properties. The optimum percentage of accelerator that could be used without harming the properties of concrete is also arrived at.

15 illus, 9 tables, 10 ref

010600    (NO, CBIP Conference Hall, New Delhi) : Workshop distributed generation, including smart micro grid- issues, challenges and advancements. Wat Energy int 2015, 57(10), 32-8.

010599   Jose S S H;Pavendhiran S;Sankaran R A (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur-635 109) : Review on waste printed circuit board recycling technique. Pollut Res 2015, 34(2), 433-5.

Recycling of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) is an important subject not only from the point of view of environmental protection but also with respect to the recovery of valuable materials. The WPCBs receives wide concerns as the amounts of scrap printed circuit boards (PCBs) increases dramatically. However treatment for WPCBs is challenge due to the fact that PCBs are diverse and complex in terms of materials and components makeup as well as the original equipment's manufacturing processes. Therefore it is urgent to develop a proper recycle technology for WPCBs. Many recycling technologies were reviewed in this paper. The WPCBs recycling process usually includes pretreatment, mechanical separation, Pyrometallurgy and chemical recycling. WPCBs recycling generally starts from the pretreatment stage, which include disassembly of the reusable and toxic parts. After pretreatment process, PCBs are treated using mechanical separation or Pyrometallurgy process. Mechanical separation involves a preliminary step were size reduction of the waste is formed followed by a step in which metallic and nonmetallic are separated and collected for further management. In the end, materials are finally recovered after chemical recycling process. The Pyrometallurgical process used to remove plastic and other organic materials with the aim of concentrating metals. In this review, metals fraction can be treated by Pyrometallurgy, Mechanical separation and Hydrometallurgy process.

3 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

009625   Verma J K;Sharma A;Paramanick K K (NO, , ICAR-IARI, Regional Station (C&HC), Amartara Cottage, Shimla-171 004, Email: jatin.k.verma@gmail.com) : To evaluate the values of electrical conductivity and growth parameters of apple saplings in nursery fields. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2015, 4(3), 321-32.

The experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with split plot arrangement, having three replications at IARI, Regional Station, Shimla-4 (H.P) in India. Research was conducted in 2013-14 to evaluate the values of pH & EC of apple nursery fields and its impact on growth parameters. Keeping in view the concentration of soluble salts, pH values were recorded to know the chemical properties of soil. Experimental soil samples were collected from 15-30 cm depth of each plot to record the values of pH and EC. Controls were irrigated alternately with fresh water. While the irrigation practices in rest of the treatments were planned day wise. The present study indicated that the application of biocontrol agent (Trichoderma viride) fortified with FYM, soil amendment with Vitex leaves (1kg/m2) and Vermicompost in nursery field soil gave maximum values of growth parameters of apple saplings. Treatment wise mean pH value ranged from 6.88 to 7.12 and maximum pH value for observed vigorous growth parameters were 7.03 except for leaf area i.e. 7.11. Similarly, the mean EC values ranged from 269.68 æS/cm to 352.00 æS/cm and maximum vigorous growth parameters were observed on EC value 332.33 æS/cm except for leaf area i.e. 352.00 æS/cm.

1 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

009624   Usta M A (Civil Engineering Dep, Manda Institute of Technology, NH - 11, Raisar, Bikaner, Rajasthan-334 001, Email: akilnajmi@gmail.com) : Folding bridge - a model unfolded for disaster management. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2015, 4(3), 371-5.

The stream of Civil Engineering is famous for its huge construction practices. This research paper discusses the concept of "Folding Bridge" exceptionally useful in disaster management. This concept has never been in practice earlier. In this bridge there are a number of equilateral triangles fabricated in descending sizes, and each smaller triangle folds into its adjacent large size triangle. The materials used for deck is "Allied Foam Tech" and high strength "Steel" for construction of Triangles.

3 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

009623   Tleugabulov S M;Ryzhonkov D;Altybayeva D K; Koishina G M (NO, , KazNTU Named After K I Satpayev, Satpayev st. 22., 050013, ALmaty, Kazakhstan, Email: didishka_88@mail.ru) : Limitation of metal carbonization results in implementation of 'Ore steel' process. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(1), 389-400.

Two-stage process of iron and steel metallurgy based; (1) reduction cast iron melting, including non-blast furnace melting of carbonized metals, and (2) oxidizing steel melting has been developed worldwide and is the basis of the industry. Both the first and the second stage of the production is implemented under up-to-date conditions based on construction of large divisions of the metallurgical complex, which is associated with frequent increase of capital costs and prime cost of metal products. Moreover, the second stage (oxidizing steel melting), by nature of the process, is conversely directed to the first one by the reason that together with oxidation of carbon excess, it results in oxidation of all useful reduced metals. As a result, the following goal has been set. The goal was to study the possibility of limitation of the metal carbonization process at the stage of reduction melting and, hence, achieve the result of direct steel making. The goal shall be achieved by the development of methodology of study of solidphase reduction of iron and accompanying metals directly by solid carbon based on new dissociation-absorption mechanism, which [as opposed to the existing mechanism of iron reduction using hot reducing gas (HRG)] allows more precisely calculate and regulate stoichiometric carbon consumption without formation of its excess. New approach to the process arrangement has been tested on the laboratory units when processing charge materials made on the basis of iron, manganese and chrome at stoichiometric carbon consumption for reduction of each metal. Results of the experimental studies of solid phase metals reduction within the interval of 600-1200°C followed by continuous melting of charge materials at 1550-1600°C have been provided. Samples of metal ingots at specified interval of change in composition of charge materials have been obtained. Chemical compositions of the obtained ingot samples, which correspond to the composition of steels alloyed by manganese and chrome have been provided.

2 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

009622   Tamilarasi M;Seyezhai R (EEE Dep, S S N College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamilnadu, Email: tamilarasi_1979@yahoo.com) : Fuzzy logic implementation of pem fuel cell based four phase interleaved boost converter. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(1), 345-61.

This paper implements the fuzzy logic control technique for the modeling of the PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cell interfaced with a four-phase coupled IBC (Interleaved Boost Converter). In the modeling part of the PEM fuel cell, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used to control, the flow rate of methane in the reformer and then output voltage of IBC is maintained constant by incorporating a FLC. The modeling, control and simulation is achieved for PEM fuel cell interfaced with four-phase coupled IBC. MATLAB simulink and fuzzy logic toolbox are used to check the proposed control algorithms.

15 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

009621   Surekha P;Sumathi S (Electrical and Electronics Engg. Dep, PSg College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: surekha_3000@yahoo.com) : Novel approach to solve unit commitment and economic load dispatch problem using IDE OBL. J scient ind Res 2015, 74(7), 395-9.

Non-convex and combinatorial nature of the UC-ELD problems requires the application of heuristic algorithms to generate optimal schedules. In studies reported so far, the Unit Commitment and the Economic Load Dispatch problems are solved as separate problems. In the addressed work, the commitment and de-commitment of generating units is obtained using a Genetic Algorithm (GA), and the optimal load distribution of the scheduled units is obtained using Improved Differential Evolution with Opposition Based Learning (IDE-OBL). The power demand is varied for 24 hours to determine the schedule in the IEEE 30 bus system including transmission losses, power balance and generator capacity constraints. Optimal distribution of load among generating units, fuel cost per hour, power loss, total power and computational time are computed for each of the test systems using the intelligent algorithms. From the comparative analysis, it can be concluded that GA-IDE-OBL is a better approach for solving UC-ELD problems in terms of optimal solution, robustness, and computational efficiency.

3 table, 16 ref

009620   Sivaraman P;Nirmalkumar A (EEE Dep, Bennari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamngalam, India-638 401, Email: sivaramanresearch@gmail.com) : New method of maximum power point tracking for maximizing the power generation fom an SPV plant. J scient ind Res 2015, 74(7), 411-15.

Objective of grid connected photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion system is to extract electrical energy from the PV array and supply to the grid with high power quality and high efficiency. This paper proposes a modified variable step Perturb and Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for improving the efficiency of single stage grid connected power conversion system. Further this paper suggests an integrated controller which is used to improve the quality of power supply to the grid. The proposed algorithm and control techniques are analyzed and compared with conventional methods. The same has been implemented in MATLAB Simulink and verified.

3 illus, 3 table, 9 ref

009619   Siddig M A;Elbadawi A A;Abdelgadir A E;Siddig A A;Gibreel M O (Physics Dep, Faculty of Science and Technology, Alneelain Univ, 11121Khartoum, Sudan, Email: siddig_ma@yahoo.com) : Structural characterization and physical properties of three different types of peppermint (mentha cervina). Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2015, 4(3), 364-70.

In this work, three types of peppermint (Mentha cervina) namely; traditional, super and higaze were considered. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the structure of powder samples of the leaves of peppermints. The XRD results were indicated that the structures of three types of peppermint were amorphous. The XRF results s that the owed that the three types were contained eleven elements; potassium (K), calcium (Ca), titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) Bromine (Br), Rubidium (Rr), Strontium (Sr), Yttrium(Y). However, both types traditional and super peppermint were found to have extra elements, manganese (Mn), which was missing in the case of Higaze peppermint. The concentrations of elements were different for different types. The optical properties of the three types of peppermints were carried out using Fourier Transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultra violet spectroscopy (UV). The FTIR spectra showed strong absorption in the range 1500-1450 cm-1 and 1630-1690 cm-1, which were assigned to different stretching vibrations. The absorption of the traditional, super and higaze were found to be 2.75, 2.48 and 2.20 a. u, respectively. The wave length of the three types were found to be 215.75 nm, 208.90 nm, 204.90 nm, while the energy band gap were calculated and found to be 3.45 eV, 3.95 eV, and 4.62 eV, respectively. Concerning the three types of peppermint, the traditional type showed highest absorption and less energy band gap

5 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

009618   Shukhanova Zh K;Oryngozhin E S;Kutzhanova A N;Turebekova A M (NO, Kazakh National Technical Univ, Satpaev Str. 22, 050013, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, Email: shuhanovaz@mail.ru) : Creation of well hydraulic technology of the bituminous breedsmining. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(1), 230-46.

In connection with growth of oil consumption, it is necessary to search for new sources of hydrocarbon raw materials and methods of their implicating in extraction and application sphere. Such raw materials are treated bituminous breeds containing high viscosity oil, bitumen, etc. In Kazakhstan on the territory of Atyrau, Aktyubinsk and Aktau areas, it is reconnoitered and registered over 100 deposits bituminous breeds. According to the preliminary data, on depths to 120 m lie down 15-20 billion t of bituminous breeds. The reconnoitered deposits of bituminous breeds whenever possible their workings out are divided into two types. The deposits which are lying down immediately on the surface or on small depth (to 50) are treated to the first which can be effectively developed by an open method. The deposits which are lying down on rather deep water are treated to the second type (more than 100 m). These deposits are reconnoitered less in details, working out by their open method is inexpedient because of great volumes stripping operations^{1. Relatively low value of raw materials is economically unprofitable and their underground working out. For working out of deposits of the second type effectively are applied well hydraulic technology. Insufficient extend of exploration deposits of bituminous breeds and absence of great demand for these raw materials in the past have caused low level of technique and engineering of working out, shipment and application of bituminous breeds of Kazakhstan. The substantiation of the effective and nonconventional technology of working out of bituminous breeds, effective methods of open-cast mining of bituminous breeds with application of traditional set of the equipment taking into account features of physic mechanical properties of breeds during summer and winter time, possibility and perspectives of well techniques of working out of bituminous breeds, efficiency of designed techniques of extraction and application of bituminous breeds and bituminous emulsion to conduct their industrial trials and introduction2. To define effect critical parameters on the array for well technology of working out of bituminous breeds and to justify regularities and analytical dependences for definition of critical parameters of effect on the array. The complex of research methods, powering up is applied in the work: the analyzes of mountaingeological conditions folding of bituminous breeds and the contents in them of bitumen; the assaying of experience of working out of bituminous breeds; laboratory experimental researches on large-scale sample pieces; analytical and technical and economic calculations; trial inspection of designed techniques under production conditions. Result consists in the substantiation of new techniques of working out of bituminous breeds with deriving of considerable actual saving of means at their application at the mountain and building operations. The results of the work are realized at the mountain and building operations with the big saving of means.}

9 illus, 5 ref

009617   Shomanova Z K;Tashmukhambetova Z K;Aubakirov E A;Safarov R Z;Nosenko Y G (NO, Innovative Univ of Eurasia, Pavlodar, Republic of Kazakhstan, Email: ruslanbox@yandex.ru) : Hydrogenation processing of rubber waste using catalysts based on waste of ferroalloy production. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(1), 367-75.

The work deals with the study of waste Ferroalloy production, stored on the territory of ash-slime storage of Aksu ferroalloy plant (AFP), with a view to their use as promising catalyst for the process of recycling of rubber products to the liquid fuel distillates. The composition and the surface of the studied catalyst were studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray phase analysis, the BET method and the IR-spectroscopy. Conditions of process of rubber waste hydrogenation on the catalyst were optimized. Quality characteristics of the produced fuel distillates were defined.

3 illus, 8 tables, 4 ref

009616   Rao P R M;Rao H S (Centre for Disaster Mitigation and Management, VIT Univ, Vellore, Email: rao_pannem@vit.ac.in ) : Chloride penetration of polypropylene fibre fly ash concrete. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(1), 31-7.

The abundant production of fly ash from coal based thermal power plants as waste products becoming problem for their disposal and it is also hazardous to the environment. The inclusion of fly ash in concrete reduces the environmental pollution and improves the workability and durability properties of concrete. The present work has been carried out to find rapid chloride penetration test of fly ash and fibre reinforced concrete with different water binder ratios. The polypropylene fibre fraction 0%, 0.15%, 0.25%, 0.30% were used to find out the optimum volume fraction of glass fibres. For each mix standard sizes of cylinder were cast and tested for RCPT at 28 and 90 days. The percentage of fibre increases, the values of charge passed increases upto volume content 0.30%.

6 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

009615   Rajesha N;Viswanath H L (Research Scholar, Shri JJTU, Jhunjhunu-01, Email: rajeshmurthy44@gmail.com) : Efficient data scheduling policy in operating system for wireless sensor platforms to build fast query. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2015, 4(3), 388-400.

It is going to be prescribed a dynamic multithreaded Operating System for wireless sensor network platforms. This operating system provides a cooperative threading model, for Underwater Sensor Network applications. Virtual memory is supported with the cooperation of the compiler, so that the sensor network platforms can execute code larger than the physical code memory they have. To enable firmware update for deployed sensor nodes, presented operating system supports remote reprogramming. The proposed techniques do not increase hardware cost, and are designed to require few changes to existing applications. It has been developed a compression algorithm well suited to this application. The commonly used library and the main logical structure are separated; each sensor device has a copy of the dynamic loading library in the MMC card, and therefore only the main function and user-defined subroutines can be updated through RF. A dynamic, efficient file system named Flash File System is also included in OS. The code size and data size of OS including Flash File system are 8kB and 646 bytes, respectively.

4 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

009614   Palanisamy K L;Devabharathi V;Meenakshi Sundaram N (Physics Dep, Sengunthar Engineering College, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, Email: klpalanisamy@gmail.com) : Stability analysis of carrier oils mediated iron oxide nanoparticles and its photodegradation studies. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(1), 501-13.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were synthesized with olive oil and linseed oil as stabilizers by co-precipitation method. The dried nanoparticles were stored in a room at room temperature over a period of six months. The stability assessment was done by measuring poly dispersity index (PDI), zeta potential measurement, pH values and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Further the photodegradation of Acridine Orange (AO) dye was taken for the better stability offered by olive oil stabilized IONPs using UV-visible spectrophotometer. Effect of pH and intensity of light on photocatalytic degradation of AO dye with olive oil stabilized IONPs were also analysed.

10 illus, 5 tables, 14 ref

009613   Nanda J;Martha S K;Kalyanaraman R (Materials Science & Technology Div, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA, Email: nandaj@gmail.com) : High-capacity electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage: role of nanoscale effects. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(6), 1073-86.

This review summarizes the current state-of-the art electrode materials used for ' high-capacity lithium-ion-based batteries and their significant role towards revolutionizing the electrochemical energy storage landscape in the area of consumer electronics, transportation and grid storage application. We discuss the role of nanoscale effects on the electrochemical performance of high-capacity battery electrode materials. Decrease in the particle size of the primary electrode materials from micron to nanometre size improves the ionic and electronic diffusion rates significantly. Nanometre-thick solid electrolyte (such as lithium phosphqrous oxynitride) and oxides (such as Al₂O₃, ZnO, TiO₂ etc.) material coatings also improve the interfacial stability and rate capability of a number of battery chemistries. We elucidate these effects in terms of different high-capacity battery chemistries based on intercalation and conversion mechanism.

8 illus, 46 ref

009612   Makhanbetov A B;Baeshov A B;Myrzabekov B E; Tabylganova A N (Laboratory of Electrochemical Production Technology, RSE National Center on Complex Processing of Mineral Raw Materials of, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, Email: armanmab@mail.ru) : Studying the effect of compounds in the manganese composites on manganese electrolysis by voltmeter ammeter method. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(1), 115-22.

In this paper, the reduction of Mn(II) ions on titanium electrode in neutral medium was studied through voltmeter-ammeter method. In the medium mentioned above, reduction potential of Mn(II) ions was determined by cathode-anode cyclic polarization curve. The result of voltmeter-ammeter method enables us to investigate the effect of manganese compositions in the industrial solutions on magnesium electrolysis. The effect of the compounds in the industrial solution (Co, Ni, Cu, Fe) on the decrease of ultrahigh voltage with hydrogen release was found by potentiodynamic polarization curves. On the potentiodynamic polarization curves of various concentrations of zinc ions (10, 20, 30, 40 mg/dm^{3), - 1280 mV - 1300 mV potential discharging current can be seen in cathode area. To measure this potential discharging current cathode-anode cyclic polarization curve was illustrated. On the anode region, reoxidizing current of the reduced zinc was measured to be +980 and +1200 mV on the surface of the electrode. It was found that more zinc (II) ions than 10 mg/dm3 might contaminate the cathodic manganese. Among the compounds, which were investigated in our study, little amount of cobalt ions decrease sharply the yield of electric of Mn(II) discharging ions on cathode. Only 8 mg/dm3 of cobalt ions in the electrolyte shift the separation potential of hydrogen from - 1600 mg/dm3 to - 1580 mg/dm3. Such declining the overpotential of hydrogen release sets a limit to reduction of manganese cathode.}

8 illus, 7 ref

009611   Kumaravel S (Orthopaedic Surgery Dep, Government Thanjavur Medical College, Medical College Road, Thanjavur-613 004, Email: drskumaravel@gmail.com) : Theoretical study on the possible method of passage of charge through the fracture site blood and its clot in the when an electric current in applied. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2015, 4(3), 353-63.

Attempts to study alternate methods of assessing fracture healing are undertaken now days. This is especially to reduce radiation. In this paper a theoretical analysis is made on the path of conduction of the electric charges that are applied in a fractured bone. First the conduction in the trabecular arrangement, Haversian canal and fracture site blood clot and the events after a long bone fracture are considered. Later an overview of blood clotting to understand the conduction of electric charge through the blood and its clot in a fracture site is presented. To follow is the physiologic events of clotting to the stages in electric charge conduction as applied theoretically in studying the conduction characteristics. Further discussion on the researches which attempted to study the resistance of blood and its clot through clot retraction is done. The interesting features of in-vitro clotting, its prevention and association with the locally existing electric potentials are considered. Later practical applications in medical areas other than fractures where feasibility of clotting being monitored electrically are elaborated. Finally the challenges in applying the electrical conduction of charges across the human facture tissue are considered.

6 illus, 20 ref