012741   Kobityansky A E;Trofimov A O (NO, The Perm National Polytechnic Univ, 29, Komsomolsky Ave., Perm, 614 990, Russia) : Method of structural and technological synthesis of a device for rehabilitation of the elbow joint based of 3D modeling and the process of rapid prototyping. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(2), 1433-44.

Designing and creating devices for rehabilitation of elbow joints is an actual and important problem. The purpose is to create a methodology for designing a mobile and relatively simple device that allows recovery of motor abilities of elbow joints, followed by its subsequent manufacturing using the method of rapid prototyping. The article considers various approaches to synthesis of such designs. Basing on the block diagrams, a number of devices have been offered. The methodology and the algorithm of synthesizing one of selected designs have been considered. The proposed device was synthesized on the basis of selecting mechanical analogues of the elements of elbow joints. A calculation scheme was developed and a three-dimensional model was created in the ASCON KOMPAS 3D V15 environment. Strength and deformation were calculated in the SolidWorks Simulation environment. Several loads and cross-sections relative shear curves were calculated, and patterns of deformation of each element of the device were obtained. A method of manufacturing the device using the process of rapid prototyping was proposed. This methodology allows to complete designing and engineering synthesis of the rehabilitative device that can be applied in medical practice and as an exercise machine in health groups and in some sports.

15 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

012740   Kilina P N;avlovich Vasilyuk ;Morozov E A; Khanov A M;Sirotenko L D (NO, Perm National Research Polytechnic Univ, Russia, 614 990, Perm, Komsomolskyprospekt, 29) : Using rapid prototyping technologies for creating implants with cellular structure. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(2), 1691-8.

Paper presents the results of using rapid prototyping technology for obtaining implants that consist of Wigner-Seitz cellular structures. Using the method of stereolithography, prototypes from EnvisionTec SI 500 photopolymer were obtained at the EnvisionTec Perfactory Xede installation; 200 watts gas (CO^{2) laser was used in the process. The possibility of creating cellular materials with complex spatial structure has been shown. Laser sintering was performed at the Realizer SLM 50 installation, and argon was used for protective atmosphere in the working chamber. A 250 W 680 nm fiber laser was used in the process. The source material was 316L stainless steel powder. Sintering was performed on a steel substrate with radiation intensity of 1,500 mA and 60 μs exposure time. Implants were obtained in the form of cells and tubes filled with cells that were implanted into outbred rats at the base of tail. Six months observation of the animals did not reveal rejection of implants, and the integral indicators (behavior, appetite, temperature reaction) were in the normal range. A 3D model of jaw implant was created using the Delcam Power Shape software suite. Initial material in the experiment was titanium powder with particle of an average size of 30 1/4m, which had the shape close to spherical. Samples were sintered at intensities of radiation of 1,000 mA, 1,400 mA, and 1,700 mA. In order to reduce samples manufacturing time while maintaining integrity of the Wigner-Seitz cell structure without thinning walls, layer dissection distance of 0.1 mm was chosen.}

7 illus, 25 ref

012739   Khan M K I;Raza S (Civil Engineering Dep, National Univ of Sciences and Technology (NUST), 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan, Email: saimraza92@yahoo.com) : Seismic performance assessment of masonry infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 6(1), 40-57.

Effect of masonry infill panels on the performance of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures under seismic loading is widely recognized. However they are considered non-structural elements and are generally ignored in the design due to the lack of information on the complex and unpredictable behaviour of masonry infills during a seismic event. This paper addresses this need. The time history analyses have been performed on masonry infilled RC frame structures and influence of variation of number of bays, number of storeys, percentage opening in the infill wall, location of the opening, type of openings, number of openings, infill strength, outer frame strength and infill thickness on the performance of masonry infilled RC frames have been investigated. Seismic performance of the structures have been assessed in terms of global performance parameters of maximum roof displacement, Structural period and Base shear and local performance parameters of interstorey drift ratios, maximum infill stresses and structural member forces. The results of the study will help to understand the complex behaviour of the masonry infills for different variations and will also provide useful information to improve and economize the design of masonry infilled RC frame structures.

16 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

012738   Khan F;Razzaq S (Institute of Mechatronics Engineering, Univ of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan, Email: dr_farid_khan@uetpeshawar.edu.pk) : Electrodynamic energy harvester for electrical transformer's temperature monitering system. Sadhana 2015, 40(7), 2001-19.

Development of an electrodynamic energy harvester (EDEH) for operating a wireless temperature monitoring system for electrical transformer is reported in this work. Analytical modeling, fabrication and characterization of EDEH prototype are performed. The developed EDEH consists of a mild steel core, a wound copper coil and Teflon housing. COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to optimize the design of the harvester. The split-cylindrical design of the developed EDEH permitted the harvester to be wrapped around the output power cable of the electrical transformer without shutting-off the power or disconnecting the power cable. From the electrical transformer, at current levels of 27, 72 and 155 A in the main power line, the energy harvester produced maximum RMS load voltages of 0.356, 1.09 and 2.58 V respectively, when connected to 100 Ω load resistance. However, at matching impedance of 24 Ω2 (resistance of the coil), the EDEH produced the maximum power levels of 2.99, 19.66 and 112.03 mW for a cable currents of 27, 72 and 155 A respectively. The simulation results of the devised analytical model of the harvester are in good agreement with the experimental results. Moreover, at a cable current of 93 A, when the harvester is connected to the rectifying circuit, the optimum impedance shifted to 185 Ω and the maximum power of 19 mW is generated at that load. The reduction in power generation is attributed to the power consumption of the rectifying circuit. When the rectified DC voltage is used to charge a 3.8 V, Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) rechargeable battery, it took 3 h to completely charge the battery from 1 to 3.85 V. With the charged battery a wireless temperature sensor node is successfully operated for monitoring the temperature of the electrical transformer.

16 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

012737   Karpukhin K E;Terenchenko A S;Shorin A A; Bakhmutov S V;Kurmaev R H (Doctor of Philosophy, Federal State Unitary Enterprise Central Scientific Research Automobil, Avtomotornaya Street, 2, Moscow, Russia, 125 438) : Temperature control of the battery for hybrid of electric vehicle. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(2), 1297-301.

This paper covers negative impact of an accumulator temperature increase on an operational period of the battery during operation in an intensive current output mode. It suggests methods of heat emission calculation and application of an internal cooler in accumulator batteries. Analyzed the use of internal cooler, with the goal of providing high-quality thermal insulation of batteries to minimize communication with the external environment.

4 illus, 15 ref

012736   Joshi S G;Gupta I D;Murnal P B (Civil Eng. Dep, KLEIT, Hubli, Karnataka, Email: sharadgjoshi@rediffmail.com) : Analyzing the effect of foundation inhomogeneity on the seismic response of gravity dams. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 6(1), 11-24.

Very comprehensive investigations are carried out in this paper to show that the soil-structure interaction effects on the seismic response of gravity dams can be modeled accurately simply by approximating a horizontally layered foundation with an equivalent homogeneous foundation. For this purpose, a dam cross section along with a finite size of foundation block is analyzed by standard finite element method (FEM) for a large number of hypothetical cases of foundation inhomogeneity defined by two and three layers with different combinations of thicknesses and impedance contrasts using FEM software ABAQUS. The displacements and the maximum principal stresses induced under excitation by typical horizontal and vertical acceleration time histories of a real earthquake are compared with the corresponding results obtained for an equivalent homogeneous foundation in each case. Very good matching between the two results has established that the heterogeneity of foundation block does not much govern the soil structure interaction effects on the dam response, and the use of an equivalent homogeneous foundation is sufficient in practical engineering applications. The conclusions are not expected to be dependent on the characteristics of the input excitation.

10 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

012735   Ivanov V V;Sidorenko S A;Didorenko A A (NO, National Mineral Resources Univ, Russia, 199 106, Saint-Petersburg, Vasilievsky Island, 21 line, 2) : Justification of the method for determination the optimum performance of limestone quarry for steel and cement production. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(2), 1797-1803.

In work the major industries which using carbonate raw materials are considered. The factors affecting difference in demand for calcareous raw materials are defined. The dependences of prime cost of mineral and the specific revenue of its realization from productivity of quarry limestone allowing analyzing the difference in demand for productivity are presented.

1 illus, 20 ref

012734   Hung-Cheng C;Jia-Yush Y;Chun-Hao H;Ga-Lane C; Che-Kang H (Mechanical Engineering Dep, National Taiwan Univ, Taipei, Taiwan) : Smart-cared e-paper display system based on RF power harvesting. IETE J Res 2015, 61(3), 201-12.

This study investigated technologies related to a smart-card display and its wireless charging system, where the wireless receiver in the smart card receives not only the data but also the power required for the display circuitry. The goal of this research was to achieve the required energy transfer during the extremely short reading time when a person swipes his or her smart card. This paper describes the design considerations and the analysis procedures of the transmitter and receiver pair for an electronic paper (E-paper) display. A series of magnetic simulations as well as experimental tests were conducted to investigate the various design factors. The design considerations included the shape and effect of using ferromagnetic cores, the component design for frequency tuning, the geometric arrangements, and the number of turns of the coils. A novel design for power transmission is then proposed using a ferromagnetic core to enhance its energy efficiency. In experiments the transmitter unit provided 250 mW of power to the transmitter antenna. The resultant transmission efficiency (S21) was -5.1 dB over a distance of 4.3 mm. Experimental results show that the smart card receives 220 mW, representing a high transmission efficiency of 88%.

17 illus, 18 ref

012733   Gouta H;Said S H;Barhoumi N;M'Sahli F (Electrical Engineering Dep, National Engineering School of Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia) : Observer-based backstepping controller for a state-coupled two-tank system. IETE J Res 2015, 61(3), 259-68.

This paper addresses the nonlinear control design problem for a state-coupled two-tank liquid level system. For this system's dynamics, motivated by a desire to provide precise and economic liquid level control, a new output feedback control scheme is developed. In the proposed approach, a robust controller based on backstepping strategy is designed in order to ensure globally asymptotically stabilisation for a particular class of second-order nonlinear systems. Moreover, a model-based backstepping controller combined with a high gain observer is designed for the two-tank, liquid level system. Only one sensor is available to measure the liquid level in the bottom tank and the other process's state is assumed unavailable. The observer converges in a finite time and leads to good estimate of the liquid level in the top tank as well as a good track of the liquid level in the bottom tank with the reference trajectory. To highlight the efficiency and applicability of the proposed control scheme, a comparison with proportional plus integral plus derivative controller as well as a simulation and experimental results are provided.

15 illus, 19 ref

012732   Goel V;Ahlawat A K;Gupta M N (Computer Science and Engineering Dep, Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghazibad-201 009, Email: rvikasgoel@yahoo.com) : Partial index replicated and distributed scheme for full-text search on wireless broadcast. Sadhana 2015, 40(7), 2129-42.

Information indexing is an extremely useful solution for wireless broadcast channels, because of its energy efficiency. Full text search on the wireless broadcast stream is another popular type of information dissemination access. This research paper discusses indexing schemes for full text search information, using two levels of structure B+ tree and inverted list. The partial replication in the B+ tree indexing scheme is proposed to extend the existing full text search indexing scheme. In the proposed work, the index information of B+ tree has been cut to reduce access time and tuning time: metrics for evaluating indexing schemes. The replication in B+ tree may be done up to a certain level of the indexed informat+ion (Data). Evaluation and analysis of the proposed indexing scheme show an excellent improvement over existing indexing schemes.

4 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

012731   Ghosh O (NO, Seth Anandram Jaipuria College, Kolkata-700 005, Email: oindrillanatasha@gmail.com) : On the chaotic nature of a sand pile model. Indian J Theor Phys 2014, 62(1-2), 53-60.

The authors in the current study have investigated the BTW and pile model in a two-dimensional frame and explored its stationarity, fractality and predictability. They have found that even after originating from a very random process the sand pile ultimately evolves into a very presistent structure with predictable behavioral pattern.

2 illus, 6 ref

012730   Fattakov I G;Kadyrov R R;Nabiullin I D; Sakhibgaraev R R;Fokin A N (NO, FSBEI of "Ufa State Petroleum Technological Univ" 1, Kosmonavtov Street, Ufa, 450 062, Republic of Bashkortostan) : Using artificial neural networks for analyzing efficiency of advanced recovery methods. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(2), 1893-902.

Method of using neural networks for analyzing efficiency of advanced recovery methods has been proposed. In the course of creating a model of artificial neural networks, optimal parameters of the network for training on an array of data by the layers of Solonets deposit have been defined. The architecture of multilayer Rosenblatt's perceptron has been disclosed. Its optimal parameters for solving the task have been justified. It has been proven that the productivity coefficients calculated in this way are most approximated to the actual values.

7 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

012729   Eskisar T (Civil Engineering Dep, Geotechnics Div, Ege Univ, 35100 Izmir, Turkey, Email: tugba.eskisar@ege.edu.tr) : Visualization of soil arching in flexible piled embankments. Sadhana 2015, 40(7), 2263-70.

Piled embankments rely on soil arching, but, when geogrid reinforcements are used, membrane action within the reinforcement contributes to load distribution. The arching of soil in unreinforced and reinforced piled embankments is evaluated in this study. A small-scale test apparatus is used to model the settlement up to 5 mm in an embankment with four pile elements. Visual inspection of the soil settlement and soil-reinforcement interaction is important to explain the mechanism of arching. In this study, X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) method was used as a non-destructive technique. The arching of soil between the piles was observed in the case of rigid piles and in the case of flexible piles with grid type of reinforcement. The load carrying capacity increased up to 33% in the case of geogrid reinforcement, and the differential settlement decreased around 35%, proving the efficiency of piled embankments with geogrid reinforcements. It is also shown that, using X-ray CT method and visualization techniques provides a better understanding of soil behavior in a reinforced embankment with the flexible pile foundation system.

4 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

012728   Erdogan N;Henao H;Grisel R (Electrical and Electronics Engineerin Dep, Atilim Univ, 06836 Ankara, Turkey, Email: nuh.erdogan@atilim.edu.tr) : Improved methodology for dynamic modelling and simulation fo electromechanically coupled drive systems: an experimental validation. Sadhana 2015, 40(7), 2021-43.

Complexity of electromechanical coupling drive system (ECDS)s, specifically electrical drive systems, makes studying them in their entirety challenging since they consist of elements of diverse nature, i.e. electric, electronics and mechanics. This presents a real struggle to the engineers who want to design and implement such systems with high performance, efficiency and reliability. For this purpose, engineers need a tool capable of modelling and/or simulating components of diverse nature within the ECDS. However, a majority of the available tools are limited in their capacity to describe the characteristics of such components sufficiently. To overcome this difficulty, this paper first proposes an improved methodology of modelling and simulation for ECDS. The approach is based on using domain-based simulators individually, namely electric and mechanic part simulators and also integrating them with a co-simulation. As for the modelling of the drive machine, a finely tuned dynamic model is developed by taking the saturation effect into account. In order to validate the developed model as well as the proposed methodology, an industrial ECDS is tested experimentally. Later, both the experimental and simulation results are compared to prove the accuracy of the developed model and the relevance of the proposed methodology.

21 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

012727   Dhaka J K;Roy S (Civil Engineering Dep, Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Memorial College of Engineering, Haryana, Email: jitenderdhaka88@gmail.com) : Utilization of fly ash and cow dung ash as partial replacement of cement in concrete. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 6(1), 34-9.

The consumption of cement in concrete industries has been increasing day by day to fulfil the pressing needs of infrastructure due to growing population, industrialization and urbanization. The production of cement poses environmental problems due to emission of gaseous pollutants. Huge amount of fly ash generation have been causing waste disposal problems. Cow dung is used as fuel for the domestic purpose, which generates solid waste as ash. In this study, an attempt was made to replace the cement using fly ash and cow dung ash. Two sets of cubes of M20 grade for the rock and brick as coarse aggregate were prepared separately. These sets were prepared using different proportions of cement, fly ash and cow dung ash. Then the cubes were cured for the period of 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days. The compressive strengths of all the cubes were determined using a Universal Testing Machine. Though the compressive strength of rock aggregate with cement was the highest but at some curing periods, the strength of brick aggregate with proportions of different mixtures were observed higher than the rock aggregate. The study revealed that fly ash and cow dung ash can be used as partial replacement of cement in concrete.

3 illus, 10 ref

012726   Desurkar V P;Kulkarni K S (Civil Engineering Dep, KLE's Dr M.S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering and Technology, Belagavi, Karnataka, Email: kishorsk1@gmail.com) : Performance of reinforced beam strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheet at elevated temperatures. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 6(1), 1-10.

The behaviour of reinforced concrete beam strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheet at elevated temperature is investigated. To understand Fire performance of reinforced beam strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer finite element method is adopted. Nine models with different concrete cover thickness, 20, 30 and 40 mm and strengthened with 1.2 and 2.4 mm thick CFRP sheet was developed by using commercially available software 'ANSYS'. The models were exposed to elevated temperature ranging from 100°C to 800°C at an increment of 100°C with 30 minutes of retention period. The un-strengthened beams are compared with the strengthened beams with 1.2, 2.4 mm thick CFRP sheet. Temperature variation along the depth of beam, maximum deflection, stress and strain were obtained from the analysis. The analysis shows that, for un-strengthened beam with 20 mm concrete cover the tension reinforcement get exposed to temperature at faster rate than 30 and 40 mm concrete cover beam, which makes beam member, fail early. Results illustrate that, concrete cover and CFRP sheet are important parameters to increase the fire endurance of beam.

7 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

012725   Dattu H;Subbiah M (Mathematics Dep, Pondicherry Univ, Pondicherry-605 014, Email: dattuhalle@gmail.com) : On reynolds stress and neutral azimuthal modes in the stability problem of swirling flows with radius-dependent density. Sadhana 2015, 40(6), 1913-24.

Authors consider the linear stability problem of inviscid, incompressible swirling flows with radius-dependent density with respect to two-dimensional disturbances. Some results of Miles on the parallel flow stability theory are extended to the swirling flow stability theory. In particular, series solutions for the stability equation for swirling flows are obtained and these solutions are used in the study of the variation of the Reynolds stress. For singular neutral modes it is shown that the Reynolds stress varies like the inverse square of the radial distance in agreement with the homogeneous flow result of Maslowe & Nigam. It is also proved that singular neutral modes do not exist whenever the value of the Richardson number at the critical layer exceeds one quarter.

19 ref

012724   Dahiya P;Sharma V;Sharma R N (Electrical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur-177 005) : Optimal generation control of interconnected power system including DFIG-based wind turbine. IETE J Res 2015, 61(3), 285-99.

Impact of wind power with higher size of penetration becomes significant for frequency control problem due to its inconsistent nature and lack of frequency support from the wind turbine units. The frequency can be managed using enhanced control of inertia and droop characteristics. However, at very low and high speeds, the adjustment of pitch angle of wind turbine is necessary so that the aerodynamic power produced remains within the designed limits. This paper discloses the design of proportional integral (PI) control algorithm to adjust pitch angle of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine (WT) integrated with two-area-interconnected power system. Here a heuristic gravitational search algorithm (GSA) is employed to optimize the gains of PI controllers used for pitch angle adjustment and governor speed control of wind turbine, frequency regulation, and tie-line power flow control. The influence of optimal gains by GSA is compared with genetic algorithm (GA) and ant colony optimization (ACO) approaches. Finally, the effectiveness of GSA-optimized controllers is demonstrated in terms of reduced settling time, overshoot, eigenvalues, and oscillations. The competency of proposed controller is also studied by considering the variation of wind power source from 10% to 40% in the power system and also the real-time physical constraints like generation rate, time delay, and governor deadband.

10 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

012723   Daghigh R;Ruslan M H;Sopian (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Kurdistan Univ, Kurdistan 66177-15175, Iran, Email: r.daghigh@uok.ac.ir) : Parametric studies of an active solar water heating system with various types of PVT collectors. Sadhana 2015, 40(7), 2177-96.

This study simulated active photovoltaic thermal solar collectors (PV/T) for hot water production using TRNSYS. The PV/T collectors consist of the amorphous, monocrystalline and polycrystalline. The long-term performances for the glazed and unglazed PV/T collectors were also evaluated. In this simulation, the design parameters used were collector area of 4 m^{2, collector slope angle of 15 degree and mass flow rate to the collector area ratio of 8-20 kg/hm2. In addition the tank height between 0.9 m to 1.1 m for unglazed PV/T collectors and 0.9 m to 1 m for glazed collectors, as well as the storage tank volume between 200 and 300 L has been used. The climate parameters used were solar radiation levels range of 4-4.9 kWh/m2, the mean ambient temperature in the range of 25-28°C. The results of the simulation indicated that there was an increase in solar fraction and electrical power output of the active PV/T hot water system.}

19 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

012722   Chitnis C K;Havaldar F N;Kundargi S B;Ingole D S;Nair B;Yadav M R (NO, , The Tata Power Co. Ltd.) : E-House: solutions with prefabricated and compact HV/LV substations. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(4), 19-21.

In conventional Distribution Substation, major factors affecting substation design are space required to accommodate all HV-LV- Auxiliary Switchgears, cost of land, gestation period for construction, time required for various approvals from Government Authorities. All above critical factors is being re-evaluated based on the changing requirement to provide compact design to overcome the space constraints, lead time of construction, reduce total owning costs & minimal approvals. In order to address these requirements, Tata Power is working towards developing solutions to address these needs collaboratively with the OEMs. This paper highlights the approach adopted by Tata Power to explore possible innovative solutions for Distribution substation design taking care of above mentioned needs.

6 illus, 2 ref

012721   Chitnis C K;Havaldar F N;Kundargi S B;Adkar V;Chunduru S;Chudasama A C (NO, , The Tata Power Co. Ltd.) : Advancement and innovations in substation equipment: introduction of ester filled pad mounted transformer in Indian electrical distribution network. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(4), 27-31.

In recent times, Indian Electrical Distribution sector has witnessed advances and new trends in technology to cope up with the competitive market. Distribution Transformer is the integral part of the Power Distribution System. It is used as last mile connectivity to the consumer. These transformers are generally located in the vicinity of the consumer, in public area like Markets, Malls, Traffic Junctions and consumer premise. Conventional Substations usually occupies more space as all the equipments are required to be installed separately. In Metro cities, availability of space for establishing last mile connectivity is very feeble and costly. Also, it is important that the transformers installed are Safe and Environment friendly. Keeping in view of these requirements and call of Technology advancement, Tata Power has developed new Three phase Pad Mounted Transformers in collaboration with the Original Equipment manufacture's. Three phase compact Pad mounted Transformer is combination of Transformer, HV and LV switchgear enclosed in a single metallic enclosure. Due to which the space required for individual equipment with standard statutory clearances are reduced which leads to the total reduction of foot print required.

6 illus, 8 ref

012720   Burkov A F (NO, Far Eastern Federal Univ, Russia, 690091 Vladuvistok, Suchanova Street, 8, Russia) : Research and development classification of ship electric drives. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(2), 1883-92.

At present the main converters of various types of energy into mechanical energy include electric motors (EM). Therefore, the main type of actuator production mechanism is an electric drive (ED). The development of the ED and the introduction of their modern achievements have led to the need to adjust and complement the existing classification criteria. Analysis of scientific literature allows to draw a conclusion about the lack of uniformity in the classification signs ship ED. To date, despite the rather large number of them, there is no generally accepted classification, including the acceptable range of classification features which best describe the peculiarities of individual ship ED. Not reflected the relationship of ship ED with power actuators used in other industries. The article proposed classification features, combining ship ED by the characteristic structural and operational features and best reflects their individual relationship with the ED used in other branches of economic activity, taking into account as an inherent property of reality, the lack of strict distinctions between the individual ED. Developed on the basis of a theoretical understanding of the variety of facts the classification does not deny, and converts the existing classification of domestic and foreign sources, contributes to the development of marine ED from empirical knowledge to a systematic approach and theoretical synthesis.

3 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

012719   Borkar V S (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, Email: borkar.vs@gmail.com) : Playing dice with the universe: algorithms for random environments. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2015, 81(3), 569-82.

Authors describe stochastic recursive algorithms that find many applications in optimization under uncertainty, computational statistics, soft computing and machine learning, signal processing, communications, adaptive control, etc. The basic paradigm is that of the 'stochastic approximation' scheme introduced by Robbins and Monro in 1951. We describe the basic scheme and various theoretical and computational aspects related to its convergence and convergence rates. Several specific instances are also described, followed by more sophisticated versions such as distributed schemes and simulated annealing.

35 ref

012718   Bindhu B K;Madhu G (Civil Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Velloor Post, Kottayam-686 501, Email: bindhu@rit.ac.in) : Influence of three selection pressures on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactor. Indian J chem Technol 2015, 22(5), 241-7.

Aerobic granulation is a promising biotechnology for wastewater treatment. The formation and development of granules and the pollutant removal are closely associated with hydrodynamic shear force, settling time and volume exchange ratio (VER), which are proved to be the selection pressures. Three different values of shear force (2, 3 and 4 cm/s), settling time (3, 5 and 10 min) and VER (25, 50 and 75%) have been experimented in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) in seven trials for the optimal performance of aerobic granulation. Higher shear force could develop smaller and more compact granules with better settling behaviour, but chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal is not found to improve beyond a value of 97.9% for shear force above 3 cm/s. A settling time as low as 3 min could result in very good biomass growth and formation of granules with sludge volume index (SVI) as low as 23 ml/g. Aerobic granulation is not successful at a long settling time of 10 min. Higher the VER, the lower is the SVI and the more efficient is the COD removal.

4 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

012717   Bhurane A A;Chaplot P;Nutulapati D;Gadre V M (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, Email: dushyanth.iitb@gmail.com) : Spatial resolution enhancement residual coding using hybrid wavelets and directional filter banks. Sadhana 2015, 40(7), 2163-76.

Traditional video coding uses classical predictive coding techniques, where a signal is initially approximated by taking advantage of the various redundancies present. Most of the video coding standards, including the latest HEVC, use the well-accepted procedure of applying transform coding on self-contained (intra) and inter-predicted frame residuals. Nevertheless, it has been shown in the literature that, a normal video frames possess distinct characteristics compared to a residual frame. In this paper, we have made use of hybrid wavelet transforms and directional filter banks (HWD) to encode resolution enhancement residuals in the context of scalable video coding. The results are presented for the use of HWD in the framework of the Dirac video codec. The experiments are carried out on a variety of test frames. Our experiments on residue coding using HWD show better performance compared to the conventional DWT, when tested on the same platform of the well-known SPIHT algorithm.

8 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

012716   Bharat R;Makwana S (NO, , Alstom Grid, India) : Digital substation: concept and components. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(4), 14-18.

Until recent years, the focus of substation automation was limited to intelligent electronic devices installed in secondary network, such as protection relays, energy meters, RTUs etc. With the advancement of IEC61850 protocol, now digital technology can be extended even to primary devices such as instrument transformers and switchgears. This paper discusses the various components of digital substations.

5 illus

012715   Basarkar S S;Manish Kumar;Mehta M (NO, ITD Cementation India Ltd, India) : Use of instrumentation for validating deep foundation and ground improvement performances. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(4), 58-65.

Geotechnical design and their implementation have evolved profusely and taken new dimensions with use of basic and advanced field instrumentations. While design and execution have often seen successful projects, instruments have now proved beyond any doubts on their ability to furnish vital insights on the structural performances, their information, many a times, serving as a warrant for relook into the designs - relook in terms of economy, addressing unsafe practices and in many cases, revamping the associated design philosophies. Deep foundations and Ground Improvement are the basic applied facets of Geotechnical engineering that comprise major chunk of project cost, invite special attention and monitoring. Deep foundations include Piles of various types and retaining structures like Diaphragm walls, which, double-up as structural supports as well. Ground Improvements are engineering alteration of virgin sub-strata and includes pre-consolidation techniques like Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVDs), Stone Columns, Dynamic Compaction to name a few. All the stated sub-structures and ground improvement techniques depend on valuable information furnished by instruments. Importance of these instruments is nowadays considered life line to the structures and is known to furnish information even during service period of structures. This paper is an attempt to present few of the important applications of the instrumentation that have led to vital insights of the performances of sub-structure and engineered structures. Specific instrumentation applications included are Pile Load test performance studies; monitoring slope stability and ground improvement performances involving PVDs.

13 illus, 1 table, 2 ref

012714   Balachandar C;Arunkumar S;Venkatesan M (School of Mechanical Engineering, SASTRA Univ, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur-613 401, Email: mvenkat@mech.sastra.edu) : Computational heat transfer analysis and combined ANN-GA optimization of hollow cylindrical pin fin on a vertical base plate. Sadhana 2015, 40(6), 1845-63.

In the devices like laptops, microprocessors, the electric circuits generate heat while performing work which necessitates the use of fins. In the present work, the heat transfer characteristics of hollow cylindrical pin fin array on a vertical rectangular base plate is studied using commercial CFD code ANSYS FLUENTc. The hollow cylindrical pin fins are arranged inline. The heat transfer augmentation is studied for different parameters such as inner radius, outer radius, height of the fins and number of pin fins. The base plate is supplied with a constant heat flux in the range of 20-500 W. The base plate dimensions are kept constant. The base plate temperature is predicted using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) by training the network based on the results of numerical simulation. The trained ANN is used to analyse the fin in terms of enhanced heat transfer and weight reduction when compared to solid pin fin. Optimization of the hollow cylindrical pin fin parameters to obtain maximum heat transfer from the base plate is carried out using Genetic Algorithm (GA) applied on the trained neural network. The analysis using the numerical simulation and neural network shows that the hollow fins provide an increased heat transfer and a weight reduction of about 90% when compared to solid cylindrical pin fins.

20 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

012713   Bakmaev S M K;Tsepilov G V;Vorontsov I S; Ivanov V V (NO, Closed Joint-Stock Company, Technocomplekt ul.Shkol'naya 10a, Dubna, Moscow oblast, 141 981 Russia) : Some problems of designing tethered low-volume aerostat systems. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(2), 1367-72.

Low-volume hybrid aerostat system project is considered. It is shows that the proposed design allows the flight altitude to be maintained at a higher wind speed as compared to the classical aerostat design.

11 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

012712   Archana H;Chellaram C;Rajalakshmi M (Electronics and Telecommunication Dep, Sathyabama Univ, Chennai-600 119, Email: pranavisachu@gmail.com) : Obstruction recognition for visually challenged patients. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(2), 1503-7.

Currently, many researches has been carried to devise the navigation for blind people. Here, we propose an efficient system to aid the visually impaired in their navigation. User will be indicated about the nearing obustruction with closer ambiance. The basic concept behind this system is to detect the nearest hindarence through a stereoscopic sonar system and sends back vibro-tactile feedback to inform the user about its localization through a beep sound provided with voice indication for a differentiation between three sensors imbibed. The proposed system aims in increasing the mobility for visually impaired by offering various sensing abilities. The device is light, portable, but range limited to its own size.

2 illus, 14 ref

012711   Ankur;Singh V;Pareek R K (Civil Engineering Dep, JCDM College of Engineering, Sirsa, Email: ankurkamboj110@gmail.com ) : Effect of rice husk ash and plastic fibers on concrete strength. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 6(1), 25-33.

This paper reports the study of compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete involving rice husk ash (RHA) and plastic fiber in different proportions. M-20 grade of concrete was taken for experimental study. RHA content was used from 5% to 15% at the interval of 5% by replacing Ordinary Portland Cement (O.P.C.) and plastic fibers were used from 1% to 3% at the interval of 1% by replacing the coarse aggregate. Plastic fibers were obtained by cutting the polythene bags into small pieces. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete was checked at 7 days and 28 days of curing period. The results show that concrete samples having RHA and plastic fibers showed better strength as compared to controlled concrete samples.

6 illus, 9 tables, 14 ref

012710   Akinwumi I I;Awoyera P O;Bello O O (Civil Engineering Dep, Covenant Univ, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Nigeria, Email: disaac.akinwumi@covenantuniversity.edu.ng) : Indigenous earth building construction technology in Ota, Nigeria. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2015, 14(2), 206-12.

This paper documents the earth construction techniques used in Ota in order to preserve the earth construction heritage of the Ota people while checking the suitability of the earth materials used, using soil classification tests. Interviews of earth constructors in six villages in Ota were conducted to determine their material selection criteria, material processing and construction techniques. Colour and texture of soil samples were determined and in-situ tests such as biscuit, cigar, hand-wash and adhesion tests were performed on soil samples used for earth building construction at three of the villages. Natural moisture content, sieve and hydrometer analyses, and Atterberg limits test were performed in the laboratory, on soil samples taken from these three locations. It was revealed from the interview sessions that cob construction technique is widely used and that earth building construction is becoming less-appealing to the youths in these locations. The soil samples at the three locations were classified as clayey sand and were ascertained to be suitable for earth building construction. Earth constructors in Ota perceive that earth buildings are more economical and energy-conserving. Earth buildings are a potential solution to the global housing crisis experienced, especially in developing countries.

5 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

012709   Ahmed H A;Abdulsalam B;Mohamed H M;Afifi M Z (Civil Engineering Dep, Helwan Univ, Cairo, Egypt, Email: ahmed.ali@usherbrooke.ca) : Enhancing the behaviour of FRP RC slabs using square FRP bars and fiber concrete. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 6(1), 70-90.

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars are gaining increasing acceptance in construction industry particularly in aggressive environments. Enhancing the serviceability behavior is of main points that still require further investigations. In this paper a solution for the bond and serviceability enhancement is proposed through modifying the bar shape and enhancing the concrete properties. Newly developed square glass-FRP (GFRP) bars were fabricated, tested, and the behavior was compared with circular GFRP and steel bars. The physical and mechanical properties of GFRP square and circular bars are presented. An experimental study of oneway concrete slabs reinforced with the developed square and circular GFRP and steel bars was performed. A total of 9 full-scale RC slabs were fabricated and tested up to failure to study the effect of the test parameters: type of reinforcement (steel versus GFRP), bar cross section shape, concrete compressive strength, reinforcement ratio of longitudinal bars, and the use of polypropylene fiber ratio. Based on the experimental test results, it was found that the bond strength of GFRP bars increased by increasing the polypropylene fiber. Also, changing the bar surface area from circular to square cross section, resulted in a slight* increased in the bond strength. In addation, the behavior and ultimate flexural loads of concrete slabs reinforced with GFRP square bars were improved compared with concrete slabs reinforced with GFRP circular bars. Increasing the concrete compressive strength, resulted in improvement of the behavior of concrete slabs with GFRP square bars.

18 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

012708   Aghajani H F;Salehzadeh H;Shahnazari H (Faculty of Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani Univ, Kilometere 35 of Tabriz/Azarshahr Road, P.O. Box 53714-161, Tabriz, Iran, Email: hfarshbaf@iust.ac.ir) : Stability analysis of sandy slope considering anisotropy effect in friction angle. Sadhana 2015, 40(6), 1955-74.

This paper aims to investigate the effect of anisotropy of shear strength parameter on the stability of a sandy slope by performing the limit equilibrium analysis. Because of scarcity of mathematical equation for anisotropic friction angle of sand, at first, all results of principal stress rotation tests are processed by artificial neural network and a computational procedure is developed for determining sand friction angle subjected to various loading directions. By implementing this procedure, slope stability analysis is performed in both isotropic and anisotropic conditions. The results indicate that while isotropic slope stability overestimates the factor of safety between 5 and 25% which the deviation is more for flatter slope, the location of critical slip surface is coincident in both conditions. Also in specific slip surface, the parameters of face angle, geometry of slip surface and soil properties relating to anisotropy are the main factors governing the result of anisotropic slope stability.

10 illus, 6 tables, 27 ref

012707   Agarwal A K;Gupta P;Dhar A (Engine Research Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208 016, Email: akag@iitk.ac.in) : Combustion, performance and emissions characteristics of a newly developed CRDI single cylinder diesel engine. Sadhana 2015, 40(6), 1937-54.

For improving engine performance, combustion and controlling emissions from compression ignition (CI) engines, common rail direct injection (CRDI) technology offers limitless possibilities by controlling fuel injection parameters such as fuel injection pressure, start of injection (SOI) timing, rate of fuel injection and injection duration. CRDI systems available commercially are quite complex and use a large number of sensors, hardware and analytical circuits, which make them very expensive and unfeasible for cheaper single cylinder engines, typically used in agricultural sector and decentralized power sector. This paper covers experimental investigations of a simpler version of CRDI system developed for a constant-speed, single-cylinder engine. Modifications in the cylinder head for accommodating solenoid injector, designing injector driver circuit and development of high pressure stage controls were some of the engine modification and development tasks undertaken. SOI timing is an important parameter for improving engine's combustion characteristics. SOI timings were varied between 25° and 40° BTDC for investigating engine's performance, emissions and combustion characteristics. Advanced fuel injections showed higher heat release rate (HRR), cylinder pressure and rate of pressure rise (RoPR) because of relatively longer ignition delay experienced. Lowest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was obtained for 34° CA BTDC SOI. Reduction in engine out emissions except NO_X was observed for advanced fuel injection timings for this newly developed CRDI system.

15 illus, 23 ref

012706   Afunanya J E (NO, , Building Dep, Jos Nigeria Univ, Email: jonasafunanya@yahoo.com) : Assessment of construction errors in reinforced concrete beams. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 6(1), 105-18.

This research investigated using the finite element method the effects of construction errors in reinforced concrete beams. This was borne out of the need to investigate one of the many factors responsible for the failure of structures. The variable is the arrangement of tensile steel reinforcements and transverse shear links. Beam models in each series with the original design intent served as the control and are compared with two others each with a typical construction error in either tensile steel reinforcement or transverse shear links. Beam models are designed in accordance to Eurocode2 to fail either in shear or flexure. Analysis and discussion of results based on the ultimate loads sustained and load-displacement relationship are made. Results from simulated beam models indicate that a reduction in the effective depth of a beam model from 112mm to 105mm in the flexural series led to a 13.8% decrease in strength. In the shear series, the incorrect spacing of the entire transverse shear link at 150mmc/c against 130mmc/c used in the control model led to a 23% increase in strength. It is suggested that a high level of quality assurance be maintained during the construction process to limit the occurrence and effects of construction errors.

12 illus, 4 tables, 29 ref

012705   Abdul Aziz M S;Abdullah M Z;Khor C Y;Jalar A; Bakar M A;Yusoff W Y W;Che Ani F;Yan N;Zhou M;Cheok C (School of Aerospace Engineering, Univ Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia) : Effect of PCB thickness on adjustable fountain wave soldering. Sadhana 2015, 40(7), 2197-220.

This study investigates the effects of printed circuit board (PCB) thickness on adjustable fountain and conventional wave soldering. The pin-through-hole (PTH) vertical fill is examined with three PCBs of different thicknesses (i.e., 1.6, 3.1, and 6.0 mm) soldered through adjustable fountain and conventional wave soldering at conveyor angles of 0° and 6°. The vertical fill of each PCB is the focus. The PTH solder profile is inspected with a non-destructive X-ray computed tomography scanning machine. The percentages of the PTH vertical fill of both soldering processes are also estimated and compared. The aspect ratio of the PCB is also investigated. Experimental results reveal that adjustable fountain wave soldering yields better vertical fill than conventional wave soldering. The vertical fill level of adjustable fountain wave soldering is 100%, 90%, and 50% for the 1.6, 3.1, and 6.0 mm PCB thickness, respectively. FLUENT simulation is conducted for the vertical fill of the solder profile. Simulation and experimental results show that the PTH solder profiles of the two soldering processes are almost identical. The effect of PCB thickness on PTH voiding is also discussed.

27 illus, 8 tables, 23 ref

011731   Yosefvand F;Shabanlou S;Rajabi A;Jahromi H M (Water Engineering Dep, College of Agriculture, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Kermanshah, Iran, Email: fariborz774@gmail.com) : Effect of the bend radius upon the flow discharge coefficient in morning glory spillways. Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(Suppl-June), 13-7.

The flow situation, the normal hydraulic conditions and the flow properties in the morning glory spillways will be variable based on the partial measurement of the different parts. By building a physical-hydraulic model of the morning glory spillway in this research project, the effect of R/d upon the hydraulic flow conditions were studied by carrying out 108 different experiments in the submergence conditions of this weir, and the results are presented via some charts based on the non-dimensional parameters, and also the analysis of the experimental results as a practical formula was deducted to measure the flow discharge coefficient in the morning glory spillways by means of multi variable regression analysis. The deducted results have indicated that by increasing the radius of the bend, the flow discharge coefficient will increase in a way that for a weir with a crest diameter of 14 cm, as R/d fluctuates from 1.43 to 2.75; the flow discharge coefficient values increase by 10 to 11 percent.

4 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

011730   Yener E;Hinishoglu S (Civil Engineering Dep, Bayburt Univ, Bayburt, Tukery, Email: eynr@yahoo.com) : Effect of exposure time and temperature in aging test on asphalt binder properties. Int J civ struct Engng 2014, 5(2), 112-24.

Effect of temperature level and its exposure time in hot mix asphalt production stages on the conventional and rheological properties of asphalt cements have been investigated through experimental study. A series of Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) Test was conducted at the temperature/time combinations for 135, 150, 163 °C and 40, 80, 120 minutes. Dynamic mechanical characteristics of the binders were detected by dynamic shear rheometer tests. The results show that the variations in exposure time and temperature distinctly changed the properties of binders in a wide range. It is recommended that for a better simulation of short term aging in production and construction stages, RTFO test temperature and curing time should be adjusted according to the real individual field conditions. Also, in order to give information about the aging behavior of a specific binder for possible field conditions, the test results should be presented for a number of temperature-time combinations.

10 illus, 2 table, 28 ref

011729   Wang J;Jia Z;Li S;Wang Y;Guo W;Qi T (School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Univ of Science and Technolgoy, Baotou 014000, China, Email: zjjia@ipe.ac.cn) : High performance aqueous rechargeable batteries based on zinc anode and NiCo₂B< O₄B< cathode. Bull Mater Sci 2015, 38(5), 1435-8.

A new aqueous Zn-NiCo₂O₄ rechargeable battery system with a high voltage, consisting of NiCo₂O₄ as cathode and metal Zn as anode, is proposed for the first time. It is cheap and environmental friendly, and its energy density is about 202.8 Wh kg^{-1. The system still maintains excellent capacity retention of about 85% after 100 full cycles at a current rate of 2 A g-1 between 1.5 and 1.95 V. This work not only provides a new battery system but also shows promise for application in large-scale energy storage for its low cost, good cycling and environmental friendliness.}

3 tables, 11 ref

011728   Wang H;Li M;Li X;Xie K;Liao L (School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan Univ, CHengdu-610 065, P R China, Email: liaolis@scu.edu.cn) : Preparation and thermal stability of nickel nanowires via self assembly process under magnetic field. Bull Mater Sci 2015, 38(5), 1285-9.

Nickel nanowires were synthesized via a template-free method in an aqueous solution system combined with chemical reduction and magnetic field. The suitable concentration of Ni ions and reaction time were controlled in order to obtain nickel wires with uniform sizes. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The results showed that the Ni nanowires with large aspect ratio up to 200 had uniform size and morphology, about 200 nm. Especially, it is noteworthy that the samples were stable in air when the temperature was lower than 318°C. The study would provide a facile method to prepare nickel nanowires with homogeneous diameter and high thermal stability, which could be used in catalysing CO₂ hydrogenation.

7 illus, 18 ref

011727   Vijaykumaran M (NO, , Sr. Technical Expert, Alstom, T&D) : Modern trends in power transformer technology. Wat Energy int 2015, 57(12), 15-23.

011726   Verma A (NO, , Aditya Birla Group) : Lessons learnt in construction, operation and maintenance of solar farms. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(5), 49-53.

011725   Venkataramudu B;Gautam P C;Paman A;Madhu V; Gogia A K (NO, , Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Hyderabad, India-500 058, Email: venkataramudub@dmrl.drdo.in) : Dynamic properties of RHA steel under planar shock loading using explosive driven plate impact system. Def Sci J 2015, 65(3), 196-202.

Planar shock loading of rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) steel has been studied at high pressures in the range of 20-100 GPa using an explosive-driven plate impact system. Shock velocities and flyer velocities are measured using time of arrival pins embedded in the target at known depths. The shock equation of state of RHA steel has been determined. α → ε phase transition stress and hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) of RHA steel have been determined through manganin gauge and found to be 12.2 ±0.6 GPa and 4.1 ± 0.2 GPa, respectively. The experimental stress of phase transition has been compared with the stress calculated using ThermoCalc software. The shock properties have been incorporated in the Autodyn simulation package and simulations were performed to determine flyer velocity, pressures and the results are compared with that of experiments.

8 illus, 8 tables, 20 ref

011724   Vazirabad A F;Hosseinitoudeshki V (Civil Engineering Dep, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Zanjan, Iran, Email: toudeshki@gmail.com) : Effect of releasing stress in tunnels on the stability of slopes. Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(Suppl-June), 55-64.

One of the most important problems in geotechnical engineering is slope stability of rocks. In this paper we have studied various radius tunnels modeled in basaltic slopes with different gradients. In a specified slope first the stability of various slopes were analyzed by 2D finite element program and in case of slopes stability, stress was released in tunnels with various radiuses step-by-step modeled in that slope. Effect of changes in radiuses on slope stability and strength reduction factor (SRF) behavior was observed. Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Tunneling Quality Index (Q) and Geological Strength Index (GSI) were used in classification of local rock masses. Initial data of 2D finite element analysis program have been provided by information and classifications mentioned above. The results show that an increase in gradient, radius and releasing stress, decreases SRF and slopes stability.

10 illus, 6 tables, 17 ref

011723   Soonee S K;Agrawal V K;Garg M (NO, , Power system Operation Corporation Limited) : Renewable energy integration: regulatory framework, operational experience, challenges and way forward. Wat Energy int 2015, 58(5), 25-30.

About 5,000 trillion kWh per year of solar energy is incident over India's land area with most parts receiving 4-7 kWh per sq. mtr. per day. National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) has calculated the State wise solar potential in the country estimated at about 748 GWp[1]. The huge potential of solar energy and emphasis to provide electricity to all with focus on green energy, an ambitious target to install 175 GW renewable power including 100 GW solar power by 2022 has been put forth by the Government of India. The integration of such large scale RE power into the Grid needs a facilitative policy framework, appropriate regulatory framework, transparent and dispute free commercial mechanism, robust transmission system and institutional capacity building etc., for safe, secure and reliable operation of the grid. In addition to the existing policy and regulatory framework, the proposed acts, policies, regulations like-Renewable Energy Act 2015, amendment in the Electricity Act 2003, Framework for Forecasting, Scheduling & Imbalance Handling for Renewable Energy (RE) Generating Stations based on wind and solar at Inter-State Level by CERC, draft National Wind Energy Mission, Ultra mega solar park 2015 etc. will give impetus to the promotion of RE sources in the country. This paper present the existing legal & regulatory framework for RE integration, new developments in the area of policy and regulatory environment, Operational experience, challenges and way forward for RE integration.

9 illus, 7 ref

011722   Sodha N S (NO, , Powergrid, India) : Power transformers- user's perspective. Wat Energy int 2015, 57(12), 13-14.

011721   Siddabattuni S;Akella S H;Gangula A;Patnaik S (Chemistry Dep, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Andhra Pradesh-515 134, Email: siddabattunisasidhar@sssihl.edu.in) : Impedance spectroscopy studies of surface engineered TiO₂ nanoparticles using slurry technique. Bull Mater Sci 2015, 38(5), 2399-1405.

Dielectric analysis of nanometre range size ceramic particles like TiO₂ is very important in the understanding of the performance and design of their polymer nanocomposites for energy storage and other applications. In recent times, impedance spectroscopy is shown to be a very powerful tool to investigate the dielectric characteristics of not only sintered and/or pelleted ceramic materials but also particulates/powders (both micron-sized and nano-sized) using the slurry technique. In the present work, impedance spectroscopy employing slurry methodology was extended to study the influence of various chemical groups on the nano-TiO₂ surface on the electrical resistivity and the dielectric permittivity of nanoparticles. In this regard, different organophosphate ligands with linear, aromatic and extended aromatic nature of organic groups were employed to remediate the surface effects of nanoTiO₂. It was observed that the type of chemical nature of surface engineered nanoparticles' surface played significant role in controlling the surface electrical resistivity of nanoparticles. Surface passivated nanoTiO₂ yielded dielectric permittivity of about 70-80, respectively.

4 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

011720   Shuaibu R A;Mutuku R N;Nyomboi T (Civil Engineering Dep, Pan African Univ Institue for Basic Sciences Technology and Innovation, JKUAT, Kenya, Email: richard.shuaibu@gmail.com ) : Review of the properties of laterite concrete. Int J civ struct Engng 2014, 5(2), 130-43.

Utilization of concrete in almost every civil engineering applications have continued to place high demand on constituent concrete materials. This have stimulated different search for the possibility of using laterised concrete to make structures. Some properties of laterised concrete have been examined so far. This study gives the appraisal of these properties. The results of the review showed that laterite soil makes concrete less workable. However, laterite soil produced concrete that compares in strength with a normal concrete. It also showed that laterite soil can enhance some properties of concrete depending on the nature of the laterite and also blended material.

13 illus, 8 tables, 29 ref

011719   Shrivastava R;Shrivastava S C (Physics Dep, Shri Shankaracharya Engineering College, Bhilai, Chhattigarh-490 020, Email: ritu_10101010@rediffmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of Sn doped CdZnS nanoparticles. Bull Mater Sci 2015, 38(5), 1277-84.

Tin (Sn)-doped cadmium zinc sulphide nanoparticles (CdZnS : Sn) were synthesized by the chemical bath deposition method with two different concentrations of Sn (2 and 4 mol%). X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern reveals the formation of CdZnS nanoparticles with cubic and hexagonal structure. It was observed that the presence of Sn does not alter the structure of CdZnS. Average crystallite size was measured from XRD data by using Scherrer's formula. From the study of absorption spectra, band-to-band absorption was obtained at 460 and 490 nm, respectively, for the Sn-doped (2 and 4 mol%) CdZnS nanoparticles. Energy bandgap for undoped and Sn-doped CdZnS varies from 3.5 to 2.9 eV with error ± 0.05 eV. The presence of Sn was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The effect of dopant concentration on the photoluminescence (PL) intensity has also been studied. The PL emission peak has been observed at 540, 550 and 560 nm for the Sn-doped (CdZnS, CdZnS 2 mol% and CdZnS 4 mol%), respectively, nanoparticles. XRD and PL analyses demonstrate that the Sn^{2+ ions uniformly substitute Cd2+ sites or interstitial sites in CdZnS lattice, which influence the optical properties. Increase in the concentration of Sn shifts the UV-vis absorption spectra and PL emission spectra towards higher wavelength side. Particle size and the crystallinity of CdZnS : Sn nanoparticles were confirmed through atomic force microscopy.}

10 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref